A Study of Local Rice Cultivars From Krayan Grown in Tidal Swam Area

The research was conducted in tidal swamp area of Tuak river, Paser Regency. The objective of the research was to obtain rice cultivar with high adaptability and yield grown in tidal swamp area. The study used four local rice cultivars of Krayan i.e. Nanung, Kelabit, Black Adan and White Adan. As a comparison, Yellow Serai was used. The rice was seeded in 5 x 7 m plot with a planting distance of 30 x 30 cm and 1 seed per planting hole. The treatment was replicated three times in a randomized block design. The result showed that all the four cultivars of Krayan had higher height than Yellow Serai. Nanung was found to be the most tolerant cultivar to salinity and the most adaptable in tidal swamp area. Nanung also produced the highest number of rough rice, the highest yield of weight per 1000 grains, the highest yield of weight of milled rice/ha and the least percentage of empty rough rice/panicle i.e. 182 grains, 29.35 g, 4.20 t/ha, and 15%, respectively.


I. INTRODUCTION
The major constrains limiting the rice production in tidal swamp area in East Kalimantan is due to environment factors such as pest and disease attack, high acidity level and Al, Fe, and H 2 S toxicity (Sarwani et al., 1994). High level of acidity influences the chemical reaction process and the availability of soil nutrient. Al toxicity occurs at dry soil accompanied by scarcity of P content. Fe toxicity occurs at soil inundation which can diminish the yield of susceptible rice up to 70% (Virmani, 1977;Ismunadji, 1990).
Other toxic problem i.e. Fe and H 2 S can also diminish the yield (Makarim et al., 1989). Another condition showing that Na toxicity occurs due to sea wave intrusion (Aswidinnoor et al., 2008) where high level of Na + can diminish the amount of exchangeable Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + (Suwarno and Salehuddin, 1983). The content of macro nutrient such as P and K and also micro nutrient including Zn, Cu and Bo is low and not available for plants (Widjaja-Adhi and Alihamsyah, 1998;Suhartini, 2001).
In order to overcome the problems emerged in tidal swamp area is to utilize the local rice cultivar. East Kalimantan with specific climate has abundant cultivars of rice and adaptable to various specific environmental condition. Among of those, some of cultivars are grown at latitude higher than 900 m above sea level and has not been optimally utilized (Rusdiansyah, 2003). Those local rice cultivars are considered as a valuable asset and presents diversity in rice breeding program or as an alternative to increase the production of rice with heavy environmental constraint. According to Ifansyah and Priatmadi (2003), local rice cultivar is confirmed to have natural resistance toward pest and disease and rigidity towards toxicity of pyrit, H 2 S, Na and so on.
According to the problems mentioned above, this research was designed to test or study the local rice cultivar of Krayan grown tidal swamp area. The objective of this research was to obtain the local rice cultivars of Krayan which has high growth and yield grown tidal swamp area.

II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
The test was carried out during dry season in tidal swamp area in Sungai Tuak village, Tanah Gerogot sub district, Paser regency. Four local rice cultivars from Krayan upland were examined i.e. Nanung, Kelabit, Black Adan and White Adan. Another cultivar which commonly used by local farmer i.e. Yellow Serai was also grown for comparison. Other supporting materials including Urea fertilizer, SP-36 and KCl, insecticide and fungicide were used in this research.
Statistical design used was randomized block design with three replications. The obtained data was subjected to analysis of variance at 5% significance level and followed by Least Significance Difference (LSD) at 5% if demonstrate significance difference. Five cultivar materials we as follows: k 1 = Nanung; k 2 = Kelabit; k 3 = Black White Adan and as a comparison k 5 = Yellow Sera The seeds were grown in seedbed with 2 x Twenty old seedlings were transplanted in 5 x 7 m spacing of 30 x 30 cm with 1 seed per planting hol such as Urea, SP36, and KCL was applied for N, source with a dosage of 75 kg N/ha, 45 kg P 2 O 5 /h K 2 O/ha, respectively. The observed parameters we plant, number of tiller/clump, number of tiller/clump, number of rough rice and percentag rough rice, weight of 1000 grains and milled rice/h

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
According to the statistical analysis result, it that significant difference occurred among materials. The result of LSD at 5% showed that materials had higher height and significantly diff comparison material namely Yellow Serai. The h Black Adan with 173 cm height and the shortest w Serai with 139 cm height ( Table 1, Fig. 1). All loc had been provided from area higher than 900 m level with temperature ranges from 19 to 25 0 C (R 2003). However, the condition affects the adapta Note: means with the same letter at the same column is The increases of Na + content in soil due to intrusion inhibits the root growth and decreases tillers (Rahmawati, 2006) and decreases biomass 2006). According to Suwarno and Salehudd Suwarno (1985), increasing of Na + content leads to of exchangeable Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + which r nutrient availability. According to Sari et a Rusdiansyah and  x 3 m size. 7 m plots at a hole. Fertilizer r N, P and K /ha and 45 kg were height of f productive tage of empty e/ha. it was found ng treatment hat all treated ifferent to the e highest was st was Yellow local cultivars m above sea (Rusdiansyah, ptation of the treated materials which planted in the stud 100 m above sea level and the temperatu 33 0 C. High temperature caused faste elongation which triggered longer stem g higher height at local rice cultivar. According to the LSD at 5% showed of Krayan produced fewer number of till different to Yellow Serai cultivar. In tillers/clump, besides of Nanung cultiv cultivars of Krayan produced fewer num different to Yellow Serai cultivar. Yellow highest number of tillers/clump and pro i.e. 15 and 16 tillers, respectively. The fe Adan with 18 and 7 tillers, accordingly (T height of plant affected the generation o to the length and position of stem segmen The possibility of tillers generation d higher of stem segment from the soil s water intrusion (salinity) that have occurr plant up to flowering phase also affected tillers. Visual observation indicated t drought and mortality of the tillers. In also got smaller and experienced chlor deficiency.  Fig. 2). The of tillers. This related ent to the soil surface. decreased along the l surface. Besides, sea urred from 41 days old ted the few number of that salinity caused In addition, the leaves lorosis due to nutrient ivars from Krayan and e tillers/clump (culm) ab bc cd a ficiency of Ca + content s, salinity will increase aces K + which used to pede the absorption of p and productive of Krayan and Yellow Among five materials used in this researc produced the highest yield in terms of total gr total weight per 1000 grains, and total weight rice/ha i.e. 182 grains, 29.35 g and 4.10 t/ha, resp contrast, Nanung produced the least percentage rough rice/panicle i.e. 15%. Meanwhile, th percentage of empty rough rice/panicle, the lightes grain per 1000 grains and the fewest number rice/panicle were resulted by Kelabit cultivar i.e. According to the result mentioned previousl yield of rough rice/panicle of each cultivar was their genetic factor. However, different charact been occurred at the result of percentage of em rice/panicle, total weight of 1000 grains and tota milled rice/ha which was strongly depend on the sa The adaptability of rice to salinity is strongly by the ability to adjust their turgor pressure. A rigi will fasten their activity on balancing the ion co inside the cell so that the root elongation and formation can take place and the nutrient uptake normal. In a susceptible rice plant, salinity will root so that the nutrient accumulates in the roo cannot be absorbed by the plant due to abnormal ro Inhibition of nutrient uptake will affect the growth of rice plant. The panicles are empty or in filled and form into small size that reduces the w yield. According to Sunarto (2001), in case o salinity affects the formation of grain inside th reduces the weight of the grain. While in Rusdiansyah and   According to the overall test result Nanung cultivar was more tolerant to sa adaptability in tidal swamp area in Sunga suggests that Nanung cultivar is recomm and to be tested in others environment con IV. CONCLUSION All local rice cultivars from Krayan h fewer number of tillers/clump as compa cultivar. In tidal swamp area, Nanung tolerant to salinity and had better adapt other cultivars. Nanung cultivar also p number of rough rice/panicle, least pe rough rice/panicle, highest yield of wei and highest yield of weight of milled ric 15%, 29.35 g and 4.20 t/ha, respectively. 133 ghtest weight of milled ivar i.e. 1.09 t/ha. The l showed that Nanung t with Black Adan and different with Kelabit rain/panicle. However, rent with Yellow Serai total weight per 1000 Table 2, Fig. 3 and 4)