BibTex Citation Data :
@article{geoplanning73439, author = {Elina Alias and Nabilah Naharudin and Siti Aekbal Salleh}, title = {A GIS-Based Genetic Algorithm-Travelling Salesman Problem Integration for Heritage Tourism Route Optimization}, journal = {Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2026}, keywords = {Heritage Tourism; Genetic Algorithm; Route Optimization; Travelling Salesperson Problem; GIS}, abstract = { Heritage tourism route planning frequently encounters spatial and accessibility challenges, particularly in older urban areas where cultural heritage sites are concentrated within a small, narrow, and irregular layouts. Although the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) model is widely used for route optimization, it has limitation in addressing real-world tourism constrain related to the user diversity, dynamic environment, physical access, and route efficiency in complex heritage environments. This paper proposes a methodological framework that integrates the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and TSP within a Geographical Information System (GIS) based environment to improve route optimization for the heritage tourism. The model uses simulated data from thirteen heritage attractions in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia to compare the performance of GA-TSP and traditional TSP approaches. GIS-based network analysis, Origin-Destination cost matrix generation, and heuristic optimization techniques were applied to evaluate route efficiency and sequencing. The findings shows that GA-TSP generates a more effective routes with shorter distance travel and a smoother flow that reducing any unnecessary and excessive backtracking which is very useful for mobility disabilities visitors and tourists. The proposed framework demonstrates the potential of integrating GIS and evolutionary optimization techniques to support more efficient and scalable heritage tourism route planning and provides a foundation for future implementation using real-world tourism and accessibility data. }, issn = {2355-6544}, pages = {75--88} doi = {10.14710/geoplanning.13.1.75-88}, url = {https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/geoplanning/article/view/73439} }
Refworks Citation Data :
Heritage tourism route planning frequently encounters spatial and accessibility challenges, particularly in older urban areas where cultural heritage sites are concentrated within a small, narrow, and irregular layouts. Although the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) model is widely used for route optimization, it has limitation in addressing real-world tourism constrain related to the user diversity, dynamic environment, physical access, and route efficiency in complex heritage environments. This paper proposes a methodological framework that integrates the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and TSP within a Geographical Information System (GIS) based environment to improve route optimization for the heritage tourism. The model uses simulated data from thirteen heritage attractions in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia to compare the performance of GA-TSP and traditional TSP approaches. GIS-based network analysis, Origin-Destination cost matrix generation, and heuristic optimization techniques were applied to evaluate route efficiency and sequencing. The findings shows that GA-TSP generates a more effective routes with shorter distance travel and a smoother flow that reducing any unnecessary and excessive backtracking which is very useful for mobility disabilities visitors and tourists. The proposed framework demonstrates the potential of integrating GIS and evolutionary optimization techniques to support more efficient and scalable heritage tourism route planning and provides a foundation for future implementation using real-world tourism and accessibility data.
Article Metrics:
Ali, E. (2020). Geographic Information System (GIS): Definition, Development, Applications & Components. Department of Geography, Ananda Chandra College. India, 158.
Antosiewicz, M., Koloch, G., & Kamiński, B. (2013). Choice of Best Possible Metaheuristic Algorithm for the Travelling Salesman Problem with Limited Computational Time: Quality, Uncertainty and Speed. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Computer Science, 7(1), 46–55.
Awad, A. R., & Chiban, S. O. (2015). Recent Advances in Global Optimization for Combinatorial Discrete Problems. Applied Mathematics, 06(11), 1842–1856. https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2015.611162">[Crossref]
Azevedo, B. F., Rocha, A. M. A. C., & Pereira, A. I. (2024). Hybrid Approaches to Optimization and Machine Learning Methods: A Systematic Literature Review. Machine Learning, 113(7), 4055–4097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-023-06467-x">[Crossref]
Benchekroun, Y., Senba, H., Haddouch, K., & El Moutaouakil, K. (2024). Tourist Route Optimization with a Combined A* Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm. Mathematical Modeling and Computing, 11(4), 966–977. https://doi.org/10.23939/mmc2024.04.966">[Crossref]
Bitušíková, A. (2021). Cultural Heritage as a Means of Heritage Tourism Development. Muzeológia a Kultúrne Dedičstvo, 9(1), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.46284/mkd.2021.9.1.5">[Crossref]
Cao, S. (2022). An Optimal Round-Trip Route Planning Method for Tourism Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7665874">[Crossref]
Choi, K.-C., Li, S., Lam, C.-T., Wong, A., Lei, P., Ng, B., & Siu, K.-M. (2022). Genetic Algorithm For Tourism Route Planning Considering Time Constrains. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 70(1), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I1P219">[Crossref]
Costa, F., Brito, M., Louro, P., & Gama, S. (2025). Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Sales Routes with Time and Workload Objectives. AppliedMath, 5(3), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5030103">[Crossref]
Damos, M. A., Zhu, J., Li, W., Hassan, A., & Khalifa, E. (2021). A Novel Urban Tourism Path Planning Approach Based on a Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(8), 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080530">[Crossref]
Du, P., & Hu, H. (2018). Optimization of Tourism Route Planning Algorithm for Forest Wetland Based on GIS. Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography, 21(2), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720529.2018.1449300">[Crossref]
Dumitrașcu, A. V., Teodorescu, C., & Cioclu, A. (2023). Accessibility and Tourist Satisfaction—Influencing Factors for Tourism in Dobrogea, Romania. Sustainability, 15(9), 7525. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097525">[Crossref]
Economic Planning Unit. (2021). Twelfth Malaysia Plan, 2021--2025: A Prosperous, Inclusive, Sustainable Malaysia. Prime Minister’s Department of Malaysia. https://rmke12.ekonomi.gov.my">
Feizizadeh, B., Fathi, S., Ghasmeizad Gonbad, Z., Ghasmei, M., & Makki, M. (2023). A Multiple Geospatial Approach for Intangible Cultural Heritage Tourism Potentiality Mapping in Iran. Sustainability, 15(24), 16659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416659">[Crossref]
Gill, N., & Bobba, B. (2013). Identification of Optimum Path for Tourist Places Using GIS based Network Analysis: A Case Study of New Delhi.
Goldberg, D. E. (1989). Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning, Addison-Wealey.
Gomez-Heras, M., González Soutelo, S., Castelo Ruano, R., & García Juan, L. (2023). The Challenge of Accessibility to Heritage around the Via Francigena: The Potential of Thermal Heritage for Accessible Tourism. Heritage, 6(11), 7115–7125. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6110371">[Crossref]
Holland, J. H. (1975). Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence. University of Michigan Press.
Hooi, P. M., & Yaacob, N. M. (2019). Accessibility for physically challenged persons in heritage buildings. Journal of Design and Built Environment, 19(1), 24–39.
Huang, B., Yao, L., & Raguraman, K. (2006). Bi-level GA and GIS for Multi-objective TSP Route Planning. Transportation Planning and Technology, 29(2), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060600753404">[Crossref]
Isa, F. M., Ariffin, W. N. M., Jusoh, M. S., & Putri, E. P. (2024). A Review of Genetic Algorithm: Operations and Applications. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 40(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.40.1.134">[Crossref]
Ishaya, J., Ibrahim, A., & Lo, N. (2019). A Comparative Analysis of the Travelling Salesman Problem: Exact and Machine Learning Techniques. Open Journal of Discrete Applied Mathematics, 2(3), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.30538/psrp-odam2019.0020">[Crossref]
Ismail, N., Masron, T., & Ahmad, A. (2014). Cultural Heritage Tourism in Malaysia: Issues and Challenges. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 01059. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201059">[Crossref]
Jankowski, P. (1995). Integrating Geographical Information Systems and Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Methods. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 9(3), 251–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799508902036">[Crossref]
Kowalik, P., Sobecki, G., Bawoł, P., & Muzolf, P. (2023). A Flow-Based Formulation of the Travelling Salesman Problem with Penalties on Nodes. Sustainability, 15(5), 4330. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054330">[Crossref]
Li, S., Luo, T., Wang, L., Xing, L., & Ren, T. (2022). Tourism Route Optimization Based on Improved Knowledge Ant Colony Algorithm. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 8(5), 3973–3988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00635-z">[Crossref]
Liu, Z., Zhang, M., & Osmani, M. (2023). Building Information Modelling (BIM) Driven Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism. Buildings, 13(8), 1925. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081925">[Crossref]
Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic information science and systems. John Wiley & Sons.
Mahmoudinazlou, S., & Kwon, C. (2024). A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for the Min–Max Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem. Computers & Operations Research, 162, 106455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2023.106455">[Crossref]
Malashin, I. P., Tynchenko, V. S., Masich, I. S., Sukhanov, D. A., Ageev, D. A., Nelyub, V. A., Gantimurov, A. P., & Borodulin, A. S. (2024). Two-Stage Genetic Algorithm for Optimization Logistics Network for Groupage Delivery. Applied Sciences, 14(24), 12005. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142412005">[Crossref]
Mondal, M., & Srivastava, D. (2023). A Genetic Algorithm-Based Approach to Solve a New Time-Limited Travelling Salesman Problem. International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies, 14(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDST.317377">[Crossref]
Nasir, O., Kamal, M. A., & Agrawal, R. (2022). Exploring the Tangible Conservation of Architectural Heritage and History: Bringing Past into the Future. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 10(3), 147–156.
Nocca, F. (2017). The Role of Cultural Heritage in Sustainable Development: Multidimensional Indicators as Decision-Making Tool. Sustainability, 9(10), 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101882">[Crossref]
Ochelska-Mierzejewska, J., Poniszewska-Marańda, A., & Marańda, W. (2021). Selected Genetic Algorithms for Vehicle Routing Problem Solving. Electronics, 10(24), 3147. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243147">[Crossref]
Pei, Q., Wang, L., Du, P., & Wang, Z. (2022). Optimization of Tourism Routes in Lushunkou District based on ArcGIS. PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0264526. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264526">[Crossref]
Pop, P. C., Cosma, O., Sabo, C., & Sitar, C. P. (2024). A Comprehensive Survey on the Generalized Traveling Salesman Problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 314(3), 819–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.07.022">[Crossref]
Prameshwori, T., J, W., Surjit, L., & Ramananda, L. (2021). GIS Based Route Network Analysis for Tourist Places : A Case Study Of Greater Imphal. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 233–238. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRSET218229">[Crossref]
Sanmargaraja, S. (2015). Accessible Tourism Destinations in Malaysia: Disabled Tourists’ Requirements. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317036802">
Sathya, N., & Muthukumaravel, A. (2015). A Review of the Optimization Algorithms on Traveling Salesman Problem. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(29). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i1/84652">[Crossref]
Sharma, A., Khan, F., Sharma, D., Gupta, S., & Student, F. Y. (2020). Python: the Programming Language of Future. International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, 6(12), 115–118.
Sumida, B. H., Houston, A. I., McNamara, J. M., & Hamilton, W. D. (1990). Genetic Algorithms and Evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 147(1), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80252-8">[Crossref]
Vallone, R., Moscatelli, M., & Grünner, R. (2013). GIS as Tool for Cultural Heritage Management. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236256617">
Xiao, W., Mills, J., Guidi, G., Rodríguez-Gonzálvez, P., Gonizzi Barsanti, S., & González-Aguilera, D. (2018). Geoinformatics for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage in Support of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 142, 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.01.001">[Crossref]
Yan, J., Zlatanova, S., Lee, J. (Brian), & Liu, Q. (2021). Indoor Traveling Salesman Problem (ITSP) Path Planning. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(9), 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090616">[Crossref]
Yfantidou, G., Ntakou, K., Balaska, P., & Spyridopoulou, E. (2020). The Issue of Universal Design and the Factors of Accessible Accommodation and Sport Facilities at Hotels for the People with Disabilities. EURAM 2020 Conference Proceedings. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360849673_The_issue_of_universal_design_and_the_factors_of_accessible_accommodation_and_sport_facilities_at_hotels_for_the_people_with_disabilities">
Youssef, H., M. Sait, S., & Adiche, H. (2001). Evolutionary Algorithms, Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search: A Comparative Study. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 14(2), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-1976(00)00065-8">[Crossref]
Yousuf, I., Anwer, I., & Ali, H. (2025). Application of the Travelling Salesman Problem in Optimizing Logistic Routes. https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1006120">[Crossref]
Yu, H., & Lu, F. (2012). A Multi-Modal Route Planning Approach with an Improved Genetic Algorithm. Advances in Geo-Spatial Information Science, 193.
Zahari, N. F., Ani, I. C., & Rashid, R. A. (2020). Profiling Disabled Facilities and Accessibility Provided in National Heritage Buildings in Malaysia. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(05). https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.05.18">[Crossref]
Zahari, Nurul Fadzila, Kamarudin, H., Ahmad Zawawi, Z., Abdul Rashid, R., & Mohd Bahari, M. (2023). Heritage Tourism: A Disabled Person’s Rights to Engage in Social Activity. Planning Malaysia, 21. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i25.1252">[Crossref]
Zakaria, Z., & Hua, A. K. (2024). Exploring the Cultural Tourism of Malaysia: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainable Environmental Insight, 1(2), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.53623/sein.v1i2.478">[Crossref]
Last update:
Last update: 2026-07-09 17:49:49
Start from Volume 11 Number 2 2024, authors who publish in the Geoplanning Journal of Geomatics and Planning retain full copyright ownership (Copyright@Author) of their work. In keeping with the journal’s commitment to open access, all articles are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).Before Volume 11 Number 2 2024, copyright was still owned by the publisher, Universitas Diponegoro. To support a better open access program, we have created a new policy so that authors have full copyright ownership.
Readers and third parties may also use the content in accordance with the CC BY-NC-SA license. This includes the ability to reproduce, modify, and build upon the article, as long as proper attribution is given, and any resulting work is distributed under the same license.
