2026-05-24T02:02:10Z https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/index/oai

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1515 2015-01-15T02:30:10Z reaktor:RA

SACCHARIFICATION OF NATIVE CASSAVA STARCH AT HIGH DRY SOLIDS IN AN ENZYMATIC MEMBRANE REACTOR Widiasa, I Nyoman Wenten, I Gede Chemical Engineering cassava starch, enzymatic membrane reactor, hydrolysate, starch hydrolysis This study is aimed to develop a novel process scheme for hydrolysis of native cassava starch at high dry solids using an enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR). Firstly, liquefied cassava starch having solids content up to 50% by weight was prepared by three stage liquefactions in a conventional equipment using a commercially available heat stable a-amylase (Termamyl 120L). The liquefied cassava starch was further saccharified in an EMR using glucoamylase (AMG E). By using the developed process scheme, a highly clear hydrolysate with dextrose equivalent (DE) approximately 97 could be produced, provided the increase of solution viscosity during the liquefaction was precisely controlled. The excessive space time could result in reduction in conversion degree of starch. Moreover, a residence time distribution study confirmed that the EMR could be modelled as a simple continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Using Lineweaver-Burk analysis, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and glucose production rate constant (k2) were 552 (g/l) and 4.04 (min-1), respectively. Application of simple CSTR model with those kinetic parameters was quietly appropriate to predict the reactor’s performance at low space time. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-05-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1515 10.14710/reaktor.12.3.129 – 136 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009; 129 – 136 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1515/1272

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/25056 2020-05-29T10:45:15Z reaktor:RA

Biofilm Based on Modified Sago Starch: Preparation and Characterization Sondari, Dewi Falah, Faizatul Suryaningrum, Riska Sari, Fahriya Puspita Sari, Fahriya Puspita Septefani, Athanasia Amanda Septefani, Athanasia Amanda Restu, Witta Kartika Restu, Witta Kartika Sampora, Yulianti Sampora, Yulianti Biofilms made from modified sago starch to improve the mechanical and physical properties have been studied.  This study aimed to prepare and characterize biofilms from sago starch and modified sago (acetylation, oxidation, cross-link and precipitation). Modified of sago starch was prepared by some methods: precipitation using ethanol as solvent, acetylation modified of sago starch using acetic anhydride, oxidation modification using hydrogen peroxide and cross-link modification using sodium acetate. Biofilms were made from modified sago using glycerol with a concentration of 1.0% weight, where glycerol acts as a plasticizer to impart the thermoplasticity of the starch film. Biofilm made from native sago was then compared to biofilm from modified sago starch. The effects of modified sago starch to the biofilm were measured on its moisture contents, contact angle value, mechanical properties such as elongation and tensile strength. The chemical structures were evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and morphology of biofilm were measured by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The optimum condition of modified sago starch used in biofilm in this study is by acetylation. The result show that modified acetylation of sago starch can improve the properties of biofilm Keywords: biofilms, sago, acetylation, oxidation, cross link, SEM, FTIR Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Research Center for Biomaterial 2019-10-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25056 10.14710/reaktor.19.3.125-130 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 3 September 2019; 125-130 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25056/16070 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8995 2020-04-17T05:25:11Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH CO-PRECIPITATION BESI KLORIDA TERHADAP KINERJA LUMPUR AKTIF PADA PROSES PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK SINTETIK Aristiami, Dian Fatikha Widiasa, I Nyoman Chemical Engineering activated sludge; co-precipitation; domestic wastewater; wastewater treatment The increase of population leads to an increase of the quantity of domestic wastewater. Activated sludge system is the most cost-efective to treat the domestic wastewater treatment. This study is aimed to evaluate the co-precipitation coagulant effect of FeCl3 on the growth of activated sludge, settling characteristics of the activated sludge, and effluent quality. sludge sedimentation characteristics (settling) as well as on the effluent quality. The activated sludge systems were operated in batch mode and synthetic domestic wastewaters with C:N:P ratio of 100:5:1 were used as feed wastewater. The growth of activated sludge was based on concentration of Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid (MLSS), settling characteristics of activated sludge was based on value of Sludge Volume Index (SVI), and effluent quality was based on turbidity, colour, N-ammonia concentration, and Chemical Oxygen Demand content. Results indicate that inhibition effect of FeCl3 to activated sludge activity was not significant at dosage ≤ 30 mg/L. Good settling characterisic (SVI 70-150 mg/L) was achieved at dosage of 20-30 mg/L. Finally, the best effluent quality, i.e. turbidity (9.4), colour (96), amonia removal (83.6%), and COD removal (72.97%), at dosage of 30 mg/L. Keywords: activated sludge; co-precipitation; domestic wastewater; wastewater treatment Abstrak Peningkatan jumlah penduduk mengakibatkan kenaikan jumlah air limbah domestik. Sistem lumpur aktif merupakan proses yang paling efektif untuk mengolah air limbah domestik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh co-precipitation koagulan FeCl3 terhadap pertumbuhan lumpur aktif, karakteristik pengendapan lumpur aktif, dan kualitas efluen. Sistem lumpur aktif dioperasikan secara curah dan umpan air limbah yang digunakan adalah air limbah domestik sintesis dengan rasio C:N:P = 100:5:1. Pertumbuhan lumpur aktif  berdasarkan konsentrasi Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid (MLSS), karakteristik pengendapan lumpur berdasarkan  nilai Sludge Volume Index (SVI), dan kualitas efluen berdasarkan tingkat kekeruhan, warna, kadar N-amonia dan kadar Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inhibisi FeCl3 terhadap aktivitas lumpur aktif tidak signifikan pada dosis ≤ 30 mg/L. Karakteristik pengendapan yang baik (SVI 70-150 mg/L) tercapai pada dosis 20-30 mg/L. Kualitas efluen terbaik, yaitu  kekeruhan (9,4),  warna (96), penyisihan amonia (83,6%) dan penyisihan COD (72,97%), pada dosis 30 mg/L. Kata kunci: lumpur aktif; co-precipitation; air limbah domestik; pengolahan air limbah   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-10-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8995 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.182-189 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.3 April 2015; 182-189 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8995/7646

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/67357 2025-04-17T00:14:18Z reaktor:RA

Heterogeneous Polypropylene-Based Cation-Exchange Membrane Modified by Functionalized Zinc Oxide Particles for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Khoiruddin, Khoiruddin Firmansyah, Rizky W. Yulanda, Nanda Wardani, Anita K. Wenten, I Gede This work presents the synthesis and characterization of heterogeneous cation-exchange membranes based on polypropylene (PP) and cation-exchange resin (IER) powder, developed via melt spinning. The membranes were modified with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles functionalized with polydopamine (PDA) to enhance their electrochemical properties. The effects of varying IER content and ZnO/PDA loading on key membrane properties, including ion-exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake (WU), water contact angle (WCA), proton conductivity, water permeability, and vanadium permeability, were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that increasing IER content improved proton conductivity and IEC, but also increased vanadium permeability. The PP/ZnO-PDA (Z-2.5) membrane, with 2.5%-wt. ZnO/PDA, showed reduced water permeability (0.46 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹·bar⁻¹) and vanadium permeability (5.67 × 10⁻⁵ cm² min⁻¹), while maintaining moderate proton conductivity (13.17 mS/cm). However, increasing ZnO/PDA content beyond 2.5%-wt. led to declines in WU, IEC, and proton conductivity, likely due to nanoparticle aggregation reducing access to ion-exchange sites. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-03-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/67357 10.14710/reaktor.24.2.58-67 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.2 August 2024; 58-67 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/67357/27878 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15016 2017-07-19T16:46:38Z reaktor:RA

Effect Of Operating Conditions On Steady-State Behavior Of Activated Sludge In Phenolic Waste Water Treatment Basuki, B. T. phenolic waste water treatment, activated sludge, effect of operating conditions, predator-prey interaction model, kinetic model Steady-state behavior of activated sludge in phenolic waste water treatment was observed and theoretically considered. The apparatus used in  this experiment was a continuous perfect mixing tank where activated sludge was withdraw continuosly and auto-returned from a settling tank. To explain the data well, it must be taken into  consideration that activated sludge consist of various species of microorganisms. Therefore, ecosystem and whole metabolism of activated sludge would be effected not only by environmental condition (pH, temperature, DO,etc.), but also by operating variables (dilution rate, inlet substrate concentration, etc.). In this study, the relation of whole metabolism of activated sludge between the case which activated sludge is regarded as various species of microorganisms was obtained. Seven empirical parameters in the kinetic equation which were introduce from the predator-prey interaction model were considered to be a function of various operating variables. By using this method, steady-state behavior of activated sludge in the ohenolic waste water treatment could be well explained, moreover, important information to design a practical process for phenolic waste water treatment with activated sludge was obtained.Keywords : phenolic waste water treatment, activated sludge, effect of operating conditions, predator-prey interaction model, kinetic model Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15016 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.41-49 Reaktor; Volume 09 No.1 Juni 2005; 41-49 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15016/11390 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1630 2020-04-17T05:09:58Z reaktor:RA

KINETIKA REAKSI OKSIDASI KATALITIK FERO SULFAT DARI LIMBAH BESI DALAM REAKTOR LULUHAN Sulistyo, Hary Fadjri, Muhammad Nuryoto, Nuryoto chemical engineering feri sulfat, kinetika, limbah besi, oksidasi, reaktor drift Limbah besi yang berupa serbuk direaksikan dengan asam sulfat membentuk larutan fero sulfat. Larutan fero sulfat dapat dioksidasi menjadi feri sulfat. Oksidasi dijalankan dalam reaktor drift pada tekanan dan suhu tetap. Percobaan dilakukan pada kisaran suhu 323K sampai 353K dan konsentrasi katalisator dari 1,7 sampai 6,7 g/L, waktu reaksi 150 menit pada tekanan atmosferis. Nilai konversi tertinggi fero sulfat menjadi feri sulfat yang diperoleh 39,5%. Nilai koefisien perpindahan massa gas ke cairan dan cairan ke permukaan padatan berturut-turut 37,18 cm/s dan 180 cm/s. Hubungan antara konstante kecepatan reaksi permukaan dengan suhu dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk persamaan Arrhenius, k = 2,8092x107exp(-8794/RT). Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh sesuai dengan data di pustaka dan kinetika reaksi ditentukan oleh gabungan antara perpindahan massa gas ke cairan dan reaksi pada permukaan katalisator.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-10-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1630 10.14710/reaktor.13.2.67-73 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010; 67-73 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1630/1393

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/29887 2021-01-20T00:02:58Z reaktor:RA

Lignocellulosic Analysis of Corncob Biomass by Using Non-Thermal Pulsed Electric Field-NaOH Pretreatment Putranto, Angky Wahyu Abida, Sakinah Hilya Adrebi, Khodijah Harianti, Arta In recent years, the second-generation bioethanol and advanced bio-based material production from biomass are focused on the pretreatment process by separating cellulose components from other components such as lignin and hemicellulose. Therefore, a physicochemical pretreatment method is needed by applying a non-thermal pulsed electric field (PEF) and alkali methods to increase the cellulose availabilities with a short process and low energy input. The aim of this study was to analyze the lignocellulose content of corncob biomass by using non-thermal pulsed electric fields (PEF) and NaOH pretreatment. The pretreatment factors used were the electric field strength of PEF and the pretreatment time. Analysis of the structure and elements of the lignocellulose based on the characteristics of the gravimetric method and SEM-EDX for untreated and treated samples. The results showed that pretreatment of corncobs biomass by using PEF optimally at an electric field strength of 9 kV/cm and pretreatment time of 60 seconds that was increasing cellulose of 40.59% when compared with the control and also decreasing the hemicellulose and lignin content of 12.9% and 2.02%, respectively. Under these conditions, the energy per pulse and specific input energy of PEF required 0.0205 J and 8.72 kJ/L, respectively. The microstructure analysis by using SEM-EDX showed significantly visual differences and was an increase in the percentage of C and O atoms between untreated and treated corncob biomass. Furthermore, the corncob biomass treated by using non-thermal PEF and alkali can become effective and efficient for the next process into cellulose-derived products.Keywords: corncob biomass; pulsed electric field; NaOH; pretreatment; cellulose Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/29887 10.14710/reaktor.20.4.183-191 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.4 December 2020; 183-191 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/29887/18650 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/29887/5302 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/29887/5314 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11783 2020-04-17T15:47:17Z reaktor:RA

ANALISIS SOLITON PADA GELOMBANG HIDRODINAMIKA BERDASARKAN PERSAMAAN MAXWELL NAVIER-STOKES G. Nugroho, Nugroho T.R. Biyanto, Biyanto Chemical Engineering Soliton, persamaan gelombang, persamaan Maxwell Navier-Stokes, momentum Bernoulli Formulasi solition berdasarkan persamaan Maxwell Navier-Stokes dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini merupakan aplikasi dari penelitian ini merupakan aplikasi dari peneltian sebelumnya mengenai  penciptaan soliton pada persamaan gelombang secara umum yang kali ini ditrapkan pada gelombang hidrodinamika. Solusi persamaan gelombang diubah ke dalam bentuk deret dan diubah dalam bentuk soliton. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada bentukan persamaan gelombang dari medan-medan kecepatan u, vorticity  w dan vektor X. dari formulasi didapatkan bahwa pada kasus satu dimensi, gelombang soliton dapat dihasilkan dalam term linier untuk vektor X. Demikian juga dengan persamaan gelombang untuk medan kecepatan u dan vorticity w akan memberikan hasil yang sama dengan vektor X dalam kasus perambatan satu dimensi spatial diikuti momentum Bernoulli yang harus sama dengan satu, namun pernyataan tersebut tidak berlaku untuk orde dimensi spatial yang melebiho satu, walaupun pada perambatan satu dimensi sekalipun . Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-06-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11783 10.14710/reaktor.10.1.42-45 Reaktor; Volume 10 No. 1 Juni 2006; 42-45 2407-5973 0852-0798 en

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14700 2020-04-17T05:34:48Z reaktor:RA

PENAMBAHAN POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PADA BIOPLASTIK PATI SAGU DENGAN BERPENGUAT MIKROFIBRIL SELULOSA BAMBU BERBANTUKAN SONIKASI Silviana, Silviana Rahayu, Puji Chemical Engineering; Material Engineering bamboo; dispersing agent; microfibrillated cellulose; potassium chloride; sonication Sago starch based bioplastics as food packaging have drawbacks such as soft, and easily broken. This paper explains improvement of sago starch-based bioplastics reinforced with bamboo microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). Furthermore, this paper investigates effect of dispersing agent on mechanical property by using of potassium chloride (KCl) assisted by ultrasonic homogenizer. Variable used experiments were bamboo MFC concentration of 1%; 3% and 5% w/w and KCl concentration of 1%; 2% dan 3% w/v. Sago starch-based solution was prepared from 4% w/v of commercial sago starch. The mixed solution was gelatinized at temperature of 90 oC. The result showed that the 5% of bamboo MFC increased tensile strength of sago starch-based bioplastics due to purpose of bamboo MFC as reinforcement of sago starch. Further, additional of KCl reduced the dispersing time for 1 hour. Optimum result in this preliminary experiment was obtained at bamboo MFC of 5% w/w and KCl concentration of 1% w/v resulting tensile strength of 17.99 MPa. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-10-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14700 10.14710/reaktor.17.3.152-158 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017; 151-156 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14700/11918 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4124 2023-05-12T19:06:55Z reaktor:RA

MANNAN PRECIPITATION FROM ALOE VERA LEAF PULP JUICE USING METHANOL AND ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL AS ANTI-SOLVENT: EXPERIMENTAL AND EMPIRICAL MODELLING APPROACH Retnowati, Diah Susetyo Kumoro, Andri Cahyo Chemical Engineering aloe vera; anti-pelarut; isopropil alkohol; mannan; metanol; laju pengendapan Precipitation of mannan from Aloe vera leaf pulp juice was investigated using anti-solvent precipitation process under room temperature condition. The aims of this work were to study the effects of types (methanol and isopropyl alcohol) and amount of anti-solvent on the precipitation phenomena and to propose a simple mathematics model for evaluating the precipitation rate of mannan (Rβ). The experiments were carried out using a semi batch system; where continuous drop wise addition of anti-solvent to the Aloe vera leaf pulp juice was kept constant at 50.4 mL/min, while the speed of stirring was maintained at 675 rpm. At every run of the experiments, the time at which the precipitation began was recorded and the experiment was terminated when no further precipitation occurred. The samples were withdrawn from the system at every 25 min after the first precipitation for mannan analysis. The results of this work showed that isopropyl alcohol acted as a more effective anti-solvent to precipitate mannan from Aloe vera leaf pulp juice than methanol. The mathematics model represented the precipitation phenomena fairly well with average relative deviation only 11.73%, and finally suggested that the precipitation rate obeyed the zero order.  PENGENDAPAN MANNAN DARI JUS DAGING DAUN LIDAH BUAYA (ALOE VERA) MENGGUNAKAN METANOL DAN ISOPROPIL ALKOHOL SEBAGAI ANTI SOLVEN: PERCOBAAN DAN PEMODELAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN EMPIRIK. Pengendapan mannan dari jus daun lidah buaya (Aloe vera) dengan teknik pengendapan menggunakan anti-pelarut dikaji pada suhu kamar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh jenis anti-pelarut (metanol dan isopropil alkohol) dan massa anti-pelarut terhadap fenomena pengendapan mannan, serta mengembangkan model matematik dengan pendekatan empiric untuk mengevaluasi laju pengendapan mannan (Rβ). Percobaan dilakukan dalam sistem yang bekerja secara semi-batch, dengan anti-pelarut diumpankan secara terus menerus dalam bentuk tetesan-tetesan dengan laju 50,4 mL/men dan pengadukan dijaga tetap pada 675 putaran per menit (ppm). Pada setiap percobaan, waktu yang diperlukan sejak pengumpanan anti-pelarut hingga saat endapan pertama kali terbentuk dicatat, dan percobaan dihentikan jika tidak ada lagi endapan yang terbentuk. Cuplikan cairan diambil setiap 25 menit sejak endapan pertama terbentuk dan dianalisis kandungan mannannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isopropil alkohol merupakan anti-pelarut yang lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan metanol untuk mengendapkan mannan dari jus daun lidah buaya. Dari pemodelan matematik diketahui bahwa laju pengendapan mannan mengikuti order nol. Model matematik yang diusulkan dapat mewakili fenomena pengendapan mannan dengan baik yang ditunjukkan dengan ralat rata-rata sebesar 11,73%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-04-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4124 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.46-50 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 46-50 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4124/3757

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/46971 2025-01-15T23:55:14Z reaktor:RA

The Study of Hydrothermal Carbonization and Activation Factors' Effect on Mesoporous Activated Carbon Production From Sargassum sp. Using a Multilevel Factorial Design Prakoso, Tirto Rustamaji, Heri Yonathan, Daniel Devianto, Hary Widiatmoko, Pramujo Rizkiana, Jenny Guan, Guoqing Seaweeds are large-scale multicellular marine algae categorized based on color as Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Phaeophyceae. No information has been provided on the conditions affecting the production of mesoporous activated carbon from one member of the described aquatic plants, namely Sargassum sp. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the impact of the main factors and their interactions on Sargassum sp.-derived activated carbon manufactured (SAC) by hydrothermal carbonization and CO2 activation methods. A mathematical approach was employed using a multilevel factorial design with the main factors being the activator type (ZnCl2, CaCl2, & KOH), hydrothermal temperature (200, 225, & 250oC), and activator ratios (2 & 4). Meanwhile, the response variables were yield and BET surface area (SBET) of SAC. Morphological, functional, crystallographic, and porosity characterization was carried out on the samples. The SAC-Ca-200-2 sample had the highest yield, with the value being 26.5 percent of weight. The activators having the highest specific surface area (SBET) were SAC-Zn-250-4, SAC-Ca-225-2, and SAC-K-250-2, with 1552, 1368, and 1799 m2/g, respectively. The pore size distribution in SAC products ranged from 2.16 to 10 nm in diameter. The analysis conducted indicated the activator type and interaction with its ratio substantially impacted the SAC yield value; besides, only the activator type affects the formation of high surface area pores. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-08-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/46971 10.14710/reaktor.22.2.59-69 Reaktor; Volume 22 No.2 August 2022; 59-69 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/46971/22403 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14907 2020-04-17T05:03:19Z reaktor:RA

Pembuatan Kalsium Karbonat Dari Bittern Dan Gas Karbondioksida Secara Kontinyu Soemargono, Soemargono Billah, Mu`tasin kalsium karbonat, bittern, reactor sekat miring Kalsium karbonat yang digunakan dalam industry-industri cat, karet dan kertas harus mempunyai mutu yang tinggi, terutama kemurnian dan kehalusannya. Untuk itu, Indonesia masih mendatangkan kalsium karbonat murni dari luar negeri dalam jumlah yang cukup besar. Bittern meruppakan bahan buangan industry garam yang disebut juga air tua, mengandung senyawa kalsium. Karbondioksida biasanya berasal dari hasil pembakaran yang masuk ke udara. Kandungannya di udara kecil, tetapi berpotensi sebagai pencemar. Dengan mereaksikan kalsium yang terkandung dalam bittern dengan CO2 akan membentuk CaCO3 dalam suasana basa. Pembentukan kalsium karbonat dilakuakan dengan proses kontinyu dalam reactor kolom bersekat miring.  Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa pengendapan magnesium dengan larutan ammonia menyebabkan kandungan kalsium ikut terdegradasi. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada kondisi pH awal, kecepatan alir gas CO2, kecepatan alir cairan dan suhu masing-masing pada 8,7; 2265 ml/menit; 10 ml/menit, dan 303 K, dengan konversi sebesar 38,40%. Produk berupa CaCO3 yang diperoleh memiliki kemurnian sebesar 21,34%.Kata kunci : kalsium karbonat, bittern, reactor sekat miring Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14907 10.14710/reaktor.11.1.14-21 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 1, Juni 2007; 14-21 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14907/11308 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1000 2020-04-17T04:57:46Z reaktor:RA

PEMBUATAN GULA NON KARSINOGENIK NON KALORI DARI DAUN STEVIA Buchori, Luqman Stevia merupakan bahan pemanis selain tebu dengan kelebihan tingkat kemanisan 200 – 300 kali dari gula tebu dan diperoleh dari estrak daun stevia. Pembuatan gula stevia dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi untuk mengambil stevioside kemudian dipekatkan dengan cara evaporasi lalu dikristalisasi sehingga diperoleh kristal stevioside. Dalam penelitian ini dicari pengaruh suhu (45°C; 50°C; 55°C), pengaruh waktu ekstraksi (1 ; 1,5 ; 2 jam), serta pengaruh jenis solvent yang digunakan (metanol, etanol, aseton) terhadap berat gula yang didapatkan. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa semakin tinggi suhu maka jumlah produk yang terekstrak semakin banyak, baik untuk solvent metanol maupun etanol. Sedangkan untuk solvent aseton kondisi optimum dicapai pada suhu 50°C. Untuk waktu ekstraksi, semakin lama waktu ekstraksi jumlah produk yang terekstrak semakin banyak. Untuk jenis solvent yang digunakan, metanol lebih banyak mengekstrak produk dibanding etanol maupun aseton. Produk yang diperoleh mempunyai range pH antara 5,2 – 5,5, titik leleh antara 196 – 198 °C, dan densitas antara 1,43 – 1,67, dimana harga-harga tersebut berada di dalam range pH, titik leleh, dan densitas gula stevia. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2007-08-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1000 10.14710/reaktor.11.2.57-60 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007; 57-60 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1000/844

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/19140 2020-04-17T05:40:30Z reaktor:RA

Hazard Assessment of LNG Loading-Unloading Process in Cirebon Port Devianto, Hary Eviani, Mitra Widiatmoko, Pramujo Nurdin, Isdiriayani Cirebon Port has spacious work and water area that provides opportunities to be developed in industrial sectors, particularly the petrochemical industries such as ethylene and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). In atmospheric condition, they are classified as volatile gas. Either in processing or transporting, they are stored in closed system. However, they still have a probability to be released to the environment and may lead to a fire or explosion. This probability is increased in the existence of coal stockpile in the port area which can evoke a fire. Therefore, a safety study is needed to identify the risk of the loading-unloading activities. The problem was solved by following steps. First, the data such as physical properties, layout area, and geographical condition around the port were collected. Then, the hazardous nodes were identified qualitatively, and then the quantitative analysis was done using As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) analysis. From the safety study, a suitable handling and safety system is provided to ensure safety viability in the ethylene and LNG loading-unloading process at the Cirebon port.Keywords: ethylene; hazard assessment; LNG; loading-unloading process; Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-06-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/19140 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.117-121 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018; 117-121 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/19140/14226 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7870 2020-04-17T05:20:36Z reaktor:RA

ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF ANTIOXIDANT PHENOLIC COUMPOUNDS FROM EUCHEUMA COTTONII Wardhani, Dyah Hesti Sari, Denni Kartika Prasetyaningrum, Aji Chemical Engineering antioxidant; DPPH radical; Eucheuma cottonii; H2O2; phenolic coumpounds; ultrasonic-assisted extraction The influences of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions on phenolic compounds of Eucheuma cottonii seaweeed were investigated. The effects of temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio were evaluated based on the total phenolic content (TPC). The result showed a significant variability of effect of temperature, time, and liquid-solid ratio on TPC. Application of ultrasound reduced the optimum temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio of the extraction when compared to the conventional extraction. The highest phenolic content (4.44 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight) was obtained at 3:1(v/w) of liquid-solid ratio, 55oC of temperature and 35 min of extraction time. At this condition, the extract showed ability to scavenging 91% of 1,1-diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH radical) and 10.9% of H2O2. High ability of the extract to scavenge DPPH radical but low in scavenging H2O2 indicated that the extract dominated by primary antioxidant compounds which work by donating hydrogen atoms to bind free radical. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-12-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7870 10.14710/reaktor.14.4.291-297 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013; 291-297 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7870/6450

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16496 2019-01-09T03:11:31Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14944 2017-06-13T03:29:00Z reaktor:RA

Pengaruh Metoda Preparasi Terhadap Aktivitas Katalis Nikel Dengan Penyangga Titania Sondari, D katalis, penyangga, impregnasi, sol-gel, ko-presipitasi, metoda, altivitas Preparasi katalis logam aktif nikel dengan bahan penyangga titania dapat dilakukan menggunakan metode impregnasi, sol-gel dan ko-presipitasi dengan kandungan logamaktif 20; 22,5 dan 25% berat. Dari hasil uji aktivitas katalis menggunakan reaktor skala 20 ml menunjukkan bahwa metode  sol-gel memberikan aktivitas yang paling maksimal dengan terjadinya penurunan bilangan iodium dari 60,98 menjadi 41,31 dan luas permukaan spesifik maksimal 18,65 gr/m2 pada konsentrasi 22,5%. Dari analisa pola difraksi sinar-X pada metoda sol-gel, tampak adanya oksida logam nikel pada 2Ө = 43,27 yang intensitasnya paling rendah disbanding dua metoda lain, impregnasi  dank ko-presipitasi. Puncak logam nikel teridentifikasi pada 2Ө = 44,50 menunjukkan adanya logam aktif nikel Ni (100) walaupun intensitasnya masih rendah, telah menyebabkan luas permukaan spesifik katalis pada metoda sol-gel lebih besar daripada metoda impregnasi dank o-presipitasi. Kata kunci : katalis, penyangga, impregnasi, sol-gel, ko-presipitasi, metoda, altivitas Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14944 10.14710/reaktor.6.1.44-47 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 1 Juni 2002; 44-47 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14944/11342 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8413 2020-04-17T05:27:54Z reaktor:RA

ANALISA ENERGI DAN EKSERGI PADA PENGERINGAN TEPUNG TAPIOKA MENGGUNAKAN PENGERING KONTINYU UNGGUN FLUIDISASI GETAR Suherman, Suherman Trisnaningtyas, Rona Chemical engineering Analisa energi dan eksergi, pati tapioka, pengeringan kontinyu, unggun fluidisasi getar Energy and exergy analysis of cassava starch drying in continuous vibrated fluidized bed dryer were carried out to assess the performance of the system in terms of energy utilization ratio, energy efficiency, exergy inflow and outflow, exergy loss, and exergetic efficiency. The results showed cassava starch has starch content 87%, degree of whiteness 95%, negative fiber content, sperichal granula with average diameter12.32 μm, orthorhombic crystal structure and crystal size 47.467 nm . Energy utilization and energy utilization ratio increased from 0.08 to 0.20 J/s and 0.35 to 0.4 as the drying temperature  increased from 50 to 70 oC. Energy efficiency increased from 13.80 % to 23.31 %, while exergy inflow, outflow, and losses increased from 4.701 to 14.678, 2.277 to 6.344, and 2.424 to 8.334 J/s respectively in the above temperature range. Exergetic efficiency decreased with increase in drying air temperature, while exergetic improvement potential increased with increased drying air temperature. Keywords: Cassava starch, continuous drying, energy and exergy analysis, vibrated fluidized bed Abstrak Analisis energi dan eksergi pengeringan pati tapioka menggunakan pengering kontinu unggun fluidisasi getar, telah dilakukan untuk menilai kinerja sistem dalam bentuk utilisasi energi, efisiensi energi, eksergi masuk dan keluar, eksergi hilang dan efisiensi eksergi. Hasil analisis pati memiliki kandungan starch 87%, tingkat keputihan 95%, kandungan serat negatif, bentuk partikel granular spherical dengan diameter 12,32 μm, struktur kristal orthorhombic dan ukuran kristal sebesar 47,467 nm. Peningkatan suhu pengering dari 50 menjadi 70 0C akan meningkatkan utilisasi energi dan rasio utilisasi energi dari 0,08 menjadi 0,20 J/s dan 0,35 menjadi 0,4. Efisiensi energi meningkat dari 13,80% hingga 23,31%, sedangkan eksergi masuk dan keluar, eksergi hilang meningkat dari 4,701 menjadi 14,678, 2,277 menjadi 6,344, dan 2,424 menjadi 8,334 J/s. Efisiensi eksergi menurun dengan naiknya suhu sedangkan potensi pengembangan eksergi meningkat dengan naiknya suhu. Kata kunci:. Analisis energi dan eksergi, pati tapioka, pengeringan kontinu, unggun fluidisasi getar Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Kemendikbud 2016-05-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8413 10.14710/reaktor.16.1.24-31 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.1 Maret 2016; 24-31 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8413/8720

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/61047 2025-01-15T21:31:45Z reaktor:RA

Performance of An Aerated Wastewater Stabilization Pond for the Treatment of Cultivation Wastewater of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Grow-out Ponds Jannah, Rizkiyah Fatikhatul Ratnawati, Ratnawati Sunaryo, Sunaryo Widiasa, I Nyoman Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a major cultivated crustacean species whose aquaculture production has doubled in the last decade. The implementation of shrimp pond systems using closed or intensive methods is widely carried out. However, wastewater produced by intensive shrimp farming may cause environmental effects. This study is aimed to evaluate the feasibility of the aerated wastewater stabilization pond to treat the cultivation wastewater. The physicochemical parameters monitored were temperature, pH, salinity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate. In the case of this study, almost all physicochemical parameters of the water coming out of the aerated wastewater stabilization pond are suitable for use as input water for integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA). Temperature, pH, salinity, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate were 27.1°C to 32.2°C, 7.86 to 8.79, 30 ppt to 34 ppt, 0.003 mg/L to 0.068 mg/L, and 0.19 mg/L to 1.31 mg/L, respectively. Only ammonia concentration significantly fluctuated in the range of 0.44 mg/L to 12 mg/L.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-02-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/61047 10.14710/reaktor.23.3.105-115 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.3 December 2023; 108-115 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/61047/25512 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15007 2017-07-19T16:46:53Z reaktor:RA

Adsorpsi cadmium (II) dan kromium (II) dalam air oleh limbah lumpur aktif Setiadi, Tj Kusmaya, M. Halim, M. B. adsorpsi, cadmium, krom, lumpur aktif, model isotherm Proses pengolahan limbah dengan proses lumpur aktif pada sisi lain menimbulkan permasalahan baru, yaitu persoalan pengolahan lumpur (wastage sludge). Meningkatnya penggunaan sistem ini menyebabkan meningkat pula jumlah lumpur yang harus diolah. Hal tersebut meningkatkan eban ekonomi bagi industri yang mengguanakan sistem pengolahan limbah secara lumpur aktif. Pemanfaatan lumpur aktif sebagai adsorben tentunya mengurangi beban ekonomi pengolahan lumpur. Disamping itu pemanfaatan tersebut memberukan nilai tambah bagi industri karena dapat dijual dan digunakan pada proses penghilangan logam berat dalam suatu air limah sebagai penggantti karbon aktif maupun adsorben lain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan kapasitas optimumadsorpsi sebagai suatu parameter untuk mengkuantifikasi keefektifan aktifitas suatu adsorben lumpur aktif dalam mengadsorpsi logam berat cadmium dan kromium dari suatu air limbah industri. Dalam penelitian ini, variabel yang divariasikan adalah konsentrasi adsorbat yaitu, cadmium dan kromium dalam rentang 0,97-13,68 mg/L. Variabel lain yang divariasikan adalah ph (dalam rentang 1-14) dan 3 jenis lumpur aktif yaitu lumpur slurry, lumpur cake dan lumpur powder. Hasil dari prnrlitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan lumpur aktif tipe cake memberikan tingkat jumlah logam teradsorpsi paling tinngi dibandingkan lumpur slurry maupun powder waktu kesetimbangan adsorpsi Cd (II) dan Cr (III) menggunakan adsorben lumpur aktif adalah 24 jam. Persentasi efisiensi penghilangan (removal)logam berat Cd(II) dengan menggunakan lumpur aktif tipe cake untuk rentang konsentrasi 0,97-11,85 mg/l ada pada rentang yang cukup tinggi yaitu 88,44-95,38%. Demikian juga dengan persentase sfisiensi penghulangan logam berat Cr(III) untuk rentang konsentrasi 1,66-13,68 mg/l memberikan angka yang sangat tinggi yaitu 98,26-99,73%. Nilai ph optimum untuk adsorpsi logam  Cd(II) dan Cr(III) oleh lompur aktif terjadi pada ph antara 6,0 dan 8,0. Persamaan isotherm yang sesuai untuk adsorpsi Cd(II) dan Cr(III) menggunakan lumpur aktif adalah model isotherm Langmuir, dengan demikian merupakan adsorpsi satu lapis. Khusus untuk adsorpsi Cd(II), prosesnya juga mengikuti model Freundlich. Kapasitas adsorbs maksimum (qm) untuk Cd (II) menggunakan lumpur aktif adalah 6,25 mg/g adsorben, sedangkan untuk Cr(III) adalah 6,13 mg/g adsorben. Tetapan lamgmuir, b, untuk konsetrasi logam Cd(II) adalah 1,06 l/mg dan untukk Cr(III) adalah 23,99 l/mg.Kata kunci : adsorpsi, cadmium, krom, lumpur aktif, model isotherm Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15007 10.14710/reaktor.7.02.77-83 Reaktor; Volume 07 No.2 Desember 2003; 77-83 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15007/11381 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1553 2015-01-15T03:13:44Z reaktor:RA

PEMBUATAN AYAKAN MOLEKULER BERBASIS KARBON UNTUK PEMISAHAN N2/O2 DARI PIROLISIS RESIN PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE Prasetyo, Imam Rochmadi, Rochmadi Wahyono, Endro Chemical Engineering Carbon Molecular Sieve, pirolisa, resin Phenol Formaldehyde Proses pemisahan campuran gas dengan menggunakan carbon molecular sieve (CMS) atau ayakan molekuler berbasis karbon merupakan teknologi proses pemisahan yang mulai banyak diterapkan di dalam industri kimia. Dalam penelitian ini, CMS untuk pemisahan N2 dari udara dibuat dari pirolisis bahan polimer sintetis yaitu resin phenol formaldehyde (PF). Prekursor yang berupa resin tersebut dipanaskan dalam retort pada suhu 400-950oC selama 0,5-3 jam yang disertai dengan pengaliran gas N2 ke dalam retort dengan laju 100 mL/jam. Dengan proses pirolisis, atom-atom non-karbon penyusun bahan polimer akan terurai dan menguap sehingga hanya menyisakan arang karbon dengan struktur kerangka atom karbon yang sesuai dengan struktur kerangka dasar rantai polimer. Kemudian karbon hasil prolisis tersebut dipanaskan lebih lanjut pada suhu 750-950oC sambil dialiri gas CO2 selama 1 jam. Pada kondisi ini karbon akan mengalami proses gasifikasi parsial sehingga terbentuk karbon dengan porositas tinggi. Melalui rekayasa proses polimerisasi dan karbonisasi dihasilkan material karbon berpori yang mayoritas porinya adalah mikropori dengan ukuran pori efektif < 2 nm yang dapat dikategorikan sebagai CMS yang dapat dipergunakan untuk memisahkan campuran gas N2-O2.  Pada penelitian ini dihasilkan CMS dengan selektifitas kinetis DN2/DO2 sekitar 3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-06-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1553 10.14710/reaktor.13.1.24-30 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 1, Juni 2010; 24-30 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1553/1407

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/28031 2020-10-24T05:06:05Z reaktor:RA

Effect of Acid Concentration on the Activation of Bayah Natural Zeolite for Palm Kernel Shell Pyrolysis Application Suhendi, Endang Wibowo, Andre Lestari, Tia Kurniawan, Teguh Biooil is the main product in the pyrolysis process which is expected to be a liquid fuel replacement solution. But the resulting biooil cannot be directly used as a result of high oxygenated compounds, high viscosity, corrosive, and unstable. Addition of activated natural zeolite catalyst to the pyrolysis process is expected to improve the quality of biooil in order to be used as a renewable liquid fuel. The research aims to determine the influence of acid concentrations on zeolite modification to the characteristics of pyrolysis products. Result of catalyst characterization indicates that zeolite activation using acid will increase Si/Al ratio as well as open the surface of previously hindered zeolite. The yield of char produced in this study tends not to undergo significant changes between the catalytic and noncatalytic pyrolysis by 33% wt. Addition of zeolite catalyst in pyrolysis proved to be able to increase the content of phenol and decrease the content of acetic acid in bio-oil by 6% . Meanwhile, yield of CO2 increases by 20% in the use of catalysts due to the release of oxygen in the oxygenate compounds. The results of this study showed that the resulting biooil still does not meet the specifications of liquid fuels but can be utilized as a renewable chemical feedstock.Keywords: pyrolysis; biomass; natural zeolite;modified Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-10-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/28031 10.14710/reaktor.20.3.109-116 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.3 September 2020; 109-116 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/28031/18103 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11604 2017-06-12T08:20:50Z reaktor:RA

Studi Banding Pengaruh Urea dan Piridoksin Sebagai Nutrisi pada Proses 8 – 11 Fermentasi Limbah Cair Pabrik Gula (A Comparison Study for Urea and Pyridoxine as Nutrient in Cane Sugar Waste Fermentation Process Pandia, Setiaty molase, fermentasi, piridoxin, urea, butanol Molase merupakan limbah pabrik gula yang mengandung karbohidrat, bernilai ekonomis rendah dan melalui proses fermentasi menghasilkan alcohol. Dengan memvariasikan kondisi operasi antara lain lama fermentasi, tingkat keasaman (pH) dan konsentrasi molase sebagai media fermentasi, diamati kualitas dan kuantitas butanol yang dihasilkan dengan penambahan nutrisi berupa urea ataupun piridoxin sebanyak 2 ppm. Penambahan piridoxin dan urea menghasilkan butanol dengan kualitas dan kuantitas lebih baik daripada penambahan piridoxin atau urea saja. Dengan nutrisi piridoxin dan urea (masing-masing 2 ppm), 500 ml molase dengan konsentrasi 50% volume, lama fermentasi 44 jam serta pH 5,0 menghasilkan 38 ml butanol dengan kemurnian 94,3% (volume).   Kata kunci : molase, fermentasi, piridoxin, urea, butanol Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-08-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11604 10.14710/reaktor.3.1.8-11 Reaktor; Volume 3 No.1 Desember 1999; 8-11 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11604/8934

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15039 2017-06-21T07:56:43Z reaktor:RA

MODEL KESETIMBAGAN ADSORPSI Zn+2 DENGAN KALOIN Fadli, A. Komalasari, Komalasari Amir, M. S. Sari, d R. Siburian, R. Adsorpsi Zn (II); model; kesetimbangan;kaolin Kaolin merupakan salah satu mineral yang d apat digunakan sebagai adsorben. Kaolin yang digunakan untuk menjerap logam berat Zinc (II) berasal dari Daerah Sincalang Provinsi Riau. Kaolin dihancurkan dan diayak hingga berukuran -200+240 mesh. Kaolin direndam dalam 0,1 M NaOH selama 24 jam. Kemudian kaolin dimasukkan ke dalam larutan Zinc (II) dan dianalisa menggunakan AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometer). Sampel diambil setiap 15 menit. Variabel yang dipelajari adalah temperatur antara 30˚C - 50˚C dan konsenttasi antara 40 - 120 ppm. Data adsorpsi dianalisa dengan model Freundlich and Langmulir yang diusulkan secara legresi linier. Dari hasil analisa diperoleh bahwa model Freundlich adalah model yang cocok untuk mendiskripkan mendiskripsikankesetimbangan adsorpsi. Dari model Freundlich diperoleh nilai konstanta kesetimbangan; K = 2.6503 pada temperatur 30 ˚C .Kapasitas Jerap (Q ) akan meningkat jika temperatur adsorpsi dinaikkan pada konsentrasi Zn (II) 120 ppm. Temperatur adsorpsi mempengaruhi secara signifikan kapasitas adsorpsi Kata kunci : Adsorpsi Zn (II); model; kesetimbangan;kaolin Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15039 10.14710/reaktor.8.2.59-62 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.2 Desember 2004; 59-62 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15039/11413 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3585 2016-12-11T08:41:59Z reaktor:RA

PEMODELAN MATEMATIKA PROSES PRODUKSI POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE (PHB) DARI TAPIOKA Margono, Margono Rochmadi, Rochmadi Syamsiah, Siti Nurcahyanto, Muhamad Chemical Engineering Bacillus cereus IFO 13690; model matematika; polyhydroxybutyrate; simulasi MATHEMATICS MODELLING OF POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE (PHB) PRODUCTION FROM TAPIOCA. One of the technical approaches to get improvement of PHB productivity was a process simulation by using mathematical modeling. The objective of this research was to develop mathematical model which could be used to simulate fermentation of polyhydroxybutyrate production by Bacillus cereus IFO 13690 using tapioca substrates. Three different experiments with initial ammonium of 0.286, 0.566, and 1.203 g/L were carried out in 5 L fermentor and 500 rpm of agitation speed. The pH medium was controlled at 5.6 after it came down from the initial pH of 6.8. Meanwhile, the initial doT was 70% air saturation and also came down to and maintained at doT of 5% air saturation. PHB accumulation was growth associated product. Model of bacteria mechanism on utilizing tapioca and the mathematical model were proposed. The proposed model was suitable with the experimental phenomena. However, the rate of fermentation process was the controlling rate for overall PHB synthesis.   Abstrak   Salah satu pendekatan teknis untuk melakukan optimasi proses fermentasi adalah melakukan simulasi menggunakan model matematika.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan model matematika yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan simulasi proses pada fermentasi produksi polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) dari tapioka oleh Bacillus cereus IFO 13690. Tiga buah percobaan dengan konsentrasi amonium awal 0,286, 0,566, dan 1,203 g/L dilakukan pada fermentor dengan volume 5 L dan kecepatan pengadukan 500 rpm. Percobaan dilakukan dengan kondisi awal  pH 6,8 dan konsentrasi oksigen terlarut (doT) 70% udara jenuh. Kondisi awal tidak dikontrol sehingga pH medium turun dan dijaga pada 5,6 menggunakan pengontrol pH. Sedangkan doT turun dan dikontrol pada 5% udara jenuh. Data percobaan dan model matematika menunjukkan bahwa produksi PHB mengikuti pola pertumbuhan berasosiasi dengan produk (growth associated product). Model mekanisme pemanfaatan tapioka dan model matematika yang diusulkan sesuai dengan fenomena proses yang terjadi dalam percobaan. Kecepatan proses fermentasi merupakan kecepatan yang mengontrol keseluruhan proses sintesis PHB. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-12-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3585 10.14710/reaktor.13.4.211-219 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 4, Desember 2011; 211-219 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3585/3224

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/42093 2022-06-14T01:35:47Z reaktor:RA

Dynamic and Steady Model Development of Two-Chamber Batch Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Harimawan, Ardiyan As an alternative source of renewable energy that has piqued researchers’ interest, Microbial Fuel Cell’s (MFC) limitation of low power density requires further development. Various factors affect the performance, but performing all will be costly and time-consuming. Through a combination of dynamic and steady-state mathematical model modified from past research, effect of microbe types towards dynamic biofilm formation and stead-state OCV can be observed, followed by steady-state simulation to determine maximum power density and its’ corresponding voltage. Similarity with previous research has been observed, with maximum OCV of 838.93 mV achieved by heterotrophic biomass in 75-100 hours with biofilm thickness of 2.087 x 10-4 m, while generating maximum power density of 2050.12 mW//m2 and voltage of 408.16 mV. Lowest OCV value of 838.76 mV was observed in C. sporogenes in 450-475 hours with a biofilm thickness of 2.079 x 10-4 m, while the lowest value of maximum power density was observed in anaerobic microbial communities at 8.48 mW/m2 with voltage of 90.43 mV. Furthermore, it has been observed that variations with higher  and lower  results in higher stead-state OCV in the shortest amount of time, while increasing power density and its’ corresponding voltage. @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536869121 1107305727 33554432 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-ansi-language:IN; mso-fareast-language:IN;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-02-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/42093 10.14710/reaktor.1.1.160-169 Reaktor; Volume 21 No.4 December 2021; 160-169 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/42093/21229 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14683 2017-06-12T08:20:50Z reaktor:RA

KESETIMBANGAN ADSORBSI SENYAWA ORGANIK VOLATIL PADA PERMUKAAN TANAH (SUATU PREDIKSI MODEL) Hargono, Hargono Chemical engineering adsordsi, moisture content, senyawa organik volatil (SOV) Model adsorbsi klasik Langmuir dan BET (Brauer-Emmet-Teller) memberikan titik awal dalam pengembangan model mengenai "equilibrium state" senyawa organik volatil pada permukaan tanah. Moisture content (kandungan air) dalam tanah merupakan faktor kunci  (key factor) peristiwa adsorpsi. Prediksi model persamaan diberlakukan untuk tanah kering , lembab dan basah. Pada keseimbangan adsorpsi senyawa organik volatil di udara dan di tanah memberikan korelasi antara konsentrasi uap senyawa organik volatil dikorelasikan dengan moisture content tanah. Teori menunjukkan 3 sub model tanah yang paling dominan adalah adsorpsi yang dilakukan oleh tanah kering (dry soils). Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Diponegoro university 2017-05-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14683 10.14710/reaktor.3.1.34-38 Reaktor; Volume 3 No.1 Desember 1999; 34-38 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14683/11193 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/18633 2020-04-17T05:40:26Z reaktor:RA

Synthesis of Matrix Si-K-HAs Gel from Geothermal Sludge and Peat Muljani, Srie Wahyudi, Bambang Wahyudi Suprihatin, S Sumada, Ketut The synthesis of matrix silica-potassium-humic acid gel (Si-K-HAs) has been performed successfully by gradual extraction and acidification method. The extraction was carried out in two stages: 1) extraction of humic substances from peat prepared by potassium hydroxide to produce potassium humate (K-HAS) solution, 2) extraction silica from geothermal sludge using K-HAs solution to produce Si-K-HAs solution. Acidification of Si-K-HAs solution prepared by citric acid (1-3N) to produce matrix gel of Si-K-HAs. The Si-K-HAs matrix gel products are characterized by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), X-ray fluroscence (XRF), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The acidification process was carried out in neutral to acid (pH 3-7) conditions and the results showed that at neutral pH no Si-K-HAs gel formed. IR spectra confirmed the presence of humic acid in the gel product, whereas XRF analysis confirmed the presence of potassium (K) and silica (SiO2) in the gel product. The molar ratio of SiO2:K2O in the product is 0.9 - 0.3 in the pH range of 3-5. Si-K-HAs powder can be used as soil fertilizer especially for soils that lack silica, humic, and potassium nutrients or for future application development. Keywords: gradual extraction; geothermal sludge; matrix gel; humic substance Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Kemenristekdikti 2018-06-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18633 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.76-83 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018; 76-83 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18633/14116 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/18633/2375 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6102 2020-04-17T05:18:53Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH KATALIS Co DAN Fe TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK CARBON NANOTUBES DARI GAS ASETILENA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PROSES CATALYTIC CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (CCVD) Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko Yusufina, Desmile Atyaforsa, Atyaforsa Chemical Engineering karbon nanotube; karakteristik; chemical vapour deposition; cobalt; ferrum EFFECT OF Co AND Fe ON CARBON NANOTUBES CHARACTERISTICS FROM ACETYLENE USING CATALYTIC CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (CCVD) PROCESS. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) is one of the most well known nano-technology applications which the most of attracting the attention of researchers, because it has more advantages than other materials. The application of the CNT has extended into various aspects, such as electronics, materials, biology and chemistry. This research uses a system of Catalytic Chemical Vapour Deposition (CCVD), which aims to determine the influence of Co and Fe as a catalyst and zeolite 4A as a support catalyst with acetylene gas (C2H2) as carbon source in the synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs). In this experiment, used the ratio of acetylene gas and flow rate of N2 gas is 1:1 by weight of the catalyst Co/Zeolite and Fe/Zeolite amounted to 0.5 grams at the operating temperature of 700oC for 20 minutes. N2 gas serves to minimize the occurrence of oxidation reaction (explosion) when operating. From analysis result by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows the CNTs formed a type of MWNT with different of diameter size and product weight, depending on the size of the active component concentration on the catalyst. The larger of active components produced CNTs with larger diameter, whereas product weight syntheses result smaller. Use of the catalyst Fe/Zeolite produce CNTs with a diameter larger than the catalyst Co/Zeolite.  Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) merupakan salah satu aplikasi nanoteknologi yang paling terkenal dan banyak menarik perhatian para peneliti, karena memiliki beberapa kelebihan daripada material lainnya. Aplikasi dari CNT telah merambah ke berbagai aspek, seperti bidang elektronika, material, biologi dan kimia. Penelitian ini menggunakan sistem Catalytic Chemical Vapour Deposition (CCVD) yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi Cobalt (Co) dan Ferrum (Fe) sebagai katalis dan zeolit tipe 4A sebagai penyangga katalis dengan gas asetilen (C2H2) sebagai sumber karbon dalam sintesis carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Pada penelitian ini digunakan perbandingan laju alir gas asetilen dan gas N2 yaitu 1:1 dengan berat katalis Co/Zeolit  dan Fe/Zeolit masing-masing sebesar 0,5 gram pada suhu operasi 700 oC selama 20 menit. Dari hasil analisa Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) menunjukkan CNTs yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini memiliki tipe Multi Walled Nano Tube (MWNT) dengan ukuran diameter dan berat produk yang berbeda, tergantung dari besarnya konsentrasi komponen aktif pada katalis. Semakin besar konsentrasi komponen aktif akan dihasilkan CNTs dengan diameter yang semakin  besar, sedangkan berat produk semakin kecil. Penggunaan katalis Fe/Zeolit dengan kalsinasi akan menghasilkan CNTs dengan diameter yang lebih besar daripada katalis Co/Zeolit. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2013-02-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6102 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.234-241 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 234-241 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6102/5193

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1494 2017-06-21T08:17:14Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14934 2017-06-21T08:01:18Z reaktor:RA

Kinetika Reaksi Karbonatasi Suspensi Seruk Batuan Marmer Dalam Reaktor Kolom Gelembung Bersekat Miring Soemargono, Soemargono kinetika reaksi, karbonatasi, reaktor kolom Secara umum kinetika reaksi heterogen ditentukan oleh kecepatan perpindahan massa, atau kecepatan reaksi kimia, atau dapat pula oleh keduanya. Kinetika reaksi karbonatasi suspensi serbuk batuan marmer dalam air yang dicari dalam model persamaan diferensial  simultan hasil penjabaran neraca bahan menurut reaksi dalam fase cair.Penelitian dilakukan secara sinambung dalam reaktor kolom berdiameter 2,5 cm terbuat dari kaca dengan sekat miring dan tinggi kolom aktif 50 cm. Suspensi ditempatkan di bagian atas kolom sebagai umpan. Gas karbondioksida dialirkan melalui bagian bawah kolom dengan kecepatan alir yang diinginkan.Hasil penggolongan data menunjukkan bahwa reaksi dapat balik dengan model reaksi terjadi dalam fase cair, yang dikendalikan oleh perpindahan massa dan reaksi kimia bersama-sama. Hubungan kLa dengan G berbentuk :kLa = 4,3509 G0.5276dan hubungan k1 dengan suhu sesuai persamaan Arrhenius, yaitu:k1 = 6,5547 e2886,8/RTKata kunci : kinetika reaksi, karbonatasi, reaktor kolom Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14934 10.14710/reaktor.5.2.84-89 Reaktor; Volume 5 No.2 Desember 2001; 84-89 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14934/11332 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1503 2020-04-17T05:00:06Z reaktor:RA

PEMBUATAN KITOSAN DARI LIMBAH CANGKANG UDANG SERTA APLIKASINYA DALAM MEREDUKSI KOLESTEROL LEMAK KAMBING Hargono, Hargono Abdullah, Abdullah Sumantri, Indro Chemical Engineering derajad deasetilasi, kitosan, kolesterol Kitosan adalah hasil proses deasetilasi dari senyawa kitin yang banyak terdapat dalam kulit luar hewan golongan Crustaceae seperti udang dan kepiting. Bila dikonsumsi di dalam tubuh manusia Kitosan bisa berfungsi menyerap lemak. Kemampuan Kitosan untuk menyerap lemak tergantung pada derajat deasetilasinya. Percobaan dibagi dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah pembuatan Kitosan dari kulit udang, dengan variasi konsentrasi NaOH masing-masing 20, 30, 40 dan 50% (% berat). Kitosan yang dihasilkan dari proses ini dianalisis derajat deasetilasinya dengan FTIR. Tahap kedua adalah proses penyerapan lemak menggunakan Kitosan dengan derajad deasetilasi paling besar. Variabel penelitian adalah ekstrasi  masing-masing  10, 30, 45, 60 menit. massa lemak yang ditambahkan ke dalam 50 ml lemak masing-masing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, dan 7 gr. Lemak kemudian dianalisis kadar kolesterolnya dengan Spektrofotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa derajat deasetilasi Kitosan  paling tinggi adalah 82,98% yang didapat dari proses deasetilasi menggunakan konsentrasi NaOH 50%, sedangkan kondisi yang efektif proses penyerapani lemak adalah pada konsentrasi (g/ml) berat Kitosan 5 gr  di dalam 50 ml lemak serta waktu penyerapani lemak 60 menit menunjukkan derajad penyerapan kolesterol sebesar 45,46% Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-03-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1503 10.14710/reaktor.12.1.53-57 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 1, Juni 2008; 53-57 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1503/1262

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/23038 2020-05-29T10:43:43Z reaktor:RA

The Impact of Combination of Ozonation and Ultrasonication Process on Morphological and Chemical Properties of κ-Carrageenan Nurfiningsih, Nurfiningsih Ratnawati, Ratnawati Prasetyaningrum, Aji Carrageenan application in the biomedical field is influenced by the size of molecular weight. Depolymerization process is needed for changing the high molecular weight (HMW) fraction of κ- carrageenan into low molecular weight fraction (LMW) of κ- carrageenan. Ozone is a powerful oxidant and considered for depolymerization of κ- carrageenan. This research was conducted as an investigation on the influence of the combination of ozonation and ultrasonication (OZ/US) on the chemical and morphological characteristics of κ-carrageenan. FTIR and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the change of chemical and morphological characteristics of κ-carrageenan. The result of this study showed that there was no change of chemical properties of κ-carrageenan during OZ/US treatment. The sulfate content was obtained after OZ/US treatment tends to be stable.  Nevertheless, the result of SEM analysis showed that there were changes on morphological characteristics of κ-carrageenan after OZ/US treatment.  Keywords: ultrasonication, κ-carrageenan, ozonation, morphological, chemical Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/23038 10.14710/reaktor.19.2.49-53 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 2 June 2019; 49-53 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/23038/16010 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/54265 2023-05-12T19:26:47Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH PLASTICIZER PADA KARAKTERISTIK EDIBLE FILM DARI PEKTIN Wirawan, Sang Kompiang Prasetya, Agus Ernie, Ernie EFFECT OF PLASTICIZER ON THE PECTINIC EDIBLE FILM CHARACTERISTICS. The peel of Balinese Citrus contains high concentration of pectin which can be further processed to be edible films. The edible films can be utilized as a food coating which protects the food from any external mass transports such as humid, oxygen, and soluble material and can be served as a carrier to improve the mehanical-handing properties of the food. Edible films made of organic polymers tend to be brittle and thus addition of a plasticizers is required during the process. The work studies the effect of the type and the concentration of plasticizers on the tensile strength, the elongation of break, and the water vapor permeability of the edible film. Sorbitol and glycerol were used as plasticizers. Albedo from the citrus was hydrolized with hydrochloride acid 0.1 N to get pectinate substance. Pectin was then dissolved in water and mixed with the plasticizers and CaCl2.2H2O solution. The concentrations of the plasticizers were 0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mL/mL of solution. The results showed that increasing the concentration of plasticizers will decrease the tensile strength, but increase the elongation and firlm permeability. Sorbitol-plasticized films are more brittle, however exhibited higher tensile strength and water vapor permeability than glycerol-plasticized film. The resuts suggested that glycerol is better plasticizer than sorbitol. Kulit Jeruk bali banyak mengandung pektin yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku edible film. Edible filrm bisa digunakan untuk melapisi bahan makanan, melindungi makanan dari transfer massa eksternal seperti kelembaban, oksigen, dan zat terlarut, serta dapat digunakan sebagai carrier untuk meningkatkan penanganan mekanik produk makanan. Film yang terbuat dari bahan polimer organik ini cenderung rapuh sehingga diperlukan penambahan plasticizer. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar dan jenis plasticizer terhadap kuat tarik, persentase elongation dan permeabilitas uap air dari pektin edible film. Plasticizer yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sorbitol dan gliserol. Serbuk albedo dari kulit jeruk bali dihidrolisis dengan larutan asam klorida 0,1 N untuk mendapatkan pektin. Pektin kemudian dilarutkan dalam air dand icampurkan dengan plasticizer dan larutan CaCl2.2H2O. Kadar plasticizer yang digunakan adalah 0; 0,03; 0,05; 0,10; dan 0,15 mL/mL larutan. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa semakin banyak plasticizer yang digunakan akan menurunkan nilai kuat tarik film tetapi menaikkan nilai percent elongation of break dan permeabilitas film. Film dengan plasticizer sorbitol lebih rapuh namun memberikan nilai kuat tarik dan permeabilitas uap air yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan film dengan plasticizer gliserol. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gliserol merupakan palticizer yang lebih baik.Kata kunci: edible film; pektin; permeabilitas; plasticizers; kuat tarik Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-04-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/54265 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.61-67 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 61-67 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/54265/23666 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14998 2017-07-19T16:46:19Z reaktor:RA

Biological Treatment Of Simulated Humic Acid Wasre Water In A Laboratory Scale Aerobic Reactor yunardi, yunardi activated sludge, ammonium nitrogen, fill and draw, glucose, humic acid, wastewater A laboratory study was  conducted to determine the feasibility of activated sludge reactor for treating humic acid waste waterand examine the effect of the presence of glucose as the second carbon source on treatment performance. Activated sludge obtained from a waste water treatment plant treating domestic wastewater was used as a seed for reactors. Synthetic wastewater containing humid acid as the sole carbon source and glucose as the second carbon source were used as feeds for the reactors operated in a fill-and-draw mode. The result showed  tht the presence of glucose in the wastewater enhanced the production of higher MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) than that without of glucose. The TOC (Total Organic Carbon) concentration in both reactors fluctuated greatly until the end of the experiment due to inability of keeping the input TOC at desired level. However the decrease in TOC suggested that there are some microorganisms capable of degrading the humic acid. Addition of glucose to the simulated humic acid wastewater improved the capability of microbes in degrading the acids. Most ammonium nitrogen in the wastewater was converted to nitrate nitrogen. Although the performance was lower compared to that of conventional system, activated sludge process was capable of degrading wastewater containing humic acids.Keywords : activated sludge, ammonium nitrogen, fill and draw, glucose, humic acid, wastewater Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14998 10.14710/reaktor.7.1.33-36 Reaktor; Volume 07 No. 1 Juni 2003; 33-36 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14998/11372 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1543 2015-01-15T02:38:51Z reaktor:RA

KOEFISIEN TRANSFER MASSA PADA PROES EKSTRAKSI KAYU MANIS (CINNAMOMUM BURMANNI ) Budi, Faleh Setia Sasongko, Setia Budi Chemical Engineering ekstraksi, minyak kayu manis, koefisien transfer massa Tanaman kayu manis mengandung minyak atsiri yang mempunyai banyak manfaat seperti bahan antiseptis, pewangi/peningkatan cita rasa untuk menyegarkan bau sabun, deterjen, lotion, parfum, dan cream. Pengambilan minyak atsiri kayu manis pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara ekstraksi dengan pelarut n-heksana teknis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan konstanta kesetimbangan ekstraksi kulit kayu manis serta mempelajari pengaruh diameter pengaduk dan kecepatan putar pengaduk terhadap nilai koefisien transfer massa dan juga nilai difusivitas efektifnya. Setiap 40 gram kayu manis yang telah dihaluskan dan diayak dengan ukuran tertentu diekstraksi dengan 200 ml n-heksana teknis pada labu leher tiga dengan pengaduk magnetik selama 150 menit pada suhu 55°C. Setiap 25 menit diambil cuplikan untuk dianalisa kadar minyaknya dengan cara penimbangan. Data-data konsentrasi solut dalam solven dari penelitian diolah lebih lanjut untuk mendapatkan nilai Kc dan De dengan menyelesaikan persamaan diferensial parsial menggunakan metode Finite Difference Approximation cara implisit dan optimasi 2 peubah menggunakan minimasi Hooke-Jeeves. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah harga Kc naik sebanding  dengan kenaikan  kecepatan  putar pengaduk dan diameter pengaduk, sedangkan harga De yang diperoleh relatif tetap, sehingga dapat diperoleh hubungan persamaan kelompok tak berdimensi Sh =  4,8136 x 10-3 .Re 0,6716  dengan kesalahan relatif rara-rata 2,620%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-12-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1543 10.14710/reaktor.12.4.232 – 238 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 4, Desember 2009; 232 – 238 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1543/1300

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/26220 2020-04-18T15:43:46Z reaktor:RA

Characterization of Antimicrobial Edible Films with Single and Double Emulsions from Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Oil Natania, Kam Setiawan, Giovani Fransisca Clove oil as a potent antimicrobial agent was added to enhance the properties of edible films. Clove oil was converted to single and double emulsion emulsions for homogenous dispersion in a starch based edible film suspension. Double emulsion was made with two steps emulsification with CaCl2 as inner water phase and guar gum as outer water phase. Single emulsion was prepared similarly without inner water phase. The physico-chemical characteristics and the antimicrobial activity of the of starch-based edible film added with the emulsion were observed. MBC/MFC of clove oil was determined against E. coli, S. aureus, R. stolonifer, and A. niger which gives value of 1.95, 1.46, 0.52, and 0.35 mg/ml respectively.  Incorporation of different emulsions on starch-based edible films affect the properties of resulting edible films by increasing thickness, opacity, elongation at break, water vapor transmission rate, and swelling index. Both emulsions showed comparable physicochemical characteristics such as thickness, WVTR, and swelling index value. However, double emulsion produced more superior edible films in terms of tensile strength and antimicrobial activity. 15% addition of double emulsion were able to show strong antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone of more than 8.0 mm for E. coli and 24.0 mm for R. stolonifer.Keywords: clove oil; edible film; single and double emulsion  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Food Processing and Food Quality Control Laboratory, Universitas Pelita Harapan 2020-03-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26220 10.14710/reaktor.20.1.38-46 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.1 March 2020; 38-46 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26220/16823 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9982 2020-04-17T05:28:27Z reaktor:RA

MODIFIED STARCH OF AMORPHOPHALLUSCAMPANULATUS AS A NOVEL ADSORBENT FOR WATERADSORPTION Dwi Lestari, Ajeng Yulianti Djaeni, Mohamad Fuadi, Ahmad M Chemical Engineering; Chemistry; Biomaterials elephant foot yam; starch; sodium hydroxide; water adsorption A novel adsorbent manufactured from Amorphophallus campanulatus (Porang or Suweg or Elephant Foot Yam or Foot Yam) starch and employed to adsorb water from wet air. The experiment focused on the adding of sodium hydroxide in various concentration of sodium hydroxide (10:1, 10:2.5, 10:5 10:10, 10:20, 10:30, 10:40 mmol/mmol) and its effect to form the new adsorbents shape and chemical bonds. Experimental data were also fitted with several models of isotherm adsorption and adsorption kinetics.Analysis with FTIR and SEM showed that sampel C7 (modified starch with NaOH 40:10 mol) is the adsorbent that could adsorp more water from air and also proofed that foot yam starch can be feasible to be synthesize as an adsorbent for water adsorption.The results also showed that this novel adsorbent fitted with pseudo second order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity calculated 2.006 g water/g adsorbent.   Keywords: elephant foot yam; starch; sodium hydroxide; water adsorption Abstrak PATI UMBI AMORPHOPHALLUS CAMPANULATUS TERMODIFIKASI SEBAGAI ADSORBEN BARU UNTUK ADSORPSI AIR.Adsorben baru berhasil dibentuk dari pati umbi Amorphophallus campanulatus (Porang atau Suweg) yang kemudian digunakan untuk mengadsorp air dari udara lembab. Penelitian berfokus kepada pengaruh penambahan variasi konsentrasi dari natrium hidroksida (NaOH) (10:1, 10:2,5, 10:5, 10:10, 10:20, 10:30, 10:40 mmol pati/mmol NaOH) atas pembentukan morfologi serta ikatan kimia dari adsorben baru. Data eksperimen kemudian dicocokkan dengan beberapa model isoterm serta kinetika adsorpsi. Analisis dengan menggunakan FTIR dan SEM menunjukkan bahwa sampel C7 (perbandingan pati modifikasi dengan NaOH 40:10 mol) adalah adsorben yang dapat menjerab air lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan adsorben yang lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa adsorben dapat menjerab air dari udara lembab dan membuktikan bahwa umbi porang ini layak untuk dijadikan sebuah sumber adsorben alami yang baru. Hasil juga menunjukkan bahwa data eksperimen menunjukkan kesesuaian dengan model kinetika semu orde dua dan model isoterm Freundlich dengan kapasitas adsorpsi maksimal 2,006 g air/g adsorben Kata kunci: umbi Suweg; pati; NaOH; adsorpsi air Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro BPKLN’s fast track scholarship by Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia 2016-05-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9982 10.14710/reaktor.16.1.9-22 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.1 Maret 2016; 9-22 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9982/8719

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/78076 2025-12-30T07:03:52Z reaktor:RA

Sulfonated Polysulfone/PEG/Halloysite Nanotube Hybrid Tight-Ultrafiltration Membranes for Treatment of Industrially Contaminated Raw Water Okinawa, Jessica Enis Agustin, Diva Amerya Annisa, Rani Putri, Tiara Ariani Aryanti, Putu Teta Prihartini The quality of river water in Indonesia predominantly falls below the established standards for clean water, including the Citarum River in West Java. Despite the associated health risks, many residents in the river basin continue to utilize this water for their daily needs. This study aims to develop tightly structured ultrafiltration membranes (tight-UF) capable of treating contaminated raw water into clean water. The tight-UF membranes were fabricated using sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf, 20% by weight), blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG400, 20% by weight), and halloysite nanotube additives (HNT, 1-2% by weight) in a solvent mixture of acetone and dimethylacetamide (Ac/DMAc). SPSf was synthesized using a sulfonation technique involving immersion in sulfuric acid at concentrations of 70% and 98%. The findings indicate that increasing the acetone concentration decreases the porosity and increases the membrane skin thickness. Additionally, the inclusion of HNT up to 2% resulted in reduced membrane selectivity due to particle agglomeration. The optimal formulation was identified at concentrations of SPSF/PEG400/HNT/Ac of 20/20/1/5% by weight, yielding a rejection rate of 98.57% and a flux of 63.45 L/m².h at 98% SPSF. These results underscore the potential of tight-UF membranes for applications in clean water treatment from contaminated water sources. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-11-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/78076 10.14710/reaktor.25.2.81-89 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.2 August 2025; 81-89 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/78076/29762 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15030 2017-07-19T16:47:02Z reaktor:RA

Kajian Eksperimental Pengaruh Micromixing Terhadap Reaksi Parallel Kompetitif Di Dalam Sistem Reaktor Alir Tangki Teraduk Altway, A. Winardi, S. Rachimoellah, M. micromixing, yield iodine, bilangan segregasi, reaktor alir tangki teraduk Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh letak atau posisi feed masuk, kecepatan pengadukan, waktu tinggal rata-rata dan tipe impeller terhadap tingkat micromixing dan yield reaksi parallel di dalam tangki pengaduk secara kontinyu. Sistem yang digunakan adalah tangki silindris beralas datar yang dilengkapi dengan 4 buah baffle dengan diameter T= 0,2 m dan H= T. Impeler yang digunakan adalah inclined fan turbine, fan turbin, atau Rushton disc turbin 6 blade dengan diameter 6 cm, dengan jarak 1/3H dari dasar tangki. Reaksi parallel kompetitif yang dipelajari adalah reaksi netralisasi NaH2BO3 dengan H2SO4 dan reaksi oksidasi reduksi iodide-iodate yang menghasilkan iodine. Sedangkan variabel percobaan adalah  waktu tinggal yang divariasi dengan cara variasi laju alir inlet campuran NaH2BO3, KI dan KIO3 sebesar 1 liter/menit; 1,5 liter/ menit dan 2 liter/menit. Konsentrasi NaH2BO3, KI dan KIO3 di dalam campuran adalah : 0,0909 M; 0,0117 M; dan 0,0023 M. Laju alir larutan yang mengandung 0,3 M H2SO4 adalah 0,045 liter/menit; 0,068 liter/menit dan 0,09 liter/menit. Kecepatan putar impeller divariasi 100,150, 200, 250, dan 300 rpm. Posisi pemasukan larutan divariasi H2SO4 yaitu : di dekat impeler, di daerah bawah impeler, dan di dekat permukaan. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan, bahwa semakin besar kecepatan putar impeler dan semakin lama waktu tinggal dalam reaktor yield iodine yang dihasilkan semakin kecil. Posisi feed yang terbaik adalah terletak di dekat impeler dengan koordinat z` = 0,33 dan r` = 1,4. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa impeller inclined fan turbine memberikan kinerja pencampuran yang lebih baik dibandingkan jenis impeller Rusthon turbine dan fan turbine.Kata kunci : micromixing, yield iodine, bilangan segregasi, reaktor alir tangki teraduk Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15030 10.14710/reaktor.8.1.12-17 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.1 Juni 2004; 12-17 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15030/11404 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3180 2020-04-17T05:12:00Z reaktor:RA

AKTIVASI ZEOLIT ALAM SEBAGAI ADSORBEN PADA ALAT PENGERING BERSUHU RENDAH Kurniasari, Laeli Djaeni, Mohammad Purbasari, Aprilina Chemical Engineering aktivasi; adsorpsi; zeolit alam ACTIVATION OF NATURAL ZEOLITE AS AN ADSORBENT FOR LOW TEMPERATURE DRYING SYSTEM. Drying is one process which is used in many industries, especially in food product. The process usually still has low energy efficiency and can make food deterioration because of the usage of high temperature. One alternative in drying technology is the use of zeolite as a water vapor adsorbent. This kind of drying method make it possible to operate in lower temperature, hence it will be suitable for heat sensitive product. Natural zeolit can be one promising adsorbent since it is spreadly abundant in Indonesia. Natural zeolite must be activated first before used, in order to get zeolite with high adsorption capacity. Activation process in natural zeolite will change the Si/Al ratio, polarity, and affinity of zeolite toward water vapor and also increase the porosity. Activation of natural zeolite can be done with two methods, chemical activation use NaOH and physical activation use heat. In the activation using NaOH, natural zeolite is immersed with NaOH solution 0.5-2N in 2 hour with temperature range 60-900C. The process is continued with the drying of zeolite in oven with 1100C for 4 hours. While in heat treatment, zeolit is heated into 200-5000C in furnace for 2-5 hours. SEM analysis is used to compare the change in zeolite morphology before and after each treatment, while to know the adsorption capacity of zeolite, the analyses were done in many temperature and relative humidity. Result gives the best condition in NaOH activation is NaOH 1N and temperature 700C, with water vapor loading is 0.171 gr/gr adsorbent. In heat treatment, the best condition is 3000C and 3 hours with loading 0.137 gr water vapor/gr adsorbent.  Pengeringan merupakan salah satu proses yang banyak digunakan pada produk pangan. Proses ini umumnya menyebabkan kerusakan pada bahan pangan, disamping masih rendahnya efisiensi energi. Salah satu alternatif pada proses pengeringan yaitu penggunaan zeolit sebagai adsorben uap air. Proses pengeringan dengan menggunakan zeolit sebagai adsorben ini memungkinkan operasi pengeringan dilakukan pada suhu rendah sehingga sesuai untuk bahan yang tidak tahan panas. Zeolit alam merupakan salah satu alternatif bahan adsorben. Akan tetapi zeolit ini harus diaktivasi terlebih dahulu untuk mendapatkan zeolit dengan kemampuan adsorpsi yang tinggi. Proses aktivasi pada zeolit akan merubah rasio Si/Al zeolit, polaritas serta afinitas zeolit terhadap air dan meningkatkan pori-pori zeolit Adsorpsi zeolit alam dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu dengan NaOH dan dengan panas. Pada aktivasi dengan NaOH, zeolit dicampur dengan NaOH 0,5-2N selama 2 jam pada suhu 60-900C. Sementara pada aktivasi fisis, zeolit dipanaskan pada 200-5000C selama 2-5 jam. Untuk mengetahui perubahan struktur pori zeolit maka dilakukan analisa SEM dan untuk mengetahui kemampuan adsorpsi zeolit maka dilakukan analisa daya adsorpsi zeolit terhadap uap air pada berbagai suhu dan berbagai kelembaban relatif. Hasil menujukkan bahwa pada aktivasi dengan NaOH diperoleh kondisi aktivasi terbaik adalah NaOH 1N pada pemanasan 700C dengan daya adsorpsi 0,171 gr uap air/gr adsorben. Sementara untuk aktivasi dengan panas, kondisi aktivasi terbaik adalah pemanasan 3000C selama 3 jam dengan daya adsorpsi 0,137 gr uap air/gr adsorben. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-04-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3180 10.14710/reaktor.13.3.178-184 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 3, Juni 2011; 178-184 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3180/2853

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/30095 2022-01-11T00:44:40Z reaktor:RA

Non-Catalytic Biodiesel Synthesis from Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) in Semi-Batch Bubble Column Reactor Joelianingsih, J. Nur, Faisal Ramadhan Saputri, Melani Eka Purwaningsih, Is Sulistyati The Bubble Column Reactor (BCR) is intensive equipment used as a multiphase contactor and reactor in the chemical, biochemical, and petrochemical industries. BCR has some advantages include high mass and heat transfer rates, compactness, and low operating and maintenance costs. In this research, BCR was applied to produce biodiesel from Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) Oil through non-catalytic and simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions. Kemiri Sunan Oil was fed in the reactor and heated to a specific temperature. During the heating process, nitrogen gas was flowed to prevent oxidation. Liquid methanol flowed at some various flow rates through a vaporizer and superheater so that it has flowed into the reactor in the form of saturated steam (1 atm, 240 ºC). Experiments with variations in the methanol flow rate were carried out at a reaction temperature of 250 ºC, while experiments with various temperatures were carried out at a methanol flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. The best conditions were obtained at a flow rate of 2.5 mL min with a reaction temperature of 290 ºC. The production rate was 3.47 g/min with an acid number of 0.69 mg KOH/gr sample, and FAME content was 78.2% wt. These results indicate the simultaneous esterification and transesterification reaction in one reactor. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-12-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/30095 10.14710/reaktor.21.3.95-102 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 3 September 2021; 95-102 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/30095/20888 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13437 2017-04-04T23:54:16Z reaktor:RA

Efek Aditif LPM dan HPM Terhadap Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Spesifik (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)) dan Emisi Jelaga Mesin Diesel Injeksi Langsung Berbahan Bakar Campuran Solar dan Jatropha dengan Cold EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) Syaiful, S Sobri, S Mechanical engineering LPM dan HPM, BSFC, emisi jelaga, jatropha, cold EGR dan mesin diesel Diesel engines have been widely used as a mode of public transport and private vehicles because of several advantages compared to gasoline engines including greater power, fuel economy, high reliability and durability of the engine and lower CO emissions. However, diesel engines release more NOx and soot emissions into the atmosphere. This is a serious problem with the strict regulations regarding exhaust emissions. Besides problems of depletion of fossil fuel reserves require various parties to seek alternative fuels derived diesel fuel. Therefore, this work is intended to reduce soot emissions by adding LPM (low purity methanol) or wet methanol and HPM (high purity methanol) into a mixture of jatropha and diesel fuels. From this research, it is also desirable to observe the effect of methanol additive to the specific fuel consumption. Experiment method was conducted to obtain the correlation between the percentage of methanol to a brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and soot emissions. Methanol (LPM and HPM) was varied in the range of 5 to 15% by volume. Jatropha is in the range of 10% to 30%. The rate of EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) expressed by OEV (opening EGR valve) was varied at the opening of 0 to 100%. Engine load was varied from 25 to 100% at intervals of 25%. The engine speed was kept constant of 2000 rpm. The results show that the use of fuel mixture increases evenly BSFC of 5.2% and soot emissions of 65%. Keywords: LPM and HPM, BSFC, soot emissions, jatropha, cold EGR and diesel engine  Abstrak Mesin diesel telah banyak digunakan sebagai moda transportasi umum dan kendaraan pribadi oleh karena beberapa kelebihannya dibandingkan dengan mesin bensin diantaranya daya yang lebih besar, hemat bahan bakar, kehandalan dan ketahanan mesin yang tinggi (high realibility and durability), dan emisi CO yang lebih rendah. Akan tetapi mesin diesel melepaskan lebih banyak emisi NOx dan jelaga ke atmosfir. Hal ini menjadi permasalahan serius dengan semakin ketatnya regulasi menyangkut emisi gas buang. Selain itu permasalahan menipisnya cadangan bahan bakar fosil menuntut berbagai pihak untuk mencari bahan bakar alternatif pengganti solar. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mereduksi emisi jelaga dengan menambahkan LPM (low purity methanol) atau wet methanol dan HPM (high purity methanol)kedalam campuran bahan bakar jatropha dan solar. Dari penelitian ini juga diinginkan untuk mengamati pengaruh aditif metanol terhadap konsumsi bahan bakar spesifik. Metode eksperimen dilakukan untuk mendapatkan keterkaitan antara prosentase metanol terhadap brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)dan emisi jelaga. Metanol (LPM dan HPM) divariasikan pada rentang 5% sampai 15%. Jatropha adalah pada rentang 10% sampai 30%. Laju EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) yang dinyatakan oleh OEV (opening EGR valve) divariasikan pada bukaan 0% sampai 100%. Beban mesin divariasikan dari 25% sampai 100% dengan interval 25%. Putaran mesin dipertahankan konstan 2000 rpm. Hasil-hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan bahan bakar campuran rata-rata meningkatkan BSFC 5,2% dan menurunkan emisi jelaga sampai 65%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13437 10.14710/reaktor.16.3.116-122 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.3 September 2016; 116-122 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13437/10260 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16216 2020-04-17T05:38:35Z reaktor:RA

THE KINETICS OF CaO ASSISTED PATTUKKU CHARCOAL STEAM GASIFICATION Syarif, Takdir Sulistyo, H Sediawan, Wahyudi B Budhijanto, B Abstract Coal is a solid fuel that can be converted into syngas through gasification process. To obtain optimum gasification process design and operation, in-depth understanding of the influential parameters is required. This study aims to investigate the effect of temperature on the gasification process and to obtain its kinetics parameters. The study was carried out in a tubular reactor equipped with a heater and a condenser. Steam was used as gasifying agent, while CaO was employed as a CO2 adsorbent. The charcoal from coal was subjected to gasification at temperatures of 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C. The ratio of charcoal and CaO was 1:1. The gasification process lasted for 60 minutes with gas sample was taken every 15 minutes for composition analysis. The results showed that a temperature increase of 100°C caused a proportional increase of conversion of about 75% higher. The value of activation energy (Ea) and exponential factor (ko) were 46.645kJ/mole and 328.3894/min, respectively. For mass transfer parameters, values of activation energy for surface diffusion (Es) and surface diffusivity factor (as) were 81.126 kJ/mole and 0.138/min, respectively. Keywords: gasification; mathematical model; Pattukku coal char; steam; Thin Reaction Zone Model Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16216 10.14710/reaktor.18.1.16-21 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 1 March 2018; 16-21 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16216/13337 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6092 2020-04-17T05:16:39Z reaktor:RA

SINTESA GULA DARI SAMPAH ORGANIK DENGAN PROSES HIDROLISIS MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS ASAM Irawan, Deddy Arifin, Zainal Chemical Engineering asam klorida; hidrolisis; sampah organik; kadar gula; yield SYNTHESIS OF SUGAR FROM ORGANIC WASTES VIA ACID CATALYSTHYDROLYSIS. Hydrolysis process is an important step from every process to produce biofuel withorganic wastes as raw material. Hydrolysis process with chemical uses hydrochloride acid as catalystin which will transform holocellulose to glucose. Raw material of 100 grams is put into hydrolysisreactor with batch system equipped with pressure control and ratio hydrochloride of 1 : 6 w/v. Thevariables studied were temperature of 110-140oC, HCl concentration of 0.5-1%, time of hydrolysis of15-60 minutes. The sugar concentration was taken and then be analyzed by Nelson-Somogy method.The hydrolysis, which was carried out with the temperature of 120oC, time of 30 minutes, HClconcentration of 0.75%, and the pressure of 6 bar, produced sugar reduction of 27.3 mg/mL and yieldof 15.07%. Proses hidrolisis merupakan satu tahap penting dari rangkaian tahapan proses produksi bahan bakarnabati menggunakan bahan baku sampah organik. Proses hidrolisis secara kimiawi menggunakanHCl sebagai katalis akan mengubah holoselulosa yang terdapat pada sampah organik menjadi gula.Gula yang dihasilkan inilah yang dapat difermentasi menjadi bahan bakar nabati. Bahanbaku sebanyak 100 g dimasukkan dalam reaktor hidrolisis sistem batch yang dilengkapi denganpengukur tekanan dan ditambahkan larutan HCl pada perbandingan 1:6 b/v. Hidrolisis dilakukandengan memvariasikan suhu operasi 100-140oC, waktu proses 15-60 menit, serta konsentrasi HCl 0,5-1%. Hidrolisat yang dihasilkan dianalisis kadar gula menggunakan metode Nelson-somogy. Hasilhidrolisis yang dilakukan pada suhu 120oC selama 30 menit serta konsentrasi HCl 0,75% dan tekananterukur 6 bar menghasilkan gula 27,30 mg/mL dan yield gula sebesar 15,07%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-11-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6092 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.118-122 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 118-122 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6092/5184

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14886 2017-06-21T08:01:18Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14921 2017-06-13T03:28:05Z reaktor:RA

Pemakaian Asam Askorbat Untuk Produksi Koenzim Quinine Dengan Induksi Sel Nicotiana Tabaccum Nurdin, Said Huzaimi, Afnizar asam askorbat, antioksidan, coenzim quinine, induksi sel, nicotiana tabaccum, inokulum, nutrient, callus, medium Koenzim quinine merupakan produk intraseluler nicotiana tobaccum, sehingga untuk mengisolasikannya diperlukan penambahan antioksidan. Penelitian penambahan antioksidan berupa sam askobat dengan variasi konsentrasi bertujuan untuk menyelidiki  tingkat efektifitas pemakaian senyawa tersebut  dengan proses induksi sel menurut perubahan waktu. Proses induksi berlangsung melalui penambahan inokulum ke dalam nutrient sampai terbentukkan callus. Callus dipindahkan ke dalam media pemeliharaan yang telah diberikan nutrien, sehingga tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi sel baru.  Pertumbuhan sel di dalam medium cair diamati melalui berat sel segar yang diperoleh. Perkembangan berat sel segar dan produksi koenzim quinine kasar pada berbagai konsentrasi vitamin C tersebut ditentukan dengan menggunakan HPLC dan pendeteksiannya spectrometer Shimadzu SPD-10 A pada panjang gelombang 275 nm. Hasil pembentukan koenzim quinine diuji pada hari ke- 1, 3, 5,6 dan 7 dengan konsentrasi 0,5 mg/l. nilai optimalnya dicapai sebesar 0,3598 ppm, 0,3641 ppm, 0,3675 ppm, 0,3699 ppm dan 0,3718 ppm, dan pada konsentrasi asam askorbat = 0,7 mg/l menunjukkan produksi koenzim quinine, sbanyak 0,3920 ppm, 0,3791 ppm, 0,3996 ppm, 0,4005 ppm dam 0,4030 ppm.Kata kunci : asam askorbat, antioksidan, coenzim quinine, induksi sel, nicotiana tabaccum, inokulum, nutrient, callus, medium Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14921 10.14710/reaktor.5.1.31-34 Reaktor; Volume 5 No. 1 Juni 2001; 31-34 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14921/11322 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1485 2020-04-17T05:04:46Z reaktor:RA

VAN DER WAALS MIXING RULES FOR THE REDLICH-KWONG EQUATION OF STATE. APPLICATION FOR SUPERCRITICAL SOLUBILITY MODELING Ratnawati, Ratnawati Chemical Engineering mixing rule; solubility; supercritical A solid-supercritical fluid system is highly asymmetric in terms of the size and energy differences of the components. The key point in extending a cubic equation of state to such system is on the choice of proper mixing rules. New mixing rules for the Redlich-Kwong equation of state are developed. The developement is based on the statistical-mechanical theory of the van der Waals mixing rules. The Redlich Kwong equation of state with the proposed mixing rules along with the original ones is used to predict solubilities of solids in supercritical fluid. The prediction is done with kij equal zero, as well as with optimized kij.  The results show superiority of the proposed mixing rules over the original ones. For most of the systems considered, the proposed mixing rules with the kij equal zero are closer to the experimental data than the original ones do. For 28 systems with 521 data points taken from various sources, the original and the proposed mixing rules give the overall AAD of 13.4%, while the original mixing rules give 45.9%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-12-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1485 10.14710/reaktor.10.2.96-102 Reaktor; Volume 10, Nomor 2, Desember 2006; 96-102 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1485/1246

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/18844 2020-04-17T05:42:19Z reaktor:RA

Effect of Peanut Shell Torrefaction on Qualities of The Produced Bio-pellet Wibowo, Santiyo Lestari, Ningseh Peanut shells could be regarded as biomass wastes generated from agricultural products, which are abundantly available.  The current handling of those wastes is merely through direct incineration, without a proper and controlled manner. Consequently, it could arouse environmental concerns, such as air pollution and human respiratory diseases.  One alternative solution is converting those peanut shells to bio-pellet, expectedly applicable for fuels.  Relevantly, research on bio-pellet manufacture from peanut shells, previously treated with the torrefaction, was conducted. It’s aimed mainly to identify the fuel-related characteristics of bio-pellet products.  The tested bio-pellet parameters covered, moisture content, ash content, volatile matters, fixed carbon content, calorific values, and density.  The results revealed that torrefaction temperature and time at raw materials (peanut shells) could improve their qualities in regard to particular calorific value compared to those before such torrefaction; which referred to Indonesia’s Standard (SNI-8021-2014) for wood bio-pellet.  Further, torrefaction could increase bio-pellet quality which satisfied the SNI’s Standard, except for ash content.  Optimal torrefaction treatment was obtained at 300oC temperature for 60 minutes, whereby it achieved remarkable bio-pellet characteristics in terms of moisture content (3.092%), ash content (6.116%), volatile matters (38.387%), fixed carbon (55.447%), calorific value (6174 cal/g), and density (0.703 g/cm3). The torrefaction bio-pellets from peanut shells could achieve remarkable performances, with respect to fuel consumption rate (0.68 kg/hr), heating value (6174 kcal/kg), and thermal efficiency (16.67%).Keywords: biomass wastes, bio-pellet, conversion, peanut shells, torrefaction treatment Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18844 10.14710/jgi.%v.%i.%p Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 4 December 2018; 183-193 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18844/14969 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7048 2020-04-17T05:21:16Z reaktor:RA

PENGOLAHAN LINDI DENGAN OZON DAN PROSES OKSIDASI LANJUT BERBASIS OZON Sururi, Mohamad Rangga Saleh, Siti Ainun Krisna, Amalia Environmental Engineering leacheate, Advance Oxidation Process, ozone decomposition rate, OH radical, removal efficiency Limbah industri tekstil di area pinggir kota Surabaya mempunyai karakteristik perbandingan COD dan BOD = 5.57. Limbah jenis ini sulit untuk dibiodegradasi. Studi ini mempelajari tekonologi elektrokoagulasi untuk mengolah limbah tekstil dengan menurunkan intensitas warna, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Percobaan batch pada suhu kamar dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pH, jarak elektroda terhadap penurunan warna,TSS dan COD dan membandingkan biaya operasinya jika menggunakan pengolahan kimia.Effisiensi penurunan tertinggi untuk warna (91.96%),  TSS (49.17%), dan COD (29.67%) terjadi pada pH awal 4.0 dan jarak elektroda 2 cm dengan  elektroda Al/Al. Waktu optimum penurunan intensitas warna dalah 10 menit. Laju penurunan COD adalah : -dC/dt = 0.0053 C +0.056 , dengan C adalah konsentrasi COD. Jumlah sludge yang dihasilkan daripengolahan elektrokoagulasi  3.4 % lebih kecil dibandingkan menggunakan bahan kimia. Biaya yang digunakan untuk pengolahan dengan elektrokoagulasi 52.35 % lebih murah dibandingkan jika menggunakan koagulasi dengan bahan kimia ( tawas). Kata kunci : elektrokoagulasi, penurunan warna, penurunan TSS, laju degradasi COD, imbah tekstil Abstract Waste water from textile industry which is located in one suburb of Surabaya city as characteristic which the ratio of COD to BOD was 5.57. This type of waste water is difficult to be biodegraded. This study investigated elektrokoagulasi technology to treat textile waste water by removing color, total suspended solid, and Chemical Oxygen Demand. Batch experiment at room temperature was carried out to study the effect of pH, electrode distance for color, TSS and COD removal. This study also tried to compare the operation cost between elektrokoagulasi and chemical processes. The best removal efficiencies by Al electrodes was 91.96 % for color, 49.17 % for TSS and 29.67 % for COD which were under initial pH 4.0 and electrodes distance 2 cm. The optimum operation time for color removal was  found 10 minutes.The COD degradation rate was - dC/dt = 0.0053 C +0.056, with C= COD concentration. Sludge result from elektrokoagulasi was 3.4 % less than that by chemical treatment.The operation cost for elektrokoagulasi is 52.35 % less than that for chemical coagulation. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Direktoral Jendral Perguruan Tinggi 2014-02-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7048 10.14710/reaktor.15.1.20-26 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.1, APRIL 2014; 20-26 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7048/6949

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14989 2017-07-19T16:49:28Z reaktor:RA

Penentuan Tetapan Keseimbangan Penjerapan Pada Sistem Koloid Dengan Metode Ekstrapolasi Grafik satriadi, H. Bendiyasa, I. M. rochmadi, Rochmadi ekstrapolasi grafis, sistem koloid, tetapan keseimbangan penjerapan Percobaan penjerapan pestisida pada sistem koloid air-tanah telah mendapatkan nilai tetapan keseimbangan penjerapan yang selalu berubah dan dipengaruhi perbandingan antara berat penjerap terhadap volum pelarutnya. Hal ini terjadi karena pemisahan antara penjerap dan pelarut sangat sulit dilakukan, dan pelarut selalu masih mengandung butir penjerap. Akibatnya  zat yang terjerap dalam penjerap ikut terbaca ketika menganalisis konsentrasi zat dalam pelarut. Untuk mendapatkan tetapan keseimbangan yang sebenarnya dapat dilakukan dengan modifikasi persamaan keseimbangan dan metode ekstrapolasi secara grafis. Percobaan dilakukan secara batch dengan konsentrasi awal pestisida sumithion 1,1014 ppm, perubahan konsentrasi diamati dengan kromatografi gas yang dilengkapi dengan Flame Photo Detector. Tanah yang digunakan berdiameter  butir 8,066. 10-5 cm, diameter pori 20,443 A, serta mengandung 2,86% bahan organic. Nilai tetapan keseimbangan sebenarnya diperoleh 123,936 ml air/g tanah pada 26,5 0C.Kata kunci : ekstrapolasi grafis, sistem koloid, tetapan keseimbangan penjerapan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14989 10.14710/reaktor.6.2.72-76 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 2 Desember 2002; 72-76 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14989/11363 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1521 2015-01-15T02:30:10Z reaktor:RA

PRODUKSI BIODIESEL BERKEMURNIAN TINGGI DARI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) DENGAN TERTRAHIDROFURAN-FAST SINGLE-PHASE PROCESS Rachmaniah, O. Baidawi, A. Latif, I. Chemical Engineering biodiesel, co-solvent, crude palm oil, metil ester, transesterifikasi Reaksi transesterifikasi dalam proses pembuatan biodiesel merupakan reaksi yang lambat karena berlangsung dalam sistem dua fase. Permasalahan tersebut dapat diatasi dengan penambahan co-solvent yang tidak reaktif. Penambahan co-solvent bertujuan untuk membentuk sistem satu fase. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mempelajari pengaruh penambahan co-solvent THF terhadap metil ester yang dihasilkan pada reaksi transesterifikasi pembuatan biodiesel dari crude palm oil (CPO). Adapun variabel yang dipelajari adalah molar ratio minyak terhadap metanol, jumlah THF dan jumlah katalis yang digunakan, serta waktu reaksi. Selain itu, dilakukan pula reaksi transesterifikasi tanpa penambahan co-solvent (metode konvensional) sebagai pembanding. Reaksi dilakukan skala laboratorium menggunakan labu alas bulat berleher tiga dilengkapi pendingin balik, termometer dan pengaduk magnetik. Suhu reaksi dijaga pada 30oC menggunakan penangas air dan tekanan atmosferik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan reaksi transeterifikasi dengan penambahan co-solvent berlangsung lebih cepat dibandingkan reaksi konvensional. Transesterifikasi dengan penambahan co-solvent menghasilkan kadar metil ester lebih tinggi dibandingkan metode konvensional. Kadar metil ester tertinggi (98,42%) dicapai saat penambahan THF:metanol = 2:1, molar ratio CPO:metanol = 1:6 dan katalis NaOH 0,5%-berat. Pemakaian katalis 1,3%-berat memberikan kadar metil ester lebih tinggi dibandingkan saat pemakaian katalis 0,5%-berat (kenaikan rata-rata kadar metil ester sebesar 3-4%). Peningkatan ratio THF:metanol  hingga 2:1 hanya memberikan  kenaikan kadar metil ester sebesar 1,47%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-06-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1521 10.14710/reaktor.12.3.166 – 174 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009; 166 – 174 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1521/1278

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/25631 2020-05-29T10:45:34Z reaktor:RA

Filter Cake Utilization as Filler of 15-15-15+5S Compound Fertilizer: Particle Size Distribution and Granule Crushing Strength Properties Kasmadi, Kasmadi Nugroho, Budi Sutandi, Atang Anwar, Syaiful Compound fertilizer which combining organic-inorganic materials need to be developed to improve the effectivness of fertilizers in the soil. Filter cake as a material has highly potential to be used as a filler in physical process granulation of compound fertilizer. In this study, the particle size distribution and granule crushing strength properties were tested using 15-15-15 + 5S fertilizer compound formula, which are varied in the filler composition and K sources. Potassium sources consisted of 2 (two) types of fertilizers i.e KCl and K2SO4. Filler composition as a binder in fertilizer granulation consists of 5 combination filter cake and clay ratios (60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10 and 100:0). Granulation carried out by the granulation method using pan granulator of 2 kg/batch capacity, 23 rpm rotation speed and 50o pan slope. The results of the research showed that statistically the combination of filter cake and clay 70:30 had a size distribution and hardness of granules not significantly different from standard fertilizer (100% clay). Keywords: crushing strength; filler; filter cake; granulation; size distribution Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro PT Pupuk Kujang Cikampek 2019-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25631 10.14710/reaktor.19.4.145-151 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 4 December 2019; 145-151 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25631/16588 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9548 2020-08-26T08:27:46Z reaktor:RA

CELL DISTRUPTION MIKROALGA SECARA ENZIMATIS DENGAN SELLULASE Padil, Padil Syamsiah, Siti Hidayat, Muslikhin Kasiamdari, Rina Sri chemical engineering bioetanol, cell distruption, enzimatis, mikroalga, selulosa, pati ENZYMATIC CELL DISRUPTION OF MICROALGAE USING CELLULASE. Micro-algae is one source of potential alternative energy of third generation to be developed as bioethanol raw material. The starch content trapped in Micro-algae cell walls causing the need of cell distruption to release and convert starch into simple glucose before the fermentation process. This study aims to open up the cell walls of Micro-algae and to explore the effect of sellulase enzymes from Aspergillus niger as Micro-algae cell distruption strategy as well as the optimization of process parameters, i.e the concentration of enzyme, temperature, pH, and time which produce the highest glucose yield. The results showed that the highest glucose yield was 82.44% (w/w) obtained at an enzyme concentration of 30% (w/w), temperature 45oC, pH of 4.5 at 40 minutes, the amount of Micro-algae as 0.5 g/L. In general, cell distruption method using sellulase enzyme was proven to be a promising option to open the cell walls of Micro-algae and convert cellulose into simple glucose simultaneously in producing bioethanol.   Keywords: bioethanol; cellulose; cell distruption; enzymatic; micro-algae; starch Abstrak Mikroalga merupakan salah satu sumber energi alternatif generasi ketiga yang potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku bioetanol. Kandungan pati yang terperangkap dalam dinding sel mikroalga menyebabkan perlunya cell distruption untuk melepaskan sekaligus mengkonversi pati menjadi glukosa sederhana sebelum proses fermentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuka dinding sel mikroalga sekaligus mengeksplorasi pengaruh enzim sellulase dari aspergillus niger sebagai strategi cell distruption mikroalga serta melakukan optimasi parameter proses yaitu konsentrasi enzim, suhu, pH, dan waktu yang memberikan yield glukosa tertinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yield glukosa tertinggi adalah 82,44% (w/w) yang diperoleh pada konsentrasi enzim 30% (w/w), suhu 450C, pH 4,5 pada waktu 40 menit, dengan jumlah mikroalga 0,5 g/L. Secara umum, metode cell distruption dengan menggunakan enzim sellulase terbukti menjadi pilihan yang menjanjikan untuk membuka dinding sel mikroalga sekaligus mengkonversi selulosa menjadi glukosa sederhana dalam memproduksi bioetanol.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-01-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9548 10.14710/reaktor.15.4.213-217 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.4 Oktober 2015; 213-217 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9548/8009

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/70944 2025-04-25T07:52:20Z reaktor:RA

Synthesis of Poly(NIPAM) for Efficient Trypsin Purification Using Affinity Precipitation Technique Syaubari, Syaubari Bachtiar, Dandi Sabrina, Nur Irhamni Adhi, M Furqan The method of bio specific affinity for separation has gained attention and continues to be developed today. The affinity precipitation technique is continuously being refined because it is simpler, less complex, and highly economical without reducing product purity. Moreover, the obtained polymers can be reused and easily scaled up. The polymer used for affinity precipitation has functional groups that can act specifically, making it known as a “smart polymer.” The hydrophilic polymer and soluble liquid can be replaced with hydrophobic ones, becoming insoluble under certain conditions such as changes in pH, temperature, ionic strength, or the addition of reagents. This study aims to utilize ligand pairs for soluble liquid polymers based on macro ligands that are easily developed for large-scale applications. The research was conducted in two stages and is ready for enzyme purification testing. First, the synthesis of NIPAM polymer was carried out, with NIPAM and AIBN as fixed variables, while MPA served as the variable. Second, PABA conjugation was performed, where the synthesized NIPAM polymer was conjugated with the PABA ligand, making PABA characterization the changing variable in this phase. The dry weight of carboxylated Poly(NIPAM) obtained was 91.3%, carboxylated Poly(NIPAM)-co MPA 0.4 was 90.4%, and carboxylated Poly(NIPAM)-co MPA 0.6 was 88.9%. In the SEM test, the morphological structure of Poly(NIPAM) showed relatively harder surfaces. In the FTIR test, a significant change was observed in the spectra at 3300-2500 cm-1, which became weaker due to the presence of carboxyl groups characterized in Poly(NIPAM). The spectrophotometer test revealed the LCST condition at a temperature of 40°C. The conjugation of PABA onto Poly(NIPAM)-co-MPA 0.6 with 50 mg PABA showed better conjugation efficiency, with a conjugation yield of 52.6%. Incorporation of PABA shows recovery of trypsin between 65-80 %. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-04-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/70944 10.14710/reaktor.24.3.109-115 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.3 December 2024; 109-115 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/70944/28209 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15021 2017-07-19T16:48:06Z reaktor:RA

Etanolisi Olein Sawit Dengan Katalis Potassium Hidroksida Utomo, J. Ardiyanti, A. R. Prakoso, T. Fransiska, A. biodiesel, etanolisis, konversi, transesterifikasi Biodiesel merupakab sumber energy alternatif yang ramah lingkungan dan dapt diperbarui, hasil reaksi transesterifikasi atau alkoholisis. Etanol digunakan sebagai bahan baku reaksi transesterifikasi. Minyak nabati yang digunakan adalah olein kelapa sawit. Etanolisis dilangsungkan dalam reaktor batch berpengaduk dengan memvariasikan temperatur  (40 0C dan 60 0C), perbandingan molar etanol terhadap minyak (3:1 dan 9:1), dan konsentrasi katalis KOH (0,5% b/b minyak dan 1,5% b/b minyak). Pengaruh setiap parameter terhadap konversi dianalisis  dengan rancangan percobaan factorial 23 dengan center point. Konversi reaksi dihitung berdasarkan analisis kadar gliserol total dan bebas menurut metode AOCS Ca 14-56. Variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap konversi adalah jumlah etanol yang diumpankan. Analisis varian menunjukkan adanya interaksi antar masing-masing parameter. Konversi maksimum sebesar 96,82% tercapai saat 60 0C, rasio molar 3:1, dan konsentrasi KOH 1,5% b/b minyak. Densitas etil ester yang dihasilkan dari percobaan adalah 0,852-0,894 gr/cm3 serta viskositas kinematik sebesar 1,64-5,09 mm2/s.Kata kunci : biodiesel, etanolisis, konversi, transesterifikasi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15021 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.79-85 Reaktor; Volume 09 No. 02 Desember 2005; 79-85 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15021/11395 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1636 2020-04-17T05:10:52Z reaktor:RA

ANALISA SPEKTROSKOPI EMISI UNTUK PENENTUAN TEMPERATUR ELEKTRONIK PADA PLASMA NON-TERMIK NITROGEN Nur, Muhammad Bonifaci, Nelly Denat, Andre chemical engineering nitrogen, plasma non-termik, spektroskopi, temperatur elektronik Suatu metoda baru telah dikembangkan untuk penentuan temperatur elektronik dari plasma non-termik nitrogen dengan menggunakan spektroskopi emisi. Metoda ini telah dipakai untuk plasma non-termik nitrogen yang diproduksi dalam lucutan pijar korona densitas tinggi. Dengan mengasumsikan bahwa fungsi distribusi energi dari elektron adalah distribusi  maxwellian dan penggunaan data tampang lintang efektif dari sistem positif kedua, 2s+, (C3Pu®B3Pg) dari N2 dan sistem negatif pertama, 1s– (B2S+u®X2S+g)  dari N2+, hubungan antara energi rerata elektron dengan perbandingan intensitas 1s–(0-0) dan intensitas 2s+(2-5) dapat diselesaikan ecara teoretik. Spektrum emisi dari molekul nitrogen tereksitasi, (C3Pu®B3Pg) dari N2 dan molekul terionisasi, 1s– (B2S+u®X2S+g) dari N2+, secara eksperimen diperoleh dari spektroskopi emisi. Melalui identifikasi dan analisa spektru-spektrum tersebut, perbandingan intensitas 1s–(0-0) dan intensitas 2s+(2-5) diperoleh secara eksperimen. Metoda ini telah diterapkan untuk menentukan energi rerata elektron atau temperatur elektronik dari plasma non termik nitrogen dalam lucutan pijar korona dengan densitas dari 2,4 x 1020 cm-3 sampai 9,2 x 1020 cm-3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-12-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1636 10.14710/reaktor.13.2.103-108 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010; 103-108 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1636/1398

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/32585 2021-07-26T12:35:56Z reaktor:RA

The Influence of Glycerol Monostearate Concentration and Storage Condition on Tomato Powder’s Contents Using Foam Mat Drying Method Ramadhany, Putri Pramana, Abigail Fern Febiola, Arabella Handoko, Tony Tomato is a seasonal horticultural product that has beneficial effects on human health. It contains a high concentration of lycopene and vitamin C. However, tomato production, which continues to increase in Indonesia, is not balanced with its consumption. Due to its high moisture content, harvested tomato relatively has a short shelf-life. Resultantly, the unconsumed tomato will end up being wasted. One way to prolong tomato’s shelf-life is by converting it into powder form. In this research, the tomato was shifted into tomato powder using a foam mat drying method. The weight ratio of GMS to tomato juice was varied: (1) 4%-w/w, (2) 5%-w/w, and (3) 6%-w/w. Tomato powder was then stored in two types of materials (sealed brown glass bottle and laminated aluminium foil (LAF) resealable zipper) and three conditions (refrigerator ( ± 4 ℃), room temperature (± 25.2 ℃) and sun-exposed  (± 30 ℃)). According to the results, foam mat drying could maintain the nutrients of the tomato powder. Increasing GMS larger than 5%-w/w had no big impact on reserving lycopene and vitamin C. At 5%-w/w GMS, tomato powder consisted of 1.09%/w/w moisture, 42.58 mg/100 g lycopene, and 123.28 mg/100 g vitamin C. It was found that moisture and vitamin C on tomato powder content was influenced by storage conditions, while lycopene content was influenced by storage material. Moisture content and vitamin C were best maintained at the sun-exposed condition and room temperature, respectively. While lycopene was best stored in the laminated aluminium foil (LAF) resealable zipper. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-04-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/32585 10.14710/reaktor.21.1.1-10 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 1 March 2021; 1-10 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/32585/19792 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/32585/6160 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/32585/6161 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/32585/6162 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/32585/6163 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/10660 2020-07-17T02:16:56Z reaktor:RA

OPTIMASI PRODUKSI PULP FORMACELL DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS) DENGAN METODE PERMUKAAN RESPON Hidayati, Sri Zuidar, Ahmad Sapta Fahreza, Ahmad Chemical Engineering pulp formacell, EFB, RSM ABSTRACT Empty oil-palm bunches (EOPB) contains more enough cellulose so that it can be made as an alternative pulp production.  One of the process of pulp production which friendly environment is by using acetate acid and formic acid called by formacell process.  The aims of the research is to got optimation models of formic acid concentration, HCl concentration and cooking duration for the EFB pulp production.  The optimum result of the EOPB pulp production were 75% of cellulose, 8% of hemiselulosa, 10% of  lignin, and 80% of yield with the optimum concentration 20% of formic acid, 0,5% of HCl, and 2 hour of cooking duration.   Keyword : pulp formacell, EFB, RSM.   ABSTRAK Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) mengandung kadar selulosa yang cukup tinggi sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku alternatif produksi pulp.  Salah satu proses produksi pulp ramah lingkungan yaitu dengan menggunakan campuran pelarut asam asetat dan asam formiat sebagai bahan pemasak yang disebut proses formacell.  Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan model optimasi dari konsentrasi asam formiat, konsentrasi HCl dan lama pemasakan untuk produksi pulp TKKS.  Konsentrasi pemasakan optimum terjadi pada konsentrasi asam formiat 20%, konsentrasi HCl 0,5%, dan lama pemasakan selama 2 jam dengan hasil optimum untuk produksi pulp TKKS yaitu 75 % selulosa, 8 % hemiselulosa, 10% lignin, dan 80% rendemen.   Kata kunci: pulp formacell, TKKS, RSM.     Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro University of lampung 2017-01-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10660 10.14710/reaktor.16.4.161-171 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.4 Desember 2016; 161-171 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10660/10294 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14874 2020-04-17T05:35:40Z reaktor:RA

Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel upon Exposure to Biodiesel Synthesized from Used Frying Oil Setiawan, Adhi Amelia Novitrie, Nora Nugroho, Agung Widiyastuti, W Chemical Engineering; Corrosion Engineering; Material Engineering Biodiesel; carbon steel; corrosion; FAME; used frying oil The use of biodiesel leads to corrosion of automotive material, which can potentially shorten engine lifetime. The study aims to investigate the effect of temperature and contact time on the corrosion characteristics of carbon steel upon exposure to biodiesel synthesized from used frying oil. The corrosion rate of carbon steel was analyzed based on weight loss measurement according to the standard of ASTM G31 as affected by temperature and contact time. The immersion temperatures used in this study were 30oC, 40oC, and 70o, respectively. The contact times studied were 30 days, 40 days, and 50 days respectively. The results show that the increase of temperature and contact time of biodiesel on carbon steel surface speeds up the corrosion rate. Maximum corrosion rate (0.083 mmy) was observed on the carbon steel contacted to biodiesel at 70oC for 50 days. The SEM results showed an irregular shape of the corroded carbon steel surface. XRD / FTIR analysis of carbon steel samples show the presence of peaks, detected as Fe2O3, FeO(OH) and Fe2O2CO3, as the corrosion products. Keywords: biodiesel; carbon steel; corrosion; FAME; used frying oil Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Kementrian RistekDikti 2017-12-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14874 10.14710/reaktor.17.4.177-184 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 4 Desember 2017; 177-184 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14874/12784 Copyright (c) 2018 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4799 2020-04-17T05:15:51Z reaktor:RA

PENINGKATAN KECERAHAN PADA PROSES SINTESIS SURFAKTAN NONIONIK ALKIL POLIGLIKOSIDA (APG) BERBASIS TAPIOKA DAN DODEKANOL Bastian, Februadi Suryani, Ani Sunarti, Titi Candra Chemical Engineering alkil poliglikosida, pemucatan, surfaktan nonionik, pemurnian Alkylpolyglycosides (APG) is a nonionic surfactant that has been getting some green labels such asEcocert, EU Eco-flower and Green Seal as an environmentally friendly surfactant. Sugar is the mainraw material which is supplied the hydrophilic group, and fatty alcohol as hydrophobic group. Someundesirable compounds formed during the APG production and caused low quality. The aim of thisresearch to increase the quality and performance of APG, by controlling its process. Addition 0-10%of activated carbon and 0-0.3% of NaBH4 in APG pre-purification process; 2% (w/w) of H2O2, 35%and 500 ppm of MgO in the bleaching process were examined to process high quality and highperformance of APG. The best APG was obtained from purification step by addition 0% of activatedcarbon and 0.2% of NaBH4, with the characteristics of clarity of 59.02(%T); the ability to reducesurface and interfacial tensions at 1% concentration were 61.94% and 95.6% respectively; 81.71%of stability of emulsion, 62.5% of foam height and stable up to 315 minutes. Alkil Poliglikosida (APG) merupakan surfaktan nonionic yang telah mendapatkan beberapa greenlabel seperti Ecocert, EU Eco-flower Green Seal dan sebagainya sebagai surfaktan yang ramahlingkungan. Bahan dasar APG yaitu gula untuk membentuk gugus hidrofiliknya dan fatty alcoholuntuk membentuk gugus hidrofobiknya. Permasalahan dalam produksi APG adalah timbulnya warnagelap yang tidak dikehendaki yang menyebabkan penurunan mutu APG. Tujuan dari penelitian iniyaitu untuk meningkatkan mutu dan kinerja dari APG. Untuk meningkatkan kecerahan APG, makasebelum dilakukan proses destilasi dilakukan penambahan arang aktif 0-10% serta NaBH4 0-0,3%.Pada proses pemucatan ditambahkan 2% (b/b) H2O2 35% dan MgO 500 ppm. Hasil terbaik yaitupenambahan arang aktif 0% dan NaBH4 0,2% dengan karakteristik kecerahan 59,02(%T);kemampuan menurunkan tegangan permukaan dan antar muka pada konsentrasi 1% sebesar 61,94%dan 95,6%; kestabilan emulsi 81,71%, tinggi busa 62,5% dan umur busa 315 menit. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-08-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4799 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.143-150 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 143-150 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4799/4349

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9933 2017-02-16T08:22:03Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14912 2020-04-17T05:04:02Z reaktor:RA

Solid And Liquid Pineapple Waste Utilization For Lactic Acid Fermentation Abdullah, Abdullah Lactic acid fermentation, Pineapple waste, Lactobacillus delbrueckii The liquid and solid pineapple waste contain mainly sucrose, glucose,fructose, and other nutrients. It therefore can potentially be used as carbon source for fermentation to produce organic acid. Recently, lactic acid has been considered to be an important raw material for production of biodegradable lactate polymer, the experiments were carried out in batch fermentation using the liquid and solid pineapple waste to produce lactic acid. The anaerobic fermentation of lactic acis were performed at 40 0C, ph 6, 5% inocolum, and 50 rpm. Initially results show that the liquid pineapple waste by using Lactobacillus delbrueckii can be used as carbon source for lactic acid fermentation. The production of lactic acid are found to be 79% yield, while only 56% yield was produced y using solid waste.Keywords : Lactic acid fermentation, Pineapple waste, Lactobacillus delbrueckii Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14912 10.14710/reaktor.11.1.50-52 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 1, Juni 2007; 50-52 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14912/11313 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1005 2020-04-17T04:58:46Z reaktor:RA

PEMBUATAN KHITOSAN DARI KULIT UDANG UNTUK MENGADSORBSI LOGAM KROM (Cr6+) DAN TEMBAGA (Cu) Haryani, Kristinah Hargono, Hargono Budiyati, Sri Khitosan adalah hasil proses deasetilasi dari senyawa khitin yang banyak terdapat dalam kulit luar hewan golongan Crustaceae seperti udang dan kepiting. Elektron nitrogen pada gugus amino yang dimiliki khitosan dapat mengikat ion-ion logam, membentuk senyawa kompleks koordinasi yang stabil. Oleh karena itu, khitosan dapat digunakan untuk mengadsorbsi logam berat hasil buangan industri seperti krom dan tembaga yang bersifat karsinogenik dan berbahaya bagi tubuh manusia. Kemampuan khitosan untuk menjerap limbah logam tergantung pada derajat deasetilasinya. Proses adsorbsi dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain jumlah adsorbent, pH, waktu, kecepatan pengadukan dan suhu. Percobaan dibagi dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah pembuatan khitosan dari kulit udang, dengan konsentrasi NaOH dari 20 hingga 60% (%berat). Khitosan yang dihasilkan dari proses ini dianalisa derajat deasetilasinya dengan FTIR. Tahap kedua adalah proses adsorbsi limbah krom dan tembaga menggunakan khitosan dengan derajat deasetilasi yang paling besar. Pada proses ini waktu adsorbsi divariasi untuk limbah logam krom sedangkan untuk limbah tembaga menggunakan variabel berubah pH dan waktu. Limbah krom dan tembaga kemudian dianalisa dengan AAS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa derajat deasetilasi khitosan yang optimum sebesar 91,88% diperoleh pada konsentrasi NaOH 50%, waktu optimum untuk proses adsorbsi limbah krom adalah 30 menit dengan kadar krom sebesar 13,96 ppm sedangkan untuk adsorbsi Cu optimum pada pH 3 dengan kadar 0,24 ppm dan efisien untuk waktu 30 menit. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-07-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1005 10.14710/reaktor.11.2.86-90 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007; 86-90 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1005/850

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/20211 2020-04-17T05:41:31Z reaktor:RA

Kinetic Study and Optimization of the Most Influential Factor on Batch-Extraction of Gingerol from Fresh Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Rhizomes by Using n-Hexane as a Solvent Aulia, Margaretha Praba Pradhita, Fitra Kumoro, Andri Cahyo Christwardana, Marcelinus Hargono, H. A solvent extraction of 6- gingerol from fresh ginger rhizome chips using n-hexane has been successfully carried out. This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature, feed size, and feed mass on the yield of gingerol, to observe the kinetics of gingerol extraction process using n-hexane as a solvent, to find the most influential parameters in the gingerol extraction process and to determine the optimum conditions of the gingerol extraction process. The experiment was carried out for 60 minutes using two feed mass ( 50 and 75 g), two temperature (60 and 70 oC) and two chips sizes (100 and 25 mm3) using 350 mL n-hexane. The second-order kinetics model was used to study the extraction kinetic parameters. The quick method was used to evaluate the most influential extraction parameters with respect to the yield of gingerol. Feed mass was found to be the most influential parameter in the gingerol extraction process. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be at 60 °C, ginger rhizome chips with 25 mm size3, feed mass was 109.7g and 350 mL n-hexane, which resulted in crude extract with gingerol content of 517.11 ppm.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-09-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/20211 10.14710/reaktor.18.03.136-142 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 3 September 2018; 136-142 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/20211/14458 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7138 2020-04-17T05:21:39Z reaktor:RA

ADSORPSI LOGAM SENG (Zn) DAN TIMBAL (Pb) PADA LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI KERAMIK OLEH TANAH LIAT Priadi, Cindy Rianti Anita, Anita Sari, Putri Nilam Moersidik, Setyo Sarwanto Teknik Lingkungan, Lingkungan, Teknik adsorpsi, limbah tanah liat, logam berat ADSORPTION OF ZINC AND LEAD FROM CERAMIC WASTEWATER USING CLAY. Ceramic industry generates glaze wastewater and clay waste. Glaze wastewater contains heavy metal from ceramic painting process which can potentially cause severe pollution problem. Glaze wastewater from PT.X typically contains Cd (0.013 mg/L); Cu (0.033 mg/L); Pb (1.20 mg/L); and Zn (7.00 mg/L). Clay waste used as adsorbent to reduce heavy metal amount in glaze wastewater. The present study investigates in bench scale and uses batch adsorption method to determine effective  adsorbent amount and contact time in removing heavy metals in glaze wastewater in order to fulfill the discharge requirement based on regulation of Minister of Environment No.16/2008concerning effluent water standard for ceramic industries. The results showed that the effective adsorbent amount and contact time respectively are 5 g/L and 15 minutes with pH 8 and stirring speed of 150 rpm. Concentration of heavy metal adsorbed are 0,614 mg/L and 2,07 mg/L for lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) with removal efficiency up to 61.0% for Pb and 9.8% for Zn.From this study clay waste could be potentially used as an adsorbent to reduce heavy metal amount in glaze wastewater. Keywords: adsorption, clay waste, heavy metals Abstrak Industri keramik menghasilkan limbah glasir dan limbah tanah liat. Limbah glasir mengandung logam berat yang berasal dari proses pewarnaan keramik dan berpotensi mencemari lingkungan. Kandungan logam berat pada limbah glasir PT.X yaitu Cd (0,013 mg/L); Cu (0,033 mg/L); Pb (1,20 mg/L); dan Zn (7,00 mg/L). Limbah tanah liat digunakan sebagai adsorben yang berguna mengurangi kadar logam berat pada limbah glasir.Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium menggunakan metode batch adsorpsi untuk menentukan dosis adsorben dan waktu kontak yang efektif dalam mengolah limbah glasir agar memenuhi persyaratan Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 16 Tahun 2008 tentang baku mutu air limbah bagi usaha dan/atau kegiatan industri keramik. Hasil penelitian menunjukan dosis efektif  adsorben sebesar 5 g/L dan waktu kontak 15 menit dengan kondisi pH 8 dan kecepatan pengadukan 150 rpm. Kadar logam setelah diadsorpsi telah mencapai baku mutu yaitu sebesar 0,614 mg/L dan 2,07 mg/L untuk Pb dan Zn dengan efisiensi pengurangan kadar logam Pb sebesar 61% dan Zn sebesar 9,8%. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan data bahwa limbah tanah liat berpotensi dijadikan adsorben untuk mengurangi kandungan logam pada limbah cair industri keramik.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-04-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7138 10.14710/reaktor.15.1.10-19 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.1, APRIL 2014; 10-19 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7138/6848

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/21926 2019-10-13T03:52:59Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/24958 2020-05-29T10:45:12Z reaktor:RA

Study on Organic Redox Flow Battery Mechanism using TEMPO and FMN-Na Solutions Kusumah, Faishal Maulana Pridiana, Dita Baeti Kusnadi, Peter Ariyanti, Dessy Among numerous energy storage technologies, redox flow battery is one of the promising technologies that can be used to supply reliable continuation of electricity to electricity grids with a scale up to MW or MWh.  In this paper, the process mechanism and optimization of redox flow battery using organic solution such as Riboflavin-5’-phosphate sodium salt dihydrate (FMN-Na) as anolyte and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as catholyte were investigated. Sodium and chloride ions in salt feed were moved respectively to anolyte and catholyte by electrochemical reaction of electrolytes during the charge process and return to the feed during the discharge process. The study was carried out by given electric current with different voltage to graphite electrode range 1,5-10,5 volts and TEMPO concentration 0,02-0,08 M. The result shows that the optimum voltage is 7,5 volts with the concentration of TEMPO 0,06 M. The result also confirms the role of TEMPO solutions in the cathode. In addition to that, the FTIR and SEM analysis to the sedimentation generated during the process also revealed the change of the anolyte and catholyte after charging process.Keywords: Organic; Flow Battery; TEMPO; FMN-Na; energy storage Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24958 10.14710/reaktor.19.3.96-100 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 3 September 2019; 96-100 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24958/16004 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8394 2020-04-17T05:24:04Z reaktor:RA

HIDROLISIS SELULOSA MENJADI GLUKOSA DENGAN KATALIS HETEROGEN ARANG AKTIF TERSULFONASI Anggoro, Didi Dwi Purwanto, Purwanto Rispiandi, Rispiandi Chemical Engineering Selulosa, glukosa, alang-alang, karbon aktif tersulfonasi CELLULOCE HYDROLYSIS TO GLUCOSE USING ACTIVE CARBON SULPHONATED HETEROGENOUS CATALYST. Enzimatic process and acid hydrolysis process are common process for conversion of cellulose to glucose. Unfornately, the two processes are expensive process and korosif process. Hence, the new process, that use sulfonaned active carbon catalyst is important to developing. The sulfonated active carbon is made from carbonated coconut sheel under temperature at 350oC. After carbonation, sulfonated active carbon soaked under sulphate acid 96% at 150oC until 15 hours. The result is then washed and dried, and tested catalyst characteristics in the form of H+ capacity, pore size catalysts by used BET surface area, functional groups by used FTIR, and morphology catalyst structure by used SEM. Catalyst performance was tested in an autoclave reactor through a hydrothermal process with difference of the catalyst amount and temperature. The results showed that the test characteristics of H+ capacity is 2.95 mmol/g, the pore size is 29 m2/gr. FTIR analyze showed that the presence of sulfonate groups read at a wavelength of vibration 1750 cm-1 and 1379 cm-1. By SEM analyze showed that the morphological structure of sulfonated active carbon is more open than other catalyst. By testing catalyst, the highest conversion of glucose is 87.2 %. Keywords: cellulose; glucose; sulfonate active carbon; thatch Abstrak Teknologi yang sudah digunakan dalam mengubah selulosa menjadi glukosa adalah dengan proses enzimatik dan hidrolisis asam. Kedua teknologi tersebut masih memiliki kendala teknis, yaitu  harga enzim yang mahal, proses yang korosif dan menimbulkan limbah, sehingga diperlukan pengembangan teknologi baru salah satu diantaranya yaitu dengan metode katalis heterogen berupa karbon aktif tersulfonasi. Karbon aktif tersulfonasi ini dibuat dari tempurung kelapa yang dikarbonisasi pada temperatur 350oC, selanjutnya direndam dalam asam sulfat 96% pada temperatur 150oC selama 15 jam. Hasilnya kemudian dicuci dan dikeringkan, dilakukan uji karakteristik dan performance (kinerja ) katalis berupa kapasitas H+, ukuran pori katalis dengan BET, uji gugus fungsi dengan FTIR, dan uji struktur marfologi katalis dengan SEM. Kinerja katalis diuji dalam reaktor autoclave melalui proses hidrotermal dengan mevariasikan jumlah katalis, dan variasi temperatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan untuk uji karakteristik kapasitas H+ sebesar 2,95 mmol/gr, untuk uji BET ukuran pori 29 m2/gr , untuk uji FTIR keberadaan gugus sulfonat terbaca pada vibrasi panjang gelombang 1750 cm-1 dan 1379 cm-1 , pada uji SEM struktur morfologi katalis yang lebih terbuka pada karbon aktif setelah proses sulfonasi. Kinerja katalis konversi tertinggi selulosa menjadi glukosa mencapai 87,2% pada jumlah alang-alang 2 gr, jumlah katalis 2 gr, dan temperatur 170oC selama  8 jam. Kata kunci : selulosa; glukosa; karbon aktif tersulfonasi; alang-alang Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-10-22 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8394 10.14710/reaktor.15.2.126-131 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.2, OKTOBER 2014; 126-131 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8394/7095

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/64934 2024-12-02T20:19:05Z reaktor:RA

The Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Nanotube Doped Zn for Methylene Blue Degradation Nursanto, Eduardus Budi Floresyona, Dita Hadi, Abdul TiO2 nanotube (TiO2-NT) is one of the promising materials for photocatalytic water remediation. TiO2-NT doped Zn (Zn/TiO2-NT) is synthesized from P25 Degussa via one step hydrothermal method. From XRD and UV-DRS analysis, it showed that Zn as a doping material led to decrease band gap energy and decrease the crystallite size. The best results obtained was Zn/TiO2-NT with a crystallite size of 7.14 nm, and band gap energy value of 3.18 eV. Photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2-NT was also tested for photocatalytic activity of textile dye (methylene blue) degradation.  During the photocatalytic activity for methylene blue degradation, the Zn/TiO2-NT shows higher activity compared to non-doped sample. The non-doped sample shows degradation activity of 87.72%, meanwhile the Zn/TiO2-NT shows degradation activity of 95.88%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-09-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/64934 10.14710/reaktor.24.1.22-27 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.1 April 2024; 22-27 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/64934/26664 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15012 2017-07-19T16:46:30Z reaktor:RA

Pemodelan Unjuk Kerja Biofilter Dalam Penyisihan H2S Dan NH3 Suwardin, D. Setiadi, T. Djajadiningrat, A. Bilad, M. R. biofiltrasi, biofilm, konveksi-difusi-reaksi, kinetika, media, model, H2S, NH3 Percobaan penyisihan H2S dan NH3 menggunakan biofilter dalam skala laboratorium telah dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan dua jenis media (limbah padat karet dan seraut sawit) dan konsorsium mikroorganisme yang melekat secara alami dalam media. Tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah untuk menentukan kinerja biofilter serta evaluasi pengembangan model biofilm, pengendali reaksi dan konveksi-difusi-reaksi (KDR). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan efisiensi penyisihan gas H2S menggunakan kedua jenis media mencapai 99,5%, dan untuk kontaminan NH3 mencapai 99% pada media seraut sawit dan bervariasi pada selang 60-98% untuk media limbah padat karet. Dari pengembangan model menunjukkan bahwa profil laju penyisihan kontaminan dapat diprediksi dengan model biofilm dan model pembatas reaksi. Kinetika penyisihan tersebut dikendalikan oleh reaksi biokimia mikroorganisme pada biofilm. Model KDR dinilai cocok untuk memprediksi profil konsentrasi kontaminan sepanjang biofilter. Kata kunci : biofiltrasi, biofilm, konveksi-difusi-reaksi, kinetika, media, model, H2S, NH3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15012 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.12-19 Reaktor; Volume 09 No.1 Juni 2005; 12-19 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15012/11386 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1559 2015-01-15T03:13:44Z reaktor:RA

IMPROVEMENT OF THE REDLICH-KWONG EQUATION OF STATE BY MODIFICATION OF CO-VOLUME PARAMETER Ratnawati, Ratnawati Chemical Engineering co-volume, density, equation of state, vapor pressure Cubic equations of state are widely used in phase-equilibrium calculations because of their simplicity and accuracy. Most equations of states are not accurate enough for predicting density of liquid and dense gas. A modification on the Redlich-Kwong (RK) equation of state is developed. Parameter b is modified by introducing a new parameter,b, which is a function of molecular weight and temperature. The modification gives a significant improvement over the original RK equation for predicting density. For 6538 data points of 27 compounds, the proposed equation gives only 2.8% of average absolute deviation (AAD), while the original RK and the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equations give 11.4% and 11.7%, respectively. The proposed modification improves the performance of the RK equation for predicting vapor pressure as well. For 2829 data points of 94 compounds, the proposed modification lowers the AAD of the RK equation from 1460% down to 30.8%. It is comparable to the famous SRK equation, which give 5.8% of AAD. The advantage of the proposed equation is that it uses only critical pressure and temperature as other equations of states do, and molecular weight, which is easily calculated. Another advantage is that the proposed equation simpler than the SRK equation of state. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-03-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1559 10.14710/reaktor.13.1.58-65 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 1, Juni 2010; 58-65 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1559/1315

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/33469 2020-10-24T05:11:43Z reaktor:RA

Application of Glyoxal Acrylamide Modified Κ-Carrageenan as A Superabsorbent Polymer in Drug Delivery System Prasetyaningrum, Aji Raemas, Al Farrel A. Rokhati, Nur Jos, Bakti The hydrogel is superabsorbent polymers (SAP) that are biodegradable and can be obtained from polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. Polysaccharides include cellulose, starch and their derivatives, seaweed extracts such as carrageenan, alginate, pectin, and chitosan. Carrageenan is the result of the extraction of red seaweed sap with an alkaline solution. The main objective of this study was to simultaneously increase the strength and properties of κ-carrageenan SAP film with the addition of glyoxal and acrylamide as crosslinkers. The addition of acrylamide (variated from 1 to 7 % b/v) into the k-Carrageenan based SAP hydrogel compound and the presence of glyoxal as crosslink agent (variated from 0 to 1,0 % v/v). The physical properties of the SAP films were analyze using swelling degree and tensile strength. The structural and morphological properties of composite films were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, the effect of pHs on the releasing drug Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-Iodine was investigated. This research shows that the addition of acrylamide and glyoxal can improve the physical properties of the modified κ-carrageenan film. Characterization using SEM shows that the addition of glyoxal causes the formation of tissue fibers in SAP. FTIR spectra indicated the formation of cross bonds in modified SAP film at 3294.42 cm-1 (carboxylic acid). The treatment under alkaline conditions will increase drug release ability.Keywords: κ-carrageenan; hydrogels; acrylamide; glyoxal; drug delivery Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-10-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/33469 10.14710/reaktor.20.3.150-158 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.3 September 2020; 150-158 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/33469/18105 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11316 2020-07-17T02:16:49Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH PENGERINGAN DENGAN METODE GELEMBUNG TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK PRODUK EKSTRAK BUNGA ROSELA Djaeni, Mohamad Triyastuti, Meilya Suzan Rahardjo, Hadiono Soegeng Chemical Engineering; Food Technology; Agrotechnology gelembung, karbonasi, organoleptik, putih telur, Scanning Electron Microscope Bunga rosela mengandung senyawa antosianin berwarna merah yang kaya antioksidan. Senyawa ini dapat diekstrak dan dikemas dalam bentuk serbuk kering sebagai bahan pewarna makanan dan minuman. Produksi serbuk ekstrak bunga rosela dengan pengeringan konvensional masih menghadapi kendala karena sifatnya yang tidak tahan panas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pengeringan dengan metode gelembung terhadap sifat fisik ekstrak bunga rosela. Pada proses ini, bunga rosela diekstrak dengan air pada perbandingan 1:10 pada suhu 50oC selama 1 jam. Filtrat yang kaya antosianin dicampur dengan bahan pembentuk gelembung (putih telur) dan penstabil yaitu gliserol mono stearat (GMS). Campuran ini kemudian dikeringkan dengan udara pada temperatur yang berbeda. Dibandingkan dengan pengeringan ekstrak roselle tanpa gelembung, adanya putih telur dan GMS  mampu mempercepat proses penguapan air dari ekstrak yang dikeringkan. Penguapan menjadi lebih cepat pada suhu yang lebih tinggi. Namun demikian, dari penampakan fisik terlihat bahwa pada suhu diatas 70oC, warna ekstrak mulai kehitam-hitaman (akibat karbonasi), serta serbuk yang dihasilkan lebih rapuh Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Direktorat Riset dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, DIKTI 2016-08-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11316 10.14710/reaktor.16.2.96-102 Reaktor; Volume 16 No. 2 Juni 2016; 96-102 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11316/9164 Copyright (c) 2016 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15045 2017-07-19T16:47:31Z reaktor:RA

EFFECTS OF ADMIXTURES ON THE CRYSTALLISATION RATE OF GYPSUM A BATCH CRYSTALLISATION STUDY Muryanto, S. Ang, H. M. activation energy; admixtures; CaSO4.2H2O; crystallization, gypsum; reaction rate This paper descripbes a study on the effects of admixtures on the crystallization rate of gypsum. Two different types of biodegradable admixtures commonly used as flotation agent in copper/zinc concentrate production, namely, sodium isopropyl xanthate (=SIPX) and isopropyl thionocarbamate were investigated in this study. A laboratory batch crystallizer was used in this study, and the experiments were run using seeded method. The rate of desupersaturation or the time required to reach the equilibrium concentration was  compared for varying admixture oncentrations. It was discovered that the added seed crystals started growing imediately upon addition into the supersaturated solution, i.e. there  was no induction time.Results of this batch crystallizationstudy suggest that addition of admixtures individually or in combination, significantly affects the crystallization kinetics and in particular, reduces the rate of crystallization of gypsum. Activation energies were determined using three different temperatures, and the values obtained  mostly agreed with other published values, i.e. 60.00 ± 3.00, 57.39 ± 2.87, and 37.65 ±1.88 kj/mol, for pure gypsum, isopropyl yhionocarbamate, and SIPX, respectively.Keywords : activation energy; admixtures; CaSO4.2H2O; crystallization, gypsum; reaction rate Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15045 10.14710/reaktor.8.2.85-93 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.2 Desember 2004; 85-93 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15045/11418 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4120 2023-05-12T19:06:53Z reaktor:RA

KARAKTERISTIK INTERAKSI MEMBRAN-FOULANT DAN FOULANT-FOULANT SEBAGAI DASAR PENGENDALIAN FOULING Susanto, Heru Susanto, Asteria Apriliani Widiasa, I Nyoman Chemical Engineering pengendalian fouling; foulant; membran; modifikasi membran THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBRANE-FOULANT AND FOULANT-FOULANT INTERACTIONS AS THE BASIS FOR CONTROL OF FOULING. Industrial membrane applications for solid liquid and liquid-liquid filtration are limited by fouling and concentration polarization. Because fouling significantly reduces the membrane performance and often changes the membrane selectivity, efforts to overcome the fouling problem are very important from practical applications point of view. This paper presents the basic knowledge required to control fouling and recent development in fouling control including the method developed by the author. Control of fouling can be done by (i) commercial membrane modification (post modification) by photo-graft polymerization, (ii) modification by polymer blending during membrane manufacturing and (iii) integration of a pretreatment into membrane processes. The results showed that all the developed methods can significantly reduce the resulting fouling; however, none of the method could totally remove the occurring fouling. The understanding of the membrane-foulant and foulant-foulant interactions is the key to success in control of fouling.Aplikasi teknologi membran untuk pemisahan padat cair di  berbagai industri dibatasi oleh peristiwa fouling yang menyebabkan penurunan laju produk dan perubahan selektifitas membran. Oleh karena itu, pengendalian fouling merupakan upaya yang mutlak harus dilakukan. Makalah ini mempresentasikan pengetahuan dasar yang diperlukan untuk pengendalian fouling dan perkembangan terkini dalam pengendalian fouling termasuk hasil-hasil yang telah dikembangkan oleh penulis. Pengendalian fouling dilakukan dengan (i) modifikasi membran komersial (post modification) menggunakan metode photo-grafting, (ii) modifikasi dengan pencampuran polimer selama proses pembuatan (polymer blend) dan (iii) integrasi unit perlakuan awal (pre-treatment) dengan proses membran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesemua metode yang dikembangkan dapat mengurangi terjadinya fouling secara signifikan. Namun, tidak ada satu pun metode yang dapat mengurangi fouling dengan sempurna. Pemahaman terhadap interaksi membran-foulant dan foulant-foulant merupakan kunci sukses dalam pengendalian fouling. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-03-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4120 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.17-24 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 17-24 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4120/3753

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/43260 2025-01-15T23:55:14Z reaktor:RA

The Influence of Various Substrates on Power Generation in The Operation of Yeast Microbial Fuel Cells Christwardana, Marcelinus Joelianingsih, J. Yoshi, Linda Aliffia Several carbon substrates were tried, including glucose commercial, pro analysis glucose, commercial sugar, and yeast extract - peptone - d glucose (YPD) medium to improve the efficiency of the single chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC). The power production of various electron donors was investigated using baker yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Voltage and power density generation were used to establish the pattern of substrate use. In addition, electrochemical analysis of the anodic biofilm was performed. S. cervisiae was shown to successfully consume YPD medium by anode respiration with a higher power density of 18.40±1.98 mW/m2, followed by pro analysis glucose (9.41±1.15 mW/m2), commercial glucose (1.30±0.10 mW/m2), and commercial sugar (0.04±0.01 mW/m2). Furthermore, a clear relationship was established between power density generating rate and voltage output. Voltages produced were 0.16±0.02 V, 0.13±0.03 V, 0.03±0.01 V, 0.01±0.00 V for YPD medium, pro analysis glucose, commercial glucose, and commercial sugar, respectively in MFC. The weight of biofilm indicated that yeast attachment was significantly more common in YPD medium than in other MFC-operated media. This study discovered that the substrate type in the anodic compartment regulates the formation of anodic biofilm. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-08-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/43260 10.14710/reaktor.22.2.36-41 Reaktor; Volume 22 No.2 August 2022; 36-41 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/43260/22404 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14905 2020-04-17T05:03:00Z reaktor:RA

Distribusi Aliran Dalam Reactor Berkanal Mikro Budhi, Y. W. Restiawaty, E. Subagjo, subagjo reactor mikro, pemodelan dan simulasi, shift converter, miniaturisasi Reactor mikro telah menempatkan diri pada posisi yang diminati dalam pengembangan teknologi reactor modern yang memiliki karakteristik pokok dalam hal  percepatan laju perpindahan massa dan panas yang berlipat ganda. Dengan dimensi yang berskala mikron, distribusi aliran dari pipa induk menuju masing-masing kanal merupaka salah satu persoalan penting untuk menjamin keseragaman aliran di setiap kanal. Makalah ini mengkaji distribusi aliran dalam lima model reactor dan shift converter yang mengkonversi CO menjadi CO2 agar tidak meracuni katalis dalam sel bahan bakar. Selanjutnya pada model reactor dengan distribusi terbaik, karakteristik cold start up ditelaah lebih mendalam melalui teknik reaksi kimia tak tunak. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa start up pada shift converter dapat dilakukan dalam waktu yang sangat singkat yang menunjukkan bahwa secara praktis unit reactor mikro ini dapat diterapkan.Kata kunci : reactor mikro, pemodelan dan simulasi, shift converter, miniaturisasi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14905 10.14710/reaktor.11.1.1-7 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 1, Juni 2007; 1-7 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14905/11306 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15114 2020-04-17T05:40:39Z reaktor:RA

IMPROVEMENT OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION BY USING Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Meyen ex E.C. Hansen] IMMOBILIZED ON PRETREATED SUGARCANE BAGASSE Anita, Sita Heris Mangunwardoyo, Wibowo Yopi, Yopi Chemistry; bioprocess; energy treatment; fermentation; biocatalyst; biomass conversion Pretreated of sugarcane bagasse was used as a carrier for immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pretreatments were carried out by steaming, pressurized steam, and combination both of procedure.  The objectives of this research was to investigate the effect of pretreatment on sugarcane bagasse to cells adsorption and bioethanol production.  Immobilization process was conducted in a ratio of 2.5 g carrier/50 mL cell suspension.  Whole cell biocatalyst as much as 1% (w/v) was used as inoculum for bioethanol fermentation.  The best pretreated sugarcane bagasse for carrier of immobilized cells was obtained using steam treatment for 30 minutes.  Those treatment improved the physical properties of carrier and increased the cell retention up to 10.05 mg/g.  The use of whole cell biocatalyst after steaming pretreatment also enhanced ethanol yield 1.5 times higher than control. Keywords: bioethanol; immobilization; pretreatment; steam treatment; sugarcane bagasse Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-09-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15114 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.108-112 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 3 September 2018; 127-135 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15114/14457 Copyright (c) 2018 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7866 2020-04-17T05:19:46Z reaktor:RA

KARAKTERISTIK BATUBARA DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PROSES PENCAIRAN Talla, Harli Amijaya, Hendra Harijoko,, Agung Huda, Miftahul Engineering metode hidrogenasi katalitik; karakteristik batubara; batubara Mulia;batubara Sorong Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh karakteristik batubara terhadap proses pencairan dengan menggunakan metoda hidrogenasi katalitik. Sampel batubara yang digunakan adalah batubara Sorong dengan peringkat lignit dan batubara Mulia dengan peringkat sub bituminus. Proses pencairan dilakukan dalam sebuah otoklaf yang berkapasitas 5 liter dengan menggunakan pelarut antrasen dan katalis bijih besi. Kisaran suhu pencairan adalah 375ºC, 400ºC, 425ºC, dan 450ºC, sementara tekanan awal hidrogen ditetapkan 100 bar. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa karakteristik batubara memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pencairan. Konversi tertinggi batubara Sorong adalah 89,94% pada suhu 400ºC, sementara untuk batubara Mulia sebesar 87,28% pada suhu 450ºC Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-12-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7866 10.14710/reaktor.14.4.267-271 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013; 267-271 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7866/6446

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13637 2017-07-24T13:18:07Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14940 2017-06-13T03:29:00Z reaktor:RA

Studi Awal Pembuatan Asam Oksalat Dari Saut Kelapa Dengan Metoda Oksidasi Widiyarti, G. asam oksalat, sellulosa sabut kelapa, optimasi reaksi, fakktorial desain 2 level Telah dilakukan percobaan pembuatan asam oksalat ( H2C2O4) dari selullosa sabut kelapa dengan mtoda oksidasi menggunakan oksidator asam nitrat (HNO3) dan katalis Fe. Sabut kelapa sebagai bahan baku dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu dan kadar sellulosanya. Hasil analisa tersebut menunjukkan bahwa,bahan baku sabut kelapa memiliki kadar air 22,3%, kadar abu 9,22% dan kadar sellulosa 64,804%. Optimasi reaksi pembuatan asam oksalat dilakukan dengan metode factorial disain 2 level temperature, waktu dan konsentrasi HNO3 sebagi variabel berubah. Asam oksalat yang dihasilkan dianalisa secara kuantitatif dengn metode permanganometri.Data hasil percobaan yang didasarkan pada yield terbesar, maka kondisi optimum reaksi pembuatan asam oksalat dengan metode oksidasi adalah pada temperature 110 0C,  waktu reaksi 20 menit dengan konsentrasi HNO3 8,6N. Dengan kondisi reaksi optimum tersebut diperoleh yield sebesar 15,497%. Kata kunci : asam oksalat, sellulosa sabut kelapa, optimasi reaksi, fakktorial desain 2 level. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14940 10.14710/reaktor.6.1.24-28 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 1 Juni 2002; 24-28 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14940/11338 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1509 2020-04-17T05:02:02Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI KATALIS DAN PERBANDINGAN MOLARITAS REAKTAN PADA SINTESIS SENYAWA Widiyarti, Galuh Hanafi, Muhammad Chemical Engineering -monolaurin, ,’-dilaurin, esterifikasi, identifikasi In the laboratory scale, the effect of the concentration of H2SO4 catalyst (1.25-6.25) (% w/w) and the equivalent mol ratio between lauric acid and glycerol (1:1; 1:2.5; 2.5:1) on the synthesis of a-monolaurin has been studied. The a-monolaurin compound has been synthesized from lauric acid and glycerol was done by batch esterification on the free solvent system. The esterification by using 5% H2SO4 catalyst and equivalent mol ratio between lauric acid and glycerol 1:2.5 produced most monolaurin, and dilaurin in amount of 31.14 and 4.42%, respectively. The monolaurin and dilaurin are identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC), infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometer. The spectral data of monolaurin was compared to spectral data of standard a-monolaurin.Telah dilakukan penelitian sintesis senyawa a-monolaurin dari asam laurat dan gliserol, dengan konsentrasi katalis H2SO4 (1,25 s.d. 6,25) (% berat) dan perbandingan molaritas reaktan asam laurat terhadap gliserol (1:1; 1:2,5; dan 2,5:1) sebagai parameter. Pada reaksi esterifikasi dengan konsentrasi katalis H2SO4 5%  dan perbandingan molaritas asam laurat terhadap gliserol 1:2,5 dihasilkan senyawa a-monolaurin terbanyak 31,14% sebagai hasil utama dan senyawa a,a’-dilaurin 4,42% sebagai hasil samping sintesis. Kedua senyawa hasil sintesis diidentifikasi dengan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT), spektrofotometer infra merah (FTIR), spektrometer massa liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS), dan spektrometer resonansi magnetik inti (NMR). Karakteristik senyawa a-monolaurin hasil sintesis dibandingkan  dengan karakteristik a-monolaurin standar.    Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-12-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1509 10.14710/reaktor.12.2.90-97 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2008; 90-97 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1509/1267

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8376 2020-04-17T05:23:59Z reaktor:RA

PRODUKSI BIOHIDROGEN DARI HIDROLISAT AMPAS TAHU SECARA FERMENTASI ANAEROB MENGGUNAKAN KULTUR CAMPURAN Husin, Amir Sarto, Sarto Syamsiah, Siti Prasetyo, Imam Chemical Engineering ampas tahu; produksi hidrogen; perlakuan asam Ampas tahu merupakan produk samping industri pengolahan tahu berbahan dasar kacang kedelai (Glysine max.).  Dalam studi ini, ampas tahu yang telah mengalami perlakuan-awal dengan metode yang berbeda dikonversi menjadi hidrogen menggunakan kultur campuran.  Pengaruh perlakuan-awal asam satu-tahap (0,5% dan 10% berat HCl) dan dua-tahap (tahap I 0,5%  dan tahap II 10% berat HCl) terhadap sakarifikasi ampas tahu juga diinvestigasi.  Lebih lanjut, pengaruh perlakuan awal asam satu-tahap maupun dua-tahap terhadap produksi hidrogen dan efisiensi degradasi gula tereduksi dibandingkan.  Yield total gula-tereduksi 503,73 mg/g ampas tahu diperoleh dari perlakuan-awal asam dua-tahap.  Nilai ini kurang lebih 4 kali lebih tinggi dibanding hasil dari perlakuan-awal asam satu-tahap menggunakan 0,5% berat HCl. Studi produksi biohidrogen dilakukan secara batch menggunakan kultur campuran dengan kondisi reaksi  35oC dan pH awal 6,5,  Hasil percobaan menunjukkan, bahwa yield hidrogen kumulatif  maksimum 0,928  mmol/g  ampas tahu diperoleh dari perlakuan  asam dua-tahap  atau meningkat 1,8 kali dibanding perlakuan satu-tahap menggunakan 0,5% berat HCl. Key words : ampas tahu,  perlakuan asam, produksi hidrogen Abstract Tofu solid waste is one of the by-products of tofu-processing industry.  In this study, batch experiments were carried out to convert tofu solid waste pretreated by different methods into hydrogen using mixed culture.  The effects of one-stage (0.5% or 10% HCl) and two-stage (first stage 0.5% HCl) and second stage 10% HCl) pretreatments on the saccharification of tofu solid waste were also studied.  Furthermore, the effects of  and/or  two- stages acid pretreatments on hydrogen production and degradation efficiencies the reducing-sugar (RS) were compared.  A maximum total RS yield of 503.73 mg/g-tofu solid waste was obtained from substrate pretreated with two-stages method.  It was approximately 4-fold greater than that from substrate pretreated with one-stage method using 0.5% wt HCl. At the reaction condition of 35oC, initial pH =  6.5, and RS concentration based on 2 grams of tofu solid waste pretreated, a maximum cumulative hydrogen yield was 0.928  mmol/g-tofu solid waste from substrate  pretreated  with  two-stages method.  It was approximately 1.8-fold greater than that from substrate pretreated with one-stage method using 0.5% wt HCl. The results show that two-stage acid preteatment can enhancing the amount of  reducing sugar in the mixture and hydrogen yield from tofu solid wastes.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-10-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8376 10.14710/reaktor.15.2.87-96 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.2, OKTOBER 2014; 87-96 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8376/7159

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/56493 2025-01-15T21:32:18Z reaktor:RA

Optimization of Rice Bran Oil Bleaching via Carotenoid Adsorption onto Activated Carbon using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Damayanti, Astrilia - Harianingsih, Harianingsih Bahlawan, zuhriyan Ash Shiddieqy Dillah, Shohib Qomad Dewi, Yasinda Verrel Dinara Shinka Kristi, Silvia Yolanda Prasetyo, Ridwan Anung Rice bran oil (RBO) is a by-product of rice processing with a good fatty acid profile and high oxidative stability. This study aims to optimize the bleaching stage of the rice bran oil refining process to determine the minimum levels of carotenoids in RBO by using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). This research used the Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental design with three variables: bleaching temperature (50, 80, 1100C), bleaching time (20, 40, 60 minutes), and activated carbon concentration (0.4, 0.8, 1.2%). As a result, the model was enhanced to explain the correlation of each variable and the different data variations. This study employed the Derringer method to determine the most optimal variable variation that produces the lowest carotene levels. This study found that the optimal carotene level was 4.87 mg/kg with an activated carbon concentration of 1.18%, temperature of 500C, and time of 53.155 minutes. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/56493 10.14710/reaktor.23.2.53-61 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.2 August 2023; 53-61 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/56493/24687 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15003 2017-07-19T16:46:45Z reaktor:RA

Pemanfaatan Katalis Alumina Bekas Sebagai Bahan Pengisi Cat purwanto, purwanto Amrulloh, B. Syahzaeni, T. pemanfaatan limbah, katalis bejas, cat besi Pemanfaatan limbah menjadi produk yang berguna merupakan salah satu upaya pengelolaan limbah industry. Katalis alumina bekas yang mengandung komponen utama Al2O3 dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pengisi cat besi. Pengetahuan ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui binder dan komposisi cat yang relatif baik dengan menggunakan bahan pengisi katalis alumina bekas.Bahan baku cat berupa binder  alkid resin dan nitroselulosa, pelarut butyl asetat, zat pewarna biru Prussian blue, dan zat berwarna merah Red Iron Oxide, dan sebagai bahan pengisi digunakan serbuk katalis alumina bekas. Pembuatan cat dilakukan pada suatu reaktor ybg dilengkapi dengan pengaduk. Bahan-bahan baku dimasukkan ke dalam reaktor dan dilakukan pengadukan sampai homogeny. Uji produk  cat yang dilakukan berupa pengukuran berat jenis, warna, ketahanan terhadap cuaca, waktu pengeringan dan keadaan dalam wadah penyimpanan. Hasil uji dan pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa serbuk katalis bekas dapat sebagai bahan pengisi cat,dengan komposisi berkisar 20 persen menggunakan binder dan alkid resin. Kata kunci : pemanfaatan limbah, katalis bejas, cat besi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15003 10.14710/reaktor.7.02.58-60 Reaktor; Volume 07 No.2 Desember 2003; 58-60 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15003/11377 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1548 2015-01-15T02:38:51Z reaktor:RA

UTILIZATION OF PINEAPPLE WASTE AS CARBON SOURCE Busairi, Abdullah Moch Chemical Engineering carbon source, lactic acid, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, liquid pineapple waste The liquid pineapple waste contains mainly sucrose, glucose, fructose and other nutrients. It therefore can potentially be used as carbon source for organic acid fermentation.  The objective of this work is to evaluate the use of pineapple waste as substrate for lactic acid fermentation under variables of aerobic, anaerobic condition and pH controlling. Initial results showed that the liquid pineapple waste can be used as carbon source for lactic acid fermentation using Lactobacillus delbrueckii. In the anaerobic condition growth of bacteria and lactic acid production better than aerobic condition. In the anaerobic condition and the controlled pH  the production of lactic acid are found to be 54.79 g/l  (78.27% yield) at  40oC, pH 6, 50 rpm and 70 g/l sugar concentration.  In contrast, only 13.87g/l lactic acid produced if the fermentation pH was not controlled even though the fermentation parameters were kept at the same conditions Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-12-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1548 10.14710/reaktor.12.4.268 – 272 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 4, Desember 2009; 268 – 272 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1548/1305

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/26882 2020-07-17T02:18:52Z reaktor:RA

Optimization of Xylose Production from Sugarcane Trash by Microwave-Maleic Acid Hydrolysis Hermiati, Euis Oktaviani, Maulida Ermawar, Riksfardini Annisa Laksana, Raden Permana Budi Kholida, Lutfi Nia Thontowi, Ahmad Mardiana, Siti Watanabe, Takashi Sugarcane trash contains significant amount of xylan that could be hydrolysed to xylose. The xylose could be further fermented to produce xylitol, a sugar alcohol that has low calories and does not cause carries of teeth. In this study we optimized the production of xylose from sugarcane trash by microwave-assisted maleic acid hydrolysis using response surface methodology (RSM). The factors optimized were acid concentration, time, and temperature. The xylose yield based on the weight of initial biomass was determined and it served as a response variable. Results show that acid concentration and interaction between time and temperature had significant effect on xylose yield. The quadratic regression model generated from the optimization was fit and can be used to predict the xylose yield after hydrolysis with various combinations of acid concentration, time, and temperature. The optimum condition for xylose production from sugarcane trash was using maleic acid of 1.52%, and heating at 176 °C for 6.8 min. At this condition the yield of xylose was 24.3% per initial biomass or 0.243 g/ g biomass.Keywords: maleic acid; microwave heating; response surface methodology; sugarcane trash, xylose Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Japan Science and Technology Agency Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Republic of Indonesia 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26882 10.14710/reaktor.20.2.81-88 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.2 June 2020; 81-88 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26882/17661 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9395 2020-04-17T05:32:10Z reaktor:RA

BIODELIGNIFIKASI ENCENG GONDOK UNTUKMENINGKATKAN DIGESTIBILITAS PADA PROSESHIDROLISIS ENZIMATIK Sari, Eka Syamsiah, S Sulistyo, Hary Hidayat, Muslikhin Abstract  Water hyacinth is one of lignocellulose that has potential to bioethanol feedstocks. This is due to the high content of cellulose and hemicellulose its rapid growth and the plant is abundant in nature. Bioconversion of water hyacinth begins with biodelignification process. This biodelignification aims to remove lignin and reduce crystallinity  of cellulose and hemicellulose to increase its digestibility in enzymatic hydrolysis processes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of biodelignification of water hyacinth using  fungi  and the effect on the digestibility of water hyacinth in the enzymatic hydrolysis process. In this study, Biodelignification using Solid State Fermentation (SSF) method using Phanerochaete Chrysosporium (PC). Hyacinth is inserted in a bioreactor and incubated for 28 days. The analysis of composition of water hyacinth is conducted every 4 days. After the biodelignification process followed by hydrolysis process using cellulase enzyme. Glucose generated from this hydrolysis process will be analyzed using the Somogyi Nelson method. The results show that biodelignification process can improve the digestibility of water hyacinths characterized by increased glucose yield. Without biodelignification process, glucose yield only reached 3.98%. After biodelignification prior to the hydrolysis process, the highest glucose yield was achieved at 67.66% for 16 days incubation. Keywords: biodeglinification;glucose;hydrolysis;lignin; cellulast Abstrak Enceng gondok adalah salah satu lignoselulosa yang berpotensi untuk dijadikan bahan baku bioetanol. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kandungan selulosa dan hemiselulosa yang tinggi dan pertumbuhannya yang cepat sehingga ketersediaannya di alam sangat melimpah. Biokonversi enceng gondok dimulai dengan proses biodelignifikasi. Biodelignifikasi ini bertujuan menghilangkan lignin dan mengurangi kristalinitas selulosa dan hemiselulosa untuk meningkatkan digestibilitasnya pada proses hidrolisis enzimatik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi pengaruh biodelignifikasi enceng gondok dengan jamur terhadap digestibilitas enceng gondok pada proses hidrolisis enzimatik. Biodelignifikasi pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode Solid State Fermentation (SSF) menggunakan jamur Phanerochaete Chrysosporium (PC). Enceng gondok dimasukan dalam sebuah bioreaktor dan diinkubasi selama 28 hari. Analisis perubahan komposisi enceng gondok dilakukan setiap 4 hari. Setelah proses biodelignifikasi dilanjutkan dengan proses hidrolisis menggunakan enzim selulase. Glukosa yang dihasilkan dari proses hidrolisis ini akan dianalisis menggunakan metode Somogyi Nelson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses biodelignifikasi dapat meningkatkan digestibilitas enceng gondok yang ditandai dengan meningkatnya yield glukosa. Tanpa proses biodelignifikasi, yield glukosa hanya mencapai 3,98%. Setelah dilakukan biodelignifikasi sebelum proses hidrolisis maka yield glukosa tertinggi dicapai sebesar 67,66% selama 16 hari inkubasi. Kata kunci:biodeglinifikasi;glukosa;hidrolisis;lignin; selulase Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-03-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9395 10.14710/reaktor.17.1.54-60 Reaktor; Volume 17 No.1 Maret 2017; 54-60 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9395/11350 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/80547 2026-04-23T19:26:55Z reaktor:RA

Properties of Bio-Oil and Biochar Produced through Co-Pyrolysis of Pennisetum purpureum and HDPE Plastic Waste at Various Feedstock Ratios and Temperatures Asfihani, Asfihani Azhari, Azhari Setiawan, Adi This study investigates the co-pyrolysis of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and HDPE plastic waste to evaluate the properties of the resulting bio-oil and biochar. The process was conducted in a fixed-bed batch reactor under a nitrogen atmosphere using a two-stage heating scheme at 300 °C and 450 °C, with biomass–HDPE weight ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 75:25, 60:40, and 50:50. The method used in this work includes integration of product yield analysis, thermophysical characterization, GC–MS-based chemical composition analysis, and ANOVA statistical validation to determine the optimum conditions for Pennisetum purpureum–HDPE co-pyrolysis. The results indicate that the addition of HDPE does not increase the absolute yield of bio-oil but significantly enhances its energy quality. The calorific value of the bio-oil increased from 10,579 cal/g for pure biomass to a maximum of 12,029.91 cal/g at a 75:25 ratio, accompanied by a compositional shift from oxygenated compounds toward a dominance of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and medium- to long-chain hydrocarbons. At the same ratio, biochar exhibited the highest yield (44.93%) while maintaining characteristics suitable for energy applications. These findings identify the 75:25 biomass–HDPE ratio as the optimum condition based on both experimental and statistical evidence, and demonstrate that biomass–HDPE co-pyrolysis is an effective strategy for waste utilization and for enhancing the quality of renewable energy products. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2026-04-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/80547 10.14710/reaktor.26.1.80547 Reaktor; Volume 26 No.1 April 2026 2407-5973 0852-0798 en Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by Dept. of Chemical Engineering Universitas Diponegoro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15035 2017-07-19T16:47:11Z reaktor:RA

Studi Penggunaan Katalis Tembaga Molybdenum Oksida Berpenyangga Silica (CuMoO3/SiO2) Untuk Oksidasi Metana Menjadi Methanol Dan Formaldehida Husin, H. Marwan, Marwan oksidasi parsial metana, katalis (CuMoO3/SiO2), impregnasi, methanol, formaldehida Studi penggunaan katalis tembaga molybdenum oksida berpenyangga silica (CuMoO3/SiO2) untuk oksidasi parsial metana menjadi methanol dan formaldehida telah dilakukan. Preparasi katalis dilakukan dengan metode impregnasi. Hasil identifikasi dengan XRD menunjukkan bahwa komponen katalis terdiri dari senyawa MoO3, Cu2Odan SiO2. Uji kinerja katalis dilangsungkan dalam reaktor pipa lurus berunggun tetap, beroperasi pada temperature 400, 450 dan 500 0C dan tekanan 1 atm. Produk reaksi dianalisis menggunakan gas kromatografi buatan Shimadzu dengan kolom mole sieve 5A dan porapak Q. Konversi metana tertinggi diperoleh 34,1% menggunakan katalis dengan rasio  Cu: Mo 1: 3, temperatur reaksi 400 0C. Perolehan methanol tertinggi 3,4 % dan perolehan formaldehida tertinggi 7,3%.Kata kunci : oksidasi parsial metana, katalis (CuMoO3/SiO2), impregnasi, methanol, formaldehida Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15035 10.14710/reaktor.8.1.37-42 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.1 Juni 2004; 37-42 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15035/11409 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3580 2016-12-11T08:41:59Z reaktor:RA

EKSTRAKSI OLEORESIN DARI KAYU MANIS BERBANTU ULTRASONIK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT ALKOHOL Jos, Bakti Pramudono, Bambang Aprianto, Aprianto Chemical Engineering konstanta laju esktraksi; oleoresin; pelarut polar; ekstraksi berbantu ultrasonik ULTRASOUND ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF CINNAMON OLEORESIN FROM CINNAMON BARK USING ALCOHOLS AS SOLVENTS. Cinnamon oleoresin is a complex mixture of resin and essential oil extracted from cinnamon burmanii by using organic solvent, and is primarily used as a coloring and flavoring in food products. Major component in essential oil is cinnamic aldehyde. Extraction was usually performed by percolation or soxhlet with various solvents. Several studies on the extraction of oleoresin have been completed by using polar organic solvents. Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) solvents, which are safe to use in food, were considered as alternative extraction solvents. Hildebrand solubility parameter concept was also used to choose the solvent. In this research, oleoresin from cinnamon was extracted by using ultrasound assisted extraction. Methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol were used as the solvent to determine the extraction time, extraction rate and the kinetic model correspond to the yield of oleoresin. The result showed that the optimal time and extraction intensity are 66 minutes and 20% respectively, oleoresin yield by using solvent extraction of methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol were 22.86%, 17.87%, and 14.64% respectively. The results were similar compared to conventional extraction. Kinetic study confirmed that the second-order kinetic model is suitable for this research and the extraction rate constant for the second-order kinetic model of these solvents were 0.098, 0.057, and 0.089 respectively.  Abstrak  Oleoresin kayu manis merupakan campuran komplek antara resin dan minyak atsiri sebagai hasil ekstraksi kayu manis dengan menggunakan pelarut organik. Oleoresin banyak digunakan sebagai pewarna dan flavor dalam industri makanan. Komponen utama dalam minyak atsiri kayu manis adalah cinnamic aldehyde. Pada umumnya ekstraksi kayu manis menggunakan cara perkolasi atau soxhlet dengan berbagai pelarut. Beberapa studi ekstraksi oleoresin yang telah dilakukan, menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan pelarut polar lebih baik dibandingkan pelarut non polar. Pemilihan pelarut yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi harus mempertimbangkan pelarut GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) dan juga parameter kelarutan Hildebrand. Penelitian ini menggunakan metanol, etanol, dan isopropil alkohol sebagai pelarut untuk mengekstraksi oleoresin dari kayu manis yang menggunakan ultrasonik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan pengaruh waktu dan intensitas ekstraksi berbantu ultrasonik dan juga menentukan model laju ekstraksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu optimal dan intensitas optimal masing-masing adalah 66 menit dan 20%, sedangkan kadar oleoresin yang dihasilkan dengan pelarut metanol, etanol, dan isopropil alkohol berturut-turut  sebesar 22,86%, 17,87%, dan 14,64%, dimana hasil ini relatif sama dengan hasil ekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode konvensional. Studi kinetika menunjukkan bahwa model laju ekstraksi orde dua lebih sesuai untuk penelitian ini dan dari hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai konstanta laju ekstraksi, k berturut-turut 0,098; 0,057; dan 0,089 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-12-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3580 10.14710/reaktor.13.4.231-236 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 4, Desember 2011; 231-236 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3580/3218

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/40801 2022-06-14T01:35:47Z reaktor:RA

Valorisation of Shrimp Waste into Chitosan/Montmorillonite-Sulfosuccinic Acid Composite Membrane for DMFC Application Ayyubi, Shalahudin Nur Atmaja, Lukman Purbasari, Aprilina Composite membranes have been synthesized from biopolymer chitosan (CS) and nanosized montmorillonite (MMT) filler crosslinked with sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) as an alternative membrane electrolyte for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) application. All prepared membranes were obtained by solution casting technique. Prepared membranes were systematically characterized in terms of water uptake, methanol uptake, and methanol permeability as membrane performance parameter for DMFC applications. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the structures of the CS/MMT-SSA composite electrolyte membranes. The addition of sulfosuccinic acid evidently decreased the value of methanol permeability with the lowest value of 2.9973 × 10-7 cm2/s was obtained from CS/MMT-SSA 16% membrane. The addition of sulfosuccinic acid also decreased the absorption of methanol with the lowest value of 45.9459% while the water absorption of 53.6424% occurred in the membrane with the addition of 16% sulfosuccinic acid. As a result, the CS/MMT-SSA composite membrane appears to be a potential candidate for the DMFC applications.Keywords: direct methanol fuel cell; proton exchange membrane; methanol permeability; chitosan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-02-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/40801 10.14710/reaktor.1.1.146-154 Reaktor; Volume 21 No.4 December 2021; 146-154 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/40801/21231 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13375 2020-04-17T05:34:29Z reaktor:RA

SINTESIS GLISEROL KARBONAT DARI GLISEROL DAN UREA MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS RESIN INDION 225 Na Adhitasari, Alfiana Sulistyo, Hary Prasetya, Agus Chemical Engineering; Chemistry; engineering Gliserol; Gliserol Karbonat; Indion 225 Na ; Urea Abstract KINETIC STUDY OF GLYCEROL CARBONATE SYNTHESIS FROM GLYCEROL AND UREA USING INDION 225 Na AS CATALYST. The using of biodiesel as an alternative energy source that is renewable causes the increasing of glycerol as byproduct of biodiesel production. It makes the selling value of glycerol decreases. Glycerol processing is needed to increase the selling value of glycerol in the market. One of the glycerol derivative is glycerol carbonate. Glycerol carbonate is used as adhesives, solvents, inks, surfactants, and lubricants. This research was carried out by reacting glycerol and urea in a batch reactor using Indion 225 Na as catalyst. The purpose of this study was to determine the best conditions of synthesis of glycerol carbonate. The results showed that the obtained optimum conversion of glycerol was 48.43% with ratereaction is 0.1296 hr-1 and the ativation energy is 17.0628 kJ/mol.K with frequency factor is 19.4199 hr-1 in the glycerol:urea ratio of 1:1, the catalyst concentration of 5% and a temperature of 130 0C in 5h of reaction. Kata kunci: glycerol; glycerol carbonate; indion 225 Na; urea   Abstrak Penggunaan biodiesel sebagai alternatif sumber energi yang bersifat renewable mengakibatkan meningkatnya gliserol sebagai hasil samping produksi biodiesel. Peningkatan produksi gliserol berdampak terhadap nilai jual gliserol yang semakin menurun. Pengolahan gliserol perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan nilai jual gliserol di pasaran. Salah satu produk turunan gliserol adalah gliserol karbonat. Gliserol karbonat mempunyai kegunaan sebagai perekat, pelarut, tinta, surfaktan, dan pelumas. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mereaksikan gliserol dan urea dalam reaktor batch menggunakan katalis resin Indion 225 Na. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi terbaik sintesis gliserol karbonat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konversi gliserol terbaik yang didapatkan sebesar 48,43% dengan nilai konstanta kecepatan reaksi sebesar 0,1296 jam-1 dan nilai Ea sebesar 17,0628 kJ/mol.K dengan nilai faktor frekuensi sebesar 19,4199 jam-1pada perbandingan gliserol:urea 1:1, konsentrasi katalis 5% dan suhu 1300C selama 5 jam reaksi. Keywords: Gliserol; Gliserol Karbonat; Indion 225 Na ; Urea    Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-10-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13375 10.14710/reaktor.17.3.140-144 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017; 140-144 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13375/11804 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/17385 2020-04-17T05:40:13Z reaktor:RA

Ultra-capacitor based Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Medium) for Developing Countries Hasan, Md. Zahid Adnan, Md. Rubaiat Saha, Sabhasachi Roy, Souvik This research is directed to the hybridization of battery and ultra-capacitor for a better effectiveness. This portrays the benefits of introducing an ultra-capacitor into a battery pack of an urban electric vehicle drive train. Matlab Simulations are done taking two basic scenarios into consideration: fresh cells and half-used battery cells. The simulations show that the lower the temperature (25-28 OC) higher the hybrid system efficiency (25-30%). Data from real world and previous studies are considered to conduct this study. Previous studies showed efficiency raise upto 7%, whereas this system showed around 14% efficiency raise. Simulations are done considering modified Bangladeshi drive cycle for low weight vehicles. Several issues like volumetric, gravimetric and cost issues of hybridization are present in this paper. By this system the power loss of the system can be reduced by up to 5% to 10% regarding to conventional system. Finally hybridization not only increases the efficiency of the energy storage system also increases the power train efficiency and battery lifespan. This paper would help researchers for further development of this topic. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17385 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.92-101 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018; 92-101 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17385/14170 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6097 2020-04-17T05:18:14Z reaktor:RA

PENERAPAN ELEKTROOSMOSIS UNTUK PENGERINGAN SLUDGE DARI PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR Darmawan, Darmawan Suryaningtyas, Dyah Tjahyandari Sariningpuri, Juniska Muria Chemical Engineering dewatering; elektroosmosis; sludge; limbah APPLICATION OF ELECTROOSMOSIS FOR DEWATERING OF SLUDGE FROM WASTE WATER TREATMENT. Wastewater treatment produces semi-solid residue (sludge) that must be handled carefully during dumping and discharge to avoid polluting the environment. A low cost and easy treatment of dewatering is needed. This research aimed to apply electroosmosis technique for dewatering sludge in order to seek for parameters that can efficiently reduce water content of sludge, including range of voltage, type of electrodes, and distance between electrodes; and to determine the effect of electroosmosis processes on changes of chemical characteristics of sludge. The results showed that: (1) electroosmosis dewatering occurred on the sludge taken from waste water treatment of landfill but not on sludge from water purification plant (PDAM), (2) direct current voltage of 30 volts was the optimum voltage, (3) copper rod cathode provided electroosmosis process as good as stainless steel cathode and both were better than the woven stainless steel cathode, (4) the dewatering time to reduce 1200% (w/w) water content to about 400% was about 40 hours for sludge of 2500 cm3 in volume (laboratory bench scale), (5) the anode need to reinserted gradually approaching the cathode due to current lost when the water content at the anode point reached 400% and sludge at the point shrink, and (6) some chemical elements in the sludge decreased significantly after treatment. Pengolahan limbah cair menghasilkan residu berupa bahan semi padat yang dikenal sebagai sludge. Sludge tersebut juga perlu dikelola penyimpanan dan pembuangannya agar tidak mencemari lingkungan. Salah satu pengelolaan sludge yang perlu dilakukan adalah pengeringan (dewatering). Salahsatu teknik dewatering yang mungkin diterapkan ialah teknik elektroosmosis, yaitu teknik yang memanfaatkan adanya pergerakan air pada media poros di dalam medan istrik searah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari parameter sistem dewatering secara elektroosmosis yang dapat menurunkan kadar air sludge paling efisien dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh elektroosmosis terhadap karakteristik kimia sludge. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) pengeringan sludge terjadi pada jenis sludge IPAL TPA namun tidak pada jenis lumpur PDAM; (2) tegangan listrik searah sekitar 30 volt merupakan tegangan optimum; (3) katoda batang tembaga menghasilkan proses elektroosmosis yang sebanding katoda batang stainless steel dan lebih baik dibanding katoda stainless steel anyam; (4) waktu pengeringan dari kadar air awal 1200% (b/b) hingga kadar air akhir sekitar 400% untuk volume sludge 2500 cm3 (skala laboratorium) sekitar 40 jam; (5) anoda perlu dipindahkan secara bertahap mendekati katoda karena arus terputus pada saat sludge di titik anoda mencapai kadar air sekitar 400% dan mengalami pengerutan; dan (6) kadar beberapa unsur kimia dalam sludge menurun secara signifikan setelah perlakuan. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2013-04-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6097 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.204-210 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 204-210 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6097/5189

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11797 2017-06-21T07:53:42Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14929 2017-06-21T08:01:18Z reaktor:RA

Pemanfaatan Hati Dan Biji Kapuk Serta Asam Lemak Bebas Untuk Pembuatan Sabun Lunak Pandia, Setiaty Asam Lemak Bebas (ALB), hati dan biji kapuk, hidrogenasi, pembakaran dan ekstraksi, sabun lunak, saponifikasi Hati dan biji kapuk dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai basa alternatif, demikian pula asam lemak bebas (ALB) sebagai sumber lemak untuk pembuatan sabun lunak. Perlakuan awal dilakukan terhadap basa dari hati dan biji kapuk berupa pemisahan K dan Na, demikian pula dengan sumber lemak dari asam lemak bebas melalui tahap proses hidrogenasi asam lemak tak jenuhnya.Dengan memvariasikan jumlah basa dan lemak yang digunakan, pada kondisi pembakaran 400 0C, waktu perendaman 18 hari, rasio massa abu hasil pembakaran dengan air sebesar 1 : 1 serta campuran basa (16 gram kristal KOH dan 10 gram ekstrak basa) dengan 80 gram asam lemak bebas dan 5,5 gram H2O2, diperoleh sabun lunak dengan kandungan alkali bebas 0,12%, lemak tak tersabunkan 2,45% asam lemak bebas 88,3% serta pH 7,07. Kata kunci : Asam Lemak Bebas (ALB), hati dan biji kapuk, hidrogenasi, pembakaran dan ekstraksi, sabun lunak, saponifikasi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14929 10.14710/reaktor.5.2.59-62 Reaktor; Volume 5 No.2 Desember 2001; 59-62 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14929/11327 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1491 2020-04-17T05:05:21Z reaktor:RA

STUDI PENDAHULUAN OZONASI (KATALITIK DAN NON KATALITIK) LIMBAH CAIR KARBOFURAN Enjarlis, Enjarlis Bismo, S. Slamet, Slamet Roekmijati, Roekmijati Chemical Engineering Karbofuran; karbon aktif; ozonasi kataliti; ozonasi-non katalitik Karbofuran adalah insektisida yang banyak digunakan oleh petani padi di Indonesia. Di perairan karbofuran berpotensi membentuk organoklorida dengan klor atau turunan klor. Oleh sebab itu,   karbofuran  digunakan sebagai objek  penelitian untuk disisihkan dalam air dengan proses ozonasi. Proses ozonasi  mampu menguraikan organik kompleks menjadi sederhana dan  meningkatkan sifat biodegradable. Tujuan penelitian yaitu membandingkan  penyisihan karbofuran  dalam air dengan proses ozonasi non-katalitik dan katalitik menggunakan katalis karbon aktif. Ragam percobaan yaitu pH (2, 7, dan 9) pada  suhu kamar  selama  60 menit.  Analisis konsentrasi karbofuran  menggunakan kromatografi gas dan konsentrasi zat organik  sebagai Chemical Oxigen Deman (COD) secara titrasi pada satiap10 menit selama 60 menit. Hasil percobaan memperlihatkan proses ozonasi katalitik dan non-katalitik terbaik  pada kondisi basa (pH 9)  dengan penyisihan karbofuran 100 % dan COD turun dari 134 ppm menjadi 38 ppm untuk ozonasi katalitik, sedangkan pada ozonasi non-katalitik penyisihan  karbofuran  46,4 % dan  COD turun menjadi  70 ppm. Perubahan suhu dan pH selama proses baik ozonasi katalitik maupun non-katalitik  tidak menunjukkan perubahan yang berarti. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-12-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1491 10.14710/reaktor.10.2.88-95 Reaktor; Volume 10, Nomor 2, Desember 2006; 88-95 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1491/1250

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/20214 2020-05-29T10:43:18Z reaktor:RA

Treatment Of Tofu Industry Wastewater Using Bioreactor Anaerobic-Aerobic And Bioball As Media With Variation Of Hidraulic Retention Time Astuti, Ariani Dwi Ayu, Dewi Intania Tofu which is made by grinding soy bean, generates huge amount of wastewater and thus considered as one of the most polluted food-industrial effluent owing to its high values of organic contents. The small industries of tofu preparation process release the wastewater directly into the water body without being treated first. Prior to discharge this wastewater into the waterbody, the wastewater must be treated to reduce the possibility of negative impact and the contamination of the waterbody. For these small industries, the best alternative of wastewater treatment is one which has the following criteria: easy in operation, low cost operation, low volumes of sludge produced, and can be used in high concentration wastewater. In this research, bioreactor anaerobic-aerobic with media bioball is used. The highest removal efficiency of COD took place in anaerobic zones. Bioreactors were operated with the variations of retention time at 24 hours, 18 hours, and 12 hours. The COD removal efficiency for Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 24 hours, 18 hours and 12 hours were found 90.3% (organic loading rate is 15.1 kg COD/m3.day), 84.4% and 76.3% respectively. The experiment showed that the longer of the hydraulic retention time (HRT), the higher the removal efficiency could be achieved. These occurred because a longer HRT will extend the contact time between wastewater and microorganisms attached. Therefore, microorganisms have a longer time to degrade organic matter in wastewater. Although the removal efficiency in these three-HRT was found high, the effluent of the reactor was still above the effluent standard based on regulation of Ministry of Environmental Permen LH No. 5/2014. Kinetics using Eckenfelder Equation results R2 equal to 0.9991, n equal to 0.293 and K equivalent to 7.3577 mg/L. Keywords: tofu wastewater, anaerobe, aerobe, bioball, wastewater, treatment, attached growth Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Trisakti University for providing research facilities that were used in this research and Cooperative of Producer Tofu and Tempe Indonesia (KOPTI) Swakerta, Semanan District, West Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. 2019-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/20214 10.14710/reaktor.19.1.18-25 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 1 March 2019; 18-25 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/20214/15122 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14994 2017-07-19T16:46:12Z reaktor:RA

Direct Convertion Of Methane To Liquid Hydrocarbons Using HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst Loaded With Metal Anggoro, D. D. direct conversion, methane, liquid hydrocarbons, metal, HZSM-5 Methane is the main component of natural gas and this research provides the platrorm on the potential of utilizing natural gas, found abundant in Indonesia, to form gasoline. The objectives of the research are to modify HZSM-5 zeolite with a series of transition metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Pt) and Ga , and to evaluate the performances  of these catalyst  for the single step conversion of methane to gasoline. The oxidation of methane were carried out in a micro-packed bed reactor at atmoepheric pressure, temperature 800 0C, F/W = 10440 ml/g.hr and 9%vol O2. Metals were loaded into the HZSM-5 zeolite by the wetness incipient impregnation method. The characterization results indicated that the ionic metals (Mn+) occupy the H+ position of HZSM-5 and metal loaded HZSM-5. Ni- HZSM-5, Cu- HZSM-5 and Ga- HZSM-5 gave a high methane conversion and high gasoline selectivity. Among the catalyst samles tested, Cr- HZSM-5 showed the highest  Research Octane Number (RON=86). These  catalyst have the potential  to convert natural gas to C5+ liquid hydrocarbons provided the oxidation, dehydration and oligomerization function of the metals are in balance.Keywords : direct conversion, methane, liquid hydrocarbons, metal, HZSM-5 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14994 10.14710/reaktor.7.1.7-13 Reaktor; Volume 07 No. 1 Juni 2003; 7-13 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14994/11368 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1538 2015-01-15T02:38:51Z reaktor:RA

KINETIKA REAKSI HIDROLISIS Megawati, Megawati Sediawan, Wahyudi Budi Sulistyo, Hary Hidayat, Muslikhin Chemical Engineering hidrolisis, kinetika reaksi, non-isotermis, shrinking-core Bio-etanol merupakan salah satu bahan bakar organik yang dapat diproduksi dari pati dan selulosa. Bahan berbasis selulosa dapat ditemukan dalam limbah organik, diantaranya: grajen kayu, ranting kering, daun kering, tongkol jagung, sekam padi dan lain-lain. Langkah-langkah penting pada produksi etanol dari lignoselulosa ialah hidrolisis untuk mengkonversi hemiselulosa dan selulosa menjadi gula, fermentasi gula untuk memproduksi etanol, dan pemurnian etanol. Penelitian ini mempelajari reaksi hidrolisis ranting kering dengan asam encer pada kondisi non-isotermis. Dua ratus gram ranting kering dicampur dengan 1200 cm3 larutan asam sulfat 0,18 N dan dipanaskan di dalam autoklaf. Selama proses hidrolisis ini, suhu akan terus naik (non-isotermis), kemudian setelah mencapai suhu tertentu dijaga tetap (suhu akhir). Hasil hidrolisis pertama diambil pada suhu 413 K dan seterusnya diambil setiap interval 5 menit. Suhu akhir divariasi pada 433 K, 453 K, 473 K dan 493 K. Metode Fehling dipilih untuk menganalisis kandungan gula di dalam sampel. Persamaan kinetika reaksi diperoleh dengan mengolah data dengan pendekatan model shrinking-core dengan ukuran partikel tetap. Nilai tetapan kecepatan reaksi meningkat sedangkan nilai tetapan transfer massa relatif tidak berubah pada berbagai suhu. Tetapan kecepatan reaksi dapat didekati dengan persamaan Arrhenius, dengan frekuensi tumbukan Ar = 0,083 l/(mol.menit) dan energi aktivasi Er = 20.000 J/mol. Untuk menyelidiki langkah mana yang mengontrol laju proses, dibandingkan tetapan kecepatan reaksi dan tetapan transfer massa pada 493 K, diperoleh nilai tetapan transfer massa berkisar 0,06 l/(mol.menit), dan nilai tetapan kecepatan reaksi berkisar 0,00051 l/(mol.menit), sehingga diperoleh bilangan Hatta 0,00933. Karena bilangan Hatta < 0,02 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa reaksi kimia lebih mengontrol daripada transfer massa. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-12-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1538 10.14710/reaktor.12.4.211 – 217 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 4, Desember 2009; 211 – 217 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1538/1295

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/27215 2020-04-18T15:43:51Z reaktor:RA

Kinetics of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Passion Fruit Peel using Cellulase in Bio-ethanol Production Megawati, Megawati Damayanti, Astrilia Putri, Radenrara Pratama, Angga Muftidar, Tsani This research aims to study the hydrolysis of passion fruit peel using cellulase and its evaluation for ethanol production. Passion fruit peel is a fruit processing waste that has not been utilized properly. Passion fruit peel contains holo-cellulose (64% w/w), which can be converted into ethanol through hydrolysis followed by fermentation. Hydrolysis using cellulase is more efficient and its fermentation using yeast to produce ethanol is common. The hydrolysis is carried out at various enzyme ratios (3, 5, 7, and 9% v/v) and at temperature 30 oC, material concentration 5 g/100 mL, pH 4-5, and shaking speed 160 rpm. The kinetics chosen were heterogeneous models; they were the fractal model by Valjamae and Kopelman. Before being hydrolyzed, the essential oil and pectin in passion fruit peel were extracted, because the compositions were quite high; the results were around 16.23 and 11.36% w/w, respectively. The effect of the enzyme ratio to the sugar concentration by hydrolysis is very significant. At 9 h, the glucose concentration reached 45.38, 51.86, 60.50, 66.00 g/L at various enzyme ratios of 3, 5, 7, 9% v/v. During the hydrolysis, the glucose concentration continues to increase and starts to decrease after 9 h. Hydrolyzate solution fermentation obtained from hydrolysis in various enzyme ratios showed consistent results; the higher the enzyme ratio and glucose, and the higher the ethanol will be (5.6, 6.8, 7.6, and 8.9% v/v). The kinetics model by Valjamae is more appropriate to describe the enzymatic hydrolysis mechanism of passion fruit peel than Kopelman. The fractal exponent values obtained from Valjamae and Kopelman models were 0.28 and 0.27. In Valjamae model, the enzyme ratio rises, from 3 to 9% v/v, the rate constant rises from 0.22 to 0.53 1/h. In Kopelman model, the rate constant rises too, from 0.21 to 0.51 1/h.Keywords: bio-ethanol; cellulase; enzymatic hydrolysis; fractal kinetic; passion fruit peel Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Universitas Negeri Semarang Indonesian Ministry of State for Research and Technology-Indonesian Directorate General of Higher Education (Kemenristek-Dikti) 2020-03-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/27215 10.14710/reaktor.20.1.10-17 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.1 March 2020; 10-17 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/27215/16828 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/27215/4489 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9077 2020-08-26T08:27:32Z reaktor:RA

KAJIAN PROSES PRODUKSI KATALIS MIKROSFERIK UNTUK PERENGKAHAN MINYAK BUMI DENGAN PENGERING SEMBUR SAROSA, AJI HENDRA Samadhi, Tjokorde Walmiki Budiyanto, B Chemical Engineering katalis FCC, kondisi operasi, pengering sembur STUDY OF SPRAY DRYING PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM CRACKING CATALYST. Catalyst for the hydrocarbon fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process consists of zeolite, matrix, fillers, and binders. The FCC catalyst has a microsphere form (10-120 µm), and can be produced by spray drying. Operating conditions of spray drying affect the characteristics of the microspheres FCC catalyst. The composition slurry (24% by weight) is 27% (by weight) of zeolite NaY, 33% (by weight) of Belitung kaolin, 20% (by weight) of silica alumina, 20% (by weight) of silica sol. The slurry is fed to spray dryer with constant air temperature of 190oC, ratio of atomizing air flow to slurry feed rate between 0.75:1 to 1:1, hot air flow rate between 0.2-0.3 m3/min, and slurry feed rate between 15-20 mL/min. Catalyst particle size distribution produced is in the range of 0.3752-161.1770 µm. Angle of repose of the dry product isin the 41.45-49.00 range, which translates to a flowability between passable and poor. Statistical treatment of experimental data by ANOVA method indicates that hot air velocity and interaction between the atomizing air to slurry feed rate ratio and the hot air velocity significantly affect the average particle size. The interaction between the atomizing air to slurry feed ratio with hot air velocity significantly affect particle size distribution as well. Keywords: FCC catalyst; operation conditions; spray drying Abstrak Katalis FCC memiliki empat komponen yaitu zeolit, matriks, bahan pengisi, dan bahan pengikat. Katalis FCC berbentuk mikrosfer berukuran 10-120 µm. Produksi katalis FCC melibatkan operasi pengering sembur. Kondisi operasi pengering sembur mempengaruhi karakteristik katalis FCC mikrosfer. Campuran slurry (24% berat) memiliki komposisi 27% (berat) zeolit NaY, 33% (berat) kaolin Belitung, 20% (berat) silika alumina, 20% (berat) silika sol. Slurry diumpankan ke pengering sembur dengan temperatur udara konstan 190oC, nisbah antara laju udara atomisasiterhadap laju alir umpan 0,75:1-1:1, laju alir udara panas 0,2-0,3 m3/min, dan laju umpan masuk 15-20 mL/min. Percobaan menghasilkan distribusi ukuran partikel sebesar 0,3752 µm hingga 161,1770 µm. Nilai analisis sudut diam 41,4498 sampai 48,9666, menunjukkan kriteria sifat aliran antara passable dan poor. Pengolahan data percobaan dengan metode ANOVA menunjukkan kecepatan udara panas masuk dan interaksi antara nisbah laju udara atomisasi terhadap laju alir umpan dengan kecepatan udara panas masuk berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap rata-rata ukuran partikel dan rentang distribusi ukuran katalis FCC. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-01-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9077 10.14710/reaktor.15.4.241-247 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.4 Oktober 2015; 241-247 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9077/8355

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/76112 2025-09-08T00:55:03Z reaktor:RA

Adsorption Photocatalytic Removal of Rhodamine B using Dodecyl Dimethyl Betaine (BS12) Intercalated Silver Tetratungstate-Bentonite composites: Effect of Ag and Surfactant Loading, pH, and its Subsequent Economic Feasibility Sumardiono, Siswo Setiawan, Fajar Kasih Jos, Bakti Cahyono, Heri The potential of silver tetratungstate-doped bentonite intercalated with zwitterionic surfactant for removing Rhodamine B (RhB) was evaluated by comparing three composites, namely, AB (acid-activated bentonite), AB impregnated with Ag8W4O16 photocatalyst (Ag@AB), and Ag@AB intercalated with dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS12) surfactant (Ag@OAB) with respect to their photocatalytic adsorption performance. The AB composite was prepared by treating natural bentonite with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Next, Ag@AB was synthesized by wet impregnation of Ag₈W₄O₁₆ onto AB. Lastly, the Ag@OAB was formed by intercalating the BS12 surfactant onto the Ag@AB composite. The morphology of the composite structures was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The addition of 4% Ag (w/w) tetratungstate W4O16 and 50% CEC BS12 to AB produced RhB removal percentages of 66% and 59%, respectively, compared to 65% for AB. The maximum removal percentage was achieved at pH 4 for the AB, Ag@AB, and Ag@OAB composites with RhB removal percentages of 67%, 71%, and 44%, respectively. The AB composite showed the highest regenerative ability compared to Ag@AB and Ag@OAB, with AB maintaining RhB removal at 70% after five regeneration cycles, while Ag@AB and Ag@OAB only reached four and three regeneration cycles. The total production cost of AB is fourteen to sixteen times lower than that of Ag@AB and Ag@OAB composites. In summary, the impregnation of the Ag₈W₄O₁₆ photocatalyst onto AB, resulting in the Ag@AB composite, increases the RhB removal efficiency compared to pristine AB. In contrast, the intercalation of the BS12 surfactant in Ag@OAB composite led to a decrease in RhB removal efficiency, resulting in the lowest performance among the three composites. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-09-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/76112 10.14710/reaktor.25.1.36-46 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.1 April 2025; 36-46 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/76112/29141 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15026 2017-07-19T16:48:16Z reaktor:RA

Aplikasi Adaptive Nuero-Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS) Sebagai Soft Sensor Untuk Memprediksi Komposisi Produk Pada Kolom Distilasi Biyanto, T. R. komposisi produk kolom distilasi, soft sensor, Adaptive Nuero-Fuzzy Interference System Makalah ini memaparkan pemanfaatan Nuero-Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS) sebagai soft sensor untuk memprediksi komposisi produk distilat dan produk bawah pada kolom distilasi. Model plant kolom distilasi dibangun menggunakan hysys software dengan metode shortcut dan rigorous sedangkan ANFIS  menggunakan mekanisme penalaran fuzzy sugeno. Pengukuran fraksi mol pada kolom distilasi biner biasanya merupakan pengukuran secara infential. Fraksi mol dari distilat dan produk bawah diwakili oleh temperature pada bagian tertentu  dari kolom distilasi tersebut. Hubungan antara temperatur dan fraksi sebenarnya  non linier dan dipengaruhi oleh pengganggu-pengganggu, seperti tekanan kolom distilasi, fraksi mol feed, laju feed dan laju panas reboiler. Pada penelitian, nilai Xd mempunyai korelasi terdekat dengan temperatur pada tray 14 (top tray) dan nilai Xb mempunyai korelasi terdekat  dengan temperatur pada tray 1 (bottom tray). Oleh karena itu sensor temperature diletakkan pada tray 1 dan tray 14 untuk memprediksi Xd dan Xb. ANFIS  softsensor menghasilkan nilai RMSE sama dengan 2.0034 x 10-5 untuk fraksi atas dan RMSE = 1.6850 X 10-4 untuk fraksi bawah.Kata kunci : komposisi produk kolom distilasi, soft sensor, Adaptive Nuero-Fuzzy Interference System Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15026 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.112-116 Reaktor; Volume 09 No. 02 Desember 2005; 112-116 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15026/11400 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13451 2020-04-17T05:32:29Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI NaOH DAN WAKTU PENAHANAN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK ZEOLIT YANG DISINTESIS DARI LIMBAH GEOTHERMAL Sulardjaka, Sulardjaka Fitriana, Deni Fajar chemical engineering zeolit, limbah geothermal, hydrothermal Abstract THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF NaOH AND HOLDING TIME ON CHARACTERISTIC OF ZEOLIT SINTHESIZED FROM GEOTHERMAL WASTE. Objective of this research is to investigate the effect of concentration of NaOH and holding time on the characteristic of synthesized zeolite from geothermal waste. Geothermal waste was used as silica source and hydrothermally processed for zeolite synthesized. Variation concentration of NaOH was 1.67, 3, and 5 M and variation of holding time are 1, 3, and 5 hours. Synthesized products were characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM photomicrograph. It can be concluded that the rise of concentration of NaOH reduce the cristalization time and crystal size. Increasing of concentration of NaOH and holding time produce divers zeolite structure. At holding time 5 h and NaOH 1.67 M produces zeolite A. At holding time 5 h and NaOH concentration 3 M produce zeolite P. Sodalite is produced at concentration NaOH 5 M with holding time 5 h. Keywords: hydrothermal; geothermal waste; zeolite   Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh konsntrasi NaOH dan waktu penahanan terhadap karakteristik zeolit yang disintesis dari limbah geothermal. Limbah geothermal dipilih sebagai bahan silika pada sintesis zeolit dengan metode hidrothermal. Penelitian dilakukan dengan variasi konsentrasi NaOH: 1,67, 3, dan 5 M, dan variasi waktu penahanan 1, 3 dan 5 jam. Produk hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi dengan XRD, FTIR dan foto SEM. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa  tinggi konsentrasi NaOH kristalisasi zeolit A semakin cepat, sehingga ukuran kristal semakin kecil. Konsentrasi NaOH yang semakin tinggi dan waktu penahanan yang semakin lama, menghasilkan  jenis struktur zeolit yang lebih beragam. Pada waktu penahanan 5 jam, variasi konsentrasi NaOH 1,67 M menghasilkan zeolit A, variasi konsentrasi NaOH 3M menghasilkan zeolit P (NaP1) dan pada variasi konsentrasi NaOH 5M menghasilkan sodalit. Kata kunci: hydrothermal; limbah geothermal; zeolit Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-03-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13451 10.14710/reaktor.17.1.17-24 Reaktor; Volume 17 No.1 Maret 2017; 17-24 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13451/11234 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/37547 2021-12-03T13:52:22Z reaktor:RA

Energy Harvesting from Sugarcane Bagasse Juice using Yeast Microbial Fuel Cell Technology Christwardana, Marcelinus Yoshi, Linda Aliffia Joelianingsih, J. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing bioelectricity utilizing yeast microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology with sugarcane bagasse juice as a substrate. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed as a bio-catalyst in the production of electrical energy. Sugarcane bagasse juice can be used as a substrate in MFC yeast because of its relatively high sugar content. When yeast was used as a biocatalyst, and Yeast Extract, Peptone, D-Glucose (YPD) Medium was used as a substrate in the MFC in the acclimatization process, current density increased over time to reach 171.43 mA/m2 in closed circuit voltage (CCV), maximum power density (MPD) reached 13.38 mW/m2 after 21 days of the acclimatization process. When using sugarcane bagasse juice as a substrate, MPD reached 6.44 mW/m2 with a sugar concentration of about 5230 ppm. Whereas the sensitivity, maximum current density (Jmax), and apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑝𝑝) from the Michaelis-Menten plot were 0.01474 mA/(m2.ppm), 263.76 mA/m2, and 13594 ppm, respectively. These results indicate that bioelectricity can be produced from sugarcane bagasse juice by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Keywords: biomass valorization, biofuel cell, acclimatization, maximum power density, Michaelis-Menten constant Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-08-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/37547 10.14710/reaktor.21.2.52-58 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 2 June 2021; 52-58 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/37547/20512 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/12320 2020-07-17T02:17:15Z reaktor:RA

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF YARN DYED WASTEWATER USING FENTON’S REAGENT AND OZONATION : REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Riadi, Lieke Wisanto, Richard Rachmat Herlambang, Arief Mirifica Vania, Sasmita Widyasayogo, Andy Chemical Engineering Fenton; ozonation; removal of COD, yarn dyed wastewater This study makes a comparison between  Fenton and Ozonation processes treatment methods to examine the removal of COD in yarn dyed wastewater with initial concentration of 525 ppm. Results indicated that the COD degradation efficiency was in order of Fenton > Ozone. In Fenton method, the ratio of Fe2+/H2O2 used was 1 :10, the concentration of H2O2 was 10.2 gram/L. In ozonation, the ozone concentration used in the study was 5.8 % mol, and the agitation was 400 rpm. The effect of operational parameters including, initial pH and time were studied in both processes. The results indicated that it was 86.2 % COD were removed, when the pH was about 3 using Fenton’s reagent and 83.06 % COD removal in ozonation for one hour experiment. To achieve the standard requirement for allowable parameters in wastewater to be discharged, there is only 15 minutes needed for Fenton process to remove COD by 84.8 %, while the ozonation needs 30 minutes for 81 %removal. Fenton process is more economic feasible compare to ozonation which is almost one-tenth of the operation cost for 1 liter of wastewater being process. Though both processes can demonstrate the high removal efficiency to achieve the allowable COD concentration in the wastewater to be discharged, Fenton process is favor to ozonation. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Indonesia Higher Education and Research ministry 2017-02-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/12320 10.14710/reaktor.16.4.207-211 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.4 Desember 2016; 207-211 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/12320/10488 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/12320/1218 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16025 2020-04-17T05:35:54Z reaktor:RA

THE EFFECTS OF WATER ADDITION AND STEAMING DURATION ON STARCH COMPOSITION OF WHEAT POLLARD Utama, Cahya Setya Sulistiyanto, Bambang Kismiati, Sri Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the effects of water addition and steaming duration on starch composition of wheat pollard including starch, amylose, amylopectin and starch resistant. Water was added towheat pollard (0, 30 and 60%) and autoclaved at 121°C (15 and 30 min) afterward. The pollard then was oven-dry at 70°C. The study used a complete randomized design of  3x2 factorial with 3 replications. The addition of water and steaming duration showed a very significant (p<0.001) impact on the amylose and starch resistant parameters but not the starch and amylopectin. The addition of water increased the starch content from 38.71+0.10%. The starch content of a 15-min autoclave was higher (44.54+11.34%) than that of a 30-min (43.43+11.16%).  The amylose levels decreased with addition of water and duration of autoclave. The amylose decrease from 5.23+0.10%  to 4.03+0.32%. Addition of water increased the amylopectin level from 33.50+0.10 to 52.90+0.70% while the amylopectin level was heated at 15 minutes (39.79+11.76%) and decreased to 39.20 + 11.44% after treatment with steam for 30 minutes. Addition of water increased the starch resistant level from 8.75+1.06% to 15.40+ 1.51% while heating for15 minutes had the highest starch resistant of 16.65+0.04% compare to the longer steaming deration. This result concluded that the addition of water and the duration of steam greatly affects the content of starch, amylose, amylopectin and starch resistant of the wheat pollard. The best results of this study was the addition of 30% moisture content with a steam duration of 15 minutes which results in the highest starch resistant of 16.65+ 0.04%. Keywords: wheat pollard; steam; moisture content; starch; amylose; starch resistant Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-02-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16025 10.14710/reaktor.17.4.221-225 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 4 Desember 2017; 221-225 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16025/12970 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/5729 2020-04-17T05:17:29Z reaktor:RA

UPAYA PENINGKATAN MUTU DAN EFISIENSI PROSES PENGERINGAN JAGUNG DENGAN MIXED-ADSORPTION DRYER Buchori, Luqman Djaeni, Mohamad Kurniasari, Laeli Chemical Engineering jagung; pengeringan; efisiensi energi; mixed adsorption dryer; zeolit THE EFFORT OF EFFICIENCY AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ON CORN DRYING PROCESS USING MIXED-ADSORPTION DRYER. The main problem in corn drying process is the low of energy efficiency (50%) and quality products. Consequently, operating costs in large for fuel consumption and the short shelf life of corn. Zeolite adsorption dryers have the potential to overcome this problem. This research aims to study composition of corn-zeolite and the effect of temperature on drying speed and protein and fat content in corn. Research variables are the ratio of corn and zeolite (1:0, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1) and intake air temperature (room temperature, 30oC, 40oC, 50oC). Sampling for moisture testing performed every 15 minutes. For energy purposes also calculated the energy efficiency (h) based on the amount of heat used to evaporate water from the corn (Qevap) divided by the total heat requirement to regenerate the zeolite and raising the air temperature (Qintr). Profiles of temperature and water in the mixed adsorption dryer are also studied. The results showed that the greater number of zeolite used, the water content of the final outcome a little more drying, protein and fat content of the final result of drying is relatively constant. The larger intake air temperature, the water content of the less drying results, protein content decreases, and the fat content does not change/relatively constant. The best variable was a ratio of corn: zeolite is 1:3 and air temperature was 50oC. While the variables that are suitable and in accordance with ISO standards for dry foods (14%) are air temperature of between 40oC and 50oC with a ratio of corn:zeolite is 1:3. The energy efficiency of 81.23% is obtained. Modeling done with FEMLAB (COMSOL) can describe the moisture content and temperature profiles in the corn and zeolite. Keywords: corn; drying; energy efficiency; mixed adsorption dryer; zeolite Abstrak Masalah utama proses pengeringan jagung adalah rendahnya efisiensi energi (50%) dan mutu produk sehingga beban biaya operasi besar untuk konsumsi bahan bakar. Pengering adsorpsi dengan zeolite berpotensi untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh komposisi jagung-zeolite dan suhu terhadap kecepatan pengeringan dan kandungan protein dan lemak di dalam jagung. Penelitian dilakukan dengan variabel berubah yaitu rasio antara jagung dan zeolit (1:0, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1) dan suhu udara masuk (suhu kamar, 30oC, 40oC, 50oC). Pengambilan sampel untuk pengujian kadar air dilakukan setiap 15 menit. Untuk keperluan energi dihitung pula efisiensi energi (h) berdasarkan jumlah panas yang digunakan untuk menguapkan air dari jagung (Qevap) dibagi dengan kebutuhan panas total untuk meregenerasi zeolit dan menaikkan suhu udara (Qintr). Profil temperatur dan air di dalam mixed adsorption dryer juga dipelajari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak jumlah zeolit yang digunakan, kadar air hasil akhir pengeringan makin sedikit, kadar protein dan lemak hasil akhir pengeringan relatif konstan. Semakin besar suhu udara masuk pengering, kadar air hasil pengeringan makin sedikit, kadar protein semakin menurun, dan kadar lemak tidak berubah/relatif konstan. Variabel yang terbaik adalah variabel dengan rasio jagung:zeolit yaitu 1:3 dan menggunakan suhu udara pengering 50oC. Sedangkan variabel yang cocok dan sesuai dengan standar SNI untuk makanan kering (14%) adalah variabel dengan menggunakan suhu udara pengering antara 40oC dan 50oC dengan rasio berat jagung : zeolit adalah 1:3. Efisiensi energi diperoleh sebesar 81,23%. Pemodelan yang dilakukan dengan Femlab (COMSOL) dapat menggambarkan profil kandungan air dan suhu di dalam jagung dan zeolit. Kata kunci : jagung; pengeringan; efisiensi energi; mixed adsorption dryer; zeolit Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2013-07-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/5729 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.193-198 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 193-198 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/5729/5045

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11787 2017-06-21T07:51:22Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14917 2017-06-13T03:28:05Z reaktor:RA

Karakterisasi Katalis Cu-Cr /Kieselguhr Widiyarti, Galuh Copper-Chromite catalyst, impregnation, Kieselguhr Copper-chromite active metal catalyst was prepared by using impregnation method with kieselguhr (Al2O3SiO2) as supporting material. The content of metal active was 20% with 1:1 proportion of complex metal Cu : Cr. The specific surface area of catalyst gave specific surface area of 2,537 m2/ gram. X-ray Diffraction analysis, shown that active metal of Cu-copper Cu and cristobalite SiO2. Temperature program analysis, shown that reduction temperature of catalyst was 300 0Cusing by Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), the morphology of catalyst was determined.Keyword : Copper-Chromite catalyst, impregnation, Kieselguhr Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14917 10.14710/reaktor.5.1.12-15 Reaktor; Volume 5 No. 1 Juni 2001; 12-15 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14917/11318 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1498 2020-04-17T04:59:21Z reaktor:RA

KAJIAN AWAL PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK DEDAK PADI DENGAN PROSES ESTERIFIKASI Purbasari, Aprilina Silviana, Silviana Chemical Engineering asam lemak bebas, biodiesel, esterifikasi, metanol, minyak dedak padi Biodiesel merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang dapat dibuat dari minyak nabati melalui proses transesterifikasi, esterifikasi, atau esterifikasi-transesterifikasi dengan alkohol. Minyak dedak padi merupakan salah satu minyak nabati yang mengandung asam lemak bebas tinggi. Pada penelitian ini minyak dedak padi diesterifikasi dengan pelarut methanol. Minyak kemudian diekstraksi dengan menggunakan etanol sebagai solven. Variabel operasi proses esterifikasi adalah suhu reaksi (40; 50; 60°C) dan konsentrasi HCl sebagai katalis (0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5%-v) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konversi asam lemak bebas menjadi ester meningkat seiring meningkatnya suhu dan katalis. Kondisi optimum adalah 50°C dengan 1,5%-v katalis dimana konversi asam lemak bebas yang diperoleh sebesar 78,33% dan konsentrasi metil ester pada produk sebesar76,89%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-07-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1498 10.14710/reaktor.12.1.19-21 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 1, Juni 2008; 19-21 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1498/1257

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16112 2020-04-17T05:41:46Z reaktor:RA

Effect of pH and Gas Flow Rate on Ozone Mass Transfer of Κ-Carrageenan Solution in Bubble Column Reactor Prasetyaningrum, Aji Kusumaningtyas, Dyah Arum Suseno, Purbo Ratnawati, Ratnawati This research was conducted to calculate the mass transfer coefficient value for ozonation reaction of κ-carrageenan solution in the bubble column reactor. Ozone gas was produced using ozone generator type corona discharge. In this study, operating conditions were regulated at ozone gas flow rate 2- 5 L min-1, pH 4-10, and temperature 29 ± 1 oC. Samples were tested every 5 minutes to determine the dissolved ozone concentration. The results showed that dissolved ozone concentrations increased with increasing ozonation time and ozone gas flow rate. However, a very high gas flow rate can increase turbulence so that the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) value decreased. In alkaline conditions, the formation of free radicals (HO*) increases so that the amount of dissolved ozone decreases. The kLa value of ozone gas in κ-carrageenan solution is slightly lower than the kLa value of the ozone gas in the water. The results of this study indicate that (kLa) ozone gas in water is 0.131 / minute while the value (kLa) in κ-carrageenan solution is 0.128 / minute.Keywords: ozone; mass transfer; pH; flowrate Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16112 10.14710/reaktor.18.04.177-182 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 4 December 2018; 177-182 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16112/15126 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/16112/1821 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8249 2020-04-17T05:22:19Z reaktor:RA

PEMISAHAN ION KROM(III) DAN KROM(IV) DALAM LARUTAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BIOMASSA ALGA HIJAU SPIROGYRA SUBSALSA SEBAGAI BIOSORBEN Mawardi, M Munaf, Edison Kosela, Soleh Wibowo, Widayanti chemistry biosorption, Spirogyrasubsalsa, chromium(III), chromium(VI), a batch system Karakteristik pemisahan ion Cr3+ dan Cr6+ dalam larutan melalui proses biosorpsi menggunakan biomassa alga hijau Spirogyra subsalsa dengan sistem batch telah diteliti. Dalam pelaksanaannya diawali dengan melakukan analisis kualitatif gugus fungsi dalam biomassa menggunakan instrumen FTIR, kemudian dipelajari karakteristik pengaruh variabel pH awal larutan, ukuran partikel biosorben, kecepatan pengadukan, pengaruh pemanasan biosorben, laju penyerapan, pengaruh konsentrasi larutan ion logam terhadap kapasitas serapan biomassa alga. Berdasarkan spektra spektroskopi FTIR dapat disimpulkan bahwa  biomassa alga hijau S. Subsalsa mengandung gugus-gugus karboksilat, amina, amida, amino, karbonil dan hidroksil, disamping adanya senyawa silikon, belerang dan fosfor. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh  memperlihatkan bahwa kapasitas biosorpsi sangat dipengaruhi oleh pH larutan, waktu kontak dan konsentrasi awal larutan. Biosorpsi optimum kation Cr3+ terjadi pada pH 4,0 sedangkan ion Cr6+ terjadi pada pH 2,0 kemudian berkurang dejalan dengan naiknya pH larutan. Perhitungan dengan persamaan Isoterm Langmuir diperoleh data kapasitas serapan maksimum biomassa alga S. subsalsa untuk masing-masing ion Cr3+ dan Cr6+ adalah 1,82 mg (0,035 mmol) dan 1,51 mg (0,029 mmol) per gram biomassa kering. Kinetika biosorpsi berlangsung relatif cepat, dimana selama selang waktu 30 menit, masing-masing ion terserap sekitar 95,7%; dan 86,5%. Daya serap biomassa juga dipengaruhi kecepatan pengadukan, sedangkan faktor ukuran partikel dan pemanasan biosorben kurang mempengaruhi daya serap biomassa. Key Word : biosorpsi, spirogyra subsalsa, krom(III), krom(VI), sistem batchAbstract Separation of Ion Chromium(III) and Chromium(IV) In Solution Using Green Algae Biomass Spirogyra subsalsa as Biosorbent. The characteristics of Cr3+andCr6+ ion separation in solution through biosorption process using green algal biomass Spirogyrasubsalsa with batch systems have been investigated. The study began with aqualitative analysis of functional groups in biomass using FTIR instrument, then followed by a study of the characteristics of influences by several variables, such as: the initial pH of the solution,the size of biosorben particles, stirring speed, the effect of heating the biosorben, the rate of absorption, and the effect of metal ion concentration in solution on the absorption capacity of algal biomass. Based on FTIR spectroscopy spectra gave a conclusion that biomass of green algae S.subsalsa contains carboxylate groups, amine, amide, amino, carbonyl and hydroxyl, in addition to silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus compounds. The results showed that the biosorption capacity was strongly influenced by pH, contact time, and initial concentration ofthe solution. The optimum biosorption of Cr3+cation occurred at pH 4.0 while that of Cr6+ions occurred at pH 2.0 and then decreased with the increasing pH of solution. The calculation of Langmuir isotherm equation showed that the maximum absorption capacity of algal biomass S.subsalsa for Cr3+and Cr6+ ion respectively was 1.82mg (0.035 mmol) and 1.51 mg (0.029 mmol) pergram of dry biomass. The kinetics of biosorption took place relatively quick, in which during the 30minutes time interval, each ion was absorbed approximately 95.7%; and 86.5%. The absorptive capacity of biomass was also influenced by stirring speed, while the size of particles and heating biosorben gave lessinfluence to the absorption of biomass. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro State University of Padang 2014-02-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8249 10.14710/reaktor.15.1.27-36 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.1, APRIL 2014; 27-36 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8249/6950

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/46662 2023-02-10T02:39:59Z reaktor:RA

The Effect of Drying on Anthocyanin Content and Antioxidant Activity in Red Cabbage and White Cabbage Efendi, Rahmat Pradana, Rahmandika Irfan Dewi, Luthfi Kurnia Cahyani, Chandrawati Red cabbage and white cabbage contain several beneficial compounds, such as anthocyanins that can scavenge free radicals. The study aimed to determine the effect of drying on anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity in red cabbage and white cabbage. Each cabbage will be given two pretreatments, namely: (1) drying, and (2) without drying. Maceration extraction using a mixture of water and methanol 50:50 (v/v) acidified with 7% citric acid with a liquid to solid mass ratio of 1:4 (w/v) and with a controlled temperature of 60°C for a period of 1 h. Cabbage extract was examined for anthocyanin content by differential pH method and antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH method. The results showed anthocyanin content in crude fresh red cabbage extract 64.124 mg/L, crude dried red cabbage extract 210.74 mg/L, crude fresh white cabbage extract 0.445 mg/L, crude dried white cabbage extract 0.584 mg/L. The antioxidant activity (IC50) of crude fresh red cabbage extract, crude dried red cabbage extract, crude fresh white cabbage extract, and crude dried white cabbage extract were 54,317 ppm, 49,464 ppm, 131,878 ppm, and 107,069 ppm, respectively. The optimum results were crude dried red cabbage extract with a yield of 25.2%, anthocyanin content of 210.74 mg/L, IC50 value of 49.464 ppm.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-01-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/46662 10.14710/reaktor.22.3.86-91 Reaktor; Volume 22 No. 3 December 2022; 86-91 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/46662/23158 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1516 2015-01-15T02:30:10Z reaktor:RA

PERFORMANCE OF NEWLY CONFIGURED SUBMERGED MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR FOR AEROBIC INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT Wenten, I Gede Chemical Engineering ends-free, flux, fouling, membrane bioreactor, wastewater The application of membrane to replace secondary clarifier of conventional activated sludge, known as membrane bioreactor, has led to a small footprint size of treatment with excellent effluent quality. The use of MBR eliminates almost all disadvantages encountered in conventional wastewater treatment plant such as low biomass concentration and washout of fine suspended solids. However, fouling remains as a main drawback. To minimize membrane fouling, a new configuration of submerged membrane bioreactor for aerobic industrial wastewater treatment has been developed. For the new configuration, a bed of porous particle is applied to cover the submerged ends-free mounted ultrafiltration membrane. Membrane performance was assessed based on flux productivity and selectivity. By using tapioca wastewater containing high organic matter as feed solution, reasonably high and stable fluxes around 11 l/m2.h were achieved with COD removal efficiency of more than 99%. The fouling analysis also shows that the newly configured ends-free membrane bioreactor exhibits lower irreversible resistance compared with the submerged one. In addition, the performance of pilot scale system, using a membrane module  with 10 m2 effective area and reactor tank with 120 L volume, was also assessed. The flux achieved from the pilot scale system around 8 l/m2.h with COD removal of more than 99%. Hence, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of the newly configured submerged ends-free MBR at larger scale. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-06-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1516 10.14710/reaktor.12.3.137 – 145 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009; 137 – 145 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1516/1273

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/25573 2020-05-29T10:45:20Z reaktor:RA

Simulation of CO2 Conversion into Methanol in Fixed-bed Reactors: Comparison of Isothermal and Adiabatic Configurations Rahma, Fadilla Noor CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) has been widely considered as a potential solution to overcome global warming. Conversion of CO2 into methanol is an interesting option to transform waste into value-added chemical while also reducing greenhouse gases emissions in the atmosphere. In this paper, utilization of CO2 into methanol was simulated using Aspen Plus software. The reaction between CO2 and H2 to produce methanol and water was carried out in a simulated fixed-bed reactor with Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 commercial catalyst, following LHHW (Langmuir – Hinshelwood – Hougen – Watson) kinetic model. Isothermal and adiabatic reactor configurations were compared under similar feed conditions and the concentration profile along the reactor was observed. The result showed that isothermal configuration converted 3.23% more CO2 and provided 16.34% higher methanol yield compared to the adiabatic reactor. Feed inlet temperature variation was applied and the effect to methanol production on both configurations was studied. The highest methanol yield for adiabatic and isothermal reactor was obtained at 200 oC and 240 oC respectively. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-10-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25573 10.14710/reaktor.19.3.131-135 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 3 September 2019; 131-135 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25573/16007 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9372 2020-04-17T05:25:36Z reaktor:RA

PROSES TOREFAKSI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT UNTUK KANDUNGAN HEMISELULOSA DAN UJI KEMAMPUAN PENYERAPAN AIR Irawan, Anton Riadz, Tubagus Nurmalisa, Nurmalisa Chemical Engineering Torrefaction,Hemicellulose, Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB), Calorific Value, Hydrophobic EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES TORREFACTION FOR HEMICELLULOCE CONTENT ANDWATER ABSORPTION TEST. Biomass is organic material resulting from the process ofphotosynthesis. Biomass can be produced directly as product or waste from the processing ofagricultural or plantation. Indonesia is a country that produces biomass in very large quantities. Oneof the largest biomass resulting from the proceessing of palm oil is oil palm empty fruit bunches(EFB). Basically, the EFB has a low energy content and easily absorbs water. With higher productionof palm oil, the EFB has potential as a good quality fuel and need early treatment to maintain thequality of the EFB. Torrefaction was one of thermal treatments with process temperature around200-350 ° C in the absence oxygen condition. By torrefaction, the EFB has a high energy content anddecrease the water absorption. With low water absorption, EFB will have benefit in the storage thathas high humidity such as Indonesia. The variables that varied for EFB torrefaction was thetemperature (250-350 ° C) and the holding time (15-60 minutes) to produce the high quality solid fuelfrom EFB. Analysis product in this study was proximate analysis, water absorption, and hemicelluloseand caloric value. The results showed that the higher temperature and longer time torrefaction hadhigher calorific value, the hemicellulose content decreased thereby increasing hydrophobicity. Also,the torrefaction EFB can increase the calorific value around 30%. Keywords: calorific value; empty fruit bunches (EFB); hemicellulose; hydrophobic; torrefaction AbstrakBiomassa merupakan material organik yang dihasilkan dari proses fotosintesis. Biomassa dapatdihasilkan secara langsung sebagai produk atau limbah dari pengolahan hasil pertanian atauperkebunan. Indonesia merupakan negara kaya akan biomasa dengan jumlah yang melimpah. Salahsatu biomassa dengan jumlah yang melimpah adalah limbah yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan bijikelapa sawit antara lain tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Pada dasarnya, TKKS memilikikandungan energi rendah serta mudah menyerap air. Dengan jumlah biomassa TKKS melimpahmaka perlu suatu metode untuk meningkatkan kualitas dari TKKS dengan melakukan pengolahanawal. Torefaksi merupakan salah satu metode pengolahan awal untuk peningkatan kualitas biomassadengan temperatur proses sekitar 200-350 o C tanpa adanya oksigen. Setelah mengalami prosestorefaksi maka TKKS akan memiliki kandungan energi tinggi serta kemampuan menyerap air rendah.Dengan kemampuan menyerap air rendah maka TKKS dapat disimpan dalam rentang waktu lamapada kondisi kelembaban tinggi seperti Indonesia. Adapun variasi dalam penelitian ini yaitutemperatur antara 250-350 o C serta waktu tahan torefaksi antara 15-60 menit. Adapun analisa produkTKKS torefaksi yaitu analisa proksimat, kemampuan menyerap air, kandungan hemiselulosa dannilai kalor. Pada percobaan ini memperlihatkan bahwa pada temperatur torefaksi lebih tinggi sertawaktu tahan torefaksi yang lama akan meningkatkan kandungan energi serta menurunkankemampuan menyerap air tapi menghilangkan massa TKKS lebih banyak. Pada percobaan inikandungan energi dari TKKS dapat meningkat sekitar 30%Kata kunci: nilai kalor; TKKS;hemiselulosa; hidropobik; torefaksi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-11-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9372 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.190-194 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.3 April 2015; 190-194 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9372/7738

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/68098 2025-04-25T07:52:20Z reaktor:RA

Extraction of Scandium and Removal of Iron from Bauxite Residue using Hydrochloric Acid Solution with/without Addition of EDTA Sitorus, Berlian Reva, Mincen Syahbanu, Intan Scandium (Sc) is a strategic metal for its increasing demand for advanced materials applications. As a by-product of alumina production, bauxite residues possess a potential source of Sc. However, its high iron content hinders the Sc extraction efficiency. This study investigated the feasibility of Sc extraction from bauxite residue using hydrochloric acid (HCl) leaching process, with and without the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent. Bauxite residue samples were characterized for their elemental composition using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Subsequently, leaching experiments were conducted using 6M and 9M HCl solutions. The effect of EDTA on Sc extraction yield and iron dissolution was assessed. The XRF analysis revealed a significant iron content in the bauxite residue, confirming the need for effective iron removal. Hydrochloric acid was found to be effective in leaching iron (Fe) from bauxite residue, as confirmed by the high Fe content in the leachate, and a higher HCl concentration led to a higher Sc2O3 concentration in the residue. Although the addition of EDTA was effective in chelating iron, it also reduced Sc extraction efficiency. The leaching results suggested the use of 9M HCl without the addition of EDTA as the best leaching solution for Sc extraction, yielding a higher Sc recovery compared to extractions using 6M HCl and EDTA. These findings contribute to the understanding of Sc extraction from bauxite residue and provide valuable insights for developing efficient and sustainable recovery processes. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/68098 10.14710/reaktor.24.3.76-81 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.3 December 2024; 76-81 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/68098/27908 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15017 2017-07-19T16:46:39Z reaktor:RA

Pembuatan Serbuk Buah Jeruk Dengan Metode Pengeringan Busa Prasetyo, S. Dekstrin, minyak kelapa, pengeringan busa, sari jeruk instan, tween 80 Salah satu produk olahan buahjeruk segar adalah serbuk sari jeruk instan yang dapat diperoleh dengan metode pengeringan busa. Minyak kelapa, dekstri dan tween 80 merupakan bahan aditif yang biasa ditambahkan pada pengeringan usa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum pengeringan busa  diperoleh pada konsentrasi dekstrin 10%, tween 80 0,5% dan minyak kelapa 2% dengan nilai Nc = 1,03 x 10-4 kg/(m2.s), hc = 7,15 x 10-3 Kw/(m2.0C), ky= 6,95 x 10-3 kg/(m2.s), kadar air 0,13% dan kadar vitamin C sebesar 92,89 mg/ 100 g sampel serta waktu pengeringan selama 4 jam. Konsentrasi dekstrin, tween 80 serta interaksinya berpengaruh  secara signifikan terhadap pengeringan busa. Penambahan dekstrin akan memperlambat laju pengeringan sedangkan penambahan tween 80 dan minyak kelapa dapat mempercepat laju pengeringan.Kata kunci : Dekstrin, minyak kelapa, pengeringan busa, sari jeruk instan, tween 80 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15017 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.50-57 Reaktor; Volume 09 No.1 Juni 2005; 50-57 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15017/11391 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1632 2020-04-17T05:10:06Z reaktor:RA

MEASUREMENT AND MODELLING OF SORPTION EQUILIBRIUM CURVE OF WATER ON PA6, PP, HDPE AND PVC BY USING FLORY-HUGGINS MODEL Suherman, Suherman Peglow, Mirko Tsotsas, Evangelos chemical engineering Flory-Huggins, polymer, sorption The sorption of water on granular polyamide-6 (PA6), granular polypropylene (PP), and powdery high density polyethylene (HDPE) and powdery polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were measured using a gravimetric method in a magnetic suspension balance (MSB). The Flory-Huggins model was successfully applied on the sorption equilibrium curve of all investigated polymers. The influence of temperature is low. The value of Flory-Huggins parameters(c) of PA6, PVC, PP and HDPE were 1.8, 5.8, 6.3, and 8.1, respectively. The water in PA6 is mainly bound moisture, while in PP, HDPE and PVC it is mainly surface moisture. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-12-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1632 10.14710/reaktor.13.2.89-94 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010; 89-94 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1632/1394

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/30557 2021-01-20T00:03:02Z reaktor:RA

Optimisation using Central Composite Design for Adsorption of Virgin Coconut Oil Yuliwati, Erna - Nurlailah, Nurlailah - Kharismadewi, Dian Development of coconut-based industries in Indonesia has excellent prospects, especially Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as a nutritional supplement for health. In order to produce high quality of VCO, this research developed activated carbon betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) as bio-adsorbent in adsorption process. The composition of bio-adsorbent in chromatographic column has been optimized using central composite design (CCD). Bio-adsorbent were characterised by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the average poresize of 1.59 μm was calculated using equation. Adsorption isotherm data have been described by Freundlich and Langmuir models and resulted the adsorption equilibrium constant of kf of 80.68 mg g-1and kL of 0.056 L mg-1. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model resulted adsorption rate constant, k of 0.004 g mg-1 min-1 with a good fitting R2 of 0.997. This optimum process condition was achieved on adsorption time of 33 hours, 150 gr of bio-adsorbent and 411.75gr of adsorbed (neat VCO), that produced odorless and colorless VCO, density of 0.91630gr/mL and FFA concentration of 0,0602 %, which. were fulfil the standard of SNI-3741-2013 and APCC.Keywords: CCD, adsorption; fixed bed column; bio-adsorbent; Dendrocalamus asper Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/30557 10.14710/reaktor.20.4.192-202 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.4 December 2020; 192-202 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/30557/18651 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/30557/5503 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11784 2020-04-17T05:31:58Z reaktor:RA

NANOTECHNOLOGY AN EMERGING NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR INDONESIA PART I. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN GENERAL Ratnawati, Ratnawati D.D. Anggoro, anggoro G.A. Mansoori, G.A. Mansoori Chemical Engineering AFM, carbon nanotube, diamondoid, fullerene, nanotechnology, STM.. Nanotechnology is shortly defined as the ability to build micro and macro material and product with atomic precistion. Feynman is considered to be the scientist who put a strong foundation for the development of nanotechnology with his phenomenal speech in 1959 entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom - An invitation to enter a new field of physics." The invention of scanning tunneling microscope, followed by atomic force microscope, has enabled the world to see atoms and nolecules and opened more possibility for the scientists to develop nanotechnology. Other breakthough in nanotechnology is the discoveries of fullerene, carbon nanotube and diamondoids. Nanotechnology has found various fields of application, such as in biomedical , materials, aerospace, surface science and energy, to name a few, lead by the united States, Europe, and Japan, The technology brings benefits as well as risks to human life. Some of the risks are potentially global in scope. It is why a single, trustworthy, international administration holding controls on the technologyis is urgently needed. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-06-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11784 10.14710/reaktor.10.1.46-53 Reaktor; Volume 10 No. 1 Juni 2006; 46-53 2407-5973 0852-0798 en

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15071 2020-04-17T05:34:58Z reaktor:RA

Characteristics and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Derived from Extract of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Siregar, Tagor Marsillam Cahyana, Antonius Herry Gunawan, Regina Jessilia chemistry calcination, free radical scavenging capacity, polarities, zinc oxide nanoparticles Abstract Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were recently studied for its free radical scavenging activity.                     The formation of ZnO nanoparticles by means of biological method was known to be a simpler and more environmental friendly method. One of the biological methods used for the formation of ZnO nanoparticles was by utilizing the phytochemicals that were present in a plant extract.                                       The phytochemicals such as phenolic and flavonoid compound was able to reduce bulk metal Zinc into Zinc nanoparticles. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds and leaves were known to contain high amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoid compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different solvent polarities used to extract Coriander leaves and seeds towards the reducing power of plant extract and the free radical scavenging capacity of ZnO nanoparticles. The different solvents that were used to extract Coriander were deionized water, ethyl acetate, and hexane. The different solvent polarities affected the weight of the derived ZnO nanoparticles due to the different types of the extracted phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The different solvent polarities also affected the free radical scavenging capacity of ZnO nanoparticles. Ethyl acetate based extract of Coriander leaf resulted in the most weight of ZnO nanoparticles, 0.7907 g and the highest free radical scavenging capacity, 11.16%/mg ZnO nanoparticles. The free radical scavenging activity of ZnO nanoparticles decreased to 3.67%/mg ZnO nanoparticles after the process of calcination at 100°C and decreases to 0 %/mg ZnO nanoparticles after the process of calcination at 300 and 500°C. The diameter of ZnO particles increases from 128.1±33.5 nm to 552.3±61.1 nm after calcination. Kata kunci: calcination; free radical scavenging capacity; polarities; zinc oxide nanoparticles  Abstrak KARAKTERISTIK DAN AKTIVITAS PENANGKAL RADIKAL BEBAS NANOPARTIKEL SENG OKSIDA (ZnO) YANG DIBENTUK MENGGUNAKAN EKSTRAK KETUMBAR (Coriandrum sativum L.). Nanopartikel Seng Oksida (ZnO) saat ini tengah diteliti sehubungan dengan kapasitasnya dalam menangkal radikal bebas. Metode biologis merupakan metode sederhana dan ramah lingkungan yang dapat digunakan pada pembentukan nanopartikel ZnO. Pemanfaatan senyawa fitokimia dari ekstrak tanaman merupakan salah satu metode biologis yang dapat digunakan pada pembentukan nanopartikel ZnO. Senyawa fitokimia seperti senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid dapat mereduksi logam Seng menjadi nanopartikel Seng. Biji dan daun dari tanaman ketumbar (Coriandrum sativum L.) telah diketahui memiliki kandungan senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan polaritas pelarut yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi biji dan daun ketumbar terhadap kapasitas reduksi ekstrak dan penangkal radikal bebas dari nanopartikel ZnO. Pelarut yang digunakan pada ekstraksi biji dan daun ketumbar adalah air deionisasi, etil asetat dan heksana. Perbedaan polaritas pelarut mempengaruhi berat nanopartikel ZnO yang diperoleh, hal ini disebabkan oleh perbedaan jenis senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid yang terekstrak. Perbedaan polaritas pelarut juga mempengaruhi kapasitas penangkal radikal bebas  dari nanopartikel ZnO. Ekstrak etil asetat daun ketumbar menghasilkan nanopartikel ZnO dengan berat 0,7907 g   dan aktivitas penangkal radikal bebas sebesar 11,16%/mg nanopartikel ZnO. Aktivitas penangkal radikal bebas nanopartikel ZnO menurun menjadi 3,67%/mg nanopartikel ZnO setelah dikalsinasi pada suhu 100oC dan menurun menjadi 0%/mg nanopartikel ZnO setelah dikalsinasi pada suhu 300oC, 500oC. Diameter nanopartikel ZnO meningkat dari 128,1±33,5 nm menjadi  552,3±61,1 nm setelah dikalsinasi Keywords: elektrokoagulasi, penurunan warna, penurunan TSS, laju degradasi COD, imbah tekstil Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-10-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15071 10.14710/reaktor.17.3.145-151 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017; 145-150 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15071/11906 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4125 2023-05-12T19:06:56Z reaktor:RA

PEMANFAATAN KARBON AKTIF ARANG BATUBARA (KAAB) UNTUK MENURUNKAN KADAR ION LOGAM BERAT Cu2+ DAN Ag+ PADA LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI Kusmiyati, Kusmiyati Lystanto, Puspita Adi Pratiwi, Kunthi Chemical Engineering adsorpsi; Ag+; Cu2+; kesetimbangan; KAAB; kinetika UTILIZATION OF CHAR COAL ACTIVATED CARBON (CCAB) FOR HEAVY IONS (Cu2+ AND Ag+) REDUCTION FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER. Industrial wastewater may contain heavy metals such as Cu and Ag those are harmful to the environment if discharged without pretreatment. One of the methods to reduce heavy metals in wastewater is adsorption, to separate certain components from liquid to the surface of solids. Adsorption is a simple method, but most of the adsorbents are expensive, therefore a cheaper adsorbent is required to reduce the cost of the adsorption process. This work utilized bottom ash as an adsorbent. Bottom ash is a waste of combustion products in the coal industry, which contain potentially harmful materials. Activation of bottom ash was made by soaking in peroxide and continuing by heating at a temperature of 500oC. This study was aimed to determine the influence of process parameters (concentration, pH and processing time) to the percentage of amount heavy metals adsorbed, to study the equation isotherm adsorption using Langmuir and Freundlich models, and to calculate the kinetic constants of adsorption based on pseudo -first- order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experiment was conducted in the batch system, where 10 grams bottom ash was mixed with 400 ml of synthetic waste. AAS was used to determine the heavy metals content in the waste solution. The results showed that bottom ash can be used to reduce heavy metals of Cu2+ and Ag+, the optimum condition when the concentration of 25 ppm under acidic conditions, bottom ash was able to adsorb Cu2+ metals ion by 62.79-80.25% at pH 4, and 65.54-85.98% at neutral pH with the same adsorption time of 300 min. For the ion metals Ag+, at acidic solution the metals ion can be adsorbed by 56.51-82.21%, while at neutral pH conditions 59.92-87.55%. Adsorption of bottom ash follows the model of Freundlich isotherm adsorption at acidic and neutral condition, the correlation coefficient (R2)obtained was 0.994 for Cu2+ metals ion and 0.984 for the Ag+ metals ion at acidic solution, whereas 0.986 for Cu2+ metals ion and 9.69 for the Ag+ metals ion at neutral pH. Kinetic model of second order rate describe the adsorption process well at acidic and neutral conditions. At the optimum conditions, the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998 for Cu2+ and 0.999 for the Ag+ at acidic solution, whereas 0.993 for Cu2+ and 9.998 for the Ag+ at neutral pH were obtained.  Limbah cair industri bisa mengandung ion logam berat seperti Cu2+ dan Ag+ yang berbahaya bagi lingkungan jika dibuang tanpa melalui pengolahan dahulu. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengurangi ion logam berat dalam limbah cair sudah banyak dilakukan, salah satu diantaranya adalah adsorpsi, yaitu memisahkan komponen tertentu dari fluida ke permukaan zat padat. Adsorpsi merupakan metode yang mudah, akan tetapi kebanyakan adsorben yang digunakan harganya mahal, sehingga perlu adanya alternatif adsorben yang murah. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan karbon aktif arang batubara (KAAB) sebagai adsorbennya. Arang batubara merupakan limbah hasil pembakaran batubara pada industri, yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi adsorben, sehingga dapat mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan. Pengaktifan arang batubara dilakukan dengan merendamnya dalam peroxide kemudian dilakukan pemanasan pada suhu 500°C. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh parameter proses (konsentrasi, pH dan waktu proses) terhadap persentase ion logam berat teradsorpsi dalam KAAB, mempelajari persamaan kesetimbangan adsorpsi dengan menggunakan model isoterm adsorpsi Langmuir dan Freundlich, dan menghitung konstanta kinetika adsorpsi dengan pendekatan model kinetika pseudo-first-order dan pseudo-second-order. Pelaksanaan penelitian dengan batch, yaitu mengkontakkan 10 gram KAAB dengan 400 ml limbah sintetis. Pengujian kadar ion logam berat menggunakan AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KAAB dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi kandungan ion logam berat Cu2+ dan Ag+, pada kondisi optimum saat konsentrasi 25 ppm, KAAB mampu mengadsorpsi ion logam Cu2+ sebesar 64,60-88,89% pada pH asam sedangkan pada pH netral sebesar 67,02-80,25%. Untuk ion logam Ag+ pada pH asam mampu mengadsorpsi ion logam sebesar 69,97-82,21%  sedangkan pada kondisi pH netral sebesar 72,71-87,55%. Adsorpsi KAAB mengikuti model Isoterm adsorpsi Freundlich pada pH asam dan netral, koefisien korelasi (R2) 0,994 untuk ion logam Cu2+ dan 0,984 untuk ion logam Ag+saat pH asam, sedangkan pH netral (R2) 0,986 untuk ion logam Cu2+ dan 9,69 untuk ion logam Ag+. Kinetika model second-order rate sesuai untuk proses adsorpsi pH asam dan netral, pada kondisi optimum harga koefisien korelasi (R2) >  0,998. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-04-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4125 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.51-60 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 51-60 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4125/3758

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/46802 2025-01-15T23:55:14Z reaktor:RA

Sedimentation Process of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution Ariyanti, Dessy Purbasari, Aprilina Lesdantina, Dina Saputro, Erwan Adi Gao, Wei TiO2 nanoparticles, a semiconductor photocatalyst is widely used in various applications especially for water treatment. The common problems for the application are separating the nanoparticles from the water body and recovering it to be reused. This research was conducted to investigate the aggregation and sedimentation properties of TiO2 nanoparticles via chemical addition. The experiment was carried out for 5 hours by varying the pH, ionic strength, and the addition of organic matter such as rhodamine B, methylene orange, and humic acid. The results indicate that pH and ionic strength greatly affect the TiO2 sedimentation process. Sedimentation can be formed properly when the solution is at pH 1 and 14, this happens because pH is close to the isoelectric point. Meanwhile, ionic strength with a concentration of 0.1 M gave the most optimal results in TiO2 sedimentation. In the presence of ionic strength with the appropriate concentration, the thickness of the electrical double layer particles can be reduced so the attractive force increases and sedimentation occur. Meanwhile, in the presence of organic matter, rhodamine B, methylene orange, and humic acid did not significantly affect the formation of TiO2 sedimentation.Keywords: titanium dioxide, sedimentation, ionic strength, isoelectric point, water treatment Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-08-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/46802 10.14710/reaktor.22.2.70-76 Reaktor; Volume 22 No.2 August 2022; 70-76 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/46802/22402 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14908 2020-04-17T05:03:37Z reaktor:RA

Re-ignition of multi-species soot clouds in building fires Poespowati, T. Moghtaderi, B. extinction, clouds, re-ignition, soot The re-ignition potential of multi-species soot clouds in building fires were investigated  based on their extinction characteristics. The investigation was carried out theoretically using the adaptation of Semenov`s thermal explotion theory. The critical sizes of soot particles in the cloud were found to be strongly effected by  the particle temperature., shape, and reactivity, as the mass fraction of each species, and ambient conditions. The clous shape, cloud particle number density, fuel mass fraction and soot reactivity were identified as the major parameters impacting upon the cloud extinction potential. Our analysis indicate that blending of a base soot with a less reactive soot generally increases extinction potential of the cloud ( i.e. likelihood of extinction) while addition of a more reactive secondary soot to the base one minimizes the probability of cloud extinction.Keywords: extinction, clouds, re-ignition, soot Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14908 10.14710/reaktor.11.1.22-29 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 1, Juni 2007; 22-29 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14908/11309 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1001 2020-04-17T04:57:56Z reaktor:RA

HIGHLY ACTIVE W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 CATALYST FOR DIRECT CONVERSION OF METHANE INTO AROMATIC Kusmiyati, Kusmiyati Saidina Amin, Nor Aishah Siswanto, W.A. Dehydroaromatization of methane (DHAM) under non oxidative condition was studied over tungsten loaded HZSM-5 catalysts to produce aromatic hydrocarbons. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation method using different conditions: in neutral and acidified solution. The activity of W/HZSM-5 prepared by neutral solution and W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 prepared in acidified condition were compared. The results showed that the optimum activity of W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst exceeded that of W/HZSM-5 catalyst. The effect of Si/Al ratio of W- H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst was also studied. The W- H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst with Si/Al ratio = 30 was found to be the most promising for the DHAM reaction. The remarkable activity of the catalyst is attributed to the presence of dual effects: suitable content of octahedral polymeric and tetrahedral monomeric tungstate species accompanied by proper amount and strength of acid sites in the catalyst. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2007-09-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1001 10.14710/reaktor.11.2.61-65 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007; 61-65 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1001/846

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/19341 2020-04-17T05:41:28Z reaktor:RA

Removal of COD & NH3 from Produced Water using Modified Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands (HSCW) Effendi, Agus Jatnika Risman Sandi, Regi It is very common that COD and NH3 are found in Produced Water with elevated concentration. One proven technology that is capable in removing organic substances and nutrients, is Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland (HSCW). Based on characterization of produced water from one oil field in Indonesia, it was shown that COD and NH3 were found to exceed the threshold limit stated in Ministry of Environmental Decree no. 19 Year 2010. Modified HSCWs were developed in order to treat produced water containing high concentration of COD and NH3 and allowing anaerobic process to occur in the reactor. The HSCWs were planted by three different species; they were Sagittaria palaefolia (Jasmine Water), Scirpus grossus (Mensiang), and Typha latifolia (Walingi). Organic loading rates (OLRs) to the HSCWs reactor were varied from 7.2 to 72 gr COD/m2.day. It was found that HSCW planted with Typha latifolia had the highest removal efficiency for both COD and NH3 when the OLR was set at 14.4 gr COD/m2.day. Anaerobic bacteria were found in high number indicating that these bacteria involved actively in removing pollutants containing in produced water. However, further microbiology study should be performed in order to determine the role of anaerobic bacteria. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-09-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/19341 10.14710/reaktor.18.03.166-170 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 3 September 2018; 166-170 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/19341/14579 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7871 2020-04-17T05:20:41Z reaktor:RA

ISOTHERMAL PYROLYSIS OF KRAFT PULP MILL SLUDGE Syamsudin, Syamsudin Susanto, Herri Subagjo, Subagjo Chemical Engineering first order volumetric model; kinetics of pyrolysis; mechanical dewatering; proximate and ultimate analysis Kraft pulp mill sludge cake composed of rejected wood fibers and activated sludge microorganisms. With a heating value about 14 MJ/kg (dried basis), this type of biomass had a potential as an alternative energy source. Unfortunately, it had an ash content of 27.6% and a moisture content of 80%. For reducing moisture content with minimum energy consumption, a combination of mechanical dewatering and thermal drying was studied previously. Meanwhile, experiments on isothermal pyrolysis had been carried out for further improvement on ultimate and proximate analysis of solid fuel. Final mass of char obtained from pyrolysis at 500oC was not significantly different from that of 700oC, so pyrolysis was considered to be optimum at 500oC. A char obtained from pyrolysis at temperature of 500oC had a pore surface area of 77.049 m2/g (highest among other temperatures). Kinetic of isothermal pyrolysis was well represented with a first order modified volumetric model with a frequency factor of 0.782 1/s and an activation of 34.050 kJ/mol. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-12-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7871 10.14710/reaktor.14.4.298-304 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013; 298-304 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7871/6451

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/17538 2019-01-03T07:33:38Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14985 2017-07-19T16:49:20Z reaktor:RA

The Effect Of Reynolds Number At Fluid Flow In Porous Media Buchori, L. Supardan, M. D. Bindar, Y. Sasongko, D. Makertihartha, IGBN finite volume method, porous media, Reynold number, shear factor In packed bed catalytic reactor, the fluid flow phenomena are very complicated because of the fluid and solid particles interaction to dissipate the energy. The governing equations need to be developed to the forms of specific models. Flows modeling of fluid flow in porous media with thw absence of the convection and viscous terms have been considerably developed such as Darcy, Brinkman, Forchheimer, Ergun, Liu, et.al and Liu and Masliyah models. These equations usually are called shear factor model. Shear factor is determined by the flow regime, porous media characteristics and fluid properties. It is true that these models are limited to condition whether the models can be applied. Analytical solution for the model types above is available only for simple one-dimentionalcases. For two or three-dimentional problem, numerical solution is the only solution. The present work is aimed to developed a two-dimentional numerical modeling flow in porous media by including the convective and viscous term. The momentum lost due  to flow and porous material interaction is modeled using the available Brinkman-Forchheimer and Liu and Masliyah equations. Numerical method to be used is finite volume method. This method is suitable for the characteristic of fluid flow in porous media which is averaged by a volume base. The effect of the solid and fluid interaction  in porous media is the basic principle of the flow model in porous media. The momentum and continuity  equations are solved for two-dimentional cylindrical coordinate. The result were validated with the experimental data . the result show a good agreement in their trend between Brinkman-Forchheimer equqtion with the Stephenson and Stewart (1986) and Liu and Masliyah equation with Kufner and Hoffman (1990) experimental data.Keywords : finite volume method, porous media, Reynold number, shear factor Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14985 10.14710/reaktor.6.2.48-55 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 2 Desember 2002; 48-55 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14985/11359 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8402 2020-04-17T05:24:10Z reaktor:RA

UKURAN PARTIKEL DAN KONFORMASI KRISTAL ZEOLIT-A HASIL SINTESIS DENGAN PENAMBAHAN TETRAPROPILAMMONIUM HIDROKSIDA (TPAOH) Widiastuti, Nurul Thalib, Farhanah Prasetyoko, Didik Fansuri, Hamzah Chemistry; average size of particles; crystal conformation; TPAOH; zeolite A Abstract PARTICLE SIZE AND CRYSTAL CONFORMATION OF SYNTHESIZED ZEOLITE-A WITH TETRAPROPYLAMMONIUM HYDROXIDE (TPAOH) ADDITION. The aims of this research is to study the effect of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) concentration in the synthesis of zeolite A to its physical characteristics such as crystallinity, crystal conformation and average crystal size. The zeolite A was synthesized with composition 3.165 Na2O : 1.000 Al2O3: 1.926 SiO2: 128 H2O : x TPAOH where x was 0; 0.0385; 0.0577; 0.0770; 0.1540 and 4.1602. The zeolite was crystalized under hydrothermal condition in a stainless steel autoclave at 100°C for 5 hours. The resulting crystal was washed with distilled water until pH 8 and then dried in an oven at 80oC for 24 hours. FT-IR and XRD analysis results show that the synthesized zeolite A at x = 4.1602 has the lowest crystallinity. It is estimated due to the mass of TPAOH was four times higger than the mass of zeolite framework components (Si and Al). SEM and PSD (Particle Size Distribution) analysis results show that TPAOH concentration affected the crystal conformation and the average size of zeolite A particles. The formation of chained crystal conformation was caused by the electrostatic interactions between TPA+ and negatively charge of zeolite framework. In addition, the particel size of the synthesized zeolite A at x = 0.1540 was 2.024 µm which was smaller than the particel size of the synthesized zeolite A without TPAOH, which was 3.534 µm.  Keywords: average size of particles; crystal conformation; TPAOH; zeolite A  Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi TPAOH (Tetrapropilamonium hidroksida) dalam sintesis zeolit A terhadap sifat fisikanya yang meliputi kekristalan, konformasi kristal dan ukuran rata-rata kristal yang terbentuk. Pada penelitian   ini   zeolit A   disintesis    dengan komposisi 3,165 Na2O : 1 Al2O3 : 1,926 SiO2 :128 H2O: x TPAOH. Konsentrasi TPAOH divariasikan dengan nilai x adalah 0; 0,0385; 0,0577; 0,0770; 0,1540 dan 4,1602. Metode hidrotermal digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan kondisi suhu  hidrotermal 100°C dan waktu kristalisasi selama 5 jam dengan pH pencucian 8. Hasil karakterisasi menggunakan FT-IR (Fourier Transform – Infrared Spectroscopy) dan XRD (X-Ray Diffraction)  menunjukkan bahwa zeolit A yang disintesis dengan x = 4,1602 memiliki kekristalan terendah. Hal ini diperkirakan terjadi karena masa TPAOH yang digunakan empat kali lebih besar daripada masa penyusun zeolit (Si dan Al). Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi menggunakan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) dan PSD (Particle Size Distribution), dapat diketahui bahwa TPAOH berpengaruh terhadap konformasi kristal dan rata-rata ukuran kristalnya.  Terbentuknya konformasi kristal seperti rantai disebabkan oleh adanya interaksi elektrostatik antara muatan positif pada TPA+ dan muatan negatif dari kerangka zeolit. Zeolit A yang disintesis dengan x = 0,1540 memiliki ukuran partikel rata-rata 2,024 µm yang lebih kecil dari daripada zeolit A tanpa TPAOH yaitu sebesar 3,534 µm. Kata kunci : ukuran partakel rata-rata; konformasi kristal; TPAOH; zeolite A   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Indonesia 2014-11-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8402 10.14710/reaktor.15.2.132-138 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.2, OKTOBER 2014; 132-138 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8402/7094

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/62686 2025-01-15T21:31:45Z reaktor:RA

A Leak Free Phase Change Materials with Enhanced Thermal Buffering Properties by TiO2/Biochar Ariyanti, Dessy Huda, Khoirul Bayu Samudra, Muhammad Lesdantina, Dina Adi Saputra, Erwan Hamzah, Fazlena A leak free organic phase change material of palmitic acid with enhanced thermal buffering properties was synthesized by simple chemical TiO2/biochar encapsulation process. By utilizing the optimum amount of TiO2 as an encapsulation agent the minimalization of leakage phenomena during the phase change process can be achieved with the value 20-25% of weight loss. Furthermore, the additional sugar cane bagasse-based biochar that was introduced to the encapsulation system acts as a support matrix that enhances further the leakage properties into free leak category with the percentage of weight lost 1.1-1.4 %. Moreover, the introduction of sugar cane bagasse-based biochar in the encapsulation system of the palmitic acid PCM can improve the thermal buffering properties by keeping a package box temperature in the range of 2-80C for more than 20 h by means small increment of temperature 0.72oC/h.  Keywords: PCM, encapsulation, palmitic acid, thermal buffering, leakage Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-05-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/62686 10.14710/reaktor.23.3.116-126 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.3 December 2023; 116-126 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/62686/26085 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15008 2017-07-19T16:46:55Z reaktor:RA

Pemutihan Pulp Tandan Kosong Sawit Dengan Proses-Proses Kimia Ramah Lingkungan Susanto, H. limbah organic padat, pulping, emutihanramah lingkungan   Beberapa proses pemutihan ramah lingkungan telah diuji-coba sebagai kelanjutan pengembangan proses pemanfaatan tandan kosong sawit (TKS). Pulp TKS dengan bilangan kappa 33 sebagai bahan baku pemutihan disiapkan dengan proses kraft konvensional dan proses etanol yang ramah lingkungan. Pemutihan dilakukan dengan proses ODEoDnD yang bebas Cl2 (elemental chlorine free), serta proses PP dan proses OPOP yang tanpa klor sama sekali (totally chlorine free). Proses konvensional CEDED dengan Cl2 digunakan sebagai pembanding. Pulp putih TKS umumnya memiliki kekuatan mirip pulp putih kayudaun: indeks sobek 6,5-8,5 Nm2/kg, indeks retak 3,5-3,7 Nm2/kg dan indeks tarik sekitar 34 Nm/kg. sayangnya,pemutihan dengan proses PP dan OPOP menghasilkan pulp putih dengan derajad putih hanya sekitar 41% GE. Pemutihan dengan proses ODEoDnD atau proses CEDED menghasilkan pulp dengan derajad putih 80-84%GE. Derajat putih pulp TKS  dari dua proses terakhir ini mirip dengan pulp putih kayudaun (81%GE). Pulp TKS dengan sifat-sifat semacam ini dapat dijadikan bahan baku kertas Koran yang memiliki spesifikasi: derajat putih 57% indeks sobek 4,35 Nm2/kg dan indeks tarik 21 Nm/kg.Kata kunci : limbah organic padat, pulping, emutihanramah lingkungan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15008 10.14710/reaktor.7.02.84-89 Reaktor; Volume 07 No.2 Desember 2003; 84-89 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15008/11382 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1555 2015-01-15T03:13:44Z reaktor:RA

PENUMBUHAN LAPISAN TIPIS SILIKON MIKROKRISTAL TERHIDROGENASI DENGAN TEKNIK HWC-VHF-PECVD Usman, Ida Ismail, Darwin Sutanto, Heri Winata, Toto Chemical Engineering butir kristalin, teknik HWC-VHF-PECVD, c-Si:H Telah dikembangkan teknik HWC-VHF-PECVD (Hot Wire Cell Very High Frequency Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) untuk menumbuhkan lapisan tipis silikon mikrokristal terhidrogenasi (mc-Si:H). Dari hasil penumbuhan lapisan tipis yang dilakukan, teknik HWC-VHF-PECVD memperlihatkan laju deposisi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan laju deposisi lapisan tipis yang diperoleh dari teknik PECVD maupun teknik VHF-PECVD konvensional. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran XRD dan SEM, lapisan yang diperoleh pada temperatur filamen yang rendah masih berstruktur amorf. Indikasi yang mengarah pada pembentukan lapisan tipis berstruktur mikrokristalin mulai terlihat pada temperatur filamen ≥ 500oC, dimana puncak-puncak di fraksi spektrum XRD untuk orientasi kristalin tertentu mulai terbentu, sejalan dengan pembentukan butiran-butiran kristalin dari hasil foto SEM permukaan lapisan-lapisan tersebut. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-05-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1555 10.14710/reaktor.13.1.31-36 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 1, Juni 2010; 31-36 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1555/1311

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/29273 2021-01-26T02:30:49Z reaktor:RA

Mathematical Modeling for Determination of Correlation Between Current Density and Dissolved Oxygen in Yeast Microbial Fuel Cell-Based Biosensor Christwardana, Marcelinus Yoshi, Linda Aliffia Experiments were conducted to study the correlation between current density and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to develop a model for estimating the value of current density in yeast MFC based DO biosensors. A curve between current density and DO was made, and data analysis was performed using free-online data fitting, namely zunzun.com. One linear regression and nine different exponential models are used as an approach to determine the correlation between current density and DO. The higher DO, the current density will increase rapidly. The most suitable model was chosen to describe the correlation between the current density and the DO. The coefficient of determination (R2), the sum of square absolute (SSQABS), and root mean square error (RMSE) are used to determine goodness or quality of fit. The exponential model shows a better fit to illustrate the correlation between current density and DO, with R2, SSQABS, and RMSE values were 0.9975, 0.4745 and 0.3444, respectively. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Kurita Water and Environment Foundation 2020-10-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/29273 10.14710/reaktor.20.3.117-121 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.3 September 2020; 117-121 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/29273/18710 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11605 2017-06-12T08:20:50Z reaktor:RA

Kinerja Reaktor Semi Kontinyu Berpengaduk untuk Oksidasi Dua Fasa Gas- 12 – 17 Cair Asetaldehid (The Performance of Semi Continue Stirred Reactor for Acetaldehyde Biphasic Oxidation) Suprapto, S chemical engineering Reaktor semi kontinyu, gas-cair, asetaldehid Oksidasi fasa cair asetaldehid menggunakan udara dan katalis homogeny Mangan Asetat telah dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Untuk memahami reaksi heterogen gas-cair tersebut, maka telah dilakukan dua rangkaian penelitian yaitu enaluasi mengenai hidrodinamika reactor dengan pengukuran koefisien perpindahan massa gas-cair, dan evaluasi reaksi kimia oksidasi asetaldehid. Reaktor berpengaduk mekanis yang digunakan dioperasikan pada tekanan atmosfir. Beberapa variabel kunci seperti kecepatan pengadukan, laju alir gas dan suhu telah diujikan untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai kinerja reactor. PAda kondisi operasi yang dipelajari, kenaikan konversi reaksi (atas dasar asetaldehid) dipengearuhi oleh kenaikan laju alir gas. Namun untuk laju alir lebih besar dari 6.10-5 m3/detik, laju alir gas menjadi kecil pengaruhnya terhadap kenaikan konversi reaksi. Kecepatan pengadukan dan suhu berpengaruh lebih kecil terhadap konversi reaksi dibandingkan dengan pengaruh laju alir gas. Kata kunci: Reaktor semi kontinyu, gas-cair, asetaldehid Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-08-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11605 10.14710/reaktor.3.1.12-17 Reaktor; Volume 3 No.1 Desember 1999; 12-17 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11605/8935

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15040 2017-06-21T07:56:43Z reaktor:RA

AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING OF OF METHANE TO HYDROGEN PRODUCTION OVER Ni/Al2O3, Co/Al2O3 AND NiO-Co/MgO Kusworo, T. D. Songip, A. R. S. Amir, N. A. Autothermal reforming of methane, hydrogen production Autotherman reforming of methane to hydrogen gas was examined over Co/Al2O3, Ni/Al2O3 and NiO CoO/MgO catalyst. Among the catalyst examined NiO-CoO/MgO catalysts with 24 % metal loading exhibits not only the highest catalyst and selectivity but also remarkable stability. In addition the catalysts ware characterized by nitrogen adsorption (NA) , TPR, and XRD. The catalyst charecteristics is strongly influenced by interaction between support and metal exist. The excellent performance of NiO-CO/MgO resulted from the formation of an ideal solution between NiO, CoO and MgO Keywords : Autothermal reforming of methane, hydrogen production Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15040 10.14710/reaktor.8.2.63-68 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.2 Desember 2004; 63-68 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15040/11414 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3587 2016-12-11T08:41:59Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH JENIS DAN KONSENTRASI ASAM, TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK FISH GLUE DARI LIMBAH IKAN TENGGIRI Handoko, Tony Rusli, Sherly Octavia Sandy, Isabella Chemical Engineering fish glue; limbah ikan; pengolahan limbah ikan ; ikan tenggiri THE EFFECTS OF TYPES AND ACID CONCENTRATIONS, TEMPERATURES AND EXTRACTION TIME ON THE FISH GLUE CHARACTERISTIC OBTAINED FROM MACKEREL FISH BONE WASTE. As a maritime nation, Indonesia produced fresh fish products up to 4,408,419 tons in 2005. Mackerel fish is one of them. Its bone waste has an economic value as a source for fish glue production. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimum conditions in fish glue processing. Preliminary research was done to determine the acid type (CH3COOH and HCl) and its concentration (4%, 5%, and 6%) in soaking process. While the main research was then done to determine the best temperature (45oC, 60oC, and 75oC) and time of extraction (4 hrs, 5 hrs, 6 hrs). The fish glue products were analyzed their adhesion and physical characteristics, such as density, viscosity, pH, and water content. The results showed that weak acid (CH3COOH) of 5% concentration is the best solution in soaking process and extraction in 4 hrs at 45oC has given the optimum condition for producing fish glue. The glue has a nice odor but its adhesion strength remains poor.      Abstrak   Sebagai negara maritim, Indonesia menghasilkan produk perikanan yang sangat besar mencapai 4.408.419 ton pada tahun 2005 dan terus bertambah. Salah satu produk perikanan yang terbesar adalah ikan tenggiri dengan limbah tulang yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis yang tinggi sebagai bahan baku fish glue. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan kondisi proses yang dapat menghasilkan fish glue yang baik melalui dua tahap yaitu penelitian pendahuluan dan utama. Penelitian pendahuluan bertujuan mendapatkan jenis asam (CH3COOH dan HCl) dan konsentrasi asam terbaik (4%, 5%, dan 6%) pada  proses perendaman tulang ikan. Penelitian utama bertujuan  menentukan temperatur ekstraksi (45oC, 60oC, dan 75oC) dan waktu ekstraksi (4 jam, 5 jam, 6 jam). Analisis fish glue yang dilakukan adalah uji kerekatan dan sifat fisik berupa densitas, viskositas, pH, dan kadar air. Hasil dari penelitian adalah larutan perendaman yang paling baik adalah asam lemah (CH3COOH) dengan konsentrasi 5%-v/v dan ekstraksi pada 4 jam 45oC telah memberikan hasil yang optimum terhadap jumlah fish glue yang diperoleh. Fish glue sudah tidak berbau amis namun belum memiliki kekuatan rekat yang baik. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-10-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3587 10.14710/reaktor.13.4.237-241 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 4, Desember 2011; 237-241 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3587/3225

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/42845 2022-08-11T10:42:00Z reaktor:RA

One-phase Transesterification of Palm Oil in to Biodiesel with Co-solvent Methyl Esters: The Effect of Adding Co-solvent to Kinetic Energy and Dipole Moment Daryono, Elvianto Mustiadi, Lalu In the transesterification process, the problem is the low solubility of oil in methanol, so the reaction will run slowly. The solution to this problem is to add a co-solvent to increase the solubility so that a one-phase reaction will be formed. The co-solvent methyl ester is the right choice because it is a product of the reaction itself so that it does not require a separation process. The operating conditions of the study were mass of palm oil 250 g, mass of NaOH catalyst 0.8%wt, stirring speed 100 rpm, reaction temperature 60oC, the molar ratio of oil:methanol = 1:6, reaction time (5,10,15,20,25,30 minutes), and the mass of co-solvent (0,5,10,15%wt). The first stage of the research was to make co-solvent, then proceed with the transesterification reaction by adding  co-solvent which was carried out according to the research operating conditions. The optimum condition of the study was obtained at reaction time 30 minutes and the addition of co-solvent 5%, with yield 97.4171%. The density of FAME 0.88 g/mL and the concentration of FAME 99.963% which complied with SNI 7185-2015. The simulation results of ChemDraw for components of triglyceride+methanol+NaOH+co-solvent obtained kinetic energy 3479.0264 kJ/mol and dipole moment 43279.8007 debyes. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/42845 10.14710/reaktor.22.1.7-13 Reaktor; Volume 22 No. 1 April 2022; 7-13 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/42845/22038 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13790 2020-04-17T05:33:10Z reaktor:RA

FOULING BEHAVIOR OF MODIFIED CELLULOSE ACETATE ASYMMETRIC MEMBRANES FOR DIFFERENT BRACKISH WATER TREATMENT Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko Budiyono, B Sofiana, Eva Nurul Aulia Rochyani, Ulfah Puji Utomo, Dani Cemical Engineering : additive,brackish water, cellulose acetate, polyethylene glycol, thermal annealing, back wash Water treatment technology which is being widely developed is membrane technology as an alternative technology with sieving mechanism principle.The main purposes of this research are to investigate the effects of additives and thermal treatment on the cellulose acetate membrane morphology and performance in treating brackish water.The membrane was fabricated by preparation of dope solution consits of cellulose acetate and acetone. The membrane was casted via NIPS method using mechanic casting knife. Dope solution was prepared by varying the PEG concentration of 1 and 5wt-% and the annealing temperature at 60°C and 25°C for 10 seconds. The backwash technique was used to solve fouling mechanism in this system .The results of SEM and FTIR showed that theb higher PEG addition to the dope solution resulted in larger membrane pore size and increase the hydrophilic properties of membrane. However the higher temperature and the longer annealing timg, the skin layer of membrane become denser. The result was also shown that back wash technique can reduced fouling phenomenon in the membrane.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-05-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13790 10.14710/reaktor.17.1.43-52 Reaktor; Volume 17 No.1 Maret 2017; 43-52 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13790/11254 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/13790/1424 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16459 2020-04-17T05:39:09Z reaktor:RA

Recovery of Aluminum from Aluminum Coated Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis Process Irawan, Chairul Jelita, Rinny Nata, Iryanti Fatyasari This study aims to separate aluminum metal in aluminum coated plastic waste so that it is known the obtained aluminum characteristics, to study the effects of temperature on the yield of solids and aluminum,  and to get the kinetic parameters that describe the effects of temperature on pyrolysis process rate. Plastic waste was cleaned, dried, cut, and weighed as much as 100 grams. Pyrolysis lasted in room temperature in 2 hours after the pyrolysis temperature was reached, i.e. 450oC. The formed smoke was condensed and weighed every 10 minutes from the first droplet until the pyrolysis time was completed. The remaining solids in the reactor were taken after the pyrolysis was completed and reactor temperature reached room temperature. The aluminum mixture was subsequently melted, molded and cooled. Experiments were repeated in various pyrolysis temperature variations (500°C, 550°C, 600°C and 650°C). The results show that the increase of pyrolysis temperature will decrease the yield of solids, while the aluminum yield remains. The obtained aluminum metal is 5.3% against the initial plastic mass in purity of 95.80%. The kinetic model representing plastic pyrolysis process is a single reaction model with the value of kinetic parameters of pre-exponential factor (A) 18.2689 min-1 and the activation energy value (E) 40.2310 kJ/mole.   Keywords: aluminum, pyrolysis, plastic wastes, temperature, kinetic parameter Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16459 10.14710/reaktor.18.1.38-44 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 1 March 2018; 38-44 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16459/13748 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6103 2020-04-17T05:19:00Z reaktor:RA

PALM KERNEL OIL SOLUBITY EXAMINATION AND ITS MODELING IN EXTRACTION PROCESS USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE Setianto, Wahyu Bahari Atmaji, Priyo Anggoro, Didi Dwi Chemical Engineering carbon dioxide; extraction; model; palm kernel cake; palm kernel oil; solubility; supercritical Application of  supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) to vegetable oil extraction became an attractive technique due to its high solubility, short extraction time and simple purification. The method is considered as earth friendly technology due to the absence of chemical usage. Solubility of solute-SC-CO2 is an important data for application of the SC-CO2 extraction. In this work, the equilibrium solubility of the palm kernel oil (PKO) in SC-CO2 has been examined using extraction curve analysis. The examinations were performed at temperature and pressure ranges of  323.15 K to 353.15 K and 20.7 to 34.5 MPa respectively. It was obtained that the experimental solubility were from 0.0160 to 0.0503 g oil/g CO2 depend on the extraction condition. The experimental solubility data was well correlated with a solvent density based model with absolute percent deviation of 0.96. PENENTUAN KELARUTAN MINYAK INTI KELAPA SAWIT DAN PEMODELAN EKSTRAKSI DENGAN KARBON DIOKSIDA SUPERKRITIK. Sehubungan dengan kelarutan yang tinggi, waktu ekstraksi yang pendek dan pemurnian hasil yang mudah, aplikasi karbon dioksida superkritis (SC-CO2) pada ekstraksi minyak nabati menjadi sebuah teknik ekstraksi yang menarik. Karena tanpa penggunaan bahan kimia, metode ekstraksi ini dianggap sebagai teknologi yang ramah lingkungan. Kelarutan zat terlarut pada SC-CO2 merupakan data yang penting dalam aplikasi SC-CO2 pada proses ekstraksi.  Pada penelitian ini,  kelarutan kesetimbangan dari minyak biji sawit (PKO) dalam SC-CO2 telah diuji dengan mengunakan analisa kurva proses ekstraksi. Pengujian kelarutan tersebut dilakukan pada rentang suhu 323,15 K sampai 353,15 K dan rentang tekanan 20,7 MPa sampai 34,5 MPa. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa kelarutan kesetimbangan hasil percobaan  PKO pada SC-CO2 adalah 0.0160 g minyak/g CO2 sampai 0,0503 g minyak/g CO2 tergantung pada kondisi ekstraksi. Data kelarutan kesetimbangan hasil percobaan  telah dikorelasaikan dengan baik menggunakan sebuah model kelarutan yang didasarkan pada densiti pelarut. Pemodelan tersebut mempunyai persen deviasi mutlak  0,96. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2013-04-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6103 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.242-246 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 242-246 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6103/5194

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1496 2017-06-21T08:17:14Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14737 2020-04-17T05:33:53Z reaktor:RA

INFLUENCE OF INITIAL pH SOLUTION ON BIOFILM FORMATION AND CORROSION OF CARBON STEEL BY Serratia marcescens Harimawan, Ardiyan Devianto, Hary Kurniawan, Ignatius Chandra Utomo, Josephine Christine Chemical Engineering; Bioprosess Engineering biocorrosion; carbon steel; seawater; Serratia marcescens; pH  The growth of Serratia marcescens depends on its metabolism, which is influenced by environmental factors, such as pH and temperature. The metabolic activity of Serratia marcescens may influence the corrosion of carbon steel by forming a biofilm on the metal surface. This research is focused on determining the effect of pH on carbon steel corrosion caused by Serratia marcescens. The medium used as immersion solution was a mixture of synthetic seawater and Luria-Bertani medium with a volume ratio of 4:1. The carbon steel coupons with a size of 1 cm x 1 cm were immersed in the solution with initial pH of 5, 7, and 9. The analyses of biofilm were conducted by total plate count (TPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Biofilm was detected evenly on the metal surface and decreased with an increase in incubation pH. The biofilm consists of some functional groups, such as alcohol, alkane, amine, nitro, sulphate, carboxylic acid, and polysulfide. The analyses of the corrosion were conducted by gravimetric and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pHs of 5 and 9 were found to give an increase in the corrosion rate. The average corrosion rate at pH variations of 5, 7, and 9 were 2.5309 g/m2.day; 2.2844 g/m2.day; and 2.9756 g/m2.day, respectively. Nevertheless, the corrosion products were not detected by XRD analysis. Keywords: biocorrosion; carbon steel; pH; seawater; Serratia marcescens   Abstrak PENGARUH pH AWAL LARUTAN PADA PEMBENTUKAN BIOFILM DAN KOROSI BAJA KARBON OLEH Serratia marcescens. Laju pertumbuhan Serratia marcescens bergantung pada aktivitas metabolise mikroba, yang akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan, seperti pH dan temperatur. Aktivitas metabolisme Serratia marcescens dapat memengaruhi korosi pada baja karbon dengan membentuk lapisan biofilm pada permukaan logam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efek pH pada korosi baja karbon yang disebabkan oleh Serratia marcescens. Media yang digunakan sebagai larutan perendam adalah campuran air laut sintetis dan media Luria-Bertani dengan perbandingan volume sebesar 4:1. Kupon baja karbon dengan ukuran 1 cm x 1 cm direndam dalam larutan dengan pH awal 5, 7, dan 9. Analisis lapisan biofilm dilakukan dengan total plate count (TPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) dan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Lapisan biofilm tumbuh secara merata pada permukaan logam dan berkurang seiring dengan peningkatan pH inkubasi. Lapisan biofilm mengandung berbagai gugus fungsional, seperti alkohol, alkana, amin, nitro, sulfat, asam karboksilat, dan polisulfida. Analisa korosi dilakukan dengan gravimetri dan X-ray diffraction (XRD). Penggunaan pH 5 dan 9 memberikan peningkatan terhadap laju korosi. Laju korosi rata-rata pada pH 5, 7, dan 9 ditentukan sebesar 2,5309 g/m2.day; 2,2844 g/m2.day; and 2,9756 g/m2.day. Namun, produk korosi tidak terdeksi oleh analisis XRD. Kata kunci: biokorosi; baja karbon; pH; air laut; Serratia marcescens Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14737 10.14710/reaktor.17.2.89-95 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017; 89-95 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14737/11522 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1504 2020-04-17T05:00:11Z reaktor:RA

PERSAMAAN DROP SIZE DI DALAM KOLOM BERPENGADUK CAKRAM (RDC) Martunus, Martunus Helwani, Z. Chemical Engineering drop size, liquid-liquid extraction, RDC Perpindahan massa dari satu fase cair ke fase cair lainnya di dalam kolom ekstraksi cair-cair ditentukan dengan luas perpindahan antara kedua fase. Luas perpindahan ini dapat dinyatakan dengan drop size yang merupakan faktor yang sangat penting dalam perancangan kolom ekstraksi cair-cair berpengaduk (Rotating Disc Contactor, RDC). Tiga model yang berhubungan dengan drop size dikembangkan untuk variabel operasi kolom yang didasarkan pada kecepatan putaran yaitu yaitu model untuk ekstraksi tanpa pengadukan atau pengadukan dengan putaran sangat rendah, model dengan kecepatan pengadukan medium, dan model pengadukan dengan putaran tinggi. Artikel ini berisi pembahasan persamaan drop size yang sudah dipublikasikan menyangkut ketiga kondisi operasi tersebut. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-05-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1504 10.14710/reaktor.12.1.12-18 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 1, Juni 2008; 12-18 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1504/1263

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/23182 2020-05-29T10:43:46Z reaktor:RA

Nutritional Characteristics and Potential Applications of Flour Prepared from Indonesian Wild White Yam (Dioscorea esculenta L.) Retnowati, Diah Susetyo Ratnawati, Ratnawati Kumoro, Andri Cahyo Gembili or wild white yam (Dioscorea esculenta L.) is one of underutilized tubers that can be found during dry season in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. Although it has been consumed as staple food by people for centuries during famine, no further studies have been conducted to explore its potentials in food applications. This work aims to study the preparation, characterization and potential analysis of Gembili flour for use as raw material in novel foods development. Creamy white flour was obtained from white yam tuber from milling and sieving of dried tuber chips. The flour has water content about 12.08%, which is acceptable for storage. No lipid was detected. In addition, the protein, ash, and fiber content of the flour were respectively 3.00%, 1.27%, and 9.04%. The carbohydrate and amylose contents of the flour were 86.69% and 29.92% indicating its suitability for energy source. As expected, the cyanide content is very low of about 1.688 ppm suggesting that it is safe for consumption. Refer to those properties, Gembili flour can be a promising raw material for the preparation of bakery, cookies, noodle and confectioneries.Keywords: proximate composition, flour, white yam, food, preparation Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/23182 10.14710/reaktor.19.2.43-48 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 2 June 2019; 43-48 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/23182/16009 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/51514 2023-07-20T20:52:45Z reaktor:RA

Performance Evaluation Study of Stripper in CO2 Removal Unit Anugrah, Andika Hidayat, Muslikhin Sediawan, Wahyudi Budi An ammonia plant has a very important role in the fertilizer industry. This plant processes natural gas, steam, and air as raw materials into ammonia and carbon dioxide (CO2) products. The ammonia and CO2 products will become feed for the urea plant. One of the units in the ammonia plant is CO2 removal. The CO2 removal unit functions to separate CO2 gas from syngas to be processed to the urea plant, so the performance of the CO2 removal unit is very crucial for the plant. One of the pieces of equipment that supports the performance of the CO2 removal unit is a stripper. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the stripper by arranging a mathematical model and solution for steady-state conditions. One of the stripping performance parameters is CO2 lean loading. Completing mathematical equations using the Matlab program and obtaining profiles of the mole flow rate and temperature along the bed packing stripper. Variables that affect stripper performance include temperature and pH. When compared with operational plant data, the simulation results show an error of below five percent. The optimum operating conditions for the stripping process so that CO2 lean loading is minimum:a. Bottom stripper temperature = 1200C – 1230C,b. pH inlet stripper = 7.9-8.1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/51514 10.14710/reaktor.1.1.21-25 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.1 April 2023; 21-25 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/51514/24185 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14999 2017-07-19T16:46:21Z reaktor:RA

Optimization Of Chitosan Preparation From Crab Shell Waste Djaeni, M. crab shell, deproteination, demineralization, deacetylation, chitosan Crab shell waste from seafood restaurant is potential to be used as chitosan source. This material containing 20-30% of chitin which could be converted into chitosan through deacetylation process. While, chitin could be isolated from crab shell by deproteination and demineralization. Chitosan is fine chemical used to adsorb fat from body, heavy metal adsorbent, and medicine. This research looked into the prospect of crab shell as raw material to produce chitosan. In this case, the process variable of chitosan preparation was investigated involving operation time and  NaOH concentration to determine optimum condition. Whereas, the other parameters including operation temperature, NaOH to chitin ratio is respectively fixed at 70-80 0C and 5:1. As respons, the yield of chitosan is calculated. In this case, the deacetylation time is varied from 1-4 hours with the time step 1 hours and the concentration of NaOH  is change from 20-50% with the step size of 10%. The results showed that the maximum yield of chitosan is 9,15%, which could be achieved at operation time of 3 hours and NaOH concentration of 20%.Keywords : crab shell, deproteination, demineralization, deacetylation, chitosan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14999 10.14710/reaktor.7.1.37-40 Reaktor; Volume 07 No. 1 Juni 2003; 37-40 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14999/11373 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1544 2015-01-15T02:38:51Z reaktor:RA

HIDRODISTILASI MINYAK JAHE (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Supardan, Muhamad Dani Ruslan, Ruslan Satriana, Satriana Arpi, Normalina Chemical Engineering hidrodistilasi, minyak jahe, ultrasonik Penelitian tentang penyulingan minyak jahe dengan metode hidrodistilasi menggunakan gelombang ultrasonik telah dilakukan. Variabel proses yang diamati adalah perbandingan pelarut air dan bubuk jahe atau SF rasio (8:1, 10:1, 12:1 dan 14:1) dan temperatur hidrodistilasi (80, 85, 90 dan 95oC). Proses hidrodistilasi dilakukan menggunakan ultrasonic bath dengan frekuensi 37 kHz. Sebagai pembanding dilakukan juga proses hidrodistilasi tanpa bantuan ultrasonik. Minyak jahe yang diperoleh berupa cairan berwarna kuning terang dengan aroma jahe yang khas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hidrodistilasi tanpa bantuan ultrasonik hanya dapat mengekstrak 49% minyak atsiri dalam bahan, sedangkan hidrodistilasi dengan bantuan ultrasonik mampu mengekstrak hingga 84% minyak atsiri dalam bahan pada kondisi temperatur 80oC dan SF rasio 12:1. Hasil analisis dengan kromatografi gas menunjukkan komponen dengan komposisi tertinggi dalam minyak jahe hasil hidrodistilasi dengan bantuan ultrasonik adalah Zingiberene. Hasil analisis beberapa parameter terhadap produk menunjukkan minyak jahe sudah memenuhi spesifikasi menurut Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) Nomor 06-1312-1998. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-12-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1544 10.14710/reaktor.12.4.239 – 244 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 4, Desember 2009; 239 – 244 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1544/1301

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/26585 2020-04-18T15:43:48Z reaktor:RA

Application of Square and Oblong Pore Shapes in Rotating Membrane Emulsification to Produce Novel Particulate Products Aryanti, Nita Williams, Richard Andrew Yuan, Qinchung Rotating membrane emulsification (RMR) has been intensively developed and applied for producing emulsion as well as particulate products such as microcapsules. Polyurea microcapsules were generally prepared by interfacial polycondensation polymerisation with addition of modifier to produce more stable microcapsules. In this research, development of the RMR was applied for producing polymer particles stabilised by nanoparticle without any addition of surfactant or modifier. Two types of membrane pores, the square (Type-A) with hydraulic diameter (Dh) of 84 mm and oblong pores with an aspect ratio of 0.33 (Type-B) having Dh of 69 mm was investigated. For the membranes designed in this research, pore shape A membrane could produce good uniformity in both polyurea microcapsule and polymer particle. In the polymer stabilised particle, this membrane type obtained a narrower size distribution than the usage for o/w emulsification. Reasonable uniform particles at high membrane rotation speed could also be achieved with the use of Type-A membrane. The uniformity confirmed that there was only minor breakup of products during operation at high membrane rotation. This attractive feature was significant in the production of fragile or shear-sensitive particulate products since the delicate structure of these products is possibly easy to destroy at high membrane rotation speed.  Keywords: polyurea microcapsules; particles stabilised nanoparticles; slotted pore Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-03-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26585 10.14710/reaktor.20.1.47-56 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.1 March 2020; 47-56 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26585/16822 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/10452 2020-04-17T05:28:45Z reaktor:RA

Pemanfaatan Limbah Pretreatment Dalam Produksi Bioetanol Dari Lignoselulosa Untuk Me-Recovery Fine Chemicals Dengan Proses Pirolisa Mansur, Dieni Simanungkalit, Sabar Pangihutan Rinaldi, Nino Chemical Engineering; Chemistry;Thermochemistry Bioethanol; Black Liquor Powder; Fine chemicals; Lignocelluloses; Pyrolysis UTILIZATION OF PRETREATMENT WASTE DURING PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS FOR RECOVERY FINE CHEMICALS BY PYROLYSIS. In production of second generation bioethanol by utilizing lignocelluloses as raw material, black liquor was produced from its pretreatment process. As waste of pretreatment process, the black liquor was rich in lignin. Therefore, the black liquor has potential to be proceeded to produce fine chemicals. In this study, black liquor powder was pyrolyzed at 450-600°C for 15 minutes using a fixed bed type reactor. Pyrolysis process produced four types of products thal called as liquid tar, heavy tar, char and gas. Liquid tar was condensable volatile product in condenser and uncondensable ones was called gas. Heavy tar was heavier volatile product that stick to reactor wall on bed of feed and unable to enter a condenser. Whereas, char was deposited carbon left in the pyrolizer. The liquid tar consisted of several chemical compounds that classified into groups of chemicals based on similar functional groups. In a range of temperatures process, higher yield of liquid tar was produced after treated at 550°C compared to other conditions. The main chemical compounds in the liquid tar were phenol, alcohols and alkyl phenols that mainly predicted derived from decomposition of lignin and represented as the fine chemicals from black liquor powder.  Keywords: bioethanol; black liquor powder; fine chemicals; lignocelluloses; pyrolysis Abstrak Dalam produksi bioetanol generasi kedua dengan memanfaatkan lignocellulosa sebagai bahan baku, akan menghasilkan black liquor pada saat proses pretreatment. Sebagai limbah proses pretreatment, black liquor ini kaya akan lignin. Oleh karena itu, black liquor berpotensi diolah untuk menghasilkan fine chemicals. Pada penelitian ini, bubuk black liquor diproses secara pirolisa pada suhu 450-600°C selama 15 menit menggunakan reaktor jenis fixed bed. Proses pirolisa menghasilkan produk yang dapat digolongkan menjadi empat jenis yaitu liquid tar, heavy tar, char dan gas. Liquid tar merupakan volatile product yang terkondensasi di kondensor dan yang tidak dapat terkondensasi disebut sebagai gas. Heavy tar adalah volatile product yang lebih berat dan terlebih dahulu menempel di dinding reaktor pirolisa di atas bed umpan dan tidak sampai masuk ke kondensor. Sementara char adalah deposit karbon yang tertinggal di dalam reaktor pirolisa. Liquid tar tersusun oleh berbagai macam senyawa kimia yang bisa dikelompokkan menjadi grup-grup berdasarkan kesamaan gugus fungsi. Dari rentang suhu proses tersebut, liquid tar paling banyak dihasilkan pada suhu 550°C. Liquid tar tersebut banyak mengandung fenol, alkohol dan alkil fenol yang diprediksi umumnya berasal dari dekomposisi lignin dan menjadi fine chemicals yang dapat di-recovery dari bubuk black liquor Kata kunci: bioetanol; bubuk black liquor; fine chemicals; lignoselulosa; pirolisa. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro - 2016-04-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10452 10.14710/reaktor.16.1.17-23 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.1 Maret 2016; 17-23 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10452/8718 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/10452/955

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/78184 2025-12-30T07:04:35Z reaktor:RA

Synthesis of Sorghum Starch–PVA/Gelatin Bioplastics Reinforced with Sorghum Stem Cellulose Nanofibers via Blend Ratio Tailoring Darni, Yuli lismeri, lia Ginting, simparmin br Setiawan, Aris This study aims to synthesis of sorghum starch–PVA/gelatin bioplastics reinforced with sorghum stem cellulose nanofibers through blend ratio tailoring in order to obtain bioplastics with properties comparable to LDPE. The mass ratios of sorghum starch to PVA/gelatin are varied at 9:1 and 8:2 (g/g), with a composition of 70% sorghum starch and 30% PVA. The nanofiber filler variations are 0 g, 0.1 g, and 0.2 g. Both starch and gelatin are sieved to 200 mesh. In the bioplastic fabrication process, glycerol concentration is set at 10% (w/w), with a stirring time of 35 minutes, gelatinization temperature of 95 °C, and stirring speed of 375 rpm. The analyses include tensile strength testing, elongation testing, functional group analysis using FTIR, morphological observation with SEM and TEM, and structural characterization with XRD. The best performance is achieved at a sorghum starch-PVA:gelatin mass ratio of 8:2 (g/g) with 0.2 g of nanofiber filler. The resulting bioplastic exhibits a tensile strength of 13.91 MPa, elongation of 3.00%, Young’s modulus of 4.63 MPa, water absorption of 1.8%, and density of 0.52 g/ml. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-11-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/78184 10.14710/reaktor.25.2.90-99 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.2 August 2025; 90-99 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/78184/29766 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15031 2017-07-19T16:47:04Z reaktor:RA

Studi Awal Esterifikasi Etanol Dan Asam Asetat Dengan Katalisator Zeolite Yang Disusun “Fixed Bed” Retnowati, D. S. regim, esterifikasi, etanol, asam asetat, zeolite, fixed bed Industry banyak melibatkan reaksi yang reaksi overallnya ditentukan laju perpindahan massa reaktan dan produk antara “bulk fluid” dan permukaan katalis. Kisaran peubah proses dengan tahanan difusi yang mengontrol dipelajari pada esterifikasi etanol dengan asam asetat menggunakan zeolite yang disusun secara “fixed bed”, proses bekerja “batch”. Dengan cara ini, tidak diperlukan pemisahan katalis dari larutan, baik secara fisik maupun secara kimia.Dari metode factorial design dua level dengan 3 peubah, yaitu suhu, laju alir dan diameter katalisator, yang paling berpengaruh adalah laju alir fluida. Suhu naik dari 40 0C menjadi 60 0C tetapan laju reaksi naik kurang dari 1,5 kalinya. Pada kisaran laju alir 108 ml/men sampai 180 ml/men, suhu 40 0C – 60 0C, dan diameter katalisator 0,725 cm – 1,015 cm laju reaksi overallnya ditentukan oleh laju perpindahan massa atau berada pada regim dinamik.Kata kunci : regim, esterifikasi, etanol, asam asetat, zeolite, fixed bed Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15031 10.14710/reaktor.8.1.18-21 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.1 Juni 2004; 18-21 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15031/11405 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3181 2020-04-17T05:12:17Z reaktor:RA

KINETIKA MIKRO DEKOMPOSISI METANA MENJADI KARBON NANOTUBE PADA PERMUKAAN KATALIS Ni-Cu-Al Wulan, Praswasti Pembangun Dyah Kencana Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu Muharam, Yuswan Chemical Engineering karbon nanotube; reaksi dekomposisi metana; model kinetika mikro; katalis Ni-Cu-Al; tahap adsorpsi MICRO KINETICS OF DECOMPOSITION OF METHANE TO CARBON NANOTUBES OVER NI-CU-AL CATALYST. The main focus of this research was to obtain micro kinetics decomposition of methane producing carbon nanotube on the surface of the Ni-Cu-Al catalyst. Experimental kinetics data collected at a temperature range of 650-750oC and pressure of one atmosphere. The preliminary test was conducted to obtain the kinetics are not influenced by external and internal diffusion limitations as well as inter-phase transfer. Kinetics data were tested by micro kinetic model derived from the catalyst surface reaction mechanism. The most appropriate kinetic model becomes the rate-limiting step of methane decomposition reaction. Results of preliminary experiment showed that the kinetics of the external diffusion effect is negligible at flow rates above 150 mL/min. Internal diffusion can be ignored with a catalyst under 0.25 mm in diameter with a weight of 0.04 grams of catalyst and contact time 2.5x10-4. Rate equation analysis shows that the rate-limiting step is the adsorption which indicates that intermediate consumption (CH4I + I Û CH3I + HI) is faster than the formation of intermediate (adsorption of methane, CH4 + I Û CH4I). The activation energy obtained for 34.628 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor of 6.583x106.  Fokus utama penelitian ini adalah memperoleh kinetika mikro dekomposisi metana yang menghasilkan Carbon Nanotube pada permukaan  katalis Ni-Cu-Al. Data kinetika eksperimen diambil pada rentang temperatur 650-750oC dan tekanan 1 atmosfer. Percobaan pendahuluan dilakukan untuk memperoleh daerah kinetika yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh limitasi difusi eksternal dan internal serta perpindahan antar fasa.  Data kinetika  diuji dengan model kinetika mikro yang diturunkan dari mekanisme reaksi permukaan katalis. Model kinetika yang paling sesuai menjadi tahap pembatas laju reaksi dekomposisi metana. Hasil percobaan pendahuluan kinetika menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh difusi eksternal dapat diabaikan pada laju alir di atas 150 mL/menit. Difusi internal dapat diabaikan dengan menggunakan katalis berdiameter di bawah 0,25 mm dengan berat katalis 0,04 gram pada waktu kontak 2,5x10-4. Analisis persamaan laju menunjukkan bahwa tahap pembatas laju adalah tahap adsorpsi yang menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi intermediate (CH4I + I Û CH3I + HI) lebih cepat dari pembentukan intermediate (adsorpsi metana,CH4 + I Û CH4I). Energi aktivasi yang diperoleh sebesar 34,628 kJ/mol dan faktor pre-eksponensial 6,583x106. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-06-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3181 10.14710/reaktor.13.3.148-154 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 3, Juni 2011; 148-154 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3181/2855

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/38234 2022-01-11T00:42:20Z reaktor:RA

The Release of Fertilizer on Corncob Cellulose – Based Acid-Acrylamide Hydrogel Prepared by Chemical Cross-Binding Method Anggraini, Renda Amalia Kurniati, Mersi Winarti, Christina Irmansyah, Irmansyah Farmers' knowledge of the amount and dosage of fertilizers recommended for a practical fertilization system is low. As the result, the plant does not fully absorb the given fertilizer. Some fertilizers are leached by the flowing water and wasted into the soil layer. In long term basis, this practice can cause environmental pollution, especially on the land, water and air. Due to this fertilization problem in agriculture practice, a material with a high-water absorption capacity, which further releases it together with the fertilizer over a desirable period of time, is needed. One way to effectively provide water and nutrients to the plants and improve the physical and chemical properties of the fertilizzer is by the application of hydrogel. In this work, the release of urea fertilizer in a hydrogel-based on corncob cellulose was prepared using N, N'-Methylene Bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker was studied. This research aims to produce a hydrogel with good physical and mechanical properties using acrylamide based on corn cobs cellulose and can be applied as a fertilizer carrier matrix whose structure can regulate fertilizer release. The treatments tested were MBA concentrations of 0%, 1%, and 2%, while the ratio of cellulose: solvent was 1: 2 and the addition of urea fertilizer with a concentration of 5%. The results showed that the swelling value increased with increasing acrylamide in the treatment ratio of the concentration of cellulose: acrylamide-acrylamide (NS: AAm). Fertilizer factors also gave a good swelling value. This shows that the addition of fertilizers gives maximum results. The hydrogel with the best treatment, namely the concentration ratio of 1% MBA, produced a swelling value of 7633.3%, a gel fraction of 76.51%, 1.73 miligram fertilizer loading, fertilizer release by 2.9%, a hardness of 7,865 N, with the morphology showing urea crystals in the form of white spots and showing the results of a slow but optimum release rate of fertilizer so that it can be applied for agriculture that requires a lot of nutrients at the beginning of growth.Keywords: corncorb; cellulose; hydrogel; N’,N’-Methylene Bis-acrylamide (MBA), slow released fertilizer Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-12-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/38234 10.14710/reaktor.21.3.109-115 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 3 September 2021; 109-115 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/38234/20893 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/10270 2017-04-04T23:54:01Z reaktor:RA

Potensi Biogas dan Pupuk dari Limbah Lumpur Kertas Priadi, Cindy Rianti Rahmatika, Iftita Fitria, Chihiya Wulandari, Dwica Sarwanto Moersidik, Setyo Environmental Engineering biogas; digestasi anaerobik; lumpur kertas; pupuk BIOGAS ENERGY AND FERTILIZING POTENTIAL FROM PAPER SLUDGE Paper sludge contains potential as energy and fertilizer due to the high amount of C, N and P. The aims of this study were to investigate resource recovery potential through biogas production from paper sludge only and with cow manure as co-substrate for 30-45 days in batch anaerobic digestion reactor. In addition, the fertilizer potential from digestate was also tested in Vetiveria zizanioides. Co-digestion with cow manure yielded higher methane gas up to 380 CH4/g VS due to a more optimum C/N ratio. Vetiver plants grown on digestate relatively showed the high growth performance after 4 weeks. The heavy metal accumulation from digestate was still in tolerable amount since the growth rate was not significantly different with the plant grown in fertilizer. Therefore, resource recovery technology can be an option to recover C, N and P in paper sludge to achieve sustainable waste management.  Keywords: ananerobic digestion; biogas;  fertilizer; paper sludge AbstrakLumpur dari Air Limbah industri kertas memiliki C, N dan P yang tinggi sehingga berpotensi menghasilkan energi dan menjadi pupuk, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pemulihan sumber daya (resource recovery) melalui produksi biogas dari lumpur kertas tanpa dan dengan ko-substrat kotoran sapi selama 30-45 hari dalam reaktor batch anaerobic digestion. Selanjutnya potensi pupuk dari digestat juga diuji dengan tumbuhan akar wangi (Vetiveria zizanioides). Setelah 45 hari, lumpur kertas dengan kotoran sapi menghasikan gas metana yang lebih besar, yaitu 380 CH4/g VS. Tanaman akar wangi yang ditanam dengan dengan digestat R2 tumbuh relatif tinggi setelah 4 minggu. Akumulasi logam berat juga masih dalam batas aman karena laju pertumbuhannya yang masih sebanding dengan tanaman yang diberi pupuk. Oleh karena itu, pemulihan sumber daya dapat diterapkan untuk memanfaatkan C, N dan P yang terkandung dalam lumpur kertas sebagai usaha pengelolaan limbah berkelanjutan.  Kata Kunci: biogas; digestasi anaerobik; lumpur kertas; pupuk  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-02-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10270 10.14710/reaktor.16.3.141-146 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.3 September 2016; 141-146 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10270/10274 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16431 2020-04-17T05:38:54Z reaktor:RA

THE CALCINATION TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE ANTIOXIDANT AND RADIOPROTECTION PROPERTIES OF CeO2 NANOPARTICLES Nurhasanah, Iis Safitri, Weni Windarti, Tri Subagio, Agus The CeO2 nanoparticles are very interesting to be studied as biomedical materials due to its unique physical and chemical properties. The non-stoichiometric properties of CeO2 play a role in the redox/catalytic processes that scavenging free radicals. These properties make CeO2 nanoparticles as being potentially antioxidant and radioprotector materials. In this paper, we report the calcination temperature effect on the antioxidant properties and  radioprotective effect of CeO2 nanoparticles synthesized by precipitation method. The CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation method at various calcinations temperatures (300oC – 700oC). The formation of CeO2 nanoparticles and crystallite size was analyzed using X-ray diffractometers. The DPPH method was used to investigate antioxidant properties of CeO2.  Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF) of CeO2 nanoparticles were determined by measurement of the absorbed dose of X-ray radiation (Linac 6 MV 200 MU). X-ray diffraction pattern showed formation of cubic fluorite of CeO2 nanoparticles with crystallite size in the range 9 nm-18 nm.  Calcination temperature of 500oC resulted in CeO2 nanoparticles with the best antioxidant properties and lowest DEF value. The radioprotection effect of CeO2 nanoparticles was evaluated based on Escherichia coli survival toward X-ray radiation with a dose of 2 Gy. The CeO2 nanoparticles increased Escherichia coli survival of about 24.8% order.  These results suggested that CeO2 nanoparticles may potentially be as radioprotector of X-ray Linac 6 MV. Keywords: Antioxidant, CeO2 nanoparticles, Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF), radioprotector Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16431 10.14710/reaktor.18.1.22-26 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 1 March 2018; 22-26 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16431/13351 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6093 2020-04-17T05:16:49Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH PERBEDAAN SIFAT PENYANGGA ALUMINA TERHADAP SIFAT KATALIS HYDROTREATING BERBASIS NIKEL-MOLIBDENUM Ulfah, Maria Subagjo, Subagjo Chemical Engineering alumina; sifat katalis, sifat penyangga; hydrotreating; katalis nikel-molibdenum EFFECT OF ALUMINA SUPPORT PROPERTIES ON THE NICKEL-MOLIBDENUM BASE HYDROTREATING CATALYST. Effect of surface characteristics of three species of synthesized γ-alumina (alumina-1, alumina-2 and alumina-3) on characteristics NiMo catalysts has been studied. Those aluminas are derived from boehmite Catapal B by varying rasio mol nitric acid to boehmite. A sol-gel method is used to synthesize γ-Al2O3 support. The Nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) of H2, Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) of NH3, and mechanical strength are used to characterize the supports and catalysts. The results showed that the surface area alumina affects the formation of crystalline MoO3 in the NiMo catalyst, while γ-Al2O3-3 support which has the highest surface area (about 195 m2/g) compared to the other two types of alumina (>195 m2/g) does not have a crystalline MoO3. The formation of crystalline MoO3 is not influenced by the acidity alumina. Based on the results of XRD, it is  indicated that the supported alumina-3 NiMo catalyst (having the highest acid strength) shows that there is no presence of crystalline MoO3. Pore size distribution of support did not change significantly after the deposition of Ni and Mo oxides. Mechanical strength of support also affects the strength NiMo catalyst. Support alumina-3 which has the highest mechanical strength gives the mechanical strength of the highest NiMo catalyst. Pengaruh sifat penyangga γ-alumina hasil pengembangan (alumina-1, alumina-2 dan alumina-3) pada karakter katalis hydrotreating nikel-molibdenum (NiMo) telah dipelajari. Ketiga jenis γ-alumina diturunkan dari boehmite “Catapal B” dengan menvariasikan nisbah mol asam nitrat terhadap boehmite. Pembuatan γ-alumina menggunakan metoda sol-gel. Adsorpsi Nitrogen, X-ray difraksi (XRD), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) H2, Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) NH3, dan kekuatan mekanik digunakan untuk mengkarakterisasi penyangga dan katalis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa luas permukaan alumina mempengaruhi pembentukan kristalin MoO3 dalam katalis NiMo. Pada penyangga alumina-3 yang memiliki luas permukaan yang paling tinggi (sekitar 195 m2/g) di banding dua jenis alumina lainnya (>195 m2/g) tidak memiliki kristalin MoO3. Pembentukan kristalin MoO3 tidak dipengaruhi oleh sifat keasaman alumina. Berdasarkan hasil XRD ditunjukan bahwa pada katalis NiMo berpenyangga alumina-3 (memiliki kekuatan asam yang paling tinggi) tidak terdapat adanya kristalin MoO3. Distribusi ukuran pori peyangga tidak berubah signifikan setelah deposisi oksida Ni dan Mo. Kekuatan mekanik penyangga mempengaruhi pula kekuatan katalis NiMo. Penyangga γ Al2O3-3 yang memiliki kekuatan mekanik yang paling tinggi memberikan kekuatan mekanik katalis NiMo yang tertinggi. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-09-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6093 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.151-157 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 151-157 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6093/5185

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14885 2017-06-21T08:01:17Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14922 2017-06-13T03:28:05Z reaktor:RA

Simulasi dan Pemodelan Proses Lumpur Aktif Tanpa Resirkulasi Lumpur Pada Keadaan Transien Budiyono, Budiyono simulasi dan pemodelan, proses lumpur aktif, keadaan transien Pemodelan dan simulasi pada keadaan transien dilakukan terhadap sistem pengolahan air limbah dengan proses lumpur aktif tanpa resirkulasi lumpur. Model matematika pada keadaan transien disusun dengan membuat neraca massa substrat dan neraca massa sel. Persamaan yang diperoleh diselesaikan secara numerik. Beberapa parameter yang digunakan untuk penyusunan modelyaitu konsentrasi COD umpan 2.000 mg/l dan waktu tinggal cairan (Hydraulic Retention Time, HRT) bervariasi dari 8, 16, 24 hingga 32 hari. Konsentrasi mikroba (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid, MLSS) awal divariasikan dari 250, 500, 1000 hingga 2000 mg/l. substrat terlarut awal di dalam bak aerasi divariasi dari 100, 300, 500 hingga 1000 mg/l. Parameter kinetika yang digunakan diperoleh dari literature yaitu laju pertumbuhan maksimum spesifik, laju kematian specific, koefisien perolehan sel dan konstanta setengah jenuh masing-masing 0,589 hari-1, 0,248 hari-1, 0,515 (mg sel/ mg substrat) dan 589 mg/l.Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencapai keadaan tunak tergantung pada HRT dan MLSS awal di dalam bak aerasi. Konsentrasi COD dan MLSS  di dalam bak aerasi pada keadaan transien  tergantung pada MLSS dan konsentrasi COD terlarut awal di dalam bak aerasi dan SRT. Dari hasil simulasi ini bias diambil rele of thumbs bahwa waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencapai keadaan tunak adalah sebesar 1-3 kali HRT pada HRT rendah satu kali HRT pada HRT tinngi.Kata kunci : simulasi dan pemodelan, proses lumpur aktif, keadaan transien Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14922 10.14710/reaktor.5.1.35-40 Reaktor; Volume 5 No. 1 Juni 2001; 35-40 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14922/11323 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1484 2020-04-17T05:04:40Z reaktor:RA

HIDROKONVERSI KATALITIK RESIDU MINYAK BUMI: PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU REAKSI Hartiniati, Hartiniati Chemical Engineering Hidrokonversi katalitik; residu minyak bumi Uji terhadap proses hidro-konversi katalitik residu petroleum dari unit refinery Plaju, Palembang dilakukan dengan menggunakan reaktor-batch berpengaduk (autoclave) 1 liter pada kondisi standar: tekanan awal hidrogen 12 MPa dan rasio sulfur terhadap besi = 2.0. Studi dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh perubahan temperatur dari 430, 450, dan 470oC serta waktu reaksi 30, 60, 90 menit terhadap distribusi produk dan jumlah konsumsi hidrogen. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa produk minyak, CO, CO2 dan hidrokarbon naik secara signifikan dengan naiknya temperatur dan waktu reaksi, namun sebaliknya produk cair bawah (liquid bottom) cenderung turun. Pada kajian ini juga ditemukan bahwa konsumsi hidrogen naik dengan bertambahnya produk minyak, sehingga penggunaan hidrogen lebih efisien. Dengan demikian disimpulkan bahwa proses hidro-konversi katalitik dapat diterapkan pada residue petroleum untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah/kualitasnya.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-12-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1484 10.14710/reaktor.10.2.82-87 Reaktor; Volume 10, Nomor 2, Desember 2006; 82-87 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1484/1245

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/18417 2020-04-17T05:41:56Z reaktor:RA

Characterization and Development of Edible Film/Coating from Lesser Yam Starch-Plasticizer Added with Potassium Sorbate or Cinnamon Oil in Affecting Characteristics and Shelf Life of Stored, Coated Strawberry Pokatong, Wilbur Donald Raymond Decyree, Jessica Starch of lesser yam (‘gembili’ in Indonesian) has been used as a base for edible film and coating. Potassium sorbate and cinnamon oil are known as strong antimicrobial agents. This research was aimed to investigate the physical and mechanical characteristics of edible film from lesser yam starch-plasticizer formulations added with potassium (K) sorbate or cinnamon oil and its application as coating to strawberries. Incorporation of either K-sorbate or cinnamon oil at higher concentration resulted in reduced tensile strength and elongation with higher water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The selected edible film formulations were applied as coating on strawberry stored at two conditions: room (28-30°C) and refrigeration temperature (5-6°C). At room temperature, controls had shelf life only for 2 and 4 days and strawberries coated with addition of K-sorbate lasted for 5-6 days, and those with addition of cinnamon oil prolonged for 5-11 days. At refrigeration storage, shelf life of controls was 9 and 18 days whereas K-sorbate-added formulations further prolonged shelf life of strawberries for 19-21 days, and those added with cinnamon oil lasted for 25-26 days. Therefore, all coated, stored strawberries had longer shelf life and more retained strawberries’ quality including lower weight loss, higher hardness, and lower microbial count.Keywords: cinnamon oil; edible coating; edible film; potassium sorbate; strawberry Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18417 10.14710/reaktor.18.04.224-234 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 4 December 2018; 224-234 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18417/14974 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8150 2020-04-17T05:23:46Z reaktor:RA

PENGOLAHAN PRIMER LIMBAH TEKSTIL DENGAN ELEKTROKOAGULASI Riadi, Lieke Ferydhiwati, Whenny Loeman, Liok Dimas Sanjaya chemical engineering, waste technology textile waste water, electrocoagulation, color removal, TSS removal, degradation rate of COD Limbah industri tekstil di area pinggir kota Surabaya mempunyai karakteristik perbandingan COD dan BOD = 5.57. Limbah jenis ini sulit untuk dibiodegradasi. Studi ini mempelajari tekonologi elektrokoagulasi untuk mengolah limbah tekstil dengan menurunkan intensitas warna, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Percobaan batch pada suhu kamar dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pH, jarak elektroda terhadap penurunan warna,TSS dan COD dan membandingkan biaya operasinya jika menggunakan pengolahan kimia.Effisiensi penurunan tertinggi untuk warna (91.96%),  TSS (49.17%), dan COD (29.67%) terjadi pada pH awal 4.0 dan jarak elektroda 2 cm dengan  elektroda Al/Al. Waktu optimum penurunan intensitas warna dalah 10 menit. Laju penurunan COD adalah : -dC/dt = 0.0053 C +0.056 , dengan C adalah konsentrasi COD. Jumlah sludge yang dihasilkan daripengolahan elektrokoagulasi  3.4 % lebih kecil dibandingkan menggunakan bahan kimia. Biaya yang digunakan untuk pengolahan dengan elektrokoagulasi 52.35 % lebih murah dibandingkan jika menggunakan koagulasi dengan bahan kimia ( tawas). Kata kunci : elektrokoagulasi, penurunan warna, penurunan TSS, laju degradasi COD, imbah tekstil Abstract Waste water from textile industry which is located in one suburb of Surabaya city as characteristic which the ratio of COD to BOD was 5.57. This type of waste water is difficult to be biodegraded. This study investigated elektrokoagulasi technology to treat textile waste water by removing color, total suspended solid, and Chemical Oxygen Demand. Batch experiment at room temperature was carried out to study the effect of pH, electrode distance for color, TSS and COD removal. This study also tried to compare the operation cost between elektrokoagulasi and chemical processes. The best removal efficiencies by Al electrodes was 91.96 % for color, 49.17 % for TSS and 29.67 % for COD which were under initial pH 4.0 and electrodes distance 2 cm. The optimum operation time for color removal was  found 10 minutes.The COD degradation rate was - dC/dt = 0.0053 C +0.056, with C= COD concentration. Sludge result from elektrokoagulasi was 3.4 % less than that by chemical treatment.The operation cost for elektrokoagulasi is 52.35 % less than that for chemical coagulation.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Jurusan Teknik Kimia UBAYA 2014-10-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8150 10.14710/reaktor.15.2.73-78 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.2, OKTOBER 2014; 73-78 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8150/7041

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14990 2017-07-19T16:49:29Z reaktor:RA

Two Dimentional Numerical Models Of Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor Aryanti, N. Bindar, Y. Wenten, I. G. modeling, membrane contactor, Darcy, Brinkman-Darcy Membrane contactor is separation processing unit using membrane as a contacting device. The major advantage of membrane contactor relies on its high contact area compared to conventional scrubber. One of the important applications of membrane contactor is to reduce emission of acid gases. In this work, modeling of membrane contactor is conductedto describe concentration distribution along fiber length used to predict effective fiber length by solving mass conservation equation. Solving of mass conservation equation required information of fluid flow  distribution obtained by solving continuity and momentum equation simultaneously. The finite volume method is used to obtain the solution. Modeling of fluid flow was carried out by adding Darcy`s and Brinkman-Darcy flow models into Navier-Stokes equation. The momentum and continuity equation  are solved for two-dimentional cylindrical coordinate. The result of velocity profile at axial direction were validated with Pangrle et.al. (1992) experimental data. The comparison shows that consideration using Brinkman-Darcy flow model give agood agreement with experimental data in which maximal axial velocity achieved is 0,047 m/s for this model and 0,05 m/s for experimental data.the concentration profile at radial direction using Darcy and Brickman-Darcy flow models have also been investigated. Furthermore, concentration profile at axial direction using the both two flow models indicate a decrease of concentration along fiber length. The comparison between models and experimental data by Subhakti and Azmier (1997) agree very closely to the Brinkman- Darcy flow model. The prediction of effective  fiber length was conducted based on minimum economical flux oe\f membrane contactor. The calculation gives the effective fiber length obtained is 0.19 m at gas concentration, gas flow rate, and sorbent concentration of 0.02 mol/L, 0.8 m/s and 0.256 M respectively.Keywords : modeling, membrane contactor, Darcy, Brinkman-Darcy Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14990 10.14710/reaktor.6.2.77-84 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 2 Desember 2002; 77-84 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14990/11364 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1522 2015-01-15T02:30:10Z reaktor:RA

PEMBUATAN SURFAKTAN POLYOXYETHYLENE DARI MINYAK SAWIT: Purwaningtyas, Ery Fatarina Pramudono, Bambang Chemical Engineering etoksilasi, gliserolisis, minyak sawit, polyoxyetilen Minyak sawit masih bisa ditingkatkan nilai tambahnya melalui pengubahan menjadi surfaktan. Surfaktan berbasis minyak nabati bersifat mudah terurai (biodegradable), dan ramah lingkungan. Salah satu surfaktan yang dapat disintesis dari minyak sawit adalah polyoxyethylene mono-digliserid (POE-MDG) melalui proses gliserolisis yang dilanjutkan dengan proses etoksilasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji parameter proses pada gliserolisis maupun etoksilasi. Proses glyserolisis menggunakan katalis MgO dan pelarut n-butanol, dilakukan dengan memvariasikan suhu, rasio gliserol: minyak, dan rasio n-butanol: minyak. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh variable yang berpengaruh pada proses glyserolisis adalah rasio glyserol: minyak, konversi tertinggi 0,785. Hasil gliserolisis adalah MDG, selanjutnya dietoksilasi untuk mendapatkan surfaktan (POE-MDG). Proses etoksilasi MDG menggunakan katalis MgO, dengan memvariasi perbandingan MDG : polietilen glikol (PEG). Berdasarkan analisa Forrier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) memberikan puncak baru pada 1743,65 cm-1 yang menunjukkan pembentukan ikatan C-O-O. Analisis dengan kolom kromatografi memberikan hasil  polyoxyethylen (POE) tertinggi 9,20 % pada rasio MDG : PEG = 4, waktu reaksi 120 menit, temperatur 1600C, kecepatan pengadukan 400 rpm, konsentrasi katalis 2%. Hasil uji kestabilan emulsi menunjukkan bahwa surfaktan POE-MDG mempunyai efek emulsifier Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-05-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1522 10.14710/reaktor.12.3.175 – 182 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009; 175 – 182 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1522/1279

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/26709 2020-05-29T10:45:42Z reaktor:RA

The Effect of Acid Concentration (H2SO4) on the Yield and Functional Group during Lignin Isolation of Biomass Waste Pulp and Paper Industry Priyanto, Slamet Intan, Anansya Putri Rianto, Bambang Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko Pramudono, Bambang Untoro, Edi Ratu, Puspa Declining oil production in Indonesia lately has been much discussed by industrial practitioners, especially from the petroleum industry. The decrease is due to the age of old drilling wells with high water cut (> 90%), so it is necessary to pursue a production method that can increase the production of these old wells. The EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) method is one way of extracting oil from oil wells that cannot be further retrieved by injecting materials that are not in the reservoir. One ingredient that can be injected is Sodium Ligno Sulfonate (SLS) surfactant derived from lignin. Lignin was obtained from the lignin isolation process from Black Liquor, which in this study came from the pulp and paper mill waste of PT. Indah Kiat, Pekanbaru, Sumatra, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in H2SO4 concentrations (concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% w/w) on the yield of lignin isolation results, and to compare the functional groups between dirty lignin, clean lignin, and pure lignin using FT-IR. Based on the research results, it was found that the best lignin is lignin with an H2SO4 concentration of 20%, with the highest yield and the color of lignin produced tends to be similar to pure lignin. In addition, it was found that the peak of the net lignin group had more similarity with commercial lignin compared to crude lignin. Keywords: Lignin, Black Liquor, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), FTIR Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26709 10.14710/reaktor.19.4.162-167 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 4 December 2019; 162-167 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26709/16589 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9222 2020-08-26T08:27:39Z reaktor:RA

EFEKTIFITAS KATALIS Co/Mo PADA HYDROCRACKING MINYAK NYAMPLUNG Rasyid, Rismawati - Aditya S. W, Ricco Dian.L, Devita Mahfud, Mahfud Roesyadi, Achmad Chemical Engineering Hydrocracking, CoMo catalyst, Nyamplung Oil. THE EFFECTIVTY OF Co/Mo CATALYSTS IN HYDROCRACKING OF NYAMPLUNG OIL. Hydrocracking process of Nyamplung Oil was presented using Co and Mo as metal catalysts. Ratio of CoMo metals in catalysts, can give better catalytic activity for Nyamplung Oil conversion. In this process, we used Co/Mo ratio (0.264/0.64), (0.62/1.61), and (1.23/3.22) towards SiO2 dan γ-Al2O3. This catalyst has made by wet impregnation method with drying temperature at 383 K during 8 hours and was calcined at 773 K for 5 hours. This catalyst was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and showed Co3O4, MoO3 and CoMoO4 substances that was deposited at CoMo/SiO2 catalyst surface. Then, Co3O4, MoO3, MoO2 and CoMoO4 substances was also appeared at CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst surface. That all phases which is deposited at both of this catalyst surface, is appropriate with International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD standards). Then, this catalyst was used for hydrocracking process of Nyamplung Oil that takes place at batch reactor. That process was carried out at 3 MPa and 623 K over 2 hours. C5-C11 dan C12-C18 products was produced from Nyamplung Oil conversion using this process. Both of this products is increased correspond to the addition of Co and Mo metals ratio. The highest yield that was achieved is C5-C11 (24.30%) and C12-C18 (61.28%) when using Co/Mo (1.23/3.22)/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Meanwhile, Co/Mo (1.23/3.22)/ SiO2 catalyst can produce C5-C11 (19.52%) and C12-C18 (53.55%). Keywords: CoMo catalyst; hydrocracking; nyamplung oil  Abstrak Rasio katalis CoMo sebagai katalis logam memiliki aktivitas yang baik dalam mengkonversi minyak nyamplung. Proses hydrocracking menggunakan rasio Co/Mo (0,24/0,64), (0,62/1,61), dan (1,23/3,22) terhadap SiO2 dan γ-Al2O3. Katalis tersebut menggunakan metode impregnasi basah dengan suhu pengeringan 383 K  selama 8 jam dan dikalsinasi selama 5 jam pada suhu 773 K. Karakterisasi katalis menggunakan XRD (X-ray diffraction) menunjukkan komponen Co3O4, MoO3 dan CoMoO4 terdeposisi pada permukaan katalis CoMo/SiO2. Kemudian untuk katalis CoMo/γ-Al2O3 terdapat Co3O4, MoO3, MoO2 dan CoMoO4 dipermukaan katalis. Fase yang terdeposisi pada permukaan kedua katalis disesuaikan dengan standar ICCD (International Centre for Diffraction Data). Hasil uji aktivitas katalis tersebut menggunakan reaktor batch dengan tekanan 3 MP dan temperatur 623 K, proses reaksi dilakukan selama 120 menit. Konversi minyak nyamplung ada proses hydrocracking diperoleh produk C5-C11 dan C12-C18. Persentase yield kedua jenis produk meningkat sesuai dengan penambahan rasio Co dan Mo. Produk dengan yield tertinggi pada katalis Co/Mo (1,23/3,22)/ SiO2 dengan C5-C11 (19,52%) dan C12-C18 (53,55%). Sementara untuk katalis Co/Mo (1,23/3,22)/ γ-Al2O3 diperoleh C5-C11 (24,30%) dan C12-C18 (61,28%).    Kata kunci: katalis CoMo; hydrocracking; minyak nyamplung  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-10-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9222 10.14710/reaktor.15.4.268-273 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.4 Oktober 2015; 268-273 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9222/8448

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/73225 2025-09-08T00:47:18Z reaktor:RA

Effect of Ni-Co Ratio on ZSM-5 Catalyst Performance in Palm Oil Hydrocracking for Biofuel Production Istadi, I. Riyanto, Teguh Permatasari, Astrid Eka Dinara, Daniella Cipta Biofuel derived from vegetable oil can be utilized as a vehicle fuel with various advantages, such as renewability, environmental friendliness, and sustainable availability. One of the methods for converting vegetable oil into biofuel is hydrocracking. This study investigates Ni-Co/ZSM-5 catalyst with Ni-Co metal ratios of 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:1.5 to examine their effects on the catalyst characteristics and performance in the hydrocracking process of palm oil into biofuel. The catalyst synthesis was carried out using the co-impregnation method with ultrasound assistance, followed by characterization using XRD and XRF. The hydrocracking process was conducted at a temperature of 450℃ and a WHSV of 0.1 min-1, while the gas product was analyzed using GC and liquid product was distilled. XRF results showed that the actual Ni-Co ratio did not significantly differ from the designed ratio. XRD analysis indicated crystal agglomeration at a 1:1.5 ratio due to competition between Ni and Co metal particles diffusing into the zeolite pores, as well as the presence of dislocations and crystal defects. Differences in catalyst characteristics resulted in variations in yield, selectivity, and gas distribution in the hydrocracking process. The catalyst with a Ni-Co ratio of 1:1.5 exhibited the highest liquid product yield and biogasoline selectivity but also produced a higher concentration of CO, CO2, and C2 gases. It is associated with the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids, which subsequently fragment into shorter-chain biofuel components. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-07-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/73225 10.14710/reaktor.25.1.1-11 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.1 April 2025; 1-11 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/73225/28840 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15022 2017-07-19T16:48:08Z reaktor:RA

Perpindahan Panas Dan Massa Penguapan Falling Film Campuran Uap-Gas Methanol-Air Arah Berlawanan Budhikarjono, K. Susianto, Susianto Soewarno, N. falling film evaporator, koefisien perpindahan panas, koefisien perpindahan massa Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh adanya aliran gas/udara terhadap koefisien perpindahan panas dan massa dalam falling film evaporator untuk sistem larutan campuran biner, dan memperoleh persamaan empiris koefisien perpindahan panas dan massa. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kolom tegak  sepanjang 2 meter dan diameter 2,8 cm. larutan methanol-air dan udara panas dialirkan pada kolom dengan aliran berlawanan arah. Laju alir cairan 20-160 l/jam, konsentrasi umpan sebesar 10-50% methanol dan laju alir gas 0- 2,16 standar m3/jam. Harga yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa koefisien perpindahan panas dipengaruhi oleh laju alir umpan dan konsentrasi larutan. Semakin esar laju alir umpan, semkin besar koefisien perpindahan panas, semakin besar konsentrasi larutan, semakin kecil koefisien perpindahan massa. Koefisien perpindahan massa yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 5,6 – 9 Kw/ m2.K dan koefisien perpindahan massa yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 1,06- 2,73 . 10-4 m/detik untuk kisaran NRE,l 1800-6000 dab NRE,g 0-2000.Kata kunci : falling film evaporator, koefisien perpindahan panas, koefisien perpindahan massa Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15022 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.86-93 Reaktor; Volume 09 No. 02 Desember 2005; 86-93 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15022/11396 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1637 2020-04-17T05:02:46Z reaktor:RA

EKSTRAKSI ASAM SITRAT DAN ASAM OKSALAT : PENGARUH TRIOCTYLAMINE SEBAGAI EXTRACTING POWER DALAM BERBAGAI SOLVEN CAMPURAN TERHADAP KOEFISIEN DISTRIBUSI Kasmiyatun, Mega Jos, Bakti Chemical Engineering asam sitrat, dodecane, koefisien distribusi, ekstraksi, hexanol, asam oksalat, trioctylamine Generally, liquid waste of citric acid industry containing a highly citric acid, oxalic acid, due to precipitation process of calcium citrate less completely. Liquid-liquid extraction process is this one alternative that used to recover citric acid and oxalic acid, either in the product separation process from the fermentor or the treatment of its liquid waste. In order to understand, that the extraction process can be applied both technically and economically, it needs a more study the extraction parameters. The investigation has carried out about study of the extraction of citric acid and oxalic acid used trioctyl-amine as extracting power on various mix solvent and its ratio, related to the distribution coefficient. Extraction used a separating funnel that it was shaked with using an automatic shaker, which adjusted on specific velocity during 2.5 hours. The rafinate and extract were separated by separating funnel, then they were analyzed both concentration of citric acid and oxalic acid using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results of the research show that the mixed solvent (consist of 15% trioctyl amine, 70% dodecane, and 15% hexanol), for the extraction of citric acid  produce both the highest distribution coefficient and percentage of separation were 1.15 and 74.22%, respectively; and this were achieved for the ratio between the solvent and diluent of 2.5:1. For the extraction of oxalic acid similar result were obtained, and the value were 3.78 and 88.31%, respectively, for the ratio between solvent and diluent of 2:1.Limbah cair pabrik asam sitrat pada umumnya mengandung asam sitrat, asam oksalat, cukup tinggi akibat proses pengendapan calsium sitrat yang kurang sempurna. Proses ekstraksi cair-cair adalah salah satu alternatif yang dapat digunakan untuk pengambilan kembali asam sitrat dan asam oksalat, baik pada proses pemisahan produk yang keluar dari fermentor maupun pada proses pengolahan limbah cairnya. Untuk mengetahui apakah proses ekstraksi dapat diterapkan secara teknis, maka perlu dilakukan pengkajian lebih mendalam parameter-parameter ekstraksi. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan pengkajian tentang ekstraksi asam sitrat dan asam oksalat dengan menggunakan trioctylamine sebagai extracting power pada bermacam solven campuran dan pada berbagai perbandingan, hubungannya dengan koefisien distribusinya. Ekstraksi pada berbagai kondisi rancangan percobaan dilakukan pada corong pemisah, yang penggojokannya dilakukan dengan bantuan automatic shaker yang di set pada kecepatan tertentu selama 2,5 jam. Rafinat dan ekstrak dipisahkan selanjutnya dianalisis kadar asam sitrat maupun asam oksalat dengan menggunakan HPLC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa solven campuran (yang terdiri dari 15% trioctylamine, 70% dodecane dan 15% hexanol) menghasilkan koefisien distribusi dan persentase pemisahan solute berturut-turut untuk asam sitrat 1,15 dan 74,22% pada perbandingan solven dan diluen 2,5:1; sedang untuk ekstraksi asam oksalat sebesar 3,78 dan 88,31% pada perbandingan solven dan diluen 2:1.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-12-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1637 10.14710/reaktor.12.2.107-116 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2008; 107-116 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1637/1399

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/33028 2021-05-30T18:44:05Z reaktor:RA

Partial Substitution of Margarine with Avocado Fruit Puree for Healthy Pound Cake Preparation using Various Flour Types and Baking Methods Pokatong, Wilbur Donald Raymond Nathalie, Tiffany Avocado (Persea americana) is known to have high dietary fiber and monounsaturated fatty acids which can reduce low density lipoprotein (LDL); thus, reduced risk of heart attack. The research objective was to partially substitute margarine with avocado puree in the preparation of pound cakes to reduce the saturated fat and increase the nutritional values. The pound cakes were prepared with five different ratios of avocado puree to margarine which were 0:1, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, and 1:0 using three types of flour (all-purpose, cake, or bread flour) and baked using two methods (oven and microwave baking). Results showed that avocado contains 81.37±1.38 (%, wb), 53.09±3.64 (%, db), 6,98±0.49 (%, db), 34.57±3.63 (%, db), and 5.36±0.49 (%, db) of moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and ash, respectively. From each type of flour, one pound-cake was selected based on its physical properties i.e. firmness, volume expansion, L* value, and ohue. Selected pound cakes were further evaluated with scoring and hedonic tests by 70 panelists to observe its consumer acceptance and selected the best pound cake from each type of baking methods (oven and microwave baking). The results showed that oven-baked pound cake with avocado puree to margarine ratio 1:1 prepared with cake flour and microwave-oven-baked pound cake with avocado puree to margarine ratio 1:1 prepared with bread flour exhibited the highest acceptance with overall hedonic values of 4.96±1.18 and 4.83±1.09, respectively. However, considering the time needed for baking and that the microwave baked pound cakes exhibiting higher protein, the pound cake baked in the microwave oven is more preferrable for further commercial manufacture.Keywords: avocado;baking; fat-substitution;flour types, pound-cake Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-04-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/33028 10.14710/reaktor.21.1.15-26 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 1 March 2021; 15-26 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/33028/19426 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11729 2020-07-17T02:17:12Z reaktor:RA

SINTESIS BIOMATERIAL HYDROXYAPATITE DENGAN PROSES FLAME SPRAY PYROLYSIS DISERTAI PENAMBAHAN ADITIF ORGANIK Setiawan, Adhi Widiyastuti, W Winardi, Sugeng Nugroho, Agung Chemical Engineering; aerosol processing; process technology; corrosion Hydroxyapatite, aditif organik, flame spray pyrolysis, morfology SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYAPATITE BIOMATERIALS BY FLAME SPRAY PYROLYSIS PROCESS WITH ADDITION OF ORGANIC ADDITIVES. Hydroxyapatite is  biomaterial which is widely used for biomedical aplication such as implant because  biocompatible, bioactivity, and strong affinity to biopolymers. Therefore parameters of morphology and crystallinity becomes an important parameter to be controlled. The addition of the organic additive on HAp precursor with ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400, and urea is the alternative to improve the size, morphology, and crystallinity of HAp particles. The equipment for flame spray pyrolysis process includes ultrasonic nebulizer, flame reactor, and eletrostatic precipitator. The amount of organic additives used in experiment is  30%, 50%, and 100% by mass of the precursor. The result of SEM and XRD showed HAp synthesized by the addition of additive material has a smaller size than without using the additive and crystallinity is better than no additive. In addition HAp synthesized by the addition of 30% PEG additive have smallest average particle size about 114 nm, crystalite size about 16,6 nm and spherical morphology with a low agglomeration. Keywords: Hidroxyapatite, organic additives, flame spray pyrolysis, morfology  Abstrak Hydroxyapatite merupakan biomaterial yang seringkali diaplikasikan dalam biomedis sebagai bahan implant karena sifatnya yang biocompatible, bioactivity, dan memiliki afinitas yang kuat terhadap biopolimer. Oleh karena itu parameter morfologi serta kristalinitas partikel menjadi parameter penting untuk dikontrol. Penambahan aditif organik pada prekursor HAp dengan etilen glikol, polietilen glikol 400, serta urea merupakan alternativ agar memperbaiki ukuran, morfologi, serta meningkatkan kristalinitas partikel HAp. Peralatan utama flame spray pyrolysis meliputi ultrasonic nebulizer, reaktor flame, dan eletrostatik precipitator. Jumlah aditif organik yang digunakan pada eksperimen antara lain 30%, 50%, dan 100% massa prekursor. Hasil SEM dan XRD menunjukkan bahwa HAp yang disintesis dengan penambahan bahan aditif memiliki ukuran lebih kecil daripada tanpa menggunakan aditif dan tingkat kristalinitasnya lebih baik dibandingkan tanpa aditif. Selain itu HAp yang disintesis dengan penambahan aditif PEG sebanyak 30% memiliki ukuran rata-rata partikel yang terkecil yaitu sebesar 114 nm dengan ukuran kristal mencapai 16,6 nm serta memiliki morfologi bulat dengan tingkat aglomerasi yang rendah. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Sugeng Winardi and Widiyastuti, Lecturer of Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Departement of Chemical Engineering 2017-02-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11729 10.14710/reaktor.16.4.189-198 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.4 Desember 2016; 189-198 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11729/10298 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15418 2020-04-17T05:35:49Z reaktor:RA

KINETIC STUDY OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS Meilany, Diah Mardawati, Efri Kresnowati, Made Tri Ari Penia Setiadi, Tjandra As  lignocellulosic biomass, Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) can be used as the source of xylose that can be further utilized as the raw material for xylitol production. The processing of OPEFB to xylose comprises of pretreatment and hydrolysis that can be performed enzymatically. This process offers the advantages of moderate operation conditions and more environmentally friendly. This article describes the kinetic study of enzymatic hydrolysis process of OPEFB for producing xylose using self-prepared and commercial xylanase enzymes. Despite the possible mass transfer limitation, the Michaelis Menten kinetics was hypothesized. The results indicated that the reaction at pH 5 and 60°C followed the Michaelis Menten kinetics,  with Vm of 0.84 g/L-h and Km of 48.5 g/L  for the commercial enzyme, and Vm of 0,38 g/L-h and Km of 0,37 g/L for the self-prepared enzyme. The reaction is affected by temperature, with Ea of 8.6 kcal/gmol. The performance of self-prepared xylanase enzyme was not yet as good as the commercial enzyme, Cellic Htec 2. Keywords: enzymatic hydrolysis; kinetics parameter; OPEFB; xylanase; xylose Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Indonesian Oil Palm Plantation Fund Management Agency 2018-02-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15418 10.14710/reaktor.17.4.197-202 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 4 Desember 2017; 197-202 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15418/12868 Copyright (c) 2018 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4800 2020-04-17T05:16:06Z reaktor:RA

TRANSESTERIFICATION OF VEGETABLES OIL USING SUBAND SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL Asri, Nyoman Puspa Machmudah, Siti Wahyudiono, Wahyudiono Suprapto, Suprapto Budikarjono, Kusno Roesyadi, Achmad Sasaki, Mitsuru Goto, Motonobu Chemical Engineering free catalyst; sub-and supercritical methanol; transesterification; vegetables oil A benign process, non catalytic transesterification in sub and supercritical methanol method was usedto prepare biodiesel from vegetables oil. The experiment was carried out in batch type reactor (8.8 mlcapacity, stainless steel, AKICO, JAPAN) by changing the reaction condition such as reactiontemperature (from 210°C in subcritical condition to 290°C in supercritical state with of 20°Cinterval), molar ratio oil to methanol (1:12-1:42) and time of reaction (10-90 min). The fatty acidmethyl esters (FAMEs) content was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GCFID).Such analysis can be used to determine the biodiesel yield of the transesterification. The resultsshowed that the yield of biodiesel increases gradually with the increasing of reaction time atsubcritical state (210-230oC). However, it was drastically increased at the supercritical state (270-290oC). Similarly, the yield of biodiesel sharply increased with increasing the ratio molar of soy oilmethanolup to 1:24. The maximum yield 86 and 88% were achieved at 290oC, 90 min of reaction timeand molar ratio of oil to methanol 1:24, for soybean oil and palm oil, respectively.Proses transesterifikasi non katalitik dengan metanol sub dan superkritis,merupakan proses yang ramah lingkungan digunakan untuk pembuatan biodiesel dari minyak nabati.Percobaan dilakukan dalam sebuah reaktor batch (kapasitas 8,8 ml, stainless steel, AKICO, JAPAN),dengan variabel kondisi reaksi seperti temperatur reaksi (dari kondisi subkritis 210°C-kondisisuperkritis 290°C dengan interval 20°C), rasio molar minyak-metanol (1:12-1:42) dan waktu reaksi(10-90 menit). Kandungan metil ester asam lemak (FAME) dianalisis dengan kromatografi gasdengan detektor FID (GC-FID). Hasil Analisis tersebut dapat digunakan untuk menentukan yieldbiodiesel dari proses transesterifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yield biodiesel meningkatsecara perlahan dengan meningkatnya waktu reaksi pada keadaan subkritis (210-230oC). Namun,yield biodiesel meningkat secara drastis pada kondisi superkritis (270-290oC). Demikian pula halnyadengan rasio molar minyak kedelai-metanol, dimana hasil biodiesel meningkat tajam denganmeningkatnya rasio molar minyak-metanol hingga 1:24. Yield maksimum dicapai pada 290oC, waktureaksi 90 menit dan rasio molar minyak terhadap metanol 1:24, yaitu sebesar 86% untuk minyakkedelai dan 88% untuk minyak sawit.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-10-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4800 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.123-128 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 123-128 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4800/4350

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14679 2017-06-12T08:20:50Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14913 2017-06-21T08:13:17Z reaktor:RA

Implementation of Neural Predictive Control To Distillation Column Anwari, s. neural predictive controller, distillation column, complex multivariable models This paper presents a neural predictive controller that is applied to distillation column. Distillation columns represent complex multivariable system, with fast and slow dynamics, significant interactions and directionality. A phenomenological model (i.e. a model derived from fundamental equation like mass and energy balance) of a distillation column is very complicated. For this reason, classical linear controller, such as PID (Proportional, Integral and Derivative) controller, will provide robustness only over relatively small range operation because of complexity and operation without lack of robustness. In this work, a neural network is developed for modeling and controlling a distillation column based on measured input-outputdata pairs. In distillation column, a neural network is trained on the unknown parameters of the system. The resulting implementationof the neural predictive controller is able to eliminate the most significant obstacles encountered in conventional predictive control application by facilitating  the development of complex multivariable models and providing a rapid, reliable solution to the control algorithm. Controller design and implementation are illustrated for a plant frequently referred to in the literature. Result are given for simulation experiments, which demonstrate the advantage of the neural based predictive controller both at the transient region and at the steady state region to overcome any overshoots.Keywords : neural predictive controller, distillation column, complex multivariable models Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14913 10.14710/reaktor.10.1.24-30 Reaktor; Volume 10 No. 1 Juni 2006; 24-30 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14913/11314 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1006 2020-04-17T04:58:54Z reaktor:RA

COMBINATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS AND ELECTRODEIONIZATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS SUGAR RECOVERY AND SALTS REMOVAL FROM SUGARY WASTEWATER Widiasa, I.N. Wenten, I Gede An integrated membrane system combining reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodeionization (EDI) is used for simultaneous sugar concentration and salts removal from a synthetic dilute sugar solution as a model of sugar-containing wastewater. The RO system uses a thin film composite RO membrane (Saehan CSM, RE1812-60). Meanwhile, the EDI stack has two diluted compartments, one concentrated compartment, one anode compartment, and one cathode compartment. Commercially available cation exchange membrane (MC-3470) and anion exchange membrane (MA-3475) are used as ionic selective barriers of the EDI stack. Both diluate and concentrate compartments are filled with mixed ion exchange resins (purolite strong acid cation exchange, C-100E and strong base type I anion resins, A-400). Two different operation modes, i.e. RO-EDI and EDI-RO, were assessed. The experimental results show that the observed sugar rejection of RO membrane is more than 99.9% and there is no sugar loss in the EDI stack. This indicates that the hybrid process allows almost total sugar recovery. In addition, significant reduction of salts content from the concentrated sugar solution is obtained. From permeate flux and permeate purity points of view, however, the EDI-RO configuration seems superior to the RO-EDI configuration. It should be emphasized that scale formation on the membrane surface of the concentrate compartment side has to be controlled. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-07-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1006 10.14710/reaktor.11.2.91-97 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007; 91-97 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1006/851

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16455 2020-04-17T05:40:42Z reaktor:RA

EFFECT OF VARIATION OF MIXTURE LEACHATE WITH FLUID IN CATTLE RUMEN FORMATION OF BIOGAS Sarwono, Edhi Endata, Rika Widarti, Budi Nining Abstract Composting in addition to producing fertilizers also produce leachate containing organic material, the leachate can pollute the environment if not managed properly. This study uses leachate as the main substance of biogas, mixed with cattle rumen fluid as the biostarter. This study aims to determine the optimal composition of biogas and to determine the effect of variations in the raw material mixture to the volume of biogas, volatile solid, temperature, pH, and flame. The study was conducted over 43 days using three types of batch digester with a capacity of 27 L. Comparison of a mixture consisting of leachate composting organic waste with cattle rumen fluid in each digester with variations in material composition of the mixture of 70%: 30%, 50%: 50%, 100%: 0%. During the study was observed it the volume of biogas daily, daily pH, temperature daily, weekly flame test and volatile solid test every 10 days. The volume of biogas using the principle of cylinder volume and volatile solid test using USEPA 1684 method. The results show the variation of 70%:30%, which resulted in a final volume of 2.78 L of gas, as well as a decrease in the volatile solid 23.29%, 12.82% increase in the pH. In a variation of 50%:50% produces a final volume of gas that is 0.537 L, as well as a decrease in volatile solid 42.35%, 12.82% increase in the pH. Variations 100%:0% produces a final volume of gas that is 1,247 L, a decrease in volatile solid 21.83%, 5.19% increase in the pH. All three digesters are at mesophilic temperatures and produce blue flame. Based on the results of this study concluded that the composition of the mixture that are in the most optimal is composition of 70%:30%. Keywords : biogas, rumen fluid beef, lindi organic waste composting Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-09-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16455 10.14710/reaktor.18.03.171-175 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 3 September 2018; 171-175 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16455/14580 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/56308 2025-01-15T21:32:18Z reaktor:RA

Anaerobic Fermentation of Mixed Fruits Peel Waste for Functional Enzymes Production Employing Palm Sugar and Molasses as The Carbon Source Retnowati, Diah Susetyo Kumoro, Andri Cahyo Haryani, Kristinah The daily abundant generation of fruit peel waste potentially triggers environmental problems if no appropriate management is performed. Besides, fruit peel waste can be a valuable source for functional enzyme production. This study aims to investigate the use of molasses and palm sugar as sugar source during anaerobic fermentation of banana and papaya peel waste to produce functional enzymes. The fermentation was subjected to biomass at various banana peels to papaya peels mass ratio for 3 months. The feed consisted of sugar:biomass:water, and their mass ratio was kept constant at 1:3:10. Both brown functional enzyme cocktails obtained from the fermentation using palm sugar and molasses as carbon source were acidic with pH of 3.7 and 4.4, respectively. The amylase, protease, and lipase activities of the functional enzyme cocktails was maximum when the biomass mixture contained four portions of banana peel and one portion of papaya peel. In addition, molasses was found to be the better sugar source than palm sugar for producing functional enzymes from aerobic fermentation peel fruits comprises banana and papaya peels. This study proved that fruit peel waste can be converted to valuable functional enzymes as one of the solutions of fruit peel waste management Keywords: anaerobic fermentation; carbon source; enzyme activity; functional enzyme; organic waste Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/56308 10.14710/reaktor.23.2.71-76 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.2 August 2023; 71-76 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/56308/24689 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/48415 2023-02-10T02:41:31Z reaktor:RA

KINETICS OF ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS (IRON) FROM TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTE USING CALCIUM CARBIDE RESIDUE AS ADSORBENT Karim, Muhammad Arief Herawati, Netty Juniar, Henny This research was conducted to study the efficiency of residual calcium carbide as an adsorbent using a batch process to remove iron (II) from textile industrial waste. In this study, the iron (II) content in textile industrial waste was synthetically made using . The effluent was characterized using a standard method (atomic absorption spectrometry), while the functional groups responsible for the Adsorption of iron to the surface of the calcium carbide residue were observed using SEM and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR). The SEM findings revealed a highly porous morphology. FTIR revealed the presence of various functional groups (OH, CH, C=C, and C-C). Factors affecting Adsorption, eg, contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, and iron concentration, were also studied. The maximum iron (II) ion adsorption was observed to occur at pH 6. Kinetic studies showed a good correlation and best suited the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherm model was used to describe the Adsorption of iron (II) on calcium carbide residues. The data obtained from the adsorption process most closely matched the Langmuir model with a correlation value of R^2 = 0.9959 and q_e=1.697 mg/g. with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a correlation coefficient value (R2), which is 0.9962 for an adsorbent mass of 7.5 g. The Adsorption of iron ions from textile wastewater synthesis solution using calcium carbide residues shows a physisorption mechanism. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-01-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48415 10.14710/reaktor.22.3.102-112 Reaktor; Volume 22 No. 3 December 2022; 102-112 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48415/23160 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/24950 2020-05-29T10:45:09Z reaktor:RA

The performance of a pilot-scale anaerobic hybrid bioreactor on palm oil mill effluent treatment Ahmad, Adrianto Bahruddin, Bahruddin Andrio, David Hamzah, Amir Contemporarily, Indonesia and Malaysia are the largest contributors of crude palm oil (CPO) in the world by up to 40%, and 37.3%, respectively. Furthermore, its production value this year reached 19.7 million tons, where each generates 2.5 m3 of wastewater. Meanwhile, of all the provinces in Indonesia specifically, Riau is the largest supplier for exports by up to 38%, generated from 225 palm oil mills, where a total of 6.3 million tons resulting in the generation of about 15.75 million m3 of wastewater, with organic content between the range of 30,000-60,000 mg COD/l. In addition, one of the uses of this wastewater includes anaerobic processes, with the double benefit of reducing COD concentrations, subsequently applying it as fertilizer, and also in the production of methane gas, as an alternative source of energy. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to observe the effect of bioreactor volume, scale-up on the performance of anaerobic hybrid bioreactors, in the treatment of mill effluents. The technology examined in this study was the anaerobic hybrid bioreactor with the dimensions of length 22 m, width 10 m, and depth 1.5 m, and a total volume of 330 m3, which is impermeable to oxygen, and a 250 m3 effective working volume. This was built and operated at a hydraulic retention time of 1 day, in the Palm Oil Mill of Riau, and the results showed the environmental conditions to range from a pH of 7.2 to 8.0, with temperatures from 320C to 350C, acetic acid of 774 mg/l to 1,180 mg/l, and alkalinity of 2,149 mg/l up to 2,400 mg/l. Furthermore, the performance of these reactors are shown by the highest COD removal efficiency of 77.8%, and a biogas test for the propensity of being applied as an alternative energy source obtained a methane gas concentration of 54%. Keywords: anaerobic, bioreactor, biogas, wastewater, performance, palm oil mill effluent Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Research, Technology, and Higher Education, in the 2018 Industrial Innovation research scheme. 2019-10-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24950 10.14710/reaktor.19.3.111-116 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 3 September 2019; 111-116 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24950/16005 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9080 2020-04-17T05:25:16Z reaktor:RA

MODEL HIDRODINAMIKA BIOREAKTOR TANAMAN : KONSEP PERMEABILITAS Purwasasmita, Mubiar Hadi, Khoirul chemical engineering Flow in capillary-porous media, the plant bioreactor, root water uptake, permeability. Abstract HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL OF THE PLANT BIOREACTOR (THE PERMEABILITY CONCEPT). Water flow is important in transport of plant nutrients. To accomadate water flow in plant bioreactor, it is necesary enough space by adding compost, i.e. material from plant residue which contains many of capillary tube. Many hydrodynamic models of water flow in porous and capillary medium are proposed, but there is no the specific model for plant bioreactor which contains particle beads and capillary tube. There are three models are proposed in this study, one each other are different in complexity. The first model has four parameters with mean error of 0.457, the second one has five parameters with error of 0.464, and the last one has seven parameters with mean error of 0.574. From the models, it is found that increasing in particle size or compost fraction will result in increasing permeability. With the compost to bed volume ratio of 1:4, the permeability increase significantly compared to the soil and sandstone. By taking into account of the permeability value in the governing equation of single cyllindrical root system, the water flow is not a rate limiting step for a long of the root. In order to ensure the existence of water flow in the bioreactor, it is suggested to use compost to bed volume ration of 1:1. Keywords: flow in capillary-porous media; permeability; root water uptake;the plant bioreactor Abstrak Aliran air dalam bioreaktor sangat penting dalam perpindahan nutrisi tanaman. Untuk memfasilitasi aliran air dalam bioreaktor tanaman, diperlukan rekayasa ruang melalui penambahan kompos, berupa material bekas tanaman yang mengandung pipa-pipa kapiler. Sudah tersedia berbagai model hidrodinamika untuk aliran lambat melewati unggun, namun belum ada yang secara khusus untuk bioreaktor tanaman yang memiliki butiran partikel dan potongan pipa kapiler. Pada kajian ini terdapat tiga model aliran yang ditinjau, masing-masing hanya berbeda dari sisi kompleksitasnya. Model pertama memiliki empat parameter dengan kesalahan rata-rata 0,457, model kedua memiliki lima parameter dengan kesalahan rata-rata 0,464, dan model ketiga dengan tujuh parameter dengan kesalahan rata-rata 0,574. Dengan menggunakan model tersebut diperoleh bahwa permeabilitas akan meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya ukuran partikel dan atau fraksi kompos. Penambahan kompos seperempat dari volume unggun total akan memberikan peningkatan permeabilitas yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan tanah dan batuan pasir biasa. Dengan memasukkan parameter ini kedalam persamaan pengambilan air pada sistem akar silinder tunggal, maka perpindahan air bukan lagi menjadi tahap pembatas laju di sepanjang akar. Untuk menjamin ketersediaan aliran, disarankan menggunakan kompos sebesar setengah dari volume unggun total. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-04-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9080 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.154-164 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.3 April 2015; 154-164 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9080/7426

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/65885 2024-12-02T20:30:54Z reaktor:RA

Gravity-Based PVC/PVP/SiO2 Membrane for River Water Treatment Aryanti, Putu Teta Prihartini In this study, UF-GDM membranes are made from PVC (12-14% weight), which is mixed with PVP (0-5% weight) and SiO2 (1-3% weight) in a DMAc solvent. The results showed that the PVC/PVP/SiO2 membrane formulation 12/5/1 produced a membrane with the lowest water contact angle of 55° and a permeate flux of 34 L.m-².h-1. However, the membrane is more susceptible to fouling, characterized by a 21% decrease in flux during 5 hours of operation. This is due to the large porosity of the membrane (84%). PVC/PVP/SiO2 formulations 14/2,5/1 showed the highest decrease in contaminants (turbidity above 99.9%, TDS of 47-51%, conductivity of 96%, and organic matter of 97.5%), but low permeate flux (8 L.m-².h-1) due to tighter membrane pores and high flux decrease (20%) due to fouling. The best formulation was obtained in a 12/2,5/1 PVC/PVP/SiO2 composition, with a more stable flux (37 L.m-².h-1) and a decrease of 9% over 5 hours. This formulation also showed a decrease in TDS of 38%, turbidity of 99.9%, conductivity of 96%, and organic substances of 98%. With clear water results, this formulation has the potential to be further developed in the manufacture of membranes for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient clean water supply. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-10-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/65885 10.14710/reaktor.24.1.28-35 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.1 April 2024; 28-35 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/65885/26868 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15013 2017-07-19T16:46:32Z reaktor:RA

Studi Produksi Hidrasin VIA Proses Urea Sitompul, J. P. hydrazine, bench-scale production, kinetic model, oxygen scavenger, inhibitor, geltine The use of hydrazine,N2H4 becomes very broad nowadays, in the production of polymer such as automobile air bags, in pharmacy, and in the water treatment for oxygen scavenge. Three commercial processes are available for hydrazine production , i.e. via Rasching-Olin, Ketazin, and Urea process. The operating condition for the later process is very mild compared to with the other two processes and hence requires simple processing equipments. This paper concerns with the kinetic study on production and on the effect of deactivator/ inhibitor during hydrazine bench-scale production via  Urea process. Operating condition are at 1 bar and at temperature range 5-100 0C. The yield of the hydrazine and its concentration with varying reactants, NaOH, hypochlorite, and urea during the cource of reaction are presented. Futher, the effect of gelatin as the deactivator toward hydrazine yield is futher examined. A kinetic model is proposed and used to predict yield of hydrazine. The predicted yield is in close agreement with the experimental yield.Keywords : hydrazine, bench-scale production, kinetic model, oxygen scavenger, inhibitor, geltine Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15013 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.20-25 Reaktor; Volume 09 No.1 Juni 2005; 20-25 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15013/11387 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1641 2020-04-17T05:11:10Z reaktor:RA

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PARTICLE SIZE ON THE ALKALINE EXTRACTION OF PROTEIN FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE Kumoro, Andri Cahyo Sofiah, Sofiah Aini, Nurul Retnowati, Diah Susetyo Budiyati, Catarina Sri chemical engineering chicken bones, extraction, particle size, proteins, temperature Chicken bone is a waste of chicken meat processing industry and restaurants that has not been used widely, even though it contains valuable organic compounds that are functionals, such as collagenous and non collagenous protein. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature and particle size on the protein extraction from chicken bones using dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Controlled parameters in this study were the solvent in the form of sodium hydroxide solution, extraction time for 1 hour, pH 10.5, the ratio of chicken bone powder: solvent (1:4 w/v), and stirring speed 200 rpm. While the operating variables included the extraction temperature of 30oC, 55oC, and 80oC, and particle size of 150 and 250 μm. Experiments were carried out by heating of 300 mL of sodium hydroxide solution with pH 10.5 in a three-necked flask equipped with Leibig condenser, thermometer, mechanical agitator and sampling device to reach the desired temperature (30oC, 55oC, and 80oC). Then, a total of 75 g of chicken bone powders with desired particle size (150μm and 250μm) was introduced into the sodium hydroxide solution and the stirrer was operated at speed of 200rpm. At every 10 minutes interval, as much as 10 mL samples were withdrawn for total protein analysis using Lowry-Folin method. The experiment was terminated after 1 hour. The results show that both increase in temperature and particle size caused an increase in the amount of extracted protein. Highest concentration of protein extracted was achieved at 630.99 mg/L, when the extraction was carried out using 250mm bone particles and temperature 80oC. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-10-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1641 10.14710/reaktor.13.2.124-130 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010; 124-130 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1641/1403

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/28395 2021-01-20T00:02:48Z reaktor:RA

Modification blanching process of potato flour using hydrogen rich water Budiarti, Gita Indah Shitophyta, Lukhi Mulia Okvitarini, Ndaru Fajarwaty, Vinna Damayanti, Ayu The chemical composition of potatoes includes carbohydrates, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The composition of vitamins and minerals in potatoes is higher than wheat flour. Brownish color in potato flour has reduced consumer's interest, so it needs to be modified to improve the color and physicochemical properties of flour. Researchers are trying to modify the blanching process using hydrogen-rich water. Because hydrogen-rich water has antioxidants that can prevent the browning process (oxidation) potato flour, cheaper, safer, and healthier than chemical compounds. The purpose of this study was to optimize the blanching process for potato flour modification. Variation of the process used is soaking time at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes. The optimal results of water content, ash content, reducing sugar content, protein, color, and swelling power were obtained at 75 minutes are 6.7%, 2.68%, 0.26%, 7.1%, 81.17, and 7 g/g. The quality of the modified potato flour met the physicochemical parameters of the flour according to the SNI standard for flour, except ash content. The quality of potato flour produced almost equals as the quality of wheat flour, so it needs to be considered as a substitute for wheat flour and is friendly for diabetics.Keywords: potatoes, modified flour, physicochemical properties, wheat Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/28395 10.14710/reaktor.20.4.161-165 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.4 December 2020; 161-165 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/28395/18640 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11755 2020-04-17T05:30:53Z reaktor:RA

SINTESA NATRIUM SIANAT DARI UREA DAN NATRIUM KARBONAT : EKSPERIMEN DAN MODEL SIMULASI Ismail, Taufik Mahfud, Muahfud Handogo, R.Handogo chemical Engineering natrium sianat ; natrium karbonat ; reaktor batch ; simulasi model ; shrinking core ; urea Eksperimen sintesa natrium sianat dari urea dan natrium karbonat menggunakan pelarut 1,2,4-triklorobenzene (TCB) telah dilangsungkan dalam r eaktor batch yang dilengkapi pengaduk jaket pemanas dan sistim pengeluaran gas. TBC dan natrium karbonat dipanaskan berurutan pada suhu 130oC diawal proses untuk mengeluarkan kandungan airnya, dilanjutkan penambahan sebagain dari kebutuhan urea sedikit demi sedikit. Suhu  dinaikkan menjadi 140 oC dan dipertahankan selama 1,5 jam sementara ini sisa urea juga ditambahkan TCB dapat melarutkan urea namun tidak melarutkan natrium karbonat. Selanjutnya suhu reaksi divariasikan ke 140o sampai 200o C pada tekanan atmosfer, waktu 2,5 jam. Dengan menggunakan rasio mol urea terhadap natrium karbonat 2/1 dan rasio berat TCB terhadap urea 5/1, pada suhu 200o C hasil natrium sianat yang didapat tertinggi adalah 93,4 % berat. Proses berlangsung dalam campuran yang heterogen, melibatkan perpindahan massa urea ke permukaan natrium karbonat. Produk natrium sianat yang padat diperkirakan tetumpuk dipermukaan partikel natrium karbonat yang belum bereaksi. shrinking unreacted core model telah digunakan untuk membuat model simulai sintesa natrium sianat ini. Hasil perhitungan simulasi telah memberikankecocokan dengan hasil eksperimen, sebagaimana ditunjukkan dalam kurva hasil eksperimen dan hasil perhitungan simulasinya. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-06-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11755 10.14710/reaktor.10.1.9-16 Reaktor; Volume 10 No. 1 Juni 2006; 9-16 2407-5973 0852-0798 en

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15046 2017-07-19T16:47:32Z reaktor:RA

Ekstraksi Minyak Nilam Dengan Pelarut N-Heksana Jos, B. Patchouli alcohol, Rendemen, minyak nilam Minyak nilam atau “patchouli oil” merupakan komoditas ekspor yang memberikan sumbangan devisa paling besar  diantara minyak atsiri yang lain di Indonesia. Minyak nilam digunakan sebagai bahan pewangi dan penahan (bersifat fiksatif) aroma wangi dalam pembuatan parfum, kosmetika, sabun, minyak rambut dan saus tembakau. Pengambilan minyak nilam ini umumnya melalui proses penyulingan dengan air maupun dengan distilasi uap. Pada proses ini rendeman yang dihasilkan hanya sekitar 2- 2,5% dengan konsentrasi patchouli alcohol (PA) sebesar 31%. Oleh karena itu upaya untuk meningkatkan mutu dan rendemen minyak nilam perlu dilakukan. Salah satu metode yang digunakan adalah dengan cara ekstraksi-destilasi. Proses ekstraksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan pelarut n-heksana dan variabel yang digunakan yaitu  waktu ekstraksi (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 menit), volume pelarut (2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 ml), serta suhu ekstraksi (30, 40, 50, 60 0C) dengan berat daun nilam yang digunakan sebesar 200 gram, kemudian produk keluaran ekstraksi diteruskan dengan proses distilasi (tahap pemurnian). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi operasi optimumdiperoleh pada waktu ekstraksi 120 menit, volume pelarut 3000 ml, dan suhu ekstraksi 30 0C (suhu kamar). Rendemen yang diperoleh sebesar 4,51% dengan konsentrasi patchouli alcohol (PA) sebesar 37%. Ekstraksi-destilasi dengan pelarut n-heksana ini, menghasilkan mutu dan rendemen minyak nilam yang lebih baik daripada proses penyulingan dengan air maupun destilasi uap biasa.Kata kunci : Patchouli alcohol, Rendemen, minyak nilam Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15046 10.14710/reaktor.8.2.94-99 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.2 Desember 2004; 94-99 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15046/11419 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4121 2023-05-12T19:06:54Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH STRUKTUR PORI TERHADAP KAPASITANSI ELEKTRODA SUPERKAPASITOR YANG DIBUAT DARI KARBON NANOPORI Ariyanto, Teguh Prasetyo, Imam Rochmadi, Rochmadi Chemical Engineering mesoporosity; phenolic resin; karbon berpori; superkapasitor THE EFFECT OF PORE STRUCTURE ON THE ELECTRODE CAPACITANCE OF SUPERCAPACITOR PREPARED BY NANOPOROUS CARBON. Nanoporous carbons, due to high specific surface area, high pore accessibility, and relatively low cost, have been used as material electrode supercapacitors. In this work, the influence of pore structure of nanoporous carbons on the specific capacitance of supercapacitors was examined. Nanoporous carbons with several types of pore structure were prepared by carbonization of phenolic resin produced by polymeric condensation of phenolic compound with formaldehyde. Furthermore, ethylene glycol, as a filler, was added in the phenolic resin polymerization to increase the mesoporosity of nanoporous carbon. The nanoporous carbons produced were characterized for their surface morphology, specific internal surface area (BET method), and pore structure. Samples were used as electrode material in supercapacitor and specific capacitances were characterized by galvanostatic test using 30% KOH aqueous solution as electrolyte. The capacitance test of supercapacitors exhibited that increasing mesoporosity increase specific capacitance value of supercapacitors. The highest specific capacitance of 336 F/g was obtained by using mesoporous carbon produced by carbonization of resorcinol phenol formaldehyde ethylene glycol (C-RPFEG2) as electrode material of supercapacitors.  Karbon nanopori dikarenakan memiliki luas permukaan internal yang tinggi, aksesibilitas pori yang baik, dan relatif murah telah digunakan sebagai material elektroda superkapasitor. Pada penelitian ini, pengaruh struktur pori dari karbon nanopori terhadap kapasitansi spesifik superkapasitor telah dipelajari. Karbon berpori dengan berbagai struktur pori dibuat dengan cara karbonisasi phenolic resin yang dibuat dengan cara polimerisaasi kondensasi senyawa phenolic dengan formaldehyde. Selain itu, etilen glikol sebagai filler ditambahkan pada saat polimerisasi phenolic resin untuk meningkatkan mesoporositas dari karbon nanopori. Karbon yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi berupa morfologi permukaan, luas permukaan spesifik (metode BET), dan struktur pori. Karbon tersebut kemudian digunakan sebagai material elektroda superkapasitor dan kapasitansi spesifik dikarakterisasi dengan tes galvanostatik menggunakan KOH 30% sebagai elektrolit. Uji kapasitansi superkapasitor menunjukkan bahwa meningkatnya mesoporositas karbon nanopori akan meningkatkan nilai kapasitansi spesifik. Kapasitansi spesifik tertinggi sebesar 336 F/g diperoleh jika menggunakan karbon mesopori hasil karbonisasi resorcinol phenol formaldehyde ethylene glycol (C-RPFEG2) sebagai material elektroda superkapasitor. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-03-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4121 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.25-32 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 25-32 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4121/3754

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/47175 2022-07-14T18:57:54Z reaktor:RA

Design of Propellant Composite Thermodynamic Properties Using Rocket Propulsion Analysis (RPA) Software Pinalia, Anita Prianto, Bayu Setyaningsih, Henny Dhewi, Prawita Ratnawati, Ratnawati Rocket Propulsion Analysis (RPA) is software for predicting the performance of a rocket engine. It is usually used in conceptual and preliminary design. Heat capacity and specific impulse are two properties related to the performance of a propellant. This work aimed to design AP/HTPB-based solid propellant composite with various compositions and predict the heat capacity and specific impulse using the RPA software. The materials used were ammonium perchlorate (AP) as the oxidizer, Hydroxy-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) as the fuel binder, Al powder as the metal fuel, and other additives. Four propellants with different formulations were prepared and tested for heat capacity and specific impulse. The experimental heat capacity was obtained using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), while the specific impulse was obtained using a bomb calorimeter. The same propellant formulations were used as the input to the RPS to predict the heat capacity and specific impulse. The results show that the experimental heat capacity of the propellant ranges from 1.576 to 4.08 J g–1 K–1, and the simulation result ranges from 1.78 to 3.48 J g–1 K–1. The overall average deviation is 16.3%. The predicted specific impulse at vacuum and sea level ranges from 231.3 to 234.0 s and from 219.8 to 220.9 s, respectively. Meanwhile, the experimental specific impulse at vacuum and sea level varies from 236.2 to 240.3 s and from 228.5 to 232.9 s, respectively. The overall average deviation is 3.7%. Therefore, the RPA is reliable for predicting specific impulse of propellant, but it is not accurate enough for predicting the heat capacity of propellant composite. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-07-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/47175 10.14710/reaktor.22.1.1-6 Reaktor; Volume 22 No. 1 April 2022; 1-6 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/47175/21935 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14880 2017-07-19T16:47:41Z reaktor:RA

aplikasi teknologi bersih untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas pada industri logam-kuningan purwanto, purwanto Hartonegoro, Ori T Huda, Syamsul Nugraheni, Ratri Proses produksi industri logam kuningan meliputi pengecoran, pemesinan, penyiapan bahan untuk proses akhir dan proses akhir (finishing). Proses finishing dapat berupa coating , pengecatan maupun elektroplanting. Pada setiap langkah proses dapat terjadi kehilangan bahan yang cukup berarti  maupun kegagalan proses yang menyebabkan terjadinya produk tolakan yang cukup besar. Aplikasi teknologi bersih pada industry logam-kuringan ini meliputi perbaikan proses, penggantian bahan dan perbaikan teknologi. Secara umum hasil penerapan memberikan produk tolakan yang cukup berarti sehingga dapat menekan biaya produksi. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14880 10.14710/reaktor.3.1.18-21 Reaktor; Volume 3 No.1 Desember 1999; 18-21 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14880/11290 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1062 2020-04-17T04:59:09Z reaktor:RA

PENGAMBILAN AIR DARI SISTEM ISOPROPIL ALKOHOL – AIR DENGAN DISTILASI ADSORPTIF MENGGUNAKAN ZEOLIT ALAM DAN SILIKA GEL Silviana, Silviana Purbasari, Aprilina Chemical Engineering distilasi adsorptif, isopropil alkohol, silika gel, zeolit alam Isopropil alkohol (IPA) merupakan pelarut umum yang digunakan di industri. Secara ekonomi, dalam penggunaan pelarut perlu diupayakan proses pengambilan kembali pelarut tersebut. Kendala pengambilan kembali pelarut IPA dalam sistem IPA–air adalah sistem tersebut membentuk azeotrop. Untuk itu, penelitian ini mengkaji proses pengambilan air dalam sistem IPA–air melalui proses distilasi adsorptif menggunakan adsorben zeolit alam dan silika gel sebagai adsorbennya. Percobaan dilakukan dengan variabel tetap volume umpan sebesar 200 ml, dan variabel berubah jenis adsorben (zeolit alam dan silika gel) dan komposisi umpan IPA (70, 73, 75, 80 %-b). Proses distilasi adsoprsi dijalankan selama 30 menit sampai keluar produk, selanjutunya pengambilan produk untuk dianalisa tiap 5 menit dengan analisa gravimetri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan adsorben silika gel lebih efektif dan selektif menyerap air daripada zeolit alam. Dan didapat kondisi optimum penggunaan silika gel komposisi umpan adalah 75% berat IPA dalam larutan hingga kemurnian IPA hingga 91,6% pada menit ke dua puluh. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-06-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1062 10.14710/reaktor.12.1.29-32 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 1, Juni 2008; 29-32 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1062/873

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15366 2020-04-17T05:39:36Z reaktor:RA

Recovery of Cu (II) and Cr (VI) Metals from Electroplating Liquid Waste Using Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) djunaidi, muhammad cholid Adiwibawa Prasetya, Nor Basid Setyowati, Nur Asih Khabibi, Khabibi Nita Ulfia, Khoirun Research on recovery of Cu (II) and Cr (VI) from electroplating liquid waste has been carried out using a Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM). PIM has a high stability to overcome the weakness of liquid membrane instability. The PIM membrane was placed between two phases namely the feed phase as a metal source of Cu (II) from electroplating waste with pH 3 and the receiving phase which is HNO3 solution with pH 1 and pH 4.4 in the feed phase and pH 6.3 in the receiving phase with NaCl 2 N for metal Cr (VI). Recovery efficiency is known by determining the concentration of Cu (II) and Cr (VI) in the feed and receiving phases using AAS, while the membrane characterization were carried out using FTIR, SEM and UV-vis spectroscopy. The resulting PIM membrane has properties of thin, clear and flexible. AAS data showed that the percentage of PIM transport with stirring for 24 hours performed the highest percentage of Cu (II) metal transport from feed phase of 83.41% and transport in the receiving phase of 72.56%. While the percentage of optimum Cr (VI) transport was 97.8% in the feed phase and 76.5% in the receiving phase. The results of membrane characterization using FTIR and UV spectroscopy showed that the PIM membrane was quite stable. While the results of SEM show that there were no pores in the membrane so that the transport occurs by diffusion through the intermediate of the carrier compound. Keywords: electroplating waste; liquid membrane; PIM Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-08-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15366 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.102-109 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018; 102-109 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15366/14164 Copyright (c) 2018 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7867 2020-04-17T05:19:51Z reaktor:RA

APLIKASI CRUDE ENZIM SELULASE DARI TONGKOL JAGUNG (Zea mays L) PADA PRODUKSI ETANOL DENGAN METODE SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION (SSF) Retnoningtyas, Ery Susiany Antaresti, Antaresti Aylianawati, Aylianawati Chemical Engineering selulase; tongkol jagung; crude enzim; etanol; saccharomyces cerevisiae Tongkol jagung yang melimpah sebagai produk samping dari hasil pengolahan industri jagung pipilan, memberikan peluang untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai substrat dalam produksi crude enzim selulase. Crude enzim selulase dari tongkol jagung selanjutnya diaplikasikan pada produksi etanol dengan memanfaatkan tongkol jagung juga dengan metode simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh volume crude enzim selulase terhadap kadar etanol, kinerja crude enzim selulase dalam memproduksi etanol dan membandingkan kinerjanya dengan crude enzim komersial. Penelitian ini terbagi dalam dua tahap yaitu : pretreatment tongkol jagung, dan fermentasi. Tongkol jagung yang sudah dikeringkan, dihaluskan hingga menjadi serbuk dengan ukuran 12 mesh, dan diberi perlakuan hidrolisis dengan uap panas (steam explosion) selama 60 menit. Serbuk tongkol jagung difermentasi,dengan penambahan nutrisi, crude enzim selulase dan jamur Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proses fermentasi dilakukan pada suhu 30oC selama 120 jam, sedangkan pengamatan dilakukan setiap 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produksi etanol yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan crude enzim selulase dan crude enzim komersial berturut-turut adalah 1,28 dan 2,89 %. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-12-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7867 10.14710/reaktor.14.4.272-276 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013; 272-276 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7867/6447

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/10802 2017-07-24T13:18:07Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14941 2017-06-13T03:29:00Z reaktor:RA

Malaysian Crude Oil Emulsions : Stability Study Pramudono, B. Mat, H. B. emultion stability, crude oil, asphaltene, resin and wax The stability of water-in-oil emulsion of some Malaysian crude oils was studied with particular emphasis on effect of interfacial active components existed in the crude oil, i.e. asphaltene, resin and wax. The emulsion stability was studied by measuring the volume of water or oil phase separated in variation with time, water hold up, and the heights of the sedimenting/coalescing interfaces during the separation at various temperatures. The study investigated the influence of asphaltene, resin and wax on emultion stability if it`s present in the crude oil alone, together or combination one of the others. The result show that the interfacial active component that stabilize emulsion is asphaltene. The resin and wax  do not form stale emulsion either aloneor together. There is a correlation between emulsion stability and physicochemical properties of crude oil which showed that higher asphaltene content in the crude oil would form more stable emultion. Increased temperature was found to cause instability of emultion. Keywords : emultion stability, crude oil, asphaltene, resin and wax Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14941 10.14710/reaktor.6.1.29-34 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 1 Juni 2002; 29-34 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14941/11339 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1510 2020-04-17T05:02:08Z reaktor:RA

PERANAN KATALIS TiO2/SiO2-MONTMORILLONIT PADA REAKSI KONVERSI SITRONELAL MENJADI ISOPULEGOL Fatimah, Is Rubiyanto, Dwiarso Huda, Torikul Chemistry citronellal, isopulegol, pillared montmorillonite Catalytic conversion of citronellal to isopulegol over TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonite catalyst was studied for citronellal isolated from Cymbopogon leaf oil. The role of physico-chemical characteristics of montmorillonite and SiO2-montmorillonit catalyst on total conversion, activity and selectivity to produce isopulegol was studied. Activity test was conducted for citronellal cyclication for 4 hour. The total conversion, catalyst activity and catalyst selectivity to produce isopulegol were evaluated based on product composition obtained by GC-MS analysis. The experimental result showed that TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonite plays role in the increase of total conversion significantly from 87.80% over SiO2-montmorillonit and 85.38% over natural montmorillonite become 95.53%. Total conversion and selectivity of the catalyst to produce isopulegol increase could be related to Lewis acidity of TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonite, and also specific surface area enhancement. However, in the range of 1:1.25 to 1:5.0 catalyst to citronellal mass ratio, there was no influence on total conversion and selectivity to produce isopulegol. This may be caused by dominant influence of Lewis acidity compared to other physico-chemical characteristic of material. Kinetics study of the reaction showed that TiO2 dispersion on SiO2-montmorillonite almost doubles the reaction rate constant with the factor of 1.955. Konversi katalitik sitronelal menjadi isopulegol menggunakan katalis TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonit dipelajari terhadap sitronelal hasil isolasi minyak daun sereh. Peranan karakter fisikokimiawi material katalis montmorillonit alam dan SiO2-montmorillonit terhadap konversi total, aktivitas dan selektivitas dalam pembentukan isopulegol dipelajari. Uji aktivitas katalis dilakukan pada reaksi siklisasi sitronelal selama 4 jam. Konversi total, aktivitas katalis dan selektivitas terhadap isopulegol dihitung berdasar perubahan komposisi hasil reaksi yang ditentukan menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa katalis TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonit berperanan meningkatkan konversi total reaksi secara signifikan dari sebesar 87,80% pada penggunaan SiO2-montmorillonit dan 85,38% dengan menggunakan montmorillonit alam menjadi sebesar 95,53%. Peningkatan konversi total dan selektivitas terhadap isopulegol berkaitan dengan keasaman Lewis yang dimiliki oleh TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonit serta peningkatan luas permukaan spesifik material. Namun pada rentang perbandingan massa katalis terhadap sitronelal 1:1,25 hingga 1:5,0 tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap konversi total dan selektivitas produk isopulegol. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan peranan keasaman Lewis lebih dominan terhadap sifat-sifat fisikokimiawi material katalis. Studi kinetika reaksi menunjukkan bahwa dispersi TiO2 pada SiO2-montmorillonit meningkatkan konstanta laju reaksi dengan faktor sebesar 1,955.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-12-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1510 10.14710/reaktor.12.2.83-89 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2008; 83-89 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1510/1268

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8224 2020-04-17T05:22:13Z reaktor:RA

IN SITU TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK BIJI MAHONI MENJADI METIL ESTER DENGAN CO-SOLVENT THF (TETRAHYDROFURAN) Daryono, Elvianto Dwi Rengga, Adrianus Chrisantus Safitri, Imaniar Chemical Engineering biodiesel, co-solvent, in situ transesterification, mahogany seed oil Tujuan dari penelitian  adalah untuk mengkaji efektifitas penggunaan co-solvent THF pada reaksi transesterifikasi in situ minyak biji mahoni sebagai solusi proses pembuatan biodiesel yang efektif dan efisien. Variabel dan kondisi operasi  meliputi katalis NaOH, kecepatan pengadukan 450 rpm, suhu reaksi suhu kamar, rasio molar minyak:metanol = 1:101,39, rasio molar katalis:minyak = 0,5:1, % FFA minyak 1,42%, kadar air biji 0,8%, waktu reaksi 3, 8, 13, 18, dan 23 menit serta rasio molar minyak:THF 1:47,15, 1:57,85 dan 1:67,85. Biji mahoni yang telah dikeringkan dan dihaluskan ukuran +20/-30 mesh sebanyak 50 gram dimasukkan dalam labu leher tiga yang dilengkapi pendingin balik dan ditambahkan metanol, THF dan katalis NaOH serta dilakukan reaksi sesuai dengan variabel dan kondisi operasi penelitian. Setelah reaksi selesai dipisahkan antara ampas dan filtratnya. Filtrat didistilasi pada suhu ± 70oC dan residu hasil distilasi dimasukkan dalam corong pemisah dan didiamkan selama ± 12 jam agar terbentuk 2 lapisan. Lapisan atas sebagai metil ester kemudian dianalisis konsentrasi metil oleatnya dengan GC. Dari data hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil terbaik pada rasio molar minyak:THF = 1:67,85 dan waktu reaksi 23 menit dengan  konsentrasi metil oleat 59,10% dan yield metil ester 79,69%. Densitas metil ester 0,8791 g/cm3 memenuhi SNI 04-7182-2006 yaitu 0,85 – 0,89 g/cm3. Kata kunci : biodiesel, co-solvent, minyak biji mahoni, transesterifikasi in situ Abstract The purpose of this research was to assess the effectiveness of the use of co-solvent THF for in situ transesterification reaction mahogany seed oil as a biodiesel manufacturing process solutions that effectively and efficiently. Variables and operating conditions include catalyst NaOH, stirring speed of 450 rpm, room temperature the reaction temperature, molar ratio of oil: methanol = 1: 101.39, the molar ratio of catalyst: oil = 0.5: 1, % FFA oil is 1,42%,  moisture content seed of 0.8%, reaction time is 3, 8, 13, 18, and 23 minutes, and the molar ratio of oil: THF is 1: 47.15, 1: 57.85 and 1: 67.85. Mahogany seeds that have been dried and pulverized size +20/-30 mesh as much as 50 grams included in the three-neck flask equipped condenser and added methanol, THF and catalyst NaOH and the reaction carried out in accordance with the variables and operating conditions. After the reaction is complete, the filtrate and cake was separated. The filtrate is distilled at a temperature of ± 70°C and the residue distilled included in the separating funnel and allowed to stand for ± 12 hours in order to form two layers. The top layer as methyl esters were analyzed by GC to concentrations of methyl oleate. From the research data obtained the best results at a molar ratio of oil: THF = 1: 67.85 and reaction time 23 minutes with methyl oleate concentration of 59.10% and yield methyl ester of 79.69%. Methyl ester density 0.8791 g/cm3 meet SNI 04-7182-2006 from 0.85 to 0.89 g/cm3. Keywords : biodiesel, co-solvent, in situ transesterification, mahogany seed oil   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-04-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8224 10.14710/reaktor.15.1.51-58 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.1, APRIL 2014; 51-58 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8224/6966 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/8224/613

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/66353 2025-04-28T20:37:39Z reaktor:RA

Preparation and Identification of Local Microorganisms (LMOs) using Lake Toba Water and Their Utilization for Plastic Biodegradation Lumbantoruan, Chintya Sinar Misran, Erni Masyithah, Zuhrina Local microorganisms (LMOs) are solutions made from anaerobic fermentation of sugar and complex carbohydrate sources using a local microorganism source medium. Generally, LMO solution possesses the potential to perform plastic biodegradation. This research aims to analyse the variation of the volume of Lake Toba water as a source of microorganisms in the preparation of LMO and to identify plastic degrading local microorganisms. The research steps consisted of making standard curves and growth curves, LMO preparation, testing the biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic, isolating microorganisms, performing biochemical test, testing the clear zone for plastic degrading microorganisms, and identifying microorganisms. LMO was made by mixing raw materials according to the ratio of Lake Toba water volume to substrate, namely 20:80 (% v/v); 30:70 (% v/v); and 40:60 (% v/v) which were fermented for 99 hours at 37 °C. The results showed that LMO pH before and after fermentation changed from 4.75; 4.9; and 4.94. to 3.46; 3.45; and 3.48. The decrease in pH was likely due to the activity of microorganisms that produce organic acids. The LDPE plastic degradation percentage of the resulting LMOs were 2.353% w/w; 3.012% w/w; and 4.023% w/w, respectively. For that reason, five microbe isolates obtained from fermentation of Lake Toba water volume to substrate ratio of 40:60 (% v/v) were further screened to validate their potential in degrading LDPE, which 2 isolates produced clear zones and identified as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sp. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-12-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/66353 10.14710/reaktor.24.2.41-51 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.2 August 2024; 41-51 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/66353/27209 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15004 2017-07-19T16:46:47Z reaktor:RA

Fault Analysis Of Process System Using Multi Block Principal Component Analysis Sasongko, S. B. Ibrahim, K. A. Ahmad, A. statistical process control, principal component, fault analysis This research looks into the issues of the quality improvement based on process control instead of product control using multivariate statistical process contro. A deterministic model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) power plant was used as a case study to represent a multi variable or mukti equipment system. A three-step approach is proposed which  can be classified into fault detection, fault isolation, and faulr diagnosis. The fault detection and the isolation utilize the multivariate analysis and yhe contro chart method , which uses the series multi-block principal component analysis  of extended of PCA method. The series block principal component abalysis is solved using the non linear iteration partial least squares (NIPALS) algorithm. The SB-PCA can advangeouly incorporate the control chart, namely, T2 Hotelling control chart. In the fault diagnosis chart, the normalized variable method was successfully applied in this study with promising results. As a conclution, the result of this study demonstrated the potentials of multivariate statistical process control in solving fault detection and diagnosis problem for multi variable and multi equipment system.Keywords : statistical process control, principal component, fault analysis Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15004 10.14710/reaktor.7.02.61-65 Reaktor; Volume 07 No.2 Desember 2003; 61-65 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15004/11378 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1550 2015-01-15T03:13:44Z reaktor:RA

MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR FOR TREATMENT OF RECALCITRANT WASTEWATERS Suprihatin, Suprihatin Romli, Muhammad Chemical Engineering leachate, microfiltration, pulp and paper mill effluent, recalcitrant wastewater, submerged membrane, ultrafilitration The low biodegradable wastewaters remain a challenge in wastewater treatment technology. The performance of membrane bioreactor systems with submerged hollow fiber micro- and ultrafiltration membrane modules were examined for purifying recalcitrant wastewaters of leachate of a municipal solid waste open dumping site and effluent of pulp and paper mill. The use of MF and UF membrane bioreactor systems showed an efficient treatment for both types wastewaters with COD reduction of 80-90%. The membrane process achieved the desirable effects of maintaining reasonably high biomass concentration and long sludge retention time, while producing a colloid or particle free effluent. For pulp and paper mill effluent a specific sludge production of 0.11 kg MLSS/kg COD removed was achieved. A permeate flux of about 5 L/m²h could be achieved with the submerged microfiltration membrane. Experiments using ultrafiltration membrane produced relatively low permeate fluxes of 2 L/m²h. By applying periodical backwash, the flux could be improved significantly. It was indicated that the particle or colloid deposition on membrane surface was suppressed by backwash, but reformation of deposit was not effectively be prevented by shear-rate effect of aeration. Particle and colloid started to accumulate soon after backwash. Construction of membrane module and operation mode played a critical role in achieving the effectiveness of aeration in minimizing deposit formation on the membrane surface. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-06-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1550 10.14710/reaktor.13.1.1-9 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 1, Juni 2010; 1-9 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1550/1307

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/28134 2020-07-17T02:18:55Z reaktor:RA

The Characterization of Synthetic Zeolite for Hydrocracking of Waste Cooking Oil into Fuel Salamah, Siti Aktawan, Agus Mufandi, Ilham Zeolite A was used as hydrocracking catalyst to convert cooking oil into potential renewable fuels. The experiment was performed by characterize the diffraction, and pore properties the synthetic zeolite and it was confirmed the synthetic zeolite was zeolite A. The hydrocracking process of waste cooking oil was carried out in semi-fixed batch reactor system at 450° C for 2 hours, under the hydrogen flow of 20 ml/minute. The diffractogram and Si/Al ratio, 1.6, were matched to zeolite A properties, with the surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume were, 1.163 m2/g, 3.93 nm, and 0.001 cc/g, respectively. Liquid product from hydrocracking process of cooking oil consisted of 28.99% alkane and alkene 26.59% that are potential as renewable fuels.Keywords: waste cooking oil; zeolite A; hydrocracking Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/28134 10.14710/reaktor.20.2.89-95 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.2 June 2020; 89-95 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/28134/17659 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9835 2020-04-17T05:29:02Z reaktor:RA

SINTESIS ASAM 9,10-DIHIDROKSI STEARAT (DHSA) MELALUI HIDROLISA EPOKSIDA DARI OKSIDASI ASAM OLEAT DENGAN ASAM PERFORMAT Maisaroh, Maisaroh Susetyo, Indra Budi Rusmandana, Bayu Chemical Engineering Process SYNTHESIS OF 9,10-DIHYDROXYSTEARIC ACID (DHSA) THROUGH HYDROLYSIS EPOXIDE FROM OXIDATION OLEIC ACID AND PERFORMIC ACID. 9,10-dihydroxy stearic acid (DHSA); C18H36O4 is one of hydroxyl fatty acids with hydroxyl groups (OH) and carboxyl groups (-COOH) cause DHSA have unique properties for many applications including as an emulsifier in the oil phase/gel candles and water in cosmetic formulations. This study investigated the formation of DHSA of from oleic acid and performic acid through epoxidation and hydrolysis reactions. Epoxidation was carried out by reacting the oleic acid with formic acid to form performic acid in situ reaction at a temperature of 60-70oC with stirring in order to minimize byproduct, followed hydrolysis obtained DHSA as powder with melting point 86.5oC, iodine value  0.125 g I2/100 g, acid value 171.53 mg KOH/g, the hydroxyl group observed at the absorption band region of 3345.34 cm-1, LCMS analysis results show peak spetrograms-mass at m/z 317,269, with a value m/z is equivalent to molecular weight DHSA.  Keywords: DHSA; epoxidation; hydrolysis; hydroxyl fatty acids; oleic acid   Abstrak Asam 9,10-dihidroksi stearat (DHSA) dengan rumus molekul C18H36O4 merupakan senyawa hidroksil asam lemak dengan gugus hidroksil (-OH) dan karboksil (-COOH) menyebabkan DHSA memiliki sifat unik untuk berbagai aplikasi antara lain sebagai emulsifier antara fasa minyak/lilin gel dan air dalam formulasi kosmetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan DHSA dari asam oleat dan asam performat, melalui tahapan reaksi epoksidasi dan hidrolisa. Epoksidasi asam oleat dengan asam performat yang dibentuk secara in situ dilakukan pada suhu reaksi 60-70oC dengan pengadukan untuk meminimalkan reaksi samping, dilanjutkan dengan hidrolisa epoksida diperoleh DHSA berupa serbuk berwarna putih gading dengan titik leleh 86,5oC, bilangan iod ± 0,125 g I2/100 g, bilangan asam 171,53 mg KOH/g, gugus hidroksil teramati menggunakan FTIR pada bilangan gelombang 3345,34 cm-1, yang diperkuat dengan data kromatogram LC-MS yang memberikan puncak spektrogram-massa pada m/z 317.269, dengan harga m/z yang setara dengan Berat Molekul DHSA.  Kata kunci: DHSA; epoksidasi; hidrolisa; hidroksil asam lemak; asam oleat Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro KEMENTERIAN RISET TEKNOLOGI DAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI 2016-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9835 10.14710/reaktor.16.2.57-64 Reaktor; Volume 16 No. 2 Juni 2016; 57-64 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9835/8946 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/9835/899 Copyright (c) 2016 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/82403 2026-04-23T19:29:00Z reaktor:RA

Comparative Kinetic Modelling and Performance Evaluation Of Immobilized Media Using Zeolite and Biokeramic In an Anaerobic Fixed-Bed Reactor Treating Dairy Sludge Waste Pampang, Harun Nogo Ole, Maria Assumpta Ranggina, Dian Moneteringtyas, Prisca Caesa This study evaluates the performance of anaerobic fixed-bed reactors using two different immobilization media, natural zeolite and porous bioceramic, for treating dairy sludge waste. Kinetic modeling was performed using Monod, Contois, and Moser models, implemented by MATLAB to determine substrate degradation (sCOD) and methane production rates. The results indicated that for the zeolite media, the Moser model provided the best fit R2 of 0.9287 and RMSE of 500.12 mg/L with an exponential constant (n) of 2.92, reflecting high microbial sensitivity and synergistic effects in the biofilm. In contrast, the bioceramic media showed higher statistical stability across all models, with the Monod and Moser models achieving an identical R2 of 0.9939. However, a significant functional discrepancy was observed, while bioceramic provided superior statistical fitting, it failed to facilitate effective methanogenesis, with methane concentrations remaining below 10%. Zeolite, despite a slightly lower statistical fit, achieved a peak methane concentration of 37.82% on day 6. This suggests that zeolite's cation exchange capacity effectively mitigates ammonia inhibition from protein-rich dairy sludge, a factor not captured by simplified empirical deterministic kinetic models. This research emphasizes that statistical stability in kinetic modeling did not inherently correlate with bio-energy recovery efficiency, affrim the importance of media selection. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2026-04-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/82403 10.14710/reaktor.26.1.82403 Reaktor; Volume 26 No.1 April 2026 2407-5973 0852-0798 en Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by Dept. of Chemical Engineering Universitas Diponegoro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15036 2017-07-19T16:47:13Z reaktor:RA

Pengolahan Air Gambut Dengan Kombinasi Proses Flokulasi dan Mikrofiltrasi Aryanti, N. Susanto, H. flokulan, membrane mikrofiltrasi, fluk, rejeksi Makalah ini membahas gabungan proses flokulasi dan membrane mikrofiltrasi untuk pengolahan air gambut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan air gambut sintetis  yang dibuat dari humic acid pada berbagai variasi konsentrasi. Validasi dilakukan dengan air gambut asli yang berasal dari daerah Riau dengan kadar organic 168,5 mg/L KMnO4. Sebagai flokulan digunakan FeCl3 dengan jenis membrane hollow fiber polisulfon. Respon yang diamati adalah fluk dan rejeksi kadar organic. Percobaan dilakukan dengan variasi tekanan 0,4-1,6 bar dan konsentrasi flokulan 0-40 mg/L. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh tekanan operasi akan meningkatkan fluk. Kenaikan konsentrasi flokulan dari 0-40 mg/L menyebabkan fluk yang didapatkan semakin turun dengan rejeksi kadar organik naik. Kondisi operasi terbaik yang didapatkan yaitu pada tekanan 1,2 bar dan konsentrasi flokulan 40 mg/L untuk air gambut  sintetis, sedangkan untuk air gambut asli pada tekanan 1 bar dan konsentrasi floklan 30 mg/L. Kata kunci : flokulan, membrane mikrofiltrasi, fluk, rejeksi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15036 10.14710/reaktor.8.1.43-47 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.1 Juni 2004; 43-47 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15036/11410 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3582 2016-12-11T08:41:59Z reaktor:RA

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFATED ZIRCONIA FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION Rustamaji, Heri Sulistyo, Hary Budiman, Arief Chemical Engineering biodiesel; characterization; solid catalyst; sulfated zirconia Sulfated zirconia has been prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, BET surface area, and BJH pore distribution methods. XRD patterns reveal that the sulfated zirconia mainly consists of tetragonal crystalline zirconia with average size of about 9.8 nm. N2 adsorption data show that the nanosized sulfated zirconia has high surface area (109.4 m2/g) and shows the uniform pore distribution aggregated by zirconia nanoparticles. Sulfated zirconias were used as catalysts in the alcoholysis of jatropha oil. The conversions of jatropha oil alcoholysis under good conditions (120oC, 2 h, 3 wt% of catalyst and 1000 rpm agitation speed) were 79.65%.  Abstrak PREPARASI DAN KARAKTERISASI ZIRKONIA TERSULFATASI SEBAGAI KATALISATOR DALAM PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL. Zirkonia tersulfatasi berhasil dibuat dan dikarakterisasi dengan difraksi sinar X, spektroskopi inframerah, pengukuran luas permukaan dengan metode BET dan dan pengukuran distribusi pori dengan metode BJH. Pola difraksi sinar X menunjukkan bahwa susunan utama zirkonia tersulfatasi terdiri atas kristal zirkonia tetragonal dengan ukuran pori rata-rata sekitar 9,8 nm. Data adsorpsi N2 menunjukkan bahwa zirkonia tersulfatasi yang berukuran nano memiliki luas permukaan yang tinggi (109,4 m2/g) dan memiliki distribusi ukuran pori yang seragam. Zirkonia tersulfatasi digunakan sebagai katalisator dalam reaksi alkoholisis minyak jarak pagar dengan konversi pada kondisi yang relatif baik (120oC, 2 jam, 3% berat katalis dan kecepatan pengadukan 1000 rpm) sebesar 79,65%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-11-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3582 10.14710/reaktor.13.4.225-230 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 4, Desember 2011; 225-230 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3582/3220

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/41287 2022-06-14T01:35:47Z reaktor:RA

Characteristic of Kimpul (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) Flour Modified with Hydrogen Rich Water Budiarti, Gita Indah Sulistiawati, Endah Sofiana, Nurani Yunita, Dessy Norma Kimpul one of tuber that potentially for substitute wheat in Indonesia. The disadvantage of kimpul tubers is that they are easily damaged or not durable because they have a high moisture content. Either method to modify starch is to use hydrogen rich water. The advantages of HRW compared to other modification methods are that HRW is safer, healthier for the body and more economical. The objective of the work was to determine the effect of hydrogen rich water and drying temperature on characteristic kimpul flour. Variables were used in this research pH (3, 6,7,9,11), soaking time (15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes), temperature drying (100,110,120°C). The result is yield maximum obtained 38.67% at pH 7, soaking time 45 minutes and temperature drying 100°C. Swelling power is 0.52%. Structure molecule spherical and, separated. Result of proximate analysis for modified kimpul flour are ash content 4.49%; fat content 0.27%; fiber 4.69%; carbohydrate content 76.25%; protein 4.15%; moisture content 10.14%, energy 313.76 Kal/100 g; reducing sugar 0.78%. Color analysis result L, a and b are 19.63; 1.78 and 9.23 respectively. Hydrogen rich water has a good effect on molecules and color.Keywords: flour, kimpul, hydrogen rich water Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-02-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/41287 10.14710/reaktor.1.1.155-159 Reaktor; Volume 21 No.4 December 2021; 155-159 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/41287/21230 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13116 2020-04-17T05:34:18Z reaktor:RA

FRACTIONATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM KAFFIR LIME (Citrus hystrix) PEEL EXTRACT AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY Wijaya, Yusak Adi Widyadinata, Daniel Irawaty, Wenny Ayucitra, Aning Chemical Engineering antioxidant; fractionation; kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix); peel Side effects of drug-based treatment observed in patients during degenerative diseases treatments has directed towards to the identification of plants with antioxidant activity. Kaffir lime peel was selected in this study. This work was aimed to investigate the effect of solvent (hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) polarity on the fractionation of ethanolic crude extract and assess its antioxidative property by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The results show semi polar solvent of ethyl acetate exhibited the best solvent to extract phenolic compounds from ethanolic kaffir lime peel with total phenolic content detected was 0.12 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/mg. The employment of solvents possessing different polarity resulted several fractions, i.e. hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residue with different type of phenolic compounds in each fraction. Accordingly, each fraction exhibited different antioxidant activity against free radical compound of DPPH. The N-butanol fraction demonstrated the strongest activity which is shown by lowest IC50 value among the fractions tested. The fraction of n-butanol exhibited the IC50 value of 0.44 mg/mL which means that only 0.44 mg of the fraction/mL is required to inhibit the neutralization of DPPH by 50%. Phenolic identification by High Performance Liquid Chromatography indicates the different phenolic compounds in each fraction that contribute to antioxidative property to different extent. Further investigation to identify these phenolic compounds will lead to further development of kaffir lime as natural antioxidant to treat specific degenerative diseases. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-10-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13116 10.14710/reaktor.17.3.111-117 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017; 111-117 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13116/11684 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/18143 2020-04-17T05:39:28Z reaktor:RA

Lactic Acid Production From Cocoa Pod Husk by Studying Further the Influence of Alkaloids on Fermentation Process using Lactobacillus Plantarum Bacteria Irwanto, Dodi Wiratni, W. Rochmadi, R. Syamsiah, Siti Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) is the biomass waste from cocoa industry, generated after the digestion process. It accounts for about 70-75% of the cocoa fresh fruit. CPH contains active compounds of alkaloids that are thought to be the inhibitors of the lactic acid fermentation process using microorganisms. This study aims to produce Lactic Acid from CPH by studying further the influence of alkaloids on fermentation process using Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria. Fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria was carried out at 50°C and with agitation at 100 rpm in incubator shaker for 48 h. This process was conducted to determine the effect of the addition of alkaloids by analyzing through the comparison between the consumption of substrate (glucose), dry weight of the cell, and the production of lactic acid. Evaluation of the differences in the performance of microorganisms at various treatments was performed based on the parameters values of the kinetic models prepared for the case studied. The kinetic model fitting results showed that the presence of alkaloids alters the growth patterns of products from growth-associated products into mixed patterns because the products were formed during slow growth and stationary phases. The maximum growth rate (μm) and substrate inhibition constant (Ks) obtained on each variation of inhibitor addition were likely to remain constant at the values of 0.69 h-1 and 3.89 g/L respectively, as these parameters were unaffected by the addition of inhibitor Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18143 10.14710/reaktor.18.1.51-56 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 1 March 2018; 51-56 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18143/13795 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6098 2020-04-17T05:18:31Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH JENIS ANODA PADA PROSES PEMULIHAN LOGAM NIKEL DARI TIRUAN AIR LIMBAH ELECTROPLATING MENGGUNAKAN SEL ELEKTRODEPOSISI Dhaenudin, Djaenudin Syafila, Mindriany Kardena, Edwan Nurdin, Isdiriayani Chemical Engineering anoda; elektrodeposisi; grafit; timbal; pemulihan nikel; stainless steel tipe AISI 316 EFFECT OF ANODES TYPES ON NICKEL RECOVERY FROM SYNTHETIC ELECTROPLATING WASTE ELECTRODEPOSITION CELLS. A study concerning the recovery of nickel from electroplating wastewater artificial solution. The study was conducted with a batch system using electrodeposition cell consisting of two spaces separated by water hyacinth leaf, copper cathode plate, H2SO4 solution anolyte, catholyte solution of NiSO4 plus NaCl supporting electrolyte and anode varied. Electrodeposition performed at the direct current of 5V power for 4 hours each run. The research objective was to obtain the best anode in nickel electrodeposition process of electroplating waste artificial solution. Graphite, stainless steel type AISI 316 and the lead were used as a variation of the anode. Concentration of nickel in the catholyte at baseline 2200 mg/L. The results showed that the anode was a graphite anode with best value decreased by 72.44% nickel concentration, deposition of nickel on the cathode of 0.188 grams and specific energy values ​​of 6.1625 kWh/kg.nickel.   Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pemulihan logam nikel dari larutan tiruan air limbah electroplating. Penelitian dilakukan dengan sistem batch menggunakan sel elektrodeposisi yang terdiri dari dua ruang yang dipisahkan dengan daun eceng gondok, katoda pelat tembaga, anolit larutan H2SO4, katolit larutan NiSO4 ditambah elektrolit pendukung larutan NaCl dan anoda divariasikan. Elektrodeposisi dilakukan pada listrik searah sebesar 5V selama 4 jam setiap tempuhan. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh anoda terbaik pada proses elektrodeposisi nikel dari larutan tiruan limbah electroplating. Grafit, Stainless Steel  tipe AISI 316 dan timbal digunakan sebagai variasi jenis anoda. Konsentrasi nikel dalam katolit pada awal penelitian 2200 mg/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anoda grafit merupakan anoda yang paling baik dengan nilai penurunan konsentrasi nikel sebesar 72,44%, deposisi nikel di katoda sebesar 0,188 gram dan nilai energi spesifik sebesar 6,1625  kWh/kg.nikel. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2013-03-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6098 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.211-217 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 211-217 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6098/5190

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11796 2017-06-21T07:53:41Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14931 2017-06-21T08:01:18Z reaktor:RA

Pengolahan Limbah Cair “Tank Cleaning” Tanki Timbun di Instalasi Pertamina UPPDN IV Semarang Basuki, Bambang Triono limbah cair tank cleaning, anaerobik Karakteristik limbah yang dihasilkan dari pencucian tanki timbun dapat berupa limbah cair (air+minyak) dan lumpur (sludge), dalam percobaan ini menggunakan variable perbandingan konsentrasi limbah (1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3) waktu tinggal (24, 48 dan 72 jam) dengan menggunakan perbandingan nutrisi COD : N: P = 300:5:1. Dari hasil uji laboratorium menunjukkan persen reduksi yang cukup baik pada kisaran antara 60,0~ 97,8%. Efisiensi treatment dari parameter COD, BOD, minyak mineral, Phenol dan Pb relatif lebih baik pada waktu tinggal yang lama (72 jam).Kata kunci : limbah cair tank cleaning, anaerobik Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14931 10.14710/reaktor.5.2.67-70 Reaktor; Volume 5 No.2 Desember 2001; 67-70 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14931/11329 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1500 2020-04-17T04:59:52Z reaktor:RA

EKSTRAKSI KONTINYU DENGAN SIMULASI BATCH TIGA TAHAP ALIRAN LAWAN ARAH: PENGAMBILAN MINYAK BIJI ALPUKAT MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT N-HEXANE DAN ISO PROPIL ALKOHOL Pramudono, Bambang Ardi Widioko, Septian Rustyawan, Wawan Chemical Engineering biji alpukat, ekstraksi, rendemen, solven Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji rendemen dan selektivitas dari ekstraksi biji alpukat dengan pelarut n-hexane dan isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan sistem kontinyu simulasi batch bertahap tiga aliran lawan arah pada temperatur 82 oC (untuk pelarut n- hexane) dan 69 oC (untuk pelarut IPA), selama 2 jam dengan perbandingan bahan dan pelarut sebesar 20 gr/250 gr. Rendemen yang diperoleh pada penggunaan n-hexane dan IPA sebesar 18,69 % dan 17,87 %. Kedua minyak yang dihasilkan baik dari penggunaan n-hexane maupun IPA memenuhi spesifikasi minyak biji alpukat. Dari besarnya rendemen yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa secara kuantitatif  pelarut n-hexane lebih baik daripada IPA, tetapi dari segi kualitatif (kandungan impuritas) pelarut IPA lebih baik daripada n-hexane. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-04-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1500 10.14710/reaktor.12.1.37-41 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 1, Juni 2008; 37-41 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1500/1259

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/23033 2020-05-29T10:43:28Z reaktor:RA

Effect of Esterification on Cassava Starch: Physicochemical Properties and Expansion Ability Sumardiono, Siswo Riska, Listiyana Jos, Bakti Pudjiastuti, Isti In this study, the characteristic of cassava starch have been developed through esterification reaction using ethyl lactate. Commercial cassava starch was modified by using (0.5; 0.75; 1.00; 1.25; 1.50 % v/v) ethyl lactate solution with pH 6, 7, 8, 9 for 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 minutes and the drained starch was dried with sun drying. The cassava starch which has been esterified with 1.5% ethyl lactate for 15 minutes pH 6 gave highest volume expansion of 2,438.9 %. For swelling power, the highest value was 19.32 swelling power at variable concentrations of 1.5% ester, esterification period of 15 minutes, and pH 6. The lowest amylose content was 15.68 % in ester concentration of 1.5 %. From the scanning electron micrograph, shows that the cassava starch after and before modification has not changed since the modifications performed under the gelatinization temperature. FTIR spectra of native cassava starch and ester cassava starch shown shift of the carboxyl group of starch from 1072.37 to 1087.80 cm-1 and a decrease in the OH group is from 3452.53 to 3417.81 cm-1. Bond formed indicates that the esterification reaction occurs between cassava starch with ethyl lactate esters. Keywords: volume expansion, cassava starch, ester starch, ethyle lactate, modified starch Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/23033 10.14710/reaktor.19.1.34-41 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 1 March 2019; 34-41 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/23033/15124 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14995 2017-07-19T16:46:14Z reaktor:RA

Optimalisasi Kondisi Penggumpalan Curd (Dadih) Dengan Kultur Campuran Mikroba KMF-56732-CYBFP Murwono, R. P.D. Buchori, L. kacang hijau, kacang tolo merah, curd (dadih) Optimalisasi kondisi penggumpalan curd dari susu sapi segar dilakukan dalam tiga tahapan. Tahap pertama adalah tahap aklimatasi dari mikroorganisme dalam bentuk kultur campuran KMF-56732-CYBFP pada kondisi tropis. Aklimatasi dilakukan dengan menggunalkan kecambah kacang hijau, kacang tolo merah dan pupuk N, P, K, S. Kriteria baik diperoleh pada kondisi pertumbuhan mikroorganisme yang terbanyak dan masih dalam garis fase pertumbuhanlogaritmis. Kondisi terbaik diperoleh pada campuran kecambah kacang tolo dan  kacang hijau dengan perbandingan sama  dengan jumlah total 10% dari susu segar yang ditambahkan. Jumlah total mikroba setelah 24 jam aerasi adalah Bacillus 17 x 106, Coccus 15 x 106 dan Streptococcus 12 x 106. Tahapan kedua adlah pengujian jumlah starter yang dibutuhkan dalam proses penggumpalan.  Umpan susu segar diperkaya dengan kecambah kacang hijau, kacang tolo merah tanpa penambahan pupuk. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada penggunakan starter 1,5 liter dengan campuran kecambah kacang tolo merah dan kecambah kacang hijau masing-nasing 75 gram. Komposisi ini menghasilkan dadih (curd) 15% dan pH akhir 4,7.Tahapan ketiga adalah penggunaan kembali air tapisan dadih yang digunakan sebagai pengendali ph awal fermentasi  dan penghematan starter. Hasil yang terbaik dicapai pada penggunakan starter 1 liter dan airdadih 1,5 liter pada campuran kecambah kacang hijau 220 gram dan kecambah kacang tolo 280 gram serta pupuk ammonium sulfat 5 gram dan SP36 5 gram pada setiap 5 liter umpan susu segar. Hasil dadih yang diperoleh 18% pH akhir fermentasi 4,8 dan waktu penggumpalan 14 jam.Kata kunci : kacang hijau, kacang tolo merah, curd (dadih) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14995 10.14710/reaktor.7.1.14-21 Reaktor; Volume 07 No. 1 Juni 2003; 14-21 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14995/11369 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1539 2015-01-15T02:38:51Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH TEMPERATUR TERHADAP KINERJA KATALIS Ni/ZEOLIT PADA REAKSI HIDROGENASI KATALITIK Handoko, Donatus Setyawan Purwo Triyono, Triyono Narsito, Narsito Wahyuningsih, Tutik Dwi Chemical Engineering 1-oktadekena, hidrogenasi, katalis Ni/zeolit Kinetika hidrogenasi katalitik 1-oktadekena telah dipelajari pada pengaruh temperatur reaksi. Katalis Ni/Zeolit dipreparasi melalui tahapan perlakuan asam (HF, HCl, NH4Cl), kalsinasi dengan N2, oksidasi dengan O2 dan reduksi dengan H2 serta impregnasi logam Ni (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O) melalui teknik impregnasi basah dan pertukaran ion. Uji aktivitas katalis dilakukan pada reaksi hidrogenasi katalitik 1-oktadekena pada variasi temperatur yaitu 400°C, 450°C dan 550°C dengan laju alir gas H2 yang tetap, 15 mL/menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa reaksi hidrogenasi katalitik senyawa 1-oktadekena pada temperatur 400°C memilki  konstanta laju reaksi (k) dan energi aktivasi berturut-turut 0,0900 menit-1 dan -46,14 kJ/mol. Laju reaksi hidrogenasi katalitik senyawa 1-oktadekena dengan katalis Ni/zeolit semakin menurun dengan meningkatnya temperatur reaksi pada rentang temperatur 400 hingga 550oC. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-11-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1539 10.14710/reaktor.12.4.218 – 225 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 4, Desember 2009; 218 – 225 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1539/1296

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/25583 2020-04-18T15:43:38Z reaktor:RA

Antioxidant Properties of Different Types of Torbangun Herbal Tea Matita, Intan Cidarbulan Mastuti, Titri Siratantri Maitri, Smita In this study, Torbangun leaves are processed into three different types varying in their oxidation degree, namely unoxidized, semioxidized and oxidized Torbangun leaves. Each type is then brewed into herbal tea and analyzed in terms of its total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity. Unoxidized Torbangun herbal tea shows higher content of total phenolic (44.22 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid (17.02 mg QE/g) compared to oxidized (24.66 mg GAE/g total phenolic content and 8.61 mg QE/g total flavonoid content) and semioxidized (33.83 mg GAE/g total phenolic content and 10.68 mg QE/g total flavonoid content) Torbangun herbal tea. In terms of the antioxidant activity, processing the Torbangun leaves into herbal tea tremendously decreased the antioxidant activity based on the IC50 value of 1400.89 ɥg/mL for unoxidized Torbangun herbal tea, 3211.71 ɥg/mL for semioxidized Torbangun herbal tea and 4504.78 ɥg/mL for oxidized Torbangun herbal tea. However, steam blanching used in the preparation of unoxidized Torbangun leaves is proven to increase the total phenolic and flavonoid content of raw or unprocessed Torbangun leaves from 39.02 to 44.22 mg GAE/g and an increase of total flavonoid from 10.32 to 17.02 mg QE/g.Keywords: antioxidant; flavonoid; herbal tea; phenolic; torbangun Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro LPPM Universitas Pelita Harapan 2020-03-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25583 10.14710/reaktor.20.1.18-25 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.1 March 2020; 18-25 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25583/16825 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9279 2020-08-26T08:27:43Z reaktor:RA

HIDROLISIS ENZIMATIK KITOSAN DENGAN KOMBINASI ENZIM ENDO-GLUCANASE DAN CELLOBIOHYDROLASE Rokhati, Nur Pramudono, Bambang Istirokhatun, Titik Sulchan, Mohammad Kresnianingrum, Dyah Ayu Dewi, Luthfi Kurnia Chemical Engineering Hidrolisis chitosan, Cellulase, Cellobiohydrolase Abstract CHITOSAN ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS USING A COMBINATION OF ENDO-GLUCANASE AND CELLOBIOHYDROLASE. Chitosan is very promising in various fields including medicine, pharmacology, and the food industry. However, the application of this polysaccharide is limited by its high molecular weight resulting in its low solubility in aqueous media. In this respect, the chitosan with shorter chain length, display a reduced viscosity and are soluble in aqueous media at pH values close to neutrality. The aim of this study is the hydrolysis of chitosan to obtain a low molecular weight chitosan using enzymes endo-glucanase and cellobiohydrolase. The hydrolysis of chitosan was carried out under a temperature of 40° C and pH 5. Chitosan degradation was monitored by the analysis of reducing sugars and viscosity, whereas the chemical characterization of chitosan is done by using test FTIR (infrared spectroscopy). The results showed that enzyme treatment resulted in a substantial loss in viscosity of the chitosan solution shows depolymerization. Depolymerization using endo-glucanase took place very quickly during the initial 15 minutes. The rate of viscosity decrease on chitosan degradation using cellobiohydrolase is lower than using endo-glucanase. When the reaction time was 4 h, the lowest  viscosity is showed by cellobiohydrolase, and the highest solubility is showed by combination of endo-glucanase and cellobiohydrolase. Keywords: endo-glucanase; cellobiohydrolase; chitosan; hydrolysis Abstrak Kitosan dapat dimanfaatkan di berbagai bidang seperti kedokteran, farmasi dan industri makanan. Aplikasi kitosan sering dibatasi oleh berat molekul kitosan yang tinggi sehingga viskositasnya tinggi dan kelarutannya rendah. Kitosan dengan rantai polimer pendek, akan mempunyai viskositas rendah, dan mudah larut pada larutan/air dengan pH mendekati netral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghidrolisis kitosan secara enzimatis menggunakan enzim endo-glucanase dan cellobiohydrolase. Hidrolisis kitosan dilakukan pada suhu 40 °C dan pH 5. Degradasi kitosan dipantau melalui analisa gula reduksi dan viskositas, sedangkan karakterisasi kimia kitosan dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji FTIR (infra red spectroscopy). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hidrolisis enzimatis kitosan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan berat molekul yang ditandai dengan adanya penurunan viscositas larutan kitosan. Pada 15 menit awal hidrolisis terjadi penurunan viskositas yang sangat besar. Laju penurunan viskositas enzim cellobiohydrolase lebih rendah dibanding dengan enzime endo-glucanase. Setelah waktu reaksi 4 jam, viskositas terendah diperoleh pada enzime cellobiohydrolase, sedangkan kelarutan tertinggi diperoleh pada kombinasi enzime endo-glucanase dan cellobiohydrolase. Kata kunci: endo-glucanase; cellobiohydrolase; kitosan; hidrolisis   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-02-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9279 10.14710/reaktor.15.4.261-267 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.4 Oktober 2015; 261-267 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9279/8369

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/77461 2025-12-30T07:02:33Z reaktor:RA

Incorporating silica synthesized from rice husk ash into a calcium oxide catalyst for biodiesel production Alhanif, Misbahudin Mustafa, Mustafa Kumoro, Andri Cahyo Wahyono, Yoyon Zaim, Hanif Fawwaz Zahra, Nurul Afifah Biodiesel represents a promising renewable energy alternative to either substitute or be blended with conventional diesel, offering advantages such as a high cetane number, reduced sulfur (SOx) and CO₂ emissions, and greater environmental sustainability. The application of calcium oxide (CaO) as a basic catalyst in biodiesel production has been extensively reported. However, its catalytic performance is limited by its sensitivity to moisture, which can negatively affect the reaction rate. In addition, some of the Ca2+ ions in the catalyst can dissolve in the mixture of biodiesel and glycerol, causing product contamination. This study aims to combine a CaO catalyst from marble powder with sulfonated silica (SiO2) from rice husk ash (RHA) to enhance the distribution of catalyst particles, reduce crystallinity, and increase the surface area of the catalyst. This study was conducted through chemical and thermal activation of SiO2 from RHA, sulfonation of SiO2, thermal activation of CaO from marble powder waste, and impregnation of CaO/SiO2 catalyst with variations in CaO/SiO2 composition (25%:75%, 50%:50%, 75%:25%). The results showed that the purity of SiO2 and CaO obtained through chemical and thermal activation was 93.67% and 99.13%, respectively. The sulfonation process on SiO2 successfully added –SO3 groups at 36.5%, which supported the formation of acid sites on the catalyst. Characterization showed that the surface morphology was composed of particles measuring 2–8 µm with a dominant amorphous structure. The addition of SiO2 gave rise to new crystal peaks but decreased the crystal intensity, especially at the 50%:50% composition. The composition of CaO/SiO2 at 75%:25% showed the best physical properties with a surface area of 22.24 m²/g, a pore volume of 65.29 mm³/g, and a pore diameter of 11.74 nm, indicating high potential as a bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel esterification–transesterification. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-11-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/77461 10.14710/reaktor.25.2.58-69 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.2 August 2025; 58-69 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/77461/29461 Copyright (c) 2025 by Authors, Published by Dept. of Chemical Engineering Universitas Diponegoro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15027 2017-07-19T16:48:18Z reaktor:RA

Ekstraksi Asam Tartrat Dan Asam Malat : Pengaruh Tri (6-Methyl) Amin Sebagai Extracting Power Dalam Berbagai Solven Terhadap Koefisien Distribusi Jos, B. eksraksi cair-cair, asam tartrat, asam malat, amin Limbah buangan industri minuman anggur masih mengandung asam tartrat dan asam malat. Dengan mereduksi kadar asam tartrat dan asam malat di dalam limbah akan mengurangi polusi yang ditimbulkan. Kemungkinan pengambilan kembali asam-asam ini dengan cara ekstraksi cair-cair telah berkembang. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan Tri (6-Methyl) Amin sebagai extracting power dalam berbagai solven seperti Hexanol-1; Chloroform, campuran Heptan (50%vol) + hexanol-1 (50%v); dan 2,6 DIMETHYL-4 Heptanon. Harga koefisien distribusi untuk masing-masing asam ditentukan berdasarkan konsentrasi amin dalam solven berkisar antara 0,1 sampai 0,8 mol amin per liter larutan. Koefisien distribusi asam tartrat yang diperoleh pada berbagai solven berkisar antara 2,5- 165,1; sedangakan untuk asam malat antara 1,7- 73,9. Dengan besarnya harga koefisien distribusi untuk masing-masing asam yang diperoleh Tri (6-Methyl) Amin sebagai extracting power dalam solven dapat digunakan untuk mengekstrak asam tartrat dan asam malat.Kata kunci : eksraksi cair-cair, asam tartrat, asam malat, amin Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15027 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.117-120 Reaktor; Volume 09 No. 02 Desember 2005; 117-120 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15027/11401 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3175 2020-04-17T05:11:27Z reaktor:RA

KARAKTERISTIK FISIKOKIMIA PATI SAGU HASIL PENGERINGAN SECARA FLUIDISASI MENGGUNAKAN ALAT PENGERING CROSS FLOW FLUIDIZED BED BERTENAGA SURYA DAN BIOMASSA Jading, Abadi Tethool, Eduard Payung, Paulus Gultom, Sarman Chemical Engineering fluidized bed dryer; physicochemical; sago starch PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAGO STARCH OBTAINED FROM FLUIDIZED BED DRYING USING SOLAR AND BIOMASS POWERED CROSS FLOW FLUIDIZED BED DRYER. The research aim is to study the comparative quality of sago starch drying results using cross flow fluidized bed dryer powered by solar and biomass in conventional drying, particularly the chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics. This research was conducted through a drying phase of wet sago starch using a cross flow fluidized bed dryer, and drying in conventional as well as dried sago starch quality testing results are drying. The results of this study indicate that dry sago starch which has been drained by means of cross flow fluidized bed dryer has a chemical composition that does not vary much with starch which is dried by conventional drying, so that the dried sago starch produced by the dryer is very good. On the other hand the use of dryers is the more correct because the physicochemical properties of sago starch using a low drying temperature and drying time is short. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari perbandingan kualitas pati sagu hasil pengeringan menggunakan alat pengering cross flow fluidized bed bertenaga surya dan biomassa dengan pengeringan secara konvensional, khususnya komposisi kimia dan karakteristik fisikokimia. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu pengeringan pati sagu basah menggunakan alat pengering cross flow fluidized bed, pengeringan secara konvensional serta pengujian kualitas pati sagu kering hasil pengeringan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pati sagu kering yang telah dikeringkan dengan alat pengering cross flow fluidized bed memiliki komposisi kimia yang tidak berbeda jauh dengan pati yang dikeringkan dengan cara pengeringan secara konvensional, sehingga pati sagu kering yang dihasilkan oleh alat pengering tersebut sangat baik. Di sisi lain penggunaan alat pengering ini semakin memperbaiki sifat fisikokimia pati sagu sebab menggunakan suhu pengeringan yang rendah dan waktu pengeringan yang singkat.   Kata Kunci: pengering unggun terfluidakan; fisikokimia; pati sagu Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-06-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3175 10.14710/reaktor.13.3.155-164 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 3, Juni 2011; 155-164 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3175/2848

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/37709 2021-12-03T13:53:54Z reaktor:RA

Thermal integration analysis and improved configuration for multiple effect evaporator system based on pinch analysis Riadi, Indra Putra, Zulfan Adi Cahyono, Heri Pinch analysis for a sugar plant production capacity 4000 TCD has been carried out to reduce its energy consumptions. The plant has ten evaporators that can be configured to several multiple effect evaporators. It has been running with five-effect evaporator (quintuple) scheme. To maximize energy utilization within the plant, three multiple effect evaporator schemes were evaluated. They are triple effect evaporator, quadruple effect evaporator, and quintuple effect evaporator as the benchmark. The result shows that the quintuple effect evaporator yields the highest energy efficiency by about 10%. Options to achieve such target is to use low pressure steam only for the first effect and to use steam bleeding from the first effect to heat a tertiary juice heater. With this proposed scenario, sugar dryer, wash water RVF unit and wash water HGF unit no longer need external steam for its operation. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/37709 10.14710/reaktor.21.2.74-93 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 2 June 2021; 74-93 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/37709/20513 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13041 2020-04-17T05:33:13Z reaktor:RA

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC LOADING AND MIXING TO THE STABILIZED LEACHATE COD REMOVAL USING CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR Aghasa, Aghasa Helmy, Qomarudin Chaerul, Mochammad Chemical Engineering; Chemistry; Environmental Engineering; Wastewater Treatment Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; leachate; mixing; organic loading; removal efficiency Abstract In Indonesia, several leachate treatments were operated with most of the treatments are using conventional anaerobic lagoon system in pre-treatment section. However, most of the treatments still have low organic removal efficiency. In several studies, removal efficiency could be increased through several modifications inside the pond and one of them is by using mixing addition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare leachate organic removal efficiency by using mixing and without using mixing modification. This research used 3 kinds of Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) where 0.5 kg/m3∙day Organic Loading Rate (OLR) in reactor-1 (with mixing) and reactor-3 (without mixing) and 1.0 kg/m3∙day OLR in reactor-2 (with mixing) were operated inside the reactor. From the results, the organic removal efficiency in reactor-1 was 81.82%, reactor-2 was 82.22%, and reactor-3 was 41.67%. It can be proven that leachate organic removal efficiency was possible to be increased with the addition of mixing inside the treatment system. Keywords: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; leachate; mixing; organic loading; removal efficiency  Abstrak PENGARUH BEBAN ORGANIK DAN PENGADUKAN TERHADAP PENYISIHAN COD LINDI TERSTABILISASI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR. Di Indonesia, pengolahan lindi dioperasikan dengan sebagian besar pengolahan menggunakan sistem kolam anaerobik konvensional pada bagian pre-treatment. Akan tetapi, sebagian besar pengolahan masih memiliki penyisihan organik yang rendah. Dalam beberapa penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan dapat ditingkatkan melalui beberapa modifikasi di dalam kolam dan salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan pengadukan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efisiensi penyisihan organik lindi dengan menggunakan pengadukan dan tanpa menggunakan pengadukan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 3 jenis Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) dimana reaktor tersebut dioperasikan dengan Organic Loading Rate (OLR) sebesar 0,5 kg/m3∙hari di dalam reaktor-1 (dengan pengadukan) dan reaktor-3 (tanpa pengadukan) dan OLR sebesar 1,0 kg/m3∙hari dalam reaktor -2 (dengan pengadukan). Dari hasil penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan organik di dalam reaktor-1 adalah sebesar 81,82%, reaktor-2 sebesar 82,22%, dan reaktor-3 sebesar 41,67%. Melalui hal tersebut, dapat dibuktikan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan organik pada lindi memungkinkan untuk ditingkatkan dengan penambahan pengadukan di dalam sistem pengolahan. Kata kunci: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; lindi; pengadukan; beban organic; efisiensi penyisihan   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-05-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13041 10.14710/reaktor.17.2.59-66 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017; 59-66 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13041/11518 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15812 2020-04-17T05:38:29Z reaktor:RA

The Kinetics of Calcium Oxide Catalyzed Esterification of Glycerol with Free Fatty Acids Using Pseudo-homogeneous Model Approach Megawati, Megawati Hartanto, Dhoni Widyastuti, Catur Rini Saras Wati, Diyah Nurhayati, Eny Abstract This research aims to study the reaction kinetics of esterification reaction of glycerol with free fatty acid (FFA) using calcium oxide catalyst to produce mono-diacylglycerol (MDAG) using pseudo-homogeneous approach. The effects of time and temperature on the reaction conversion were investigated simultaneously. The FFA used was from the waste of cocoa production process, while the solid catalyst used was calcium oxide from eggshell ash. The results show that the cocoa based FFA was composed of palmitic acid (49.24%), methyl stearate (1.05%), oleic acid (25.39%), and stearic acid (24.32%). The calcium oxide content in the eggshell ash was 60% w/w. At all temperatures studied (60, 70, and 80oC), as the reaction time increased, the conversion increased sharply in the first 5 minute followed by a gradual raise to an almost constant value after 20 minutes (0.844; 0.845; and 0.854, respectively). Pseudo-homogeneous second order model can describe the reaction kinetics satisfactorily. The reaction constants (k) at 60, 70, and 80oC were 0.00384, 0.003401, and 0.003518 (L/mole.minute), respectively. The effects of temperature on reaction rate obey the Arrhenius’ equation with collision factor (A) is 0.2659 (L/mole.minute) and activation energy (Ea) is 3544 J/mol. Keywords: calcium oxide; free fatty acid; glycerol; pseudo-homogeneous approach Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15812 10.14710/reaktor.18.1.1-6 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 1 March 2018; 1-6 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15812/13229 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/5730 2020-04-17T05:17:35Z reaktor:RA

PERFORMA OKSIDASI METAN PADA REAKTOR KONTINYU DENGAN PENINGKATAN KETEBALAN LAPISAN BIOCOVER LANDFILL Kurniasari, Opy Padmi, Tri Kardena, Edwan Damanhuri, Enri Chemical Engineering biocover; sampah; gas rumah kaca; landfill; metana; oksidasi PERFORMANCE OF METHANE OXIDATION IN CONTINUOUS REACTOR BY BIOCOVER LANDFILL FILM THICKNESS IMPROVEMENT. Municipal solid waste (MSW) handling in Indonesia is currently highly dependent on landfilling at the final disposal facility (TPA), which generally operated in layer-by-layer basis, allowing the anaerobic (absent of oxygen) process. This condition will certainly generate biogas in the form of methane (CH4) and CO2. Methane is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential greater than CO2, and can absorb infrared radiation 23 times more efficient than CO2 in the period of over 100 years. One way that can be done to reduce methane gas from landfills that escape into nature is to oxidize methane by utilizing landfill cover material (biocover) as methane-oxidizing microorganism media. Application of compost as landfill cover material is a low-cost approach to reduce emissions so are suitable for developing countries. The compost used in this study was compost landfill mining, which is degraded naturally in landfill. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of biocover to oxidize the methane on a certain layer thickness with a continuous flow conditions. Three column reactors were used, which were made of flexy glass measuring 70 cm in high and 15 cm in diameter. The methane flowed from the bottom of the reactor continuously at a flow rate of 5 ml/minute. The columns were filled with biocover compost landfill mining with layer thickness of 5, 25, 35 and 60 cm. The results showed that the thicker layer of biocover, the higher the efficiency of methane oxidation. The oxidation efficiency obtained in each layer thickness of 15, 25, 35 and 60 cm was 56.43%, 63.69%, 74.58% and 80, 03% respectively, with the rate of oxidation of 0.29 mol m-2 d-1 and the fraction of oxidation of 99%. The oxidation result was supported by the identification of bacteria isolated in this experiment, namely metanotrophic bacteria that have the ability to oxidize methane through the form of methanol metabolite. ABSTRAKPenanganan sampah kota di Indonesia pada umumnya dilakukan pada tempat pemrosesan akhir sampah (TPA), yang sebagian besar dilakukan dengan cara pengurugan (landfilling) yang cenderung bersifat anaerob (tidak ada oksigen). Cara pengurugan ini biasanya dioperasikan lapis perlapis sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya proses anaerob. Pada kondisi ini dipastikan biogas, yaitu gas metana (CH4) dan CO2, akan muncul. Metana adalah gas rumah kaca dengan potensi pemanasan global lebih besar dari CO2, dan dapat mengabsorpsi radiasi infra merah 23 kali lebih efisien dari CO2 pada periode lebih dari 100 tahun. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi gas metana dari landfill yang lepas ke alam adalah dengan mengoksidasinya dengan memanfaatkan material penutup landfill (biocover) sebagai media mikroorganisma pengoksidasi metana. Aplikasi kompos sebagai material penutup landfill merupakan pendekatan dengan biaya rendah untuk mereduksi emisi gas dari landfill sehingga cocok untuk negara berkembang. Biocover yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kompos landfill mining, yaitu kompos yang terdegradasi secara alami di landfill. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi kemampuan biocover kompos landfill mining dalam mengoksidasi metana pada ketebalan lapisan tertentu dengan kondisi aliran kontinyu. Tiga buah reaktor kolom yang digunakan terbuat dari flexy glass berukuran tinggi 70 cm dan diameter 15 cm. Gas metana dialirkan dari bawah reaktor secara kontinyu dengan laju alir 5 ml/menit. Kolom diisi dengan biocover kompos landfill mining dengan ketebalan lapisan 5, 25, 35 dan 60 cm. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa semakin tebal lapisan biocover, semakin tinggi efisiensi oksidasi metana. Efisiensi oksidasi yang diperoleh pada setiap ketebalan lapisan 15, 25, 35 dan 60 cm adalah masing-masing 56,43%, 63,69%, 74,58% dan 80,03%, dengan laju oksidasi 0,287 mol m-2 d-1 dan fraksi oksidasi 97%. Hasil oksidasi yang diperoleh tersebut diperkuat  dengan identifikasi bakteri yang berhasil diisolasi, yaitu bakteri metanotrofik yang memiliki kemampuan dalam mengoksidasi metana melalui metabolit antara berupa metanol.   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2013-02-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/5730 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.179-186 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 179-186 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/5730/5046

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11820 2017-06-21T07:51:54Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14918 2017-06-13T03:28:05Z reaktor:RA

Annular split level shear tester sebagai alat pengukur karakteristik aliran bahan padat butiran Sasongko, Setia Budi Shear Tester, Rotational Shear Tester, Annular Split Level Shear Tester Jenike Shear Tester telah dikenal dengan baik sebagai suatu instrumen untuk mengetahui sifat pengaliran dari suatu bahan padat butiran. Hasil pengukuran bahan berdasarkan Jenike Shear Tester ini telah direkomendasikan sebagai suatu standar. Akan tetapi instrument ini memiliki eberapa keterbatasan antara lain: keterbatasan untuk geseran horizontal demikian juga dengan jumlah titik untuk membuat kurve patahan, diperlukan beberapa sample untuk membuat kurve patahan, dan juga adanya ketidak uniform antara bagian yang dekat dengan cincin dengan bagian tengah cincin. Untuk mengatasi hal ini, kemudian Peshcl mengembangkan shear tester jenis totational (RO 200), akan tetapi pada kenyataan masih terdapat beberapa kelemahan. Dengan mengurangi kelemahan yang terdapat pada  Peschl Shear Tester, maka pada penelitian ini, dikembangkan Shear Tester jenis Annular Split Level dengan hasil pengukuran yang mendekati hasil Jenike Shear Tester.Keyword : Shear Tester, Rotational  Shear Tester, Annular Split Level Shear Tester Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14918 10.14710/reaktor.5.1.16-20 Reaktor; Volume 5 No. 1 Juni 2001; 16-20 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14918/11319 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1499 2020-04-17T04:59:47Z reaktor:RA

CHARACTERISATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID PINEAPPLE WASTE Abdullah, Abdullah Mat, Hanafi Chemical Engineering characterization, liquid pineapple waste, solid pineapple waste The pineapple waste is contain high concentration of biodegradable organic material and suspended solid. As a result it has a high BOD and extremes of pH conditions. The pineapple wastes juice contains mainly sucrose, glucose, fructose and other nutrients. The characterisation this waste is needed to reduce it by  recycling to get raw material or  for  conversion into useful product of higher value added products such as organic acid, methane , ethanol, SCP and enzyme. Analysis of sugar indicates that liquid waste contains mainly sucrose, glucose and fructose.  The dominant sugar was fructose, glucose and sucrose.  The fructose and glucose levels were similar to each other, with fructose usually slightly higher than glucose. The total sugar and citric acid content were 73.76 and 2.18 g/l. The sugar content in solid waste is glucose and fructose was 8.24 and 12.17 %, no sucrose on this waste Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-06-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1499 10.14710/reaktor.12.1.48-52 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 1, Juni 2008; 48-52 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1499/1258

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/20139 2020-04-17T05:42:33Z reaktor:RA

Evaluation Performance of Pneumatic Dryer for Cassava Starch Suherman, Suherman Hidayati, Nur In small and medium industries, cassava starch is dried using conventional method by drying it directly under the sun. However, the main drawback of conventional method is low drying rate. Therefore, in this study, cassava starch with a water content of 40% (wet basis) was dried using a pneumatic dryer to a moisture content below 13% (wet basis). The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of drying air temperature, drying air flow rate and rate of feeding in relation to drying rate and energy analysis. Energy analysis was performed to determine the performance of pneumatic dryer. The energy analysis itself is done in the form of energy utilization and energy efficiency. The energy analysis shows that the increase of dryer temperature from 60 to 100oC will increase the utilization of energy from 0.34 to 0.76 J/s, while the energy efficiencies ranged between 30-40%. Proximate analysis shows that the dried cassava starch has an ash content of 0,24, grain fiber of 0,12, and degree of whiteness of 98%, which fulfills the SNI standard of cassava starch.Keywords: cassava starch; energy analysis; pneumatic dryer Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of Republic of Indonesia 2019-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/20139 10.14710/reaktor.18.04.216-223 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 4 December 2018; 216-223 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/20139/15129 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8130 2020-04-17T05:23:38Z reaktor:RA

KINETIKA REAKSI SINTHESIS BIOMATERIAL HIDROXYAPATITE DENGAN JENIS PREKURSOR NITRAT DAN ASETAT Setiawan, Adhi Widiyastuti, W Winardi, Sugeng Nugroho, Agung Chemical Engineering; Material Engineering Biomaterial, hidroxypapatite, Dekomposisi, Energi Aktivasi Hidroxyapatite (HAp) merupakan salah satu biomaterial yang banyak diaplikasikan dalam dunia medis untuk membuat implant jaringan tubuh terutama tulang dan gigi sehingga kemurnian produk HAp memegang peranan yang cukup penting. Agar diperoleh HAp dengan kemurnian tinggi, kinetika reaksi pembentukan HAp harus diketahui secara jelas. Metode yang digunakan untuk memperoleh kinetika reaksi HAp adalah dengan analisis TG-DTA  yang dilakukan pada dua jenis prekursor HAp yaitu asetat dan nitrat. Metode TG-DTA tersebut dilakukan dengan memanaskan prekursor HAp dengan variasi laju pemanasan 10, 15, 17, dan 20 oC/menit. Hasil analisis TG-DTA menunjukkan bahwa reaksi dekomposisi prekursor asetat dan nitrat membentuk HAp masing-masing terjadi pada suhu 659 oC dan 560 oC. Hasil fitting parameter kinetika menunjukkan bahwa energi aktivasi pembentukan HAp pada prekursor asetat sebesar 161,56 kJ/mol  dengan model kinetika Normal Grain Growth sedangkan pada prekursor nitrat sebesar 374 kJ/mol dengan model kinetika Johnson-Mehl-Avrami. Kata kunci: Biomaterial, hidroxypapatite, Dekomposisi, Energi Aktivasi ABSTRACT KINETIC STUDY OF THE BIOMATERIAS HIDOXYAPATITE SINTHESIS WITH PRECURSOR NITRATE AND  ACETATE. Hidroxyapatite (HAp) is one of the biomaterials widely applied in the medical world to make implant tissues of the body, especially bones and teeth so that the purity of the HAp plays a fairly important. In order to obtain high purity HAp, reaction kinetics should be known clearly. TG-DTA  is method used to obtain the reaction kinetics of HAp.TG-DTA analyzes were conducted on precursors acetate and nitrate. TG-DTA method is carried out by heating HAp precursor with variation heating rate 10, 15, 17, and 20° C/min respectively. The results of TG-DTA  showed decomposition precursor acetate and nitrate formed HAp occurs on temperature 659° C and 560° C respectively. The results of the fitting kinetic showed activation energy of  the HAp formation on acetate precursors about 161.56 kJ/mol with Normal Grain Growth kinetic model whereas the nitrate precursor about 374 kJ/mol with Johnson-Mehl-Avrami  kinetic model. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro W.Widiyastuti Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology Master University, Departement of Chemical Engineering 2014-02-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8130 10.14710/reaktor.15.2.104-110 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.2, OKTOBER 2014; 104-110 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8130/7044

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/48542 2023-07-03T20:25:38Z reaktor:RA

Synthesis of Some Distinct Curcumin-Based Pyrano [2,3-D] Pyrimidines with Barbituric Acid, Cinnamaldehyde, and Benzaldehyde Natania, Kam Susanto, Riviana Cahyana, Antonius Herry Curcumin is a powerful radical oxygen scavenger. The modification of of curcumin’s α, β-unsaturated 1,3-diketone moiety can be carried out to improve its physicochemical stability and functionality. This research aimed to conduct a modification of curcumin structure and to study the antioxidant activity of the modified curcumin-based compound. The modified curcumin made from a combination of benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde, using barbituric acid and combination of citric acid as catalyst and ethanol as solvent. The combination of ethanol solvent and 20 mmol% citric acid catalyst produce the highest yield of curcumin product which has a yield of 99.3581±0.2873% and was chosen as the best combination for the next modification using different β-diketone compounds. In the following stage, the mixture was reacted with either benzaldehyde or cinnamaldehyde. Yield, TLC, and antioxidant activity parameters were assessed for all modified products and were accompanied by their characterization using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. This study showed that curcumin cinnamaldehyde had a yield of 47.4831±2.7032%, a maximum wavelength of 416 nm, and antioxidant activity of IC50 18.2130±2.8766 mg/L with a molecular mass of 594 m/z. Keywords: antioxidant activity, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, dimedone, modification Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48542 10.14710/reaktor.1.1.1-8 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.1 April 2023; 1-8 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48542/24060 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1518 2015-01-15T02:30:10Z reaktor:RA

PENGHEMATAN ENERGI PADA MENARA DISTILASI Budiman, Arief Chemical Engineering exergy analysis, HIDiC, MUD Distilasi merupakan salah satu unit operasi yang banyak digunakan dalam industri, tetapi dikenal boros energi, sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya peningkatan efisiensi energi agar terjadi penurunan beaya produksi. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan adalah menggunakan heat integrated distillation column (HIDIC), yang merupakan aplikasi dari heat pump. Dari sisi analisis thermodinamika, penulis telah mengembangkan metoda grafis berdasarkan hukum thermodinamika satu & dua dengan material-utilization diagram (MUD). Metoda ini mempunyai peran penting untuk proses sintesa dan pengembangan proses distilasi yang efisien. Dengan analisis ini akan diperoleh informasi tentang thermodynamic efficiency, lokasi dengan efisiensi energi rendah sehingga dapat dilakukan targeting untuk penghematan energi. Kelebihan dari MUD adalah tersedianya informasi konsentrasi komponen ringan & komponen berat di setiap plate dan karakteristik exergy, yang berupa; exergy loss yang disebabkan oleh baik mixing pada fase cair & fase gas, evaporation dari komponen ringan maupun condensation dari komponen berat.  Tulisan ini akan membahas tentang HIDiC, meliputi pengaruh kenaikan tekanan rectifying section pada HIDiC terhadap kemurnian hasil, kebutuhan panas  dan exergy loss. Pada operasi HIDiC dengan energy level kondenser lebih besar dari pada energi level reboiler akan bisa dihemat sekitar 75% kebutuhan panas pada reboiler. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-06-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1518 10.14710/reaktor.12.3.146 – 153 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009; 146 – 153 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1518/1275

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/26252 2020-05-29T10:45:40Z reaktor:RA

Removal of Methylene Blue of Textile Industry Waste with Activated Carbon using Adsorption Method Maryudi, Maryudi Amelia, Shinta Salamah, Siti The colorant that is often used in the textile industry is methylene blue which is a cationic heterocyclic aromatic compound. This compound is very stable and is difficult to decompose naturally leading to environment in large concentrations. Therefore, a waste treatment technology to reduce the concentration of dye waste in water becomes importannt. So far, adsorption method with activated carbon remains the most efficient and effective technique in removing dyes from liquid waste due to its relatively large adsorption capacity. Activated carbon is one of the non-metallic mineral commodities or multipurpose industrial minerals, one of which is as an adsorbent or adsorbent media. This study aims to determine the potential of activated carbon in adsorbing methylene blue with variations in the concentration of methylene blue and particle size of activated carbon. The procedures in this experiment include, the preparation of activated carbon with size variations (20-60, 60-100 and> 100 mesh) and variations in the concentration of methylene blue (15 ppm, 30 ppm and 45 ppm) with contact time (0 to 180 minutes). From the results of the study, it was found that the smaller the size of activated carbon used, the greater the adsorption capacity, ie at mesh size> 100 mesh, the adsorption capacity was 9.8%. Whereas, the smaller the concentration of methylene blue, the activated carbon could work optimally at a concentration of 15 ppm at 30 minutes with adsorption capacity as high as 100%.Keywords: adsorption; Methylene Blue; activated carbon; concentration; time; particle size Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26252 10.14710/reaktor.19.4.168-171 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 4 December 2019; 168-171 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26252/16590 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9397 2020-04-17T05:25:47Z reaktor:RA

Synthesized of Double Layer Thin Film ZnO/ZnO:Ag by Sol-Gel Method for Direct Blue 71 Photodegradation Sutanto, Heri Wibowo, Singgih Hidayanto, Eko Nurhasanah, Iis Hadiyanto, Hady Physics;Chemical Engineering Double layer thin film ZnO/ZnO:Ag; optical properties; sol-gel spray coating; photocatalytic degradation; Direct blue 71 The objective of this paper is to synthesize and to characterize a single and a double layer ZnO and ZnO/ZnO:Ag thin films and their application for degradation of direct blue 71. Double layer (DL) thin films of zinc oxide and silver-doped zinc oxide (ZnO/ZnO:Ag) were deposited on the substrate glass by using sol-gel spray coating technique. Ag doping variations (2, 4, 6 and 8 %mol) into ZnO were studied. X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer were used to analyze structure and optical properties of thin films. Direct Blue 71 (DB71) was used for photocatalytic evaluation under UV light irradiation. XRD result showed that all prepared thin films have wurtzite structure with better crytalinity compared to double layer preparation and increasing concentration of Ag doping. UV-Vis transmittance spectra showed that decreasing of transparency of films followed by DL preparation and Ag doping concentration. By using envelope method, energy gap of films can be determined. ZnO/ZnO:Ag 6% (DL 6%) indicated the smallest energy gap 3,038 eV. The highest DB71 degradation result under UV light irradiation was reached by DL 6% with 55.43% and 8.56 x 10-3 min-1 for photocatalytic efficiency and photodegradation rate, respectively. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Republic of Indonesia 2015-10-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9397 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.175-181 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.3 April 2015; 175-181 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9397/7647

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/70210 2025-04-28T21:15:32Z reaktor:RA

Application of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland for Organic Pollutant Removal from Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Lestari, Amelia Eka Widiasa, I Nyoman This study examined the application of a pilot-scale Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (VFCW) system for secondary oil refinery effluent treatment at PPSDM MIGAS, Indonesia. The VFCW technique, known for its simplicity, minimal operational cost, and environmental friendliness, was used to reduce organic pollutants (BOD and COD) to meet the standards and minimize pollutant levels. The system, constructed with a closed pond including gravel and sand substrates, and planted with Typha angustifolia, was evaluated under Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) of 3, 4, and 5 days. The results showed BOD removal efficiencies of 52.9%, 54.4%, and 53.6%, and COD removal efficiencies of 35.7%, 49.1%, and 47.2% for hydraulic retention times of 3, 4, and 5 days, respectively. Statistical investigation (ANOVA) showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in BOD removal efficiencies across HRTs and COD removal for 4 and 5 days. These findings implied diminishing benefits after 4 days for organic matter removal operations. The limited BOD and COD removal, in contrast to other investigations, was due to the short acclimatization time (7 days) for the Typha angustifolia to drive oxygen sufficiency and biofilm formation. These findings underlined the capability of the VFCW system to reduce wastewater contaminants sustainably and economically in tropical areas such as Indonesia. A 4-day HRT is recommended for practical applications in refinery wastewater treatment with pollutant loads up to complement. Extended acclimatization duration and improved operational settings are recommended to enhance the performance of the VFCW. This study illustrates the feasibility of VFCW as a scalable and environmentally sustainable solution for wastewater control in the petroleum industry sector. Keywords: VFCW, organic pollutants, retention time, removal efficiency, acclimatization. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-03-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/70210 10.14710/reaktor.24.2.68-75 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.2 August 2024; 68-75 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/70210/28017 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15018 2017-07-19T16:46:41Z reaktor:RA

Demulsifier Selection Based On The Evaluation Of Demulsification Performance Indicators Pramudono, B. Mat, H. B. Chemical demulsifier, demulsifier performance, demulsification parameters, performance index A method for characterizing and selecting demulsifiers has been developed. The development was based on either the relationships between the demulsification parameters and demulsifier performance or demulsifier characteristics and demulsifier performance. The importance of each of these parameters to performance was discussed. The result was eight demulsification performance indicators consisting of the percentage of water separation, percentage of oil separation, demulsification efficiency, demulsification effectiveness, partition coefficient, interfacial pressure, interfacial activity, and Hydrophilic Balance (HLB). Quantification of the indicators conducted by determination of the performance indexes for each indicator. It was obtained from the condition that the demulsifier exhibits good performance. Additionally, the study found a correlation between the parameters it self. The demulsifier effectiveness as well as the interfacial pressure reaches a maximum value when the partition coefficient closed unity. Increasing of the interfacial pressure, in consequence, will increase  both the demulsifier effectiveness and interfacial activity. The effect of both the HLB and molecular weight on the  percentage of separation indicates a weak correlation.Keywords :A method for characterizing and selecting demulsifiers has been developed. The development was based on either the relationships between the demulsification parameters and demulsifier performance or demulsifier characteristics and demulsifier performance. The importance of each of these parameters to performance was discussed. The result was eight demulsification performance indicators consisting of the percentage of water separation, percentage of oil separation, demulsification efficiency, demulsification effectiveness, partition coefficient, interfacial pressure, interfacial activity, and Hydrophilic Balance (HLB). Quantification of the indicators conducted by determination of the performance indexes for each indicator. It was obtained from the condition that the demulsifier exhibits good performance. Additionally, the study found a correlation between the parameters it self. The demulsifier effectiveness as well as the interfacial pressure reaches a maximum value when the partition coefficient closed unity. Increasing of the interfacial pressure, in consequence, will increase  both the demulsifier effectiveness and interfacial activity. The effect of both the HLB and molecular weight on the  percentage of separation indicates a weak correlation.Keywords : Chemical demulsifier, demulsifier performance, demulsification parameters, performance index Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15018 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.58-66 Reaktor; Volume 09 No.1 Juni 2005; 58-66 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15018/11392 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1633 2020-04-17T05:10:31Z reaktor:RA

SIMULASI REAKSI ESTERIFIKASI ASAM LEMAK BEBAS DAN GLISEROL UNTUK MENGHASILKAN MINYAK DIASILGLISEROL Hermansyah, Heri Utami, Tani Surya Arbiyanti, Rita Achmadi, Fajar chemical engineering diasilgliserol, esterifikasi, simulasi Minyak yang memiliki kandungan diasilgliserol yang tinggi merupakan minyak yang berguna dalam mencegah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kadar lemak dalam darah serta dapat mengurangi resiko obesitas. Sintesis DAG pada skala industri telah dilakukan melalui esterifikasi asam lemak bebas dengan gliserol menggunakan biokatalis. Untuk lebih memahami perilaku reaksi sintesis DAG, dilakukan simulasi berdasarkan model yang mengacu pada mekanisme reaksi yang diusulkan. Model kemudian divalidasi menggunakan data eksperimen sebelum dilakukan simulasi. Pengaruh rasio konsentrasi awal reaktan terhadap yield maksimum DAG, konversi masing-masing reaktan, serta profil konsentrasi substrat sebagai fungsi waktu diamati, hasilnya menunjukkan rasio konsentrasi awal asam lemak dan gliserol sebesar 2:1 sebagai rasio konsentrasi awal reaktan untuk memperoleh hasil optimum. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-12-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1633 10.14710/reaktor.13.2.95-102 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010; 95-102 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1633/1395

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/33980 2021-03-23T11:53:50Z reaktor:RA

Purification of Glucomannan of Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Flour using Combination of Isopropyl Alcohol and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Wardhani, Dyah Hesti Rahayu, Lucia H Cahyono, Heri Ulya, Hana L Porang tuber is rich of glucomannan content but contained irritable compounds to be consumed. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using isoprophyl alcohol (IPA) was developed as a purification method for glucomannan. This study aimed to determine the effects of UAE conditions (IPA concentrations, ratios of solvent-solid, and number of extraction stages) on the characteristics of purified glucomannan (PG) from porang flour (PF). Single-stage UAE using 80% IPA concentration and ratio of solvent-solid of 8:1 (ml/g) for 10 min gave the highest glucomannan content (76.10%). At this condition, the PG viscosity and yield were 12,800 cP and 96.10%, respectively. Furthermore, the three-stage UAE using 80% IPA concentration in each stage improved the glucomannan content to 83.26% with 15,960 cP and 90.02% of yield. The morphology showed that the purified glucomannan powders had smoother surface and less crump after the purification. Both carbonyl and acetyl groups were observed on PF and PG in different intensities. Keywords: glucomannan, isopropanol, Amorphophallus oncophyllus, ultrasound-assisted extraction Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/33980 10.14710/reaktor.20.4.203-209 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.4 December 2020; 203-209 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/33980/19008 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11785 2020-04-17T05:32:03Z reaktor:RA

PENGNARUH SENSITIVITAS PARAMETER OPERASI TERHADAP TERJADINYA REAKSI RUNAWAY PADA OKSIDASI METANOL MENJADI FORMALDEHID Buchori, Luqman Suherman, Suherman Chemical Engineering formaldehida, panas terlokalisir, reaksi runaway, fraksi metanol, distribusi aliran tidak merata Formaldehida sebagai senyawa aldehida memiliki keistimewaan yaitu dapat bereaksi dengan hampir semua senyawa organik maupun anorganik sehingga formaldehida amat luas penggunaannya dalam industri yang ada. Reaksi oksidasi metanol menjadi formaldehida banyak dilakukan dalam reaktor anggun tetap. Dalam pengoperasiannya, di dalam reaktor ini sering dijumpai adanya fenomena yang  sangat  komplikatif dan mengganggu jalannya operasi yaitu distribusi aliran tidak merata (flow maldistribution) dan panas terlokalisir (hot spot). Kedua fenomena ini  sangat berbahaya karena dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya reaksi "runaway", yakni terjadinya kenaikan temperatur dan tekanan  reaktor yang sangat hebat secara mendadak. Penelitian ini  bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi temperatur sepanjang reaktor unggun tetap akibat pengaruh variabel operasi serta mempelajari pengaruh sensitivitas parameter operasi tehadap terjadinya reaksi runaway. Penelitian dilakukan dengan percobaan pengamatan distribusi tempeatur pusat reaktor secara aksial dan pemodelan untuk mengetahui kapan terjadinya reaksi runaway. berdasarkan hasil percobaan, pada temperatur umpan mendekati temperatur reaksi, semakin besar laju alir massa umpan total maka suhu yang teramati semakin besar pula. Demikian pula pada pengaruh umpan, semakin besar tempperatur umpan maka temperatur keluaran reaktor juga semakin besar. Hasil penyepakatan secara umum menunjukkan pendekatan yang bagus dengan hasil eksperimen. Reaksi runaway terjadi pada hasil simulasi dimana parameter operasi yang berpengaruh adalah fraksi metanol. dalam penelitian ini direkomendasikan bahwa fraksi methanol dalam umpan tidak boleh lebih dari 0,1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-06-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11785 10.14710/reaktor.10.1.1-8 Reaktor; Volume 10 No. 1 Juni 2006; 1-8 2407-5973 0852-0798 id

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16345 2020-04-17T05:38:47Z reaktor:RA

Influence of Microwave Irradiation on Extraction of Chitosan from Shrimp Shell Waste Apriyanti, Dwi Titik Susanto, Heru Rokhati, Nur Chitosan is natural polysaccharides which is nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible and have many advantages in various kinds of fields including health, food, agriculture, and industry. Chitosan usually take long time to extract by conventional method for deacetylation process of chitin. Raw material for chitosan can be found in shrimp shell waste. Chitosan manufactures usually need high temperatures and chemicals in large quantities and it takes much time and consumes a lot of energy where will give bad effect to the environment. Recently microwave irradiation as nonconventional energy sources is widely used in chemical reactions. To reduce the impact of environmental pollution due to excessive use of chemical treatment, the objective of this work is processing chitosan under microwave irradiation. Expected production of chitosan with the same mass requires fewer chemicals than conventional heating. In particular, the study will examine the effect of making the chitosan and adding chemicals, reaction time and operating temperature and degree of deacetylation in chitosan with conventional heating methods that the results will be compared using a microwave. In this research will be developed to the design and fabrication of prototype scale extractor for manufacturing chitosan from shrimp shell waste after optimum results obtained from the research laboratory scale. From the research we can conclude that microwave will speed up reaction time. FTIR also showed functional group of chitosan formed from microwave irradiation have same results.  Keywords: chitosan, shrimp shells, microwave Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16345 10.14710/reaktor.18.1.45-50 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 1 March 2018; 45-50 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16345/13771 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4127 2023-05-12T19:06:57Z reaktor:RA

SINTESIS SENYAWA C18H26O9 DARI HIPTOLIDA HASIL ISOLASI DAUN HYPTIS PECTINATA Suzery, Meiny Kusniawati, Ely Hudiyanti, Dwi Cahyono, Bambang Chemical Engineering hidroborasi; hyptis pectinata; hiptolida SYNTHESIS OF C18H26O9 COMPOUNDS FROM HYPTOLIDE ISOLATED FROM HYPTIS PECTINATA LEAVES. Isolation of hyptolide has been done from Hyptis pectinata, and alkene group transformation through oxidation reactions using H3B: OEt2 to the isolated compound was also conducted. Product analyses were carried out using TLC, UV spectrometry, IR, and LC-MS. Pure crystal with melting point of 86-87oC was isolated. The yield was 1.75% (w/w). After analysing and compilating of spectroscopic data it was confirmed as hyptolide compound. Hydroboration of this compound (followed by hydrolysis using H2O2 under alkaline conditions) produce its alcohol derivatives, with 28.9% the percentage of transformation, it was demonstrated by LCMS data. IR spectrum at 3600cm-1, confirming the replacement of hydroxyl bond by alkene. Regioselectivity of addition reaction is proposed through simulation with Chem Office. The reaction product was suspected as 6-hydroxy-7-(6-oxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) heptane-2,3,5-tryil triacetate. Extension of reaction time to 24 hours, has increase hydroboration product to 78.3%. This research has opened other studies of natural materials in accordance to the roadmap set.  Telah dilakukan isolasi hiptolida dari bahan alam Hyptis pectinata, dan transformasinya melalui reaksi oksidasi menggunakan H3B:OEt2 terhadap gugus alkena pada senyawa hasil isolasi. Analisis produk dilakukan menggunakan KLT, spektrometri UV, IR, dan LC-MS. Kristal murni dengan titik leleh 86-87oC berhasil diisolasi dengan rendemen 1,75 % (b/b), dirujuk sebagai senyawa hiptolida setelah melalui analisis dan kompilasi data-data spektroskopi. Hidroborasi terhadap senyawa hiptolida (yang diikuti hidrolisis menggunakan H2O2 dalam suasana basa) menghasilkan senyawa alkohol turunannya, dengan persentase transformasi sebesar 28,9%, dapat ditunjukkan melalui data LCMS. Data spectrum IR menunjukkan adanya puncak pada 3600cm-1, memperkuat dugaan  adanya ikatan hidroksil menggantikan gugus alkena. Regioselektivitas reaksi adisi diusulkan melalui simulasi dengan Chem Office, produk reaksi diduga mempunyai struktur  sebagai 6-hydroxy-7-(6-oxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)heptane-2,3,5-tryil triacetate. Perpanjangan waktu reaksi selama 24 jam, telah dapat menaikkan produk hidroborasi menjadi 78,3%. Data penelitian ini telah membuka jalan bagi penelitian-penelitian bahan alam lain sesuai dengan roadmap penelitian yang telah ditetapkan. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-04-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf1 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4127 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.68-72 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 68-72 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4127/3760

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/54266 2023-05-12T19:06:58Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14909 2020-04-17T05:03:42Z reaktor:RA

Fabrication and characterization of polyimide/ polyethersulfone-fumed silica mixed matrix membrane for gas separation Ismail, A. F. Kusworo, T. D. gas separation membrane, mixed matrix membrane, silica This study is performed primarily to investigate the feasibility of fumed silica as inorganic material towards gas separation performance of mixed matrix membrane. In this study, polyimide/ polyethersulfone (PES)-fumed silica mixed matrix membrane were casted using dry/wet technique. The result from the FESEM, DSC and FTIR analysis confirmed that the structure and physical properties of membrane is influenced by inorganic filler. FESEM`s cross-section view indicated good compatibility  between polymer and fumed silica for all of range fumed silica used in this study. The gas separation performance of the mixed matrix membrane with fumed silica were relatively higher compared to that of the neat PI/PES membrane. PI/PES-fumed silica 5 wt% yielded significant selectivity enhancement of 7.21 and 40.47 for O2/N2, and CO2/CH4, respectively.Keywords:  gas separation membrane, mixed matrix membrane, silica Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14909 10.14710/reaktor.11.1.30-37 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 1, Juni 2007; 30-37 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14909/11310 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1002 2020-04-17T04:58:01Z reaktor:RA

APPLICATION OF MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL (MPC) TUNING STRATEGY IN MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL OF DISTILLATION COLUMN Ahmad, A. Wahid, A. A model predictive control strategy is proposed for multivariable nonlinear control problem in a distillation column. The aim is to provide a solution to nonlinear control problem that is favorable in terms of industrial implementation. The scheme utilizes multiple linear models to cover wider range of operating conditions. Depending on the operating conditions, suitable model is used in control computations. Servo and regulatory controls of the system are examined. Comparisons are made to conventional controllers. The results confirmed the potentials of the proposed strategy. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2007-10-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1002 10.14710/jitaa.%v.%i.61-64 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007; 66-70 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1002/847

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16495 2020-04-17T05:40:45Z reaktor:RA

The Influence of Foaming Agent and Cake Thickness on the Drying Process Tomatoes Using a Tray Dryer Hariyadi, Tri Santoso, Herry Retti Witono, Judy Moisture content of tomato (Licopersicon esculentum Mill.) is very high, so easily damaged due to physical impact, enzyme and microbes activity. Further processing is necessary in order to improve shelf life, one way is drying method. This work studied the effect of foaming agent and cake thickness in tomato drying using tray dryer at various temperatures. Foaming agent is used to convert the material into foam, so that the drying temperature can be set relatively low to preserves color, aroma and nutrient composition of the material. The tray dryer is used, because it is simple and the operation cost is relatively cheap. In this work, tomatoes were sliced, crushed for 10 minutes using blender, separated from the seeds and residues with a 60 mesh sieve, and then mixed with dextrin and foaming agent Tween 80 each by 5% weight respectively. Each mixture was blended for 10 minutes. The tray dryer was filled with hot air at 2.0 m/sec with temperature variation of 40, 50, 60 and 70ºC and cake thickness variation of 2 and 4 mm. The results obtained, drying at 50° C is faster than 40º C, while 50 to 70º C is relatively the same. The thicker the cake, the slower the drying time. Performance of foaming agent Tween 80 compared to chemical foaming agent is a natural egg white powder. Drying with a foaming agent Tween 80 faster than egg white powder. Keywords: cake thickness; foaming agent; tomato; tray dryer Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-09-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16495 10.14710/gt.v%vi%i.16495 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 3 September 2018; 143-148 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16495/14488 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7895 2020-04-17T05:20:46Z reaktor:RA

AKUMULASI LISTRIK STATIS PADA GELAS PLASTIK PRODUKSI MESIN INJECTION MOLDING: PENGARUH KELEMBABAN UDARA, TEMPERATUR, DAN BAHAN ADITIF Ratnawati, Ratnawati Purbasari, Aprilina Linasari, Yustina Chemical Engineering kelembaban; polipropilena; listrik statis; tribocharging Akumulasi listrik statis pada gelas polipropilena hasil produksi mesin injection molding dapat menyebabkan gelas memiliki gaya elektrostatik dan tidak dapat turun secara gravitasi. Masalah ini menghambat aplikasi gelas pada mesin pengisian air minum dalam kemasan (AMDK). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kelembaban udara, temperatur, dan penambahan bahan aditif TiO2 terhadap potensial listrik permukaan gelas polipropilena. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensial listrik permukaan dipengaruhi oleh kelembaban udara ruang produksi, temperatur, dan penambahan TiO2. Potensial listrik permukaan semakin kecil dengan naiknya kelembaban udara. Setelah kelembaban mencapai 68% potensial listrik permukaan cenderung konstan. Ditinjau dari beda potensial (DV) antara permukaan dua gelas, kelembaban optimum adalah 67-68%, yang ditandai dengan beda potensial yang paling rendah. Beda potensial ≤ 5,2 kV menyebabkan gelas cepat turun, beda potensial 5,2 kV < DV ≤ 6,7 kV menyebabkan gelas turun dengan lambat, dan DV ≥ 6,7 kV menyebabkan gelas sangat lambat turun atau menempel. Potensial listrik turun dengan naiknya temperatur. Potensial listrik statis permukaan hanya sedikit turun akibat penambahan 0,75% berat TiO2. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan gelas dengan potensial listrik permukaan rendah dapat menaikkan kecepatan mesin pengisian AMDK menjadi 220-250 rpm dan 140-160 rpm, masing-masing untuk mesin pengisian gelas 180 ml dan 225 ml. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-12-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7895 10.14710/reaktor.14.4.305-313 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013; 305-313 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7895/6461

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16384 2018-03-12T07:22:10Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14986 2017-07-19T16:49:22Z reaktor:RA

Effect Of Sparging In Microalgae (Dunaliella Tertiolecta) Cuture Using Bubble Column Hadiyanto, Hadiyanto Barbosa, M. Wijffels, R. D. tertiolecta, cell death rate constant, gas entrance velocity Microalgae as a photosynthetic microorganism that contain chlorophyll has high potential to produce novel high value compounds that can be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. With lack of rigid cell wall, microalgae susceptible to have  hydrodynamic stress by increasing aeration rate. Increasing gas flow rate will increase the productivity to optimum condition, but after this condition the productivity will  decrease due to cell disruption. In this research has been  focused on effect of sparging on  microalgae cell damage. Sparging experiment was carried out by varying gas flow rate between 0.59 to 5.13 L.min-1 with a sparger made from needle inserted to a piece of silicon. The needle was used with diameter 0.4 to 1.2 mm and 1-9 needles. With this variables resulted gas entrance velocity between 2.56-104 m.s-1. The cell death rate constant (kd) was calculated by loss of cell viability in time using Coulter counter and Flowcytometer. From the experiments resulted gas entrance velocity was main cause for cell damagae. The small bubble was more detrimental than bigger size of bubble. Bubble rising as like in animal cell culture was no effect to detrimental cell.Keywords : D. tertiolecta, cell death rate constant, gas entrance velocity Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14986 10.14710/reaktor.6.2.56-62 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 2 Desember 2002; 56-62 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14986/11360 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/23474 2020-05-29T10:43:50Z reaktor:RA

Outdoor Closed System of Algal Mass Culture : In Sight of Comparison on Vertical and Horizontal Photobioreactor for Cultivating the Spirulina sp. Farida, Hilda Harahap, Puspita Sari Sobari, Rifana Gunawan, Rudyanto Rahman, Delicia Yunita Susilaningsih, Dwi Spirulina are multiceluller and filamentous blue-green algae that has gained considerable popularity in the health food industry and increasingly as a protein and vitamin supplement to aquaculture diets. The challenge for economically and fulfill the requirement for food and medical purposes has create many ways for mass-growth production, that possibly cultivated in the open-system (such as a raceway pond) or closed-system photobioreactors (such as tubular, bubble-column, airlift, flat-panel, and vertical). the cultivation of teh Spirulina on the vertical and horizontal photobioreactor has been studied. The photobioreactor, namely BJVP and BJHP, has a design to be less energy consumption using the air bubbling or circular paddle. The observation was conducted in a whole year with parameters of rainfall, temperature, light intensity, pH, and salinity. Result  showed that cultivation of Spirulina on the vertical photobioreactor growth faster than teh horizontal photobioreactor systems and the yield of biomass was about 0.94 gDW/L. Average of temperature ranges of BJHP were 31.0C-35.5C, salinities were 35 per mil level, pH were 8.55-10.86, and light intensity were 427-2001 umol photon s-1m-2. Whereas the BJVP has averages temperature range of 31.4C-33.9C, salinity 33-35 per mil level, pH 8.46-10.75, and light intensity 532-2062 umol photon s-1m-2. The proximate analyses of biomass from BJVP cultivation shows has tendency higher protein content compared to BJHP. The optimization of both reactors has continuing evaluated in order to get the optimum parameters required for economically Spirulina cultivation systems.Keywords: Spirulina, BJVP, BJHP, outdoor mass cultivating system, photobioreactor. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/23474 10.14710/reaktor.19.2.54-61 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 2 June 2019; 54-61 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/23474/16011 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6013 2020-04-17T05:22:57Z reaktor:RA

Produksi Bioetanol dari Bahan Baku Singkong, Jagung dan Iles-iles :Pengaruh Suhu Fermentasi dan Berat Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kusmiyati, K. Shitophyta, Lukhi Mulia Chemical Engineering Bioetanol, singkong, jagung, iles-iles, S.Cerevisiae Kebutuhan bahan bakar di masa sekarang semakin bertambah besar sehingga berdampak pada menipisnya sumber bahan bakar dan meningkatnya polusi udara di lingkungan. Penggunaan bahan bakar alternatif dari sumber non fosil merupakan pilihan terbaik sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil. Bioetanol merupakan salah satu energi alternatif yang tepat digunakan baik di masa sekarang ataupun di masa yang akan datang. Bahan baku etanol yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah singkong, dan iles-iles.Variabel penelitian yang diamati temperatur fermentasi (30°C; 40°C;­­ 50°C) dan komposisi Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2,5 g; 5 g; 10 g; 15 g) Proses pembuatan bioetanol terdiri dari hidrolisis enzim yaitun likuifikasi menggunakan a-amylase1,6% v/w (t = 1 jam; T = 95-100°C; pH 6) dan sakarifikasi menggunakan b-amylase 3,2% v/w (t = 4 jam; T = 60°C; pH 5) serta proses fermentasi menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( t = 120 jam; pH 4,5; yeast 5 g). Kadar etanol tertinggi dihasilkan pada temperatur fermentasi 30°C untuk semua bahan baku dengan kadar etanol masing-masing 83,43 g/L untuk singkong,80,77 g/L untuk jagung,dan 79,94 g/L untuk iles-iles. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro DIKTI 2014-08-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6013 10.14710/reaktor.15.2.97-103 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.2, OKTOBER 2014; 97-103 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6013/7049

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/57790 2024-10-23T05:23:48Z reaktor:RA

Effect of CaO/Fe2O3 Ratio and Oil/Methanol Molar Ratio on Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Buchori, Luqman Setiadi, Iqfan Dwi Nurushofa, Faustina Alda Anggoro, Didi Dwi Biodiesel is a renewable liquid fuel that can be produced through the transesterification reaction of biomass. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of comparative composition of CaO and Fe2O3 on CaO/Fe2O3 catalysts from eggshells and Fe2O3 in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. In addition, it was also studied the effect of the ratio of oil and methanol on the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced. Catalysts were prepared through impregnation. The esterification-transesterification process was carried out with the conditions WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:3, 1:6, 1:9, 1:12 and 1:15, catalyst (3%wt oil), heated at 65°C for 3 hours with a stirring scale of 1200 rpm. The results showed biodiesel production using CaO: Fe2O3 catalyst with the ratio of CaO: Fe2O3 70:30 and WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:9 obtained higher yield (84.5%) compared to others. The best biodiesel yield produced is the CaO:Fe2O3 catalyst ratio of 70:30 and the WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:9 with a biodiesel yield of 84.50% with a methyl ester content of 99.63% and a FAME yield of 84.14%. The biodiesel produced has met the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) in terms of density and viscosity. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-08-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/57790 10.14710/reaktor.24.1.1-6 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.1 April 2024; 1-6 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/57790/26669 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15009 2017-07-19T16:46:56Z reaktor:RA

Analisis Efektifitas Menara Distilasi Dengan Material-Utilisation Diagram (MUD) Budiman, A. exergy analysis, material utilization diagram (MUD), distilasi analisis efektivitas menara distilasi dengan menggunakan konsep dasar hokum  thermodinamika mempunyai peran penting untuk proses sintesa dan pengembangan proses distilasi yang efisien. Denagn analisis ini akan dapat diperoleh informasi tentang thermodynamic efficiency, lokasi/region yang mempunyai efisiensi energy rendah sehingga dapat dilakukan targeting untuk penghematan energi. Tulisan ini akan membahas analisi thermodinamika secara grafis pada menara distilasi untuk mengevaluasi karakteristik pemisahan serta karakteristik exergy pada menara distilasi menggunakan Materual Utilization Diagram (MUD). Informasi yang diperoleh berupa konsentrasi komponen  ringan dan komponen berat di setiap plate dan karakteristik exergy yang berupa exergy loss due to mixing pada phase cair dan phase gas, exergy loss due to evaporation dari komponen ringan dan exergy loss due to condensation dari komponen berat. Tulisan dumulai dari pembahasan internal phenomena pada satu plate dan selanjutnya pembahasan pada seluruh plate. Tulisan ini juga akan membahas karakteristik pemisahan serta karakteristik exergy saat diubah-ubah.Kata kunci : exergy analysis, material utilization diagram (MUD), distilasi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15009 10.14710/reaktor.7.02.90-95 Reaktor; Volume 07 No.2 Desember 2003; 90-95 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15009/11383 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1556 2015-01-15T03:13:44Z reaktor:RA

KONVERSI KATALITIK MINYAK SAWIT UNTUK MENGHASILKAN BIOFUEL MENGGUNAKAN SILIKA ALUMINA DAN HZSM-5 SINTESIS Nurjannah, Nurjannah Roesyadi, Achmad Prajitno, Danawati Hari Chemical Engineering minyak sawit, perengkahan katalitik, zeolite HZSM-5 Terbatasnya sumber energi fosil menyebabkan perlunya pengembangan energi terbarukan yang berasal dari alam dan dapat diperbaharui. Penggunaan bahan bakar minyak bumi, baik dari penggunaan berupa alat transportasi maupun dari penggunaan oleh industri sangat mencemari lingkungan karena tingkat polusi yang ditimbulkan sangat tinggi sehingga perlu mencari bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar gasoline, solar, dan kerosene dari minyak nabati. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua tahapan yaitu sintesa katalis dan proses katalitik cracking. Silika alumina disintesa menggunakan metode Latourette dan HZSM-5 disintesa menggunakan metode Plank. Hasil sintesa dikarakterisasi dengan Penyerapan Spektroskopi Atomis (AAS) menunjukkan bahwa silika alumina dan HZSM-5 mempunyai Si/Al 198 dan 243. Luas permukaan  silika alumina dan HZSM-5 diperoleh dari analisa Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) yaitu 149,91-213,35 m2.g-1 dan ukuran pori rata-rata adalah 13oA. Perengkahan katalitik dilakukan dalam suatu mikroreaktor fixed bed pada temperatur 350-500°C dan laju alir gas N2 100-160 ml.min-1 selama 120 min. Hasil perengkahan dianalisa dengan metode gas kromatografi. Hasil yang diperoleh untuk katalis HZSM-5 fraksi gasoline dengan yield tertinggi 28,87%, kerosene 16,70%, dan diesel 12,20%  pada suhu reaktor 4500C dan laju gas N2 100 ml/menit. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-06-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1556 10.14710/reaktor.13.1.37-43 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 1, Juni 2010; 37-43 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1556/1312

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/29348 2020-10-24T05:10:31Z reaktor:RA

Solely Cellulose-based Adsorbent Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Dye Removal Septevani, Athanasia Amanda Afandi, Farhan Riza Sampora, Yulianti Septiyanti, Melati Devy, Yenni Apriliany Amelia, Aisah Resti Burhani, Dian The purpose of this research is to determine the adsorption capability of micro and nano-cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as dye removal. Cellulose based adsorbents were successfully obtained from EFB in the form of microcellulose (eMC) via both delignification (D-eMC) and bleaching processes (B-eMC) as well as in nanocellulose (eNC) by using acid hydrolysis method and hence termed as delignified-eNC (D-eNC) and bleached-eNC (B-eNC) respectively. Dye adsorption test was carried out by UV-Spectrophotometer by comparing initial dye MO concentration (as a control solution) to the treated MO solution upon the addition of micro- and nano- cellulose based adsorbent. It was clear that the dye removal efficiency of micro-cellulose both D-eMC and B-eMC were lower than the nano-cellulose structures. The higher adsorptive capacity of nano-size cellulose compared to the micro-size cellulose was confirmed by the distinct presence of FTIR shifting peak of hydroxyl and sulfonyl groups. It was expected as the micro-size of cellulose would not be able to provide a good adsorptive capability of hydroxyl surface active agent to adsorb the dye. In the case of eNC, the result showed that D-eNC afforded a better dye adsorption than B-eNC. At the same concentration of eNC at 3 wt. %, D-eNC could adsorb at about 19.3% of MO while only 2.4% of MO could be removed by B-eNC. Finally, all of adsorbent could maintain pH and TDS within water quality specification.  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Global Research Funds IERI, South Korea 2019 2020-10-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/29348 10.14710/reaktor.20.3.122-128 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.3 September 2020; 122-128 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/29348/18104 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11056 2020-07-17T02:16:43Z reaktor:RA

MODIFIKASIZEOLIT ALAM MORDENIT SEBAGAI KATALISATOR KETALISASI DAN ESTERIFIKASI Nuryoto, Nuryoto Sulistyo, Hary Budi Sediawan, Wahyudi Perdana, Indra chemical engineering karakterisasi; modifikasi; ketalisasi; esterifikasi;gliserol Abstract  MODIFIED  MORDENITE NATURAL ZEOLITE AS CATALYST FOR KETALIZATION AND ESTERIFICATION. The aims of this research was studied of  modified mordenite natural zeolite from Bayah effect by acidity and heating to change zeolite characteristics in orde to prepare as catalyst for glycerol ketalization and  acetit acid esterification by some reaction temperature variation. Natural zeolite which modified by precise treatment will be  produced of natural zeolite that ready for use as catalyst and has good perfomance. The characterization results showed that the best condition for modified mordenite natural zeolite of  Bayah achieved at sulfuric acid concentration of 6 N and heating temperature of 200oC, by surface area reached of 157.110 m2/g and cation exchanged capacity of 2.11 meq/ml. Modernite natural zeolite of Bayah has good performance indication as a catalyst, by the highest glycerol conversion of  70.10% at 60°C for the ketalization reaction, and for the esterification reaction, mordenit natural zeolit of Bayah able to acetit acid conversion of 11.72% at 70°C.  Keywords: characterization; esterification; glycerol; modified; ketalization   Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mempelajari pengaruh modifikasi dengan pengasaman dan pemanasan terhadap perubahan karakteristik zeolit alam mordenit dari Bayah guna persiapan sebagai katalisator pada reaksi ketalisasi gliserol dan esterifikasi asam asetat dengan beberapa variasi suhu reaksi. Zeolit alam yang termodifikasi dengan perlakuan yang tepat akan menghasilkan zeolit alam yang siap pakai, dan akan mampu menghasilkan performa yang baik. Hasil pengujian karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa kondisi terbaik pada modifikasi zeolit alam mordenit Bayah dihasilkan pada konsentrasi pengasaman 6N H2SO4 dan suhu pengeringan 200oC dengan luas permukaan 157,110 m2/g dan kemampuan tukar kation sebesar 2,11 meq/ml. Zeolit alam mordenit Bayah menunjukkan performa yang baik sebagai katalisator dengan konversi gliserol tertinggi sebesar 70,10%  yang dicapai pada suhu 60oC pada reaksi ketalisasi, dan untuk reaksi esterifikasi,  zeolit alam mordenit Bayah mampu mengkonversi asam setat sebesar 11,72% pada suhu 70oC. Kata kunci: karakterisasi; esterifikasi; gliserol; modifikasi; ketalisasi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11056 10.14710/reaktor.16.2.72-80 Reaktor; Volume 16 No. 2 Juni 2016; 72-80 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11056/9074 Copyright (c) 2016 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15041 2017-06-21T07:56:43Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH JUMLAH DAN PANJANG BAFEL TERHADAP DIFUSI EDDY PADA SIEVE TRAY Soekarno, H. Pudjiastuti, L. Handogo, R. bafel, difusi eddy, Peclet Number, sieve tray Penelitian yang mengkaji jumlah dan panjang Baffle T-By pada sieve tray untuk mengurangi difusi eddy telah dilakukan. Berkurangnya difusi eddy dapat dilihat dari naiknya harga Peclet Number yang mempunyai korelasi dengan efisiensi tray. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan sebuah tray testing simulator, pada kemiringan bafel tertentu, dengan memvariasi panjang bafel, maka semakin besar Paclet Number. Pada kenaikan jumlah bafel, menunjukkan Paclet Numer cenderung naik. Tetapi setelah mencapai jumlah bafel tertentu, maka Paclet Number turun. Harga Pe yang diperoleh menggambarkan bahwa liquid berada  dalam keadaan hampir disperse dan konversi. Sedangkan laju alir air dan faktor-F kecil pengaruhnya terhadap Peclet Number. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Pe tertinggi yang bias dicapai adalah 14, pada n= 7, Y= 8 cm, faktor-F = 1,994 (m/det)(kg/m3)0,5, laju alir air (Q) = 0,311 l/det, dan panjang bafel (X) =90%L. Kata kunci : bafel, difusi eddy, Peclet Number, sieve tray Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15041 10.14710/reaktor.8.2.69-73 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.2 Desember 2004; 69-73 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15041/11415 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3588 2016-12-11T08:41:59Z reaktor:RA

STUDI KINETIKA PROSES KIMIA DAN FISIKA PENGHILANGAN GETAH CRUDE PLAM OIL (CPO) DENGAN ASAM FOSFAT Ristianingsih, Yuli Sutijan, Sutijan Budiman, Arief Chemical Engineering CPO; degumming; perpindahan massa; reaksi kimia KINETIC STUDY OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DEGUMMING OF CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) USING PHOSPHORIC ACID. The removal of phospholipids (‘degumming’) is the first step in the process of refining crude vegetable oil. The purpose of this research was to study degumming process and its effects to the oil’s quality. CPO used in this research was reacted with phosphoric acid using stirred tank reactor. The batch process was operated for 2 hours in various temperature, phosphoric acid concentration, and agitation speed. The sample was taken every 15 minutes which then analyzed by spectrophotometer at the wave length of 650 nm to measure the gum concentration in the oil. By minimizing sum of squares of errors between experimental and simulation data,  the mass transfer coefficient (Kca), reaction rate constant (k1) and phase equilibrium constants (K) were be calculate. The result showed that the temperature, phosphoric acid concentration and agitation speed were highly affecting in the degumming process. At the range of temperature of 323≤T≤353 K, the higher temperature, the larger reaction rate constant and its relationship can be express as . At the range of Reynolds number of 121.4438 ≤ Re ≤ 630.2521, the effect of agitation speed to mass transfer coefficient (Kca) can be express as Sh=0.09986.Re0.5998.Sc0.3995. From these two equations obtained, one can say that the temperature has effect on the reaction rate and mass transfer.    Abstrak   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kinetika proses penghilangan getah (degumming) CPO (Crude Palm Oil) yang meliputi kinetika reaksi dan transfer massanya. Parameter yang dipelajari meliputi suhu, kecepatan pengadukan dan konsentrasi asam fosfat. Percobaan dilakukan dengan mereaksikan CPO dan  asam fosfat dalam sebuah reaktor tangki berpengaduk selama 2 jam. Sampel diambil setiap 15 menit kemudian dianalisis dengan spektrofotometer panjang gelombang 650 nm untuk mengetahui konsentrasi gum tersisa pada minyak. Minimasi sum of squares of errors (SSE) antara data percobaan dan hasil perhitungan akan menghasilkan nilai koefisien transfer massa (Kca), konstanta kecepatan reaksi (k1) dan konstanta kesetimbangan cair-cair (K). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu, konsentrasi asam fosfat dan kecepatan pengadukan sangat berpengaruh terhadap proses degumming. Pada kisaran suhu yang dipelajari (323≤T≤353 K), hubungan antara konstanta kecepatan reaksi (k1) dengan suhu dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan . Pada kisaran pengadukan yang dipelajari (112,4438≤Re≤630,2521), pengaruh kecepatan pengadukan terhadap koefisien perpindahan massa jika dinyatakan dengan bilangan tak berdimensi dapat dinyatakan  dengan persamaan Sh=0,09986.Re0,5998.Sc0,3995. Dari kedua persamaan yang diperoleh terlihat suhu berpengaruh terhadap kecepatan reaksi yang dinyatakan dengan (k1) dan transfer massa yang diwakili dengan Bilangan Schmidt (Sc) dan Reynold (Re). Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-11-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3588 10.14710/reaktor.13.4.242-247 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 4, Desember 2011; 242-247 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3588/3226

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/43723 2022-08-11T10:48:56Z reaktor:RA

Production of Activated Carbon from High-Grade Bituminous Coal to Removal Cr (VI) Kusdarini, Esthi Pradana, Denis Rocky Budianto, Agus Activated carbon was produced from high-grade bituminous coal, potentially removing Cr metal in textile industrial waste. The purposes of this study were 1) getting activated carbon characteristics, 2) studying the impact of reagent concentration and activation temperature on the activated carbon characteristics, and 3) getting the isotherm adsorption equation for activated carbon developed by Freundlich and Langmuir on Cr metal. This research used an experimental method with a laboratory scale, which means the manufacture of activated carbon and a test of adsorbs power of activated carbon to the Cr metal were conducted in the laboratory. Activated carbon manufacture through carbonization process of chemical activation used reagent (NH4)3PO4, neutralization, filtration, physical activation, and cooling. At the same time, it tested the adsorption power of the activated carbon to Cr metal through activated carbon contact with a solution containing some Cr6+ ion. The update in this research was using reagent (NH4)3PO4 and the test of adsorption power of activated carbon to Cr6+ ion contained in the artificial waste. This research showed activated carbon that has been activated using reagent (NH4)3PO4 0.5 – 2 M at physical activation temperature of 825oC and has met the standard of SNI number 06-3730-1995. The best-activated carbon was produced from chemical activation using (NH4)3PO4 1 M solution and physical activation at 825oC. The best-activated carbon characteristics contained 1.27% water; 17.17% content of volatile matter, 9.39% was ash content; 73.17% contained fixed carbon, and the iodine value was 1248.30 mg/g. The best Equation of Langmuir isotherm adsorption of activated carbon to the Cr6+ produced Constant Ar = -90.0901 and Kc = -0.0075. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/43723 10.14710/reaktor.22.1.14-20 Reaktor; Volume 22 No. 1 April 2022; 14-20 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/43723/22039 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13570 2020-04-17T05:33:16Z reaktor:RA

PRODUKSI KARBON AKTIF DARI BATUBARA BITUMINUS DENGAN AKTIVASI TUNGGAL H3PO4, KOMBINASI H3PO4-NH4HCO3, DAN TERMAL Kusdarini, Esthi Budianto, Agus Ghafarunnisa, Desyana chemical Engineering activation; coal; bituminous; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; active carbon Abstract ACTIVE CARBON PRODUCTION OF BITUMINOUS COAL WITH SINGLE ACTIVITY H3PO4, H3PO4 COMBINE WITH NH4HCO3, AND THERMAL. Bituminous coal has a good potential to be utilized as activated carbon because it has high carbon, which is between 54-86%. The purpose of research was to obtain moisture content data, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, absorption of iodine (iodine), area surface and the volume of pore activated carbon. Another aim was to study the effect of reagent types and concentrations of H3PO4 reagent and NH4HCO3 reagent to the characteristics of the activated carbon. The study was conducted in six stages: 1) carbonization; 2) chemical activation; 3) neutralizing; 4) filtering; 5) activation in physics; and 6) cooling. The renewal of this study is the use of reagents combination H3PO4-NH4HCO3. The results showed that the active carbon which is activated by a combination of  H3PO4  reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2 M and  reagent H3PO4 reagent 2.5 M - reagent NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M have the best iodine. Activated carbon is activated using H3PO4 reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent  2 M containing 7.5% water content; ash content of 9,0%; volatile matter content of 43.3%, 40.2% fixed carbon, iodine 1238.544 mg/g. While activated carbon which is activated using H3PO4reagent 2.5 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M contain 7.4% water content; ash content is about 10%; volatile matter content is 39.1%, fixed carbon is 43.5%, iodine 1238.544 mg/g,  surface area 86.213 m2/g, and pore volume 0.0733 cc/g. Keywords: perf activation; coal; bituminous; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; active carbon  Abstrak Batubara bituminus mempunyai potensi bagus untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi karbon aktif karena mempunyai kandungan karbon yang cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 54-86%. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh data kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, fixed carbon, daya serap terhadap iodium (bilangan iodin), luas permukaan, dan volume pori karbon aktif. Tujuan lainnya adalah mempelajari pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi reagen H3PO4 dan NH4HCO3 terhadap karakteristik karbon aktif. Penelitian dilakukan dalam enam tahap : 1) karbonisasi; 2) aktivasi secara kimia; 3) penetralan;; 4) penyaringan; 5) aktivasi secara fisika; 6) pendinginan. Pembaharuan dalam penelitian ini adalah penggunaan kombinasi reagen H3PO4-NH4HCO3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif yang diaktivasi dengan kombinasi reagen H3PO4  2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M dan H3PO4  2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mempunyai bilangan iodin terbaik. Karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4  2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M mengandung kadar air 7,5%, kadar abu 9,0%, kadar zat terbang 43,3%, fixed carbon 40,2%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g. Sedangkan karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4  2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mengandung kadar air 7,4%, kadar abu 10%, kadar zat terbang 39,1%, fixed carbon 43,5%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g, luas permukaan 86,213 m2/g, dan volume pori 0,0733 cc/g. Kata kunci: aktivasi; batubara; bituminus; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; karbon aktif Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13570 10.14710/reaktor.17.2.74-80 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017; 74-80 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13570/11520 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/13570/1386 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16399 2018-11-07T09:17:21Z reaktor:RA

THE UTILIZATION OF CHICKEN BONE FLOUR AS A SOURCE OF CALCIUM IN COOKIES MAKING Cornelia, Melanie Prasetya Gozali, Dhanny Chicken bone contained high calcium, but that utilization was very limited and mostly as a waste. Calcium was needed for humans, especially who were in period of growth. The purpose of this research was to utilize chicken bone flour as a source of calcium in cookies making. Cookies were food products that often consumed by people in Indonesia because easy to make and have a longer shelf life. The initial phase of this research was to find the best process of chicken bone flour from broiler chicken bone and kampong chicken bone as raw materials. The best chicken bone flour have high calcium content of 18061.12 mg/100 g, low fat content 13.79% and yield 34.63%. The formulation of cookies making were trial to add 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of chicken bone flour into cookies. From scoring and hedonic test by panelists, cookies were made with additional 5% of chicken bone flour was more preferable. So the best formulation was cookies which has calcium content 464.03 mg/100 g, 26.58% fat, and hardness 1372.03 g/cm2.  These cookies have characteristics and nutrients better than the cookies control. Keywords: cabinet drying; calcium; chicken bone; cookies; flour   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-05-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16399 10.14710/reaktor.18.1.31-37 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 1 March 2018; 31-37 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16399/13740 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6104 2020-04-17T05:19:11Z reaktor:RA

THE PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL FROM THE BLACK LIQUOR OF THE SODA PULPING OF RICE STRAW Wistara, Nyoman Jaya Silaban, Gokma Pari, Gustan Chemical Engineering lindi hitam; gugus fungsi; pirolisis; kehilangan berat The main goal of the present works was to determine chemical changes, thermal decomposition, and the content of moisture, ash, volatile, fixed carbon and calorific value of soda pulping black liquor of the rice straw. Neutralized black liquor was dried to a moisture content of 10% and then pyrolized at 106oC-750oC. It was found that calorific value, fixed carbon, volatile mater, and moisture content were in the range of 2782-4716 cal/g, 49.2-81.6%, 15.5-47.5%, and 0.2-3.5%, respectively. Ash content was not influenced by the temperature of pyrolysis and was thought to depend on its initial silicate content. The weight loss of pulp was higher than that of black liquor. Extreme weight loss has been found in the temperature of 200-400oC. Noticeable functional groups changes were found with the increasing temperature of pyrolysis. Hydroxyl group completely disappeared at 300oC and above. Carbonyl related groups were also disappeared at 300-500oC, but it was reformed at 650 and 750oC. It might be brought about by the deformation of chemical bonding of oxygen ring in lignin structures. SIFAT-SIFAT ARANG LINDI HITAM DARI PEMASAKAN JERAMI DENGAN LARUTAN SODA API. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan perubahan sifat kimia, dekomposisi termal dan kadar air, abu, zat terbang, karbon terikat serta nilai kalor arang lindi hitam pemasakan soda jerami padi. Dalam penelitian ini, lindi hitam netral dikeringkan (kadar air 10%), kemudian dipirolisis pada selang suhu 100-750oC di dalam reaktor berpengatur suhu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kalor, karbon terikat, zat terbang dan kadar air masing-masing berselangdari 2782-4716 cal/g, 49,2-81,6%, 15,5-47,5%, dan 0,2-3,5%. Kadar abu tidak dipengaruhi oleh suhu pirolisis dan diduga bergantung pada kadar silika bahan bakunya. Nilai kalor meningkat dengan meningkatnya kadar karbon terikat. Perilaku kehilangan berat arang dari lindi hitam berbeda dengan perilaku kehilangan berat pulp jerami. Kehilangan berat pulp lebih tinggi dari kehilangan berat arang lindi hitam. Kehilangan berat yang tajam terjadi pada selang suhu 200-400oC. Perubahan gugus fungsi yang nyata terjadi dengan meningkatnya suhu pirolisis. Gugus hidroksil menghilang pada suhu 300oC atau lebih. Gugus terkarbonilasi menghilang pada suhu 300-500oC, tetapi terbentuk kembali pada suhu 650oC dan 750oC. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan oleh deformasi ikatan kimia oksigen di dalam cincin dari struktur lignin. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2013-04-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6104 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.247-254 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 247-254 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6104/5195

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1417 2017-06-21T08:17:14Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14935 2017-06-13T03:29:00Z reaktor:RA

The moving-slab Heating in the furnace for various production plans Istadi, Istadi Bindar, Y. Koswara, Koswara 3Dtemperature distribution, reheating furnace, slab heating, slab length group The reheating furnace in occasional production time has to be charged with slabs having fifferent sizes in length, ridth and thickness. This production plan was put due to economical and productivity consideration. Moreover in the future development, the slab grade might be improved to hight grades. It is our expectation that the furnace can be fire for different production plans above. The strategy for firing the burners from zone to zone has to  be determined precisely to meet the designed heating curves for the various slab. A suggest to guide in the formulations of the furnace firing strategy was developed in this work. This suggestion is based on three-dimentional mathematical model for heated slab in the furnace. This mathematical model was coded  for the computational simulation. The  code was able to simulate  furnacthree-dimentional effect of fuenace operational parameters and variety of slab length group. The result reasonably represent the slab-heating curve for different operational parameters. Unsymmetrical firing practices can be shown their effect to the 3D temperature distribution of the slab. Keywords : 3Dtemperature distribution, reheating furnace, slab heating, slab length group Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14935 10.14710/reaktor.6.1.1-7 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 1 Juni 2002; 1-7 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14935/11333 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1505 2020-04-17T05:00:35Z reaktor:RA

PEMBUATAN RESIN PHENOL FORMALDEHID TERHADAP APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI VERNIS Rokhati, Nur Prasetyaningrum, Aji Chemical Engineering phenol, formaldehid, resin, vernis Phenol formaldehid termasuk kelompok resin sintetis yang dihasilkan dari reaksi polimerisasi antara phenol dengan formaldehid. Ada dua jenis resin phenol formaldehid yaitu : novolak yang bersifat termoplast dan resol yang bersifat termoset. Phenol formaldehid dapat diaplikasikan sebagai vernis karena dapat membentuk lapisan film yang kering.Penelitian dilakukan dengan mereaksikan phenol dan formaldehid dengan pH dan perbandingan mol bervariasi. Jenis novolak dibuat pada suasana asam dengan penambahan HCl, suhu 900C, dan waktu reaksi 5 jam, sedangkan jenis resol dibuat pada suasana basa dengan penambahan NaOH, suhu 800C dan waktu reaksi 3 jam. Hasil resin phenol formaldehid diaplikasikan sebagai vernis pada kayu jati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan bertambahnya pH dan perbandingan reaktan, waktu kering semakin lama. Kondisi optimum jenis novolak diperoleh pada pH 2,5 dan perbandingan reaktan 1 : 0,8, sedangkan untuk jenis resol dicapai pada pH 10 dan perbandingan mol reaktan 1 : 2. Aplikasi jenis novolak sebagai vernis kayu menghasilkan warna yang lebih cerah (tingkat gloss tinggi) dibanding dengan jenis resol Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-04-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1505 10.14710/reaktor.12.1.42-47 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 1, Juni 2008; 42-47 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1505/1264

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/52061 2025-01-15T21:32:18Z reaktor:RA

The Effect of Air Injection for Formation of Radicals in Liquid Glow Discharge Plasma Electrolysis with K2SO4 Solution Harianingsih, Harianingsih Rengga, Woro Dyah Pita Kusumaningrum, Maharani Imani, Nadya Alfa Cahaya Saksono, Nelson Zakaria, Zainal Glow discharge is part of the phenomenon of plasma formation on the electrode side in contact with the electrolyte solution and begins with an electrolysis reaction with direct electric current. In this research, 0.02 M K2SO4 electrolyte was used, the anode in the form of tungsten and stainless steel for the cathode in a direct current plasma electrolysis reactor. The phenomenon of plasma formation is explained using a strong current and voltage characteristic curve. There are three plasma formation zones: the ohmic zone, the transition zone and the glow discharge plasma zone. Air injection affects the formation of glow discharge plasma and radicals. Without the injection of air, radicals formed only •OH, •H and •O with emission intensities of 20012 a.u, 10121 a.u and 10245 a.u. Air injection 0.8 L men-1 produced radicals •OH, •N, •N2*, •N2+, •H and •O with emission intensities of 30863a.u, 20139 a.u, 28540 a.u, 18023 a.u, 12547 a.u and 49800 a.u. Many radicals are generated when the plasma reaches stability. The plasma is dominated by H2O ionization, and the plasma is more stable if formed in the gas phase. Other results from this research at 0 L men-1, 0.2 L men-1, 0.4 L men-1 and 0.8 L men-1 stable plasma were formed at 675 V, 660 V, 650 V and 650 V. The plasma that can be seen from the bright light, the injection of air accelerates the formation of a gas envelope to reduce energy. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/52061 10.14710/reaktor.23.2.37-43 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.2 August 2023; 37-43 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/52061/24685 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15000 2017-07-19T16:46:23Z reaktor:RA

Sintesis Metal Amina Fasa Cair Dari Amoniak Dan Methanol Nasikin, M. Mangatur, I. metal amina, methanol, amoniak, reaksi fasa cair Secara umum terdapat juga jenis amina (MMA), dimetil amina (DMA) dan trimetil amina (TMA). Pada kondisi reaksi setimbang, TMA diperoleh dengan selektivitas tinggi, tetapi produk ini kurang diharapkan karena nilai ekonomisnya rendah dan membentuk azeotrop  dengan MMA dan DMA. Pada penelitian ini sintesis metal amina dari amoniak dan methanol dilakukan dengan menggunakan katalis garam  heteropoli KxH3-xPW12O40, (NH4)3PW12O40 dan Al2O3 dengan  fasa cair. Katalis garam heteropoli adalah  shape selective catalyst pada reaksi fasa gas., pada reaksi fasa cair katalis tersebut  juga dapat menekan laju pembentukan TMA. Sebagai reaktor digunakan autoclave dengan suhu reaksi 60 dan 80 0C, serta tekanan 16 bar.Hasil karakterisasi dengan metode BET menunjukkan luas permukaan katalis  KxH3-xPW12O40 semakin meningkat dengan semakin tingginya harga x. seluruh katalis aktif pada reaksi dan aktifitas katalissemakin meningkat dengan semakin besarnya luas permukaan kecuali untuk katalis Al2O3. Untuk katalis berturutturut ialah K2.5H0.5PW12O40 > (NH4)3PW12O40  >  Al2O3 > K2H1PW12O40  > K1H2PW12O40  > K0H3PW12O40.  Seluruh katalis mampu menekan selektivitas TMA hingga 100%, dan diperoleh selektivitas DMA yang tinggi (98%). Tidak terbentuknya TMA pada reaksi tidak hany akibat  ukuran pori katalis lebih besar dari TMA, namun juga karena perbedaan kebasaan setiap produk.  Tingginya selektivitas DMA disebabkan kebasaan DMA yang tinggi sehingga teradsorpsi sangat kuat dipermukaan katalis dan menghentikan reaksi lanjut DMA menjadi TMA. Pada katalis KxH3-xPW12O40 penambahn mmol H+/ mmol methanol dari 2.5 menjadi 5 meningkatkan konversi methanol dari 45 menjadi 47%, sedangkan peningkatan suhu dari 60 0C menjadi 80 0C meningkatkan konversi methanol dari 36% menjadi 46%.Kata kunci : metal amina, methanol, amoniak, reaksi fasa cair Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15000 10.14710/reaktor.7.1.41-46 Reaktor; Volume 07 No. 1 Juni 2003; 41-46 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15000/11374 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1545 2015-01-15T02:38:51Z reaktor:RA

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYIMIDE-ZEOLITE MIXED MATRIX MEMBRANE Budiyono, Budiyono Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko Ismail, Ahmad Fauzi Widiasa, I Nyoman Johari, Seno Sunarso, Sunarso Chemical Engineering biogas purification, mixed matrix membrane, polyimide, zeolite Biogas has become an attractive alternative energy source due to the limitation of energy from fossil. In this study, a new type of mixed matrix membrane (MMM) consisting of polyimide-zeolite was synthesized and characterized for biogas purification. The MMM consists of medium concentration of polymer (20% wt polyimide), 80% N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and 25% zeolite 4A in total solid were prepared by a dry/wet phase inversion technique.  The fabricated MMM was characterized using SEM, DSC, TGA and gas permeation. Post treatment coating procedure was also conducted. The research showed that surface coating by 3% silicone rubber toward MMM PI 20% gave the significant effect to improve membrane selectivity. The ideal selectivity for CO2/CH4 separation increased from 0.99 for before coating to 7.9 after coating for PI-Zeolite MMM, respectively. The results suggest that PI-Zeolite MMM with good post treatment procedure will increase the membrane selectivity and permeability with more saver polymer requirement as well as energy saving due to low energy for mixing. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-12-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1545 10.14710/reaktor.12.4.245 – 252 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 4, Desember 2009; 245 – 252 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1545/1302

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/26092 2020-07-17T02:18:43Z reaktor:RA

Mercury Elemental Storage Tank Design Restiawaty, Elvi Bindar, Yazid Aslan, Christian Masduqi, Alif Lutfia Mercury is a liquid metal that has properties such as toxic, persistent, bioaccumulating, and its vapor can spread around sources so that it is harmful to humans. Despite having dangerous properties, mercury is found in some goods, products, and also waste. Mercury is indicated to be used in several industries, such as artisanal and small-scale gold mining and coal-fired steam power plants. Based on health and environmental considerations, mercury must ultimately be removed from the eco cycle. Mercury storage systems in the long term must be solved so that sustainable development for future generations can be achieved. Currently, there is still no mercury storage system in Indonesia with a good standard design, so the conceptual design study of the mercury elemental storage system is important. In this paper, the storage tanks with a mercury capacity of 35 kilograms, one tonne, and two tonnes were designed to meet mercury storage standards. Several design criteria were used as model development, such as storage capacity, height level, safety factor material, storage temperature, tank life span, and symbols and label. The design results presented in this paper are dimension and engineering drawing of the storage tanks and attributes like spill tray, pallet, and rack.Keywords: environment; hazardous and toxic material; Indonesia; mercury; storage tanks Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26092 10.14710/reaktor.20.2.57-67 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.2 June 2020; 57-67 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26092/17662 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9902 2020-04-17T05:28:09Z reaktor:RA

AMOKSIMASI SIKLOHEKSANON DENGAN KATALIS MoO3/TS-1 MENGGUNAKAN HIDROGEN PEROKSIDA SEBAGAI AGEN PENGOKSIDASI Harsanto, Rakhmadi Qoniah, Imroatul Prasetyoko, Didik Ediati, Ratna Chemistry; Chemical Engineering; engineering amoksimasi sikloheksanon; TS-1; 1%MoO3/ TS-1 AMMOXIMATION OF CYCLOHEXANONE OVER Mo-IMPREGNATED TITANIUM SILICALITE USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AS AN OXIDANT. Ammoximation of cyclohexanone reaction using 1% MoO3/TS-1 catalyst have been made with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Reaction carried out with the batch method using methanol and acetonitrile as solvent. Reaction products analyzed using gas chromatography. The 1% MoO3/TS-1 catalyst shows the highest activity than the TS-1. The increased of 1% MoO3/TS-1 catalytic activity due to hydrophilicity properties higher than TS-1. Reaction using methanol shows the highest activity compared with reactions using acetonitrile. The optimum calcination temperature for 1% MoO3/TS-1 catalyst to gives the highest activity is 400 ºC.   Keywords: ammoximation of cyclohexanone; TS-1; 1% MoO3/ TS-1 Abstrak Amoksimasi sikloheksanon menggunakan katalis 1% MoO3/TS-1 telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan hidrogen peroksida sebagai agen pengoksidasi. Reaksi dilakukan dengan metode batch menggunakan pelarut metanol dan asetonitril. Produk reaksi dianalisis dengan kromatografi gas. Katalis 1% MoO3/TS-1 menunjukkan aktivitas katalitik yang lebih tinggi daripada katalis TS-1. Peningkatan aktivitas katalitik 1% MoO3/TS-1 dikarenakan sifat hidrofilisitasnya lebih tinggi dibandingkan TS-1. Reaksi katalisis yang menggunakan pelarut metanol memberikan aktivitas katalitik lebih tinggi daripada reaksi yang menggunakan pelarut asetonitril. Suhu kalsinasi paling optimum pada katalis 1% MoO3/TS-1 untuk memberikan aktivitas katalitik tertinggi adalah 400ºC. Kata kunci: amoksimasi sikloheksanon; TS-1; 1 % MoO3/ TS-1  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-05-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9902 10.14710/reaktor.16.1.41-48 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.1 Maret 2016; 41-48 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9902/8768

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/78182 2026-04-15T00:30:28Z reaktor:RA

Production and Application of Carbon Dots from Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived-Lignin for Pb2+ Ion Detection Sitorus, Berlian Rio, Dionisius Syahbanu, Intan Panjaitan, Seno Darmawan This study investigates the formation and application of carbon dots derived from sugarcane bagasse lignin for lead ion detection. Lignin was extracted from bagasse using an alkaline treatment followed by precipitation with sulfuric acid. The isolated lignin was converted into carbon dots through a hydrothermal process. Characterization revealed a 7 ± 4 nm particle size distribution and distinctive absorbance peaks at 236, 317, and 360 nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy. To test their application in lead detection, the carbon dots are exposed to Pb2+ ions in concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µM. The carbon dots exhibited a notable fluorescence quenching response in the presence of Pb2+ ions. Photoluminescence spectroscopy confirmed that lead ions interact with the carbon dots, reducing their emission intensity. These findings demonstrate the potential of lignin-derived carbon dots as effective sensors for Pb2+ ion detection. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-12-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/78182 10.14710/reaktor.25.3.100-108 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.3 December 2025; 100-108 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/78182/30027 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15032 2017-07-19T16:47:06Z reaktor:RA

Hidrogenasi Benzen Roesyadi, A. hidrogenasi, reaktor batch, benzene Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari unjuk kerja katalis ruthenium dan rhodium yang disupport dengan karbon aktif pada reaksi hidrogenasi benzene pada fasa cair dengan pelarut asam asetat. Percobaan  dilakukan dalam reaktor bertekanan yang dilengkapi dengan pengaduk mekanis, indicator tekanan, termokopel dan jaket pemanas. Variabel penelitian adalah temperatur yaitu pada 30 0C, 50 0C, 75 0C, 100 0C, 125 0C dan 150 0C. sedangkan tekanan dilakukan pada 9 atm dan persentase katalis Metal C sebesar 5%. Analisa hasil dilakukan dengan Gas Chromatographi dengan memakai standar intern Toluen yang terpisah secara baik dengan benzen maupun sikloheksana sebagai produk reaksi hidrogenasi. Dari hasil penelitian didapat bahwa reaksi hidrogenasi benzen menjadi sikloheksana dengan katalis  5% Ruthenium yang disupport dengan karbon aktif memerlukan energy aktivasi sebesar 1416, 73 kal/mol, sedangkan dengan katalis Rhodium sebesar 110,202 kal/mol.energi aktivasi yang rendah, menunjukkan bahwa reaksi hidrogenasi  benzene menjadi sikloheksana dikontrol oleh transfer massa. Hasil sikloheksana bias dianalisis secara kualitatif mulai pada suhu 30 0C. sikloheksana yang terbanyak diperoleh pada suhu 150 0C. Dengan menganggap bahwa konsentrasi H2 dalam larutan selalu konstan , reaksi ini mengikuti orde nol terhadap benzene.Kata kunci : hidrogenasi, reaktor batch, benzene Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15032 10.14710/reaktor.8.1.22-28 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.1 Juni 2004; 22-28 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15032/11406 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3182 2020-04-17T05:12:39Z reaktor:RA

PRODUKSI ANTIBIOTIKA OLEH Bacillus subtilis M10 DALAM MEDIA UREA-SORBITOL Supartono, Supartono Wijayati, Nanik Herlina, Lina Ratnaningsih, Enny Chemical Engineering antibiotika, bacillus subtilis, kinetika, mutasi, produksi PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS BY Bacillus subtilis M10 IN UREA-SORBITOL MEDIUM. Infection diseases still become the main health problems that suffered by people in Indonesia. Besides, there were many pathogen bacteria found to be resistant to the some antibiotics. Therefore, the efforts to get a new antibiotic require to be done continuously. A new local strain of Bacillus subtilis BAC4 has been known producing an antibiotic that inhibit Serratia marcescens ATCC 27117 growth. To make efficient the local strain, mutation on Bacillus subtilis BAC4 was done by using acridine orange and a mutant cell of Bacillus subtilis M10 that overproduction for producing antibiotic was obtained. Nevertheless, the production kinetics of antibiotic by this mutant has not been reported. The objective of this research was to study the production kinetics of antibiotic by Bacillus subtilis M10 mutant. The production of antibiotic was conducted using batch fermentation and antibiotic assay was performed with agar absorption method using Serratia marcescens ATCC 27117 as bacteria assay. Research result provided that Bacillus subtilis M10 mutant with overproduction of antibiotic produced an antibiotic since 8th hour’s fermentation and optimum of it production was at 14th hours after inoculation.  Penyakit infeksi masih menjadi masalah yang utama diderita oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Di samping itu, banyak bakteri patogen yang ditemukan resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotika. Oleh karena itu, upaya-upaya untuk mendapatkan antibiotika baru perlu dilakukan secara terus-menerus. Suatu galur lokal baru Bacillus subtilis BAC4 teridentifikasi memproduksi senyawa antibiotika yang menghambat pertumbuhan Serratia marcescens ATCC27117. Untuk memberdayakan galur tersebut, terhadap Bacillus subtilis BAC4 dilakukan mutasi dengan larutan akridin oranye dan diperoleh mutan Bacillus subtilis M10 yang memproduksi antibiotika berlebihan. Namun, kinetika produksi antibiotika oleh Bacillus subtilis M10 belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kinetika produksi antibiotika oleh mutan Bacillus subtilis M10. Bacillus subtilis M10 difermentasikan ke dalam media urea-sorbitol dan diamati kemampuan produksi antibiotikanya menggunakan Serratia marcescens ATCC 2711 sebagai bakteri uji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mutan Bacillus subtilis M10 memproduksi antibiotika sejak jam ke 8, dan produksi optimumnya terjadi pada jam ke 14 setelah inokulasi. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-04-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3182 10.14710/reaktor.13.3.185-193 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 3, Juni 2011; 185-193 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3182/2854

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/40394 2022-01-11T00:41:40Z reaktor:RA

Characteristics of Edible Film Made from Pectin of Papaya Peel Halim, Yuniwaty Darmawan, Carinna Ruth Papaya (Carica papaya L.) peel contains a considerable amount of pectin, high molecular weight polysaccharides that can be used in edible film making due to its ability to form gels. However, edible film from pectin usually has poor moisture barrier properties. Therefore, pectin is generally combined with glycerol as plasticizer and starch. This research aimed to utilize pectin from papaya peel with the addition of corn starch in edible film making to determine the characteristics of pectin from papaya peel and the effect of pectin and corn starch concentration on edible film characteristics. Pectin extracted from papaya peel was classified as low methoxyl pectin (LMP). The pectin was then utilized in edible films making together with corn starch addition. Two factors were used in this research, which included pectin amount (0.75 g, 1.0 g, 1.25 g) and corn starch concentration (40%, 50%, 60%, based on pectin). The selected edible films formulation was an edible film made from a pectin amount of 1 g with 50% corn starch (based on pectin weight). This formulation showed low water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 3.447±0.270 g.mm/m2/hour, a moderate tensile strength of 1.3121±0.0720 MPa, a moderate elongation percentage of 9.42±0.08%, and a thickness of 0.11±0.01 mm.Keywords: corn starch; edible films; papaya peel; pectin Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-12-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/40394 10.14710/reaktor.21.3.116-123 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 3 September 2021; 116-123 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/40394/20892 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13340 2020-04-17T05:32:13Z reaktor:RA

Peningkatan Unjuk Kerja Katalisator Zeolit Alam Bayah pada Reaksi Ketalisasi Gliserol Nuryoto, Nuryoto Sulistyo, Hary Budi Sediawan, Wahyudi Perdana, Indra Chemical Engineering unjuk kerja; gliserol; zeolit alam; ketalisasi Abstract IMPROVED PERFORMANCE OF BAYAH NATURAL ZEOLITE AS CATALYST ON   REACTION OF GLYCEROL KETALIZATION. The catalyst has an important role for the rates of chemical reactions accelerating in orde to achieve the target product of reaction. Reactants mass transfer to the active sites of the catalyst is oftenbe anobstacle to reaching of this purpose, so that the catalyst performance becomes less than the maximum. The objective of this research was to observe how much effected the diameter size catalyst, stirring speed, and catalyst concentration  in order to improved performance of Bayah natural zeolite catalyst on glycerol ketalization reaction based on glycerol conversion. The experiments were performed using a batch reactor, reaction temperature of 50oC, reactant ratio of 6:1 mol of acetone/mol of glycerol, reaction time of 90 minutes, diameter size catalyst from -18+25 until -60+70 mesh, catalyst concentration of 0-11% mass of glycerol, and stirring speed of 200-800 rpm. The results showed that the best conditions obtained at the diameter size catalyst of -40+45 mesh, catalyst concentration of 9% mass of glycerol, and stirring speed of 600 rpm by glycerol conversion reached of 60.92%. Keywords: glycerol; ketalization; performance; natural zeolite   Abstrak Katalisator mempunyai peranan penting dalam mempercepat laju reaksi kimia untuk mencapai target produk reaksi yang diinginkan. Perpindahan massa reaktan ke sisi aktif katalisator seringkali menjadi kendala dalam mencapaimaksud tersebut, sehingga unjuk kerja katalisator menjadi kurang maksimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan observasi seberapa besar pengaruh ukuran diameter katalisator, kecepatan pengadukan, dan konsentrasi katalisator dalam rangka meningkatkan unjuk kinerja katalisator zeolit alam Bayah pada reaksi ketalisasi gliserol berbasis konversi gliserol yang dihasilkan. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan reaktor batch, suhu reaksi 50oC, perbandingan pereaksi 6:1 mol aseton/mol gliserol,waktu reaksi 90 menit, ukuran diameter katalisator -18+25 sampai -60+70 mesh, konsentrasi katalisator 0-11% massa gliserol, dan kecepatan  pengadukan 200-800 rpm. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi terbaik diperoleh pada ukuran diameter katalisator -40+45 mesh, konsentrasi katalisator 9% massa gliserol, dan  kecepatan pengadukan 600 rpm  dengan konversi gliserol mencapai 60,92%. Kata kunci: gliserol;  ketalisasi; unjuk kerja; zeolit alam Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-04-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13340 10.14710/jis.%v.%i.%Y.343-355 Reaktor; Volume 17 No.1 Maret 2017; 9-16 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13340/11173 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/17269 2020-04-17T05:37:05Z reaktor:RA

Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Fine particle by Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP) Method using Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) as Fuel Widiyandari, Hendri Purwanto, Agus Gunawan, Vincensius Widyanto, Susilo Adi This study aims to obtain titanium dioxide (TiO2) fine particle with a narrow size distribution by one step production via flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) using LPG (liquid petroleum gas) as a fuel source. The TiO2 particles were synthesized from the aqueous based precursor from dissolving of titanium (IV) isopropoxide to the acidic distilled water solvent. The effect of precursor concentration to the crystalline structure, morphology and size distribution of the TiO2 particles were systematically investigated. There were observed that the TiO2 has a uniform spherical shape with particle size around 200 – 500 nm. Increasing the precursor concentration resulted the size distribution shifted toward the bigger size. The crystalline structure of produced TiO2 showed the mixed phase of anatase and rutile and has a large specific surface area ~ 850,343 m²/g. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Diponegoro University Indonesia 2018-02-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17269 10.14710/reaktor.17.4.226-230 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 4 Desember 2017; 226-230 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17269/13175 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6094 2020-04-17T05:17:03Z reaktor:RA

KARAKTERISASI FILM KOMPOSIT ALGINAT DAN KITOSAN Rokhati, Nur Pramudono, Bambang Widiasa, Nyoman Susanto, Heru Chemical Engineering alginat; karakterisasi; kitosan; film CHARACTERIZATION OF ALGINATE AND CHITOSAN COMPOSITE FILM. Due to the specific characteristics of (thin) films, the use of polymer films in various aplications has singnificantly increased. Alginate and chitosan are natural polymers, which have potential as a raw material for the manufacture of composite films. This paper presents the preparation and characterization of alginate, chitosan and chitosan-alginate composite films. The film characterization included permeability test, degree of swelling, mechanical property, morphology (by SEM), and surface chemistry (by FTIR). The results showed that alginate films have a higher permeability ​​and degree of swelling (DS) than chitosan films. Both permeability and DS decreased with increasing concentration for both alginate and chitosan films. DS experiments showed that the films have the highest DS in water followed by ethanol 95% and ethanol >99.9%, respectively. The mechanical strength of chitosan films was larger than alginate films. Alginate-chitosan composite films prepared by layer by layer method showed better characteristics than the composite films prepared by blending of alginate and chitosan solutions. Meningkatnya aplikasi film polimer di berbagai industri tidak terlepas dari keunggulan yang dimiliki. Alginat dan kitosan merupakan polimer alam yang mempunyai potensi sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan film komposit. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan dan karakterisasi film komposit berbasis alginat dan kitosan. Karakterisasi film yang dilakukan meliputi uji: permeabilitas, derajat swelling, mekanik, morfologi (dengan SEM), dan struktur kimia permukaan (dengan FTIR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa film alginat mempunyai nilai permeabilitas maupun derajat swelling yang lebih tinggi dibanding dengan film kitosan. Baik pada kitosan maupun alginat memberikan fenomena bahwa semakin besar konsentrasi larutan maka semakin kecil nilai permeabilitas maupun derajat swelling, dengan derajat swelling terhadap air adalah yang  paling besar kemudian diikuti oleh ethanol teknis (± 95%) dan yang terkecil adalah ethanol PA (> 99,9%). Kekuatan mekanik film kitosan lebih besar dibanding dengan film alginat. Film komposit alginat-kitosan yang dibuat dengan metode layer by layer memberikan karakteristik yang lebih baik dibanding dengan film komposit yang dibuat dengan pencampuran larutan alginat dan larutan kitosan. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-10-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6094 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.158-164 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 158-164 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6094/5186

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14884 2017-06-21T08:01:17Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14923 2017-06-21T08:01:18Z reaktor:RA

Pengaruh Waktu Tunggal Biomassa (SRT) Terhadap Kualitas Limbah Cair Indistri Tekstil Dengan Proses Lumpur Aktif-Membran Suwardiyono, Suwardiyono kualitas limbah, limbah cair, proses lumpur aktif-membran, waktu tinggal biomassa (solid retention time, SRT) Penelitian proses gabungan lumpur aktif- membrane ini merupakan penggabungan proses lumpur aktif konvensional, dalam rangka upaya peningkatan kinerja proses. Dalam system ini, membrane berfungsi sebagai pengganti bak sedimentasi. Proses pengolahan diharapkan bias beroprasi pada konsentrasi biomassa dan waktu tinggal iomassa yang tinggi serta menghasilkan sitem yang kompak.Pada penelitian ini digunakan limbah cair industry tekstil dengan COD 795-1148 mg/l dan mikroorganisme dari sistem proses lumpur aktif konvensional.  Proses membrane yang digunakan adalah mikrofiltrasi crossflow dengan modul hollow fiber terbuat dari polipropilen,ukuran pori 0,2 mikron dan luas permukaan membran 0,0226 m2. Proses pengolahan berlangsung pada waktu tinggal cairan  (hydraulic retention time, HRT) tetap 9 jam dan waktu tinggal lumpur ( solid retention time, SRT) divariasikan, yaitu 24, 32, 40, dan 48 hari. Dengan variasi SRT tersebut dapat diketahui pengaruh SRT terhadap kinerja proses dan kualitas keluaran.Kondisi proses membrane pada penelitian ini TMP 0,4 bar dan laju alir silang 0,88 m/s serta tekanan back backflushing 1,6 bar, selang waktu 1,5 menit dan lama back fluching 1 detik. Dengan kondisi ini, diperoleh fluks stabil 5,04 l/(jam.m2) pada berbagai SRT. Pada keadaan tunak, didapatkan MLSS semakin besar, dengan peningkatan SRT. Konsentrasi COD keluaran semakin kecil seiring dengan kenaikan SRT, yaitu pada SRT 24,32, 40 dan 48 hari berturut-turut 198, 126,79 dan 38 mg/ l. Dan efisiensi penyisihan  COD yang diperoleh semakin besar seiring dengan kenaikan SRT, yaitu pada SRT 24, 32, 40, dan 48 hari berturut-turut 80,85%; 87,59%; 92,08% dan 96,26%.Kata kunci : kualitas limbah, limbah cair, proses lumpur aktif-membran, waktu tinggal biomassa (solid retention time, SRT) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14923 10.14710/reaktor.5.2.41-47 Reaktor; Volume 5 No.2 Desember 2001; 41-47 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14923/11324 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1481 2020-04-17T05:04:29Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH DERAJAT DEASETILASI KHITOSAN DARI KULIT UDANG TERHADAP APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI PENGAWET MAKANAN Rokhati, Nur Chemical Engineering kulit udang, chitosan, derajat deasetilasi, pengawet makanan Industri pengolahan udang banyak menimbulkan hasil samping berupa limbah kulit udang yang belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal, yaitu hanya dijadikan tepung dan campuran makanan ternak. Hal itu kurang memiliki nilai ekonomis dibandingkan dengan mengolahnya menjadi khitin dan khitosan. Khitosan banyak digunakan di berbagai industri. Salah satu penerapan khitosan yang penting dan dibutuhkan dewasa ini adalah sebagai pengawet bahan makanan pengganti formalin. Kualitas khitosan sering dinyatakan dengan besarnya nilai derajad deasetilasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi operasi optimum proses deasetilasi khitin serta mempelajari pengaruh derajat deasetilasi terhadap khitosan sebagai bahan pengawet makanan. Proses deproteinisasi dengan larutan NaOH (3.5 % w/v) selama 2 jam pada suhu 65 oC dan proses demineralisasi dalam larutan HCl (1N) selama 30 menit pada suhu kamar. Proses deasetilasi dilakukan dengan memanaskan khitin dengan larutan NaOH (20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% w/v) pada suhu (50 oC, 60 oC, 70 oC, 80 oC, 90 oC, 100 oC, 110 oC) selama (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 jam). Parameter respon adalah derajat deasetilasi khitosan. Produk khitosan diaplikasikan untuk pengawet tahu dan analisa mikroba dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode TPC untuk mengetahui pengaruh derajat deasetilasi terhadap kemampuannya mengawetkan makanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum proses deasetilasi khitin  menjadi khitosan adalah pada konsentrasi NaOH 50% dan suhu 100oC selama 1 jam yang memberikan derajat deasetilasi sebesar 71,2%.. Total bakteri pada perendaman tahu selama 3 hari dalam larutan asam asetat ditambah chitosan 6,8.104, dalam larutan asam asetat saja 9,9. 105, dan dalam blangko 8,6. 107, sehingga bisa disimpulkan bahwa khitosan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Namun meningkatnya derajad deasetilasi tidak begitu berpengaruh terhadap penurunan jumlah bakteri. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-02-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1481 10.14710/reaktor.10.2.54-58 Reaktor; Volume 10, Nomor 2, Desember 2006; 54-58 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1481/1243

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/22067 2020-05-29T10:43:22Z reaktor:RA

Investigating Mass Transfer Phenomena in Batch Solvent Extraction of Rice Bran Oil Aliwarga, Lienda In this study, we will point out the correlation of critical parameters in designing scale-up of process equipment for commercial rice bran oil extraction with different types of rice paddy, solvent, and physicochemical condition. Advantageously, this research was also intended to enhance the discoveries of novel sustainable production method for resilient agro-based food, energy, and chemical industries. In our experiment, the extraction of rice bran oil was organised in a batch agitated vessel and showed a profile of first order system. The most important factors which profoundly contributed towards the yield of rice bran oil from Saigon I and PadiBesar variety are temperature (T), impeller speed (N), ratio of bran to solvent (s/L), and ratio of impeller’s height-off bottom to tank diameter (h/d). For the mass transfer constant and the rate of extraction as consequence, factors that significantly influenced the correlation were temperature (T), impeller speed (N), ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter (d/D), and ratio of impeller’s height-off bottom to tank diameter (h/d). For the dimensionless yield, generalised equation is provided with coefficient of determination 0.95, while that of the mass transfer equals to 0.63, reflecting the yield correlation to be more accurate in predicting further experimental results. These correlations are furthermore unique for different rice varieties, of which in this case belongs to Saigon I. Application for other rice species is relevant as by inserting additional correction factor which also exemplified in this research for PadiBesar. Keywords: rice bran oil; batch extraction; storage time; mass transfer, rate, yield Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/22067 10.14710/reaktor.19.1.1-10 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 1 March 2019; 1-10 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/22067/15101 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6736 2020-04-17T05:21:00Z reaktor:RA

PEMODELAN PINDAH PANAS PADA PROSES STERILISASI GUDEG KALENGAN Nurhikmat, Asep Suratmo, Bandul Bintoro, Nursigit Suharwadji, S Teknologi Proses Pemodelan pindah panas, Proses sterilisasi, Gudeg kalengan Telah dilakukan penelitian pemodelan pindah panas pada proses sterilisasi gudeg kalengan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui fenomena pindah panas gudeg kalengan selama sterilisasi. Penelitian dilakukan pada suhu sterilisasi 111; 121 dan 131oC dengan lama sterilisasi 10; 20 dan 30 menit. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap nilai F dan tekstur bahan. Simulasi model dilakukan dengan menggunakan MATLAB versi R2010a. Simulasi menghasilkan nilai difusivitas panas (α) bahan sekitar 1.0443x10-1 mm2/s, nilai koefisien transfer panas (h) adalah 4.1366x10-2 W/mm2/s dengan sse sekitar 5.4634x102. Selama proses sterilisasi terjadi kenaikan nilai F dan penurunan tekstur. Perlakuan yang paling optimal adalah perlakuan 121oC selama 20 menit dengan nilai F sekitar 4,32 menit. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro UGM 2014-03-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6736 10.14710/reaktor.15.1.64-72 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.1, APRIL 2014; 64-72 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6736/6975

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14991 2017-07-19T16:49:31Z reaktor:RA

Perbaikan Konversi Reaksi Melalui Peningkatan Transfer Massa Dan Penggunaan Pelarut Fluorinet suprapto, suprapto ozon, transfer massa, reaktor berpengaduk, konversi, fluorinet Pada penelitian ini, perbaikan konversi reaksi dipelajari dalam sistem reaksi gas-cair oksidasi dimetil benzene. Peningkatan transfer massa dari kedua reaktan dievaluasi kaitannya dengan perbaikan konversi reaksi. Demikian juga penggunaan pelarut organic Fluorinet dipelajari pengaruhnya terhadap peningkatan konversi reaksi. Penelitian secara eksperimental dilakukan di dalam reaktor berpengaduk mekanis pada tekanan atmosferik dan suhu 25 0C untuk oksidasi dimetil benzene (DMB) menggunakan ozon sebagai oksidator. Kedua reaktan gas (DMB dan ozon) dimasukkan secara terpisah dan kontinyu ke dalam reaktor skala laboratorium  berdiameter 100 mm dan tinggi 250 mm. untuk memperoleh peningkatan perpindahan massa, digunakan dua jenis pengaduk berbeda untuk dibandingkan hasilnya terhadap terhadap harga koefisien perpindahan massa dan konversi reaksi, putaran pengaduk dioperasikan dari 0-2000 rpm. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa konversi reaksi dapat dinaikkan melalui peningkatan transfer massa. Jika pada saat digunakan  pengaduk 4 blades berdiameter 4 cm diperoleh konversi maksimum sebesar 49%, maka dengan pengaduk 6 blades diameter 6 cm diperoleh konversi lebih tinggi yaitu sebesar 86%. Dalam hal penggunaan pelarut Fluorinet, konversi reaksi meningkat hingga mencapai sebesar 62% sehingga terjadi peningkatan sebesar 24% bila dibandingkan dalam sistem aqueous.Kata kunci : ozon, transfer massa, reaktor berpengaduk, konversi, fluorinet Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14991 10.14710/reaktor.6.2.85-91 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 2 Desember 2002; 85-91 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14991/11365 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1523 2015-01-15T02:30:10Z reaktor:RA

MODELING, VARIABLES INFLUENCE AND OPTIMIZATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD – CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN (RSM-CCD) ON THE SODIUM LIGNOSULFONATE PRODUCTION FROM Amri, Amun Zulfansyah, Zulfansyah Fermi, M. Iwan Sulistyati, Is Suryani, Ani Hambali, Erliza Chemical Engineering palm oil stem, response surface method, sodium lignosulfonate The sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) is a derivative compound from lignin which has various usefulness. Commercial SLS is a by-product of Arbiso pulping sulfite industry, but nowadays, the amount of available commercial SLS is scare due to the expensive price of SLS. Therefore, it is needed to find the solution to produce of SLS using a feasible process. This research involves producing SLS by directly cooking the palm oil stem biomass dust in a pressurized reactor using sodium bi-sulfite (NaHSO3) solvent. The experiment focused on the modeling, influence of process variables and its optimization that statistically analyze using the Response Surface Method-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD). The result showed that the solid-liquid ratio is the most affecting factor to the SLS rendemen. The relation between rendemen and temperature (T), pH (C) and solid-liquid ratio (R) can be modeled as % rendemen = 12.18 + 0.52T – 0.48C + 3.5R – 1.02T2 – C2 – 1.53R2. The optimal operation conditions were identified at temperature of 153.8oC, pH = 4.64 and solid-liquid ratio of 1:15.9. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-04-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1523 10.14710/reaktor.12.3.183 – 188 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009; 183 – 188 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1523/1280

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/25675 2020-04-18T15:43:41Z reaktor:RA

Optimization of Bio-oil Production from Empty Palm Fruit Bunches by Pyrolysis using Response Surface Methodology Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko Pratama, Bayu Aji Safira, Dhea Putri The need for fuel oil continues to increase in line with the increasing number of human populations and the growth rate of dependence on fuel oil. Bio-oil is a condensed-liquid mixture that results from the thermal derivation of biomass containing hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose. This research developed an optimization of the operation condition of bio-oil from empty palm fruit bunches (OPEFB) using a modified pyrolysis reactor. The temperature and mass of empty palm fruit bunches were the two parameters considered in this study. Optimization was carried out on process parameters using the surface response methodology (RSM) and variance analysis (ANOVA). The significance of the different parameters and the effect of the relationship between parameters on the bio-oil yield is determined using a full factorial central composite design. The optimal operation condition of pyrolysis was found to be 570.71 oC, and the mass of empty palm fruit bunch 420.71 gr. Predictions from the optimum variable of operating conditions produce a bio-oil yield of 5.58%. The actual bio-oil yield on the optimum condition that was be validated is 5.6 %. The chemical composition of bio-oil obtained was evaluated by GCMS to ensure its characterization as a fuel.Keywords: Empty palm fruit bunches, Bio-oil, Pyrolysis, Response Surface Methodology, Optimization Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-03-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25675 10.14710/reaktor.20.1.1-9 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.1 March 2020; 1-9 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25675/16854 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/25675/4070 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9371 2017-04-04T23:53:57Z reaktor:RA

Pengembangan Biolarvasida Jentik Nyamuk Aedes aegypti Berbahan Aktif Ekstrak Beluntas (Pluchea indica Less.) Rochmat, Agus Adiati, Mitha Fuji Bahiyah, Zahrotul chemistry Biolarvasida, Beluntas, benzene acetic acid Abstract POTENSIAL DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRACT BELUNTAS (Plucea indica Less.) as BIOLARVACIDE TO MOSQUITO Aedes aegypti LARVAE. The eradication of Aedes aegyptY mosquito is difficult because they have the ability to adapt the environment which makes it very tough. Although, there are not disturbances due to natural phenomena or human intervention. Termination of the mosquito life cycle is an alternative to reduce the mosquito population. The antimicrobial of beluntas extract is expected to have the ability biolarvacide on mosquito larvae. The biolarvasicide of beluntas leaf extracts was determined LC50 values and strengthened by identification of the active compound. The biolarvacide tested was conducted on the larvae of Aedes aegypti with variations extract concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm for 24 hours observation. The experimental results found that yield of ethanol extract, extract n-hexane and ethyl acetate extract: 3.8742%, 1.2054% and 1.8627%. While the value of LC50 to extract n-hexane and ethyl acetate respectively amount to 46.09 ppm and 108.79 ppm. LC50 value obtained belong biolarvacide active and positive control using abate value LC100 Abate at a concentration of 100 ppm. The ability biolarvacide ethyl acetate fraction only make the mosquito larvae die, anwhile the fraction of n-hexane can degrade the cells larvae destroyed. The ability biolarvacide beluntas extract was corroborated by the results of GC-MS analysis which showed contains active compounds beluntas such as quinic acid, hydrazinecarboxamide, benzene acetic acid, and 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid which is a compound of larvicides. Keywords: biolarvacide; beluntas; LC50, GC-MS  Abstrak Pemberantasan nyamuk Aedes aegypti sulit dilakukan karena mereka memiliki kemampuan adaptasi lingkungan yang membuat sangat tangguh, meski ada gangguan  akibat  fenomena  alam ataupun  intervensi manusia. Pemutusan siklus hidup nyamuk merupakan alternative dalam mengurangi populasi nyamuk. Sifat antimikroba ekstrak nyamuk diharapkan dapat memiliki kemampuan biolarvasida pada jentik nyamuk. Kemampuan biolarvasida ekstrak daun beluntas ditentukan melalui nilai LC50 dan diperkuat dengan identifikasi kandungan senyawa aktif. Uji biolarvasida ini dilakukan terhadap larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak 50, 100, 250, 500 dan 1000 ppm selama 24 jam pengamatan. Hasil percobaan diketahui bahwa: rendemen untuk ekstrak etanol, ekstrak n-heksana dan ekstrak etil asetat masing-masing sebesar 3,8742 %, 1,2054 % dan 1,8627 % sementara nilai LC50 untuk ekstrak n-heksan dan etil asetat masing-masing sebesar 46,09 ppm dan 108,79 ppm. Nilai LC50 yang diperoleh termasuk golongan biolarvasida aktif dan kontrol positif menggunakan abate memiliki nilai LC100 Abate pada konsentrasi 100 ppm. Kemampuan biolarvasida fraksi etil asetat hanya membuat larva nyamuk mati sementara fraksi n-heksana dapat mendegradasi sel larva hingga hancur. Kemampuan biolarvasida aktif ekstrak beluntas ini dikuatkan dengan hasil analisa GC-MS yang menunjukkan bahwa kandungan senyawa aktif ekstrak daun beluntas seperti quinic acid, hydrazinecarboxamide, benzene acetic acid, dan 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid yang merupakan senyawa larvasida. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-01-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9371 10.14710/reaktor.16.3.103-108 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.3 September 2016; 103-108 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9371/10199 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/72060 2025-09-08T00:47:18Z reaktor:RA

Adsorption Capacity of Magnetic Activated Carbon Derived from Snake Fruit (Salacca zalacca) Seeds to Cd(II): Characteristics and Isotherm Model Kusdarini, Esthi Budianto, Agus Kusuma, Maritha Nilam Atiyatussa'adah, Eva Salak seeds are an agricultural waste that has the potential to be converted into magnetic activated carbon (MAC). The resulting MAC can be utilized for wastewater treatment, particularly in the adsorption of heavy metals. This study develops a method for producing MAC by forming activated carbon using a chemical activator without physical activation, chosen to reduce energy consumption. The activated carbon is then modified with Fe3O4 composite to render it magnetic and reusable. The objectives of this study are to 1) determine the optimal chemical activator concentration, 2) characterize magnetic activated carbon, 3) evaluate the adsorption capacity of MAC for Cd(II) in wastewater, 4) obtain an adsorption isotherm model of MAC for Cd(II) using the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and 5) analyze the surface morphology and elemental composition of MAC. Chemical activation was performed using an HCl-H3PO4 mixture with equal concentrations in a 1:1 volume ratio, with variable concentrations of 0.55, 1.05, 1.55, 2.05, and 2.55 M. MAC's characteristics and adsorption capacity were analyzed using proximate analysis, BET, SEM-EDX, and AAS. The results showed that: 1) the optimal HCl-H3PO4 concentration was 2.05 M, 2) MAC contained 1% moisture, 21.88% volatile matter, 38% ash, 39.13% fixed carbon, iodine number of 1218.24 mg/g, surface area of 175.604 m2/g, and an average pore volume of 26.8093 cc/g, 3) MAC adsorbed Cd(II) from wastewater with an efficiency of 80.12 – 87.75%, 4) the Langmuir isotherm model yielded R2 = 0.9847, qm = 35.0877 mg/g, and b = 0.0285 L/mg, whereas the Freundlich model yielded R2 = 0.9729, n = 1.5881, and kf = 7.6701 mg/g, and 5) MAC exhibited evenly distributed pores and contained dominant elements Fe (30.26%), C (29.08%), O (24.59%), Na (11.27%), with traces of Mg, Al, Mo, and Cl. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-07-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/72060 10.14710/reaktor.25.1.12-18 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.1 April 2025; 12-18 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/72060/28841 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15023 2017-07-19T16:48:10Z reaktor:RA

Pemanfaatan Ampas Tahu Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Kecap Dengan Kapang Aspergillus oryzae widayat, widayat Satriadi, H. ampas tahu, konsentrasi protein, Aspergillus oryzae, waktu fermentasi, konsentrasi yeast Ampas tahu merupakan limbah dari industri pembuatan tahu yang masih mengandung 17,4% protein, 67,5% karbohidrat, 5,9% lemak dan 4,9% air. Ampas tahu ini biasanya hanya dimanfatkan sebagai tempe gembus, oncom, tauco maupun ccampuran makanan ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat kecap dari ampas tahu dengan kapang Aspergillus oryzae dan memperoleh kondisi optimumnya. Proses pembuatan kecap pada prinsipnya terdiri dari  fermentasi bahan baku (koji), fermentasi di dalam larutan garam (moromi), penyaringan dan pemasakan (penambahan bumbu). Variabel tetap pada penelitian ini adalah berat ampas tahu 1000 gr dan suhu fermentasi pada suhu kamar. Variabel berubah yang dipelajari adalah penambahan yeast, waktu fermentasi, dan waktu penyimpanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu fermentasi merupakan variabel yang paling berpengaruh, diikuti oleh konsentrasi yeast dan waktu penyimpanan. Model matematika untuk optimasi waktu fermentasi dan konsentrasi yeast adalah Y= 3,1134 + 14,4571 X1 + 1,2378 X2 – 73X12 + 0,5 X1.X2 – 0,1925 X22, dengan X1 adalah waktu fermentasi, X2 adalah konsentrasi yeast, dan Y adalah konsentrasi protein. Kondisi optimum didapat sebagai berikut konsentrasi yeast 0,11% dengan waktu fermentasi 80,61 jam (3,36 hari) dan diperoleh kadar protein yang optimal 5,9%.Kata kunci : ampas tahu, konsentrasi protein, Aspergillus oryzae, waktu fermentasi, konsentrasi yeast Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15023 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.94-99 Reaktor; Volume 09 No. 02 Desember 2005; 94-99 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15023/11397 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1638 2020-04-17T05:10:57Z reaktor:RA

PERPINDAHAN PANAS DAN MASSA PADA PENGEMBUNAN CAMPURAN METANOL-PROPANOL-UDARA DALAM KONDENSOR TEGAK Sarto, Sarto Soehendro, Bambang Bendiyasa, I Made Rochmadi, Rochmadi chemical engineering kondensor tegak, metanol-propanol-udara, perpindahan panas dan massa Pengembunan campuran uap dan gas melibatkan mekanisme perpindahan panas dan massa secara simultan yang sangat rumit sehingga pendekatan teoritis terhadap peristiwanya belum cukup untuk diterapkan pada perancangan kondensor. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk memperoleh persamaan semi-empirik yang sederhana dan cukup teliti sebagai dasar memperkirakan koefisien perpindahan panas dan massa proses pengembunan campuran metanol(1)-propanol(2)-udara. Percobaan pengembunan dilakukan di dalam kondensor pipa ganda tegak sepanjang 1,7 m. Ukuran pipa luar dan dalam berturut-turut sebesar 50 mm dan 25 mm. Campuran uap dan gas dialirkan dari atas melalui anulus sedangkan air pendingin dialirkan di dalam pipa dari bawah sehingga sistem menjadi berlawanan arah. Data percobaan meliputi kecepatan alir dan suhu air pendingin, komposisi dan suhu campuran uap-gas, kecepatan alir dan suhu kondensat, kecepatan alir udara, dan tekanan sistem. Koefisien perpindahan panas dan massa dievaluasi melalui model matematik yang disusun berdasarkan neraca massa dan panas yang diselesaikan secara simultan. Hasil penelitian dinyatakan dalam bentuk bilangan tak berdimensi yaitu Nu=19,9297(1-yn)2,9164Re0,8142Pr1/3. Adapun hubungan fungsional bilangan Sherwood yang merupakan bentuk bilangan tak berdimensi koefisien perpindahan massa dinyatakan dengan persamaan Sh1=15,1042(1-yn)2,9696Re0,8068Sc1/3 dan Sh2=5,7227(1-yn)2,9916Re0,8113 Sc1/3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-11-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1638 10.14710/reaktor.13.2.109-116 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010; 109-116 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1638/1400

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/33874 2021-07-26T12:37:22Z reaktor:RA

Antioxidant Activity of Vitamin E Concentrate from Magnesium Salts of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (Mg-PFAD) Lestari, Dianika Aqilah, Khalisa Putri Putri, Salsafia Harimawan, Ardiyan Mudhakir, Diky Insanu, Muhamad Vitamin E concentrate was produced through saponification of palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) and magnesium oxide to form Mg-PFAD, followed by three-stages vitamin E extraction with isopropanol, hexane, or ethanol. The vitamin E-rich extracts were evaporated to remove solvent and produced vitamin E concentrate. The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of organic solvent’s types and solvent to Mg-PFAD mass ratios on vitamin E concentration, solvent selectivity, and antioxidant activity of the vitamin E concentrate. Vitamin E concentrates obtained after isopropanol extraction had vitamin E concentration of 784 ppm with vitamin E recovery of 16 mg tocopherol/100 mg tocopherol in Mg-PFAD, while vitamin E concentrates obtained after hexane extraction had vitamin E concentration of 574 ppm with vitamin E recovery of 35 mg tocopherol/100 mg tocopherol in Mg-PFAD. Isopropanol extraction produced vitamin E concentrate with the highest selectivity for vitamin E and the highest antioxidant activity of 79% IC. It was found that vitamin E concentration was not proportional to the antioxidant activity of the vitamin E concentrate.Keywords: Direct solvent extraction, palm fatty acid distillate, saponification, vitamin E, unsaponifiable matter  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-04-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/33874 10.14710/interaksi.%v.%i.%p Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 1 March 2021; 35-43 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/33874/19793 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/12965 2020-07-17T02:17:22Z reaktor:RA

Fortifikasi Seng (Zn) pada Beras Analog Berbahan Dasar Tepung dan Pati Ubi Ungu Handayani, Noer Abyor santosa, herry purbasari, aprilina kusumayanti, heny ariyanti, dessy chemical engineering Beras analog, Fortifikasi Seng (Zn), Pati ubi ungu, Tepung ubi ungu ZINC FORTIFICATION OF ARTIFICIAL RICE FROM PURPLE SWEET POTATO FLOUR AND STARCH. Zinc deficiency is believed to be as common as that of iron, with equally negatives consequences. Fortification of artificial rice with zinc is a cost-effective method that can be used to solve this problem. In the present study, artificial rice made from purple sweet potatoes flour and starchwere evaluated as food vehicles for fortification with zinc. This study consists of four main stages, preparation of flour and starch of purple sweet potatoes, zinc fortification, and artificial rice production. Zinc sulphate and zin acetate were used as the fortificant, and added at a level 50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm. Artificial rice fortified with zinc has been successfully carried out. Zinc concentrations in fortified artificial rice are higher than unfortified rice. Artificial rice has a porous structure, in order to improve the rehydration capacity.      Keywords : Artificial rice, Zinc (Zn) fortification , Purple weet potato flour, Purple sweet potato starch,  Defisiensi seng dipercaya telah meluas dan memiliki pengaruh negatif yang sama dengan defisiensi besi. Fortifikasi seng pada beras analog dipercaya dapat mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Berdasarkan penelitian dengan variasi penambahan konsentrasi Zn pada beras analog ubi ungu. Penelitian ini menggunakan beras analog yang terbuat dari tepung dan pati ubi ungu sebagai food vehicle. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 4 tahapan utama, pembuatan tepung dan pati ubi ungu, tahap fortifikasi seng, dan proses pembuatan beras analog. Seng sulfat dan seng asetat ditambahkan pada konsentrasi 50, 75, 100, dan 125 ppm. Beras analog terfortifikasi seng memiliki konsentrasi seng yang lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan beras analog tanpa fortifikan. Beras analog terfortifikasi seng juga memiliki struktur berpori sehingg dapat meningkatkan kemampuan rehidrasi.   Kata Kunci : Beras analog, Fortifikasi Seng (Zn), Pati ubi ungu, Tepung ubi ungu Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-02-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/12965 10.14710/reaktor.16.4.183-188 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.4 Desember 2016; 183-188 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/12965/10296 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16579 2020-04-17T05:36:44Z reaktor:RA

The Design of ACE (Aluminum Corrosion and Electrolysis) Reactor and Its Performance to Produce Hydrogen from Beverage Cans Zikri, Ahmad ., Erlinawati Trisnaliani, Lety Wulandari, Daya AbstractThe reaction of aluminum (Al) with an alkaline solution in producing hydrogen gas has been known for a long time. This aluminum corrosion reaction has a major obstacle in the passivation phenomenon, a formation of aluminum oxide coating on the metal surface that prevents aluminum from collapsing. Integration of electric current to the potassium hydroxide solution could result in electrolysis of water which increases the production of hydrogen. This process was carried out continuously in an ACE (aluminum corrosion and electrolysis) reactor of water. This reactor design enabled to produce hydrogen and oxygen in separating chamber. The use of 10 g of cans, 0.02 M gallium, 12 VDC, and 0.8 M KOH obtained the maximum production rate of hydrogen 162.58 ml/s with a purity of 79.83%. Keywords: aluminum corrosion; hydrogen; water electrolysis Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-02-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16579 10.14710/reaktor.17.4.210-214 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 4 Desember 2017; 210-214 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16579/12961 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4801 2020-04-17T05:16:19Z reaktor:RA

KINETIKA REAKSI PADA PROSES PRODUKSI DIETIL ETER DARI ETANOL DENGAN KATALIS H-ZEOLIT Widayat, Widayat Roesyadi, Achmad Rachimoellah, Muhammad Chemical Engineering DiEtil Eter; konversi etanol; kinetika reaksi; katalis zeolit DiEtil Eter diproduksi dari etanol dengan proses dehidrasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmempelajari kinetika reaksi proses dehidrasi etanol dengan katalis H-zeolit. Katalis H-zeolitdisintesis dengan proses dealuminasi dan kalsinasi dan impregnasi dengan logam Al dan prosesreduksi dan kalsinasi. Proses produksi DiEtil Eter dilaksanakan dengan proses adsorpsi dan reaksikatalitik sedangkan proses studi kinetika reaksi menggunakan pendekatan Langmuir-Hinshelwood.Proses analisis kinetika reaksi menggunakan perangkat lunak MATLAB. Model kinetika reaksi prosesdehidrasi etanol menjadi DiEtil Eter dan etilen dengan katalis H-zeolit pada konsentrasi umpanetanol 85-95% dan rentang temperatur 140-240oC, dimana reaksi permukaan yang mengontrol reaksiglobal adalahDiEthyl Ether is produced by using ethanol dehydrationprocess. The objective of this research was to study the reaction kinetic of ethanol dehydrationprocess by H-zeolite catalyst from natural zeolite. The H-zeolite catalyst was prepared bydealumination, calcination, impregnation with Al and reduction processes. DiEthyl Ether productionwas produced by using adsorption-catalytic reaction. The kinetic study was did with MATLABsoftware. Kinetic model of ethanol dehydration processes into DiEthyl Ether and ethylene with Hzeolitecatalyst and ethanol feed concentration among 85-95% and temperature between 140-240oCunder surface reaction is shown by Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-09-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4801 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.101-108 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 101-108 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4801/4351

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1497 2017-06-21T08:17:14Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14914 2017-06-21T08:13:17Z reaktor:RA

Kesetimbangan Sistim Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) – Asam Laurat - Metanol Helwani, Z. Martunus, Martunus kesetimbangan cair-cair, PKO, asam laurat, methanol. Meminimasi kandungan asam lemak bebas (asam laurat) di dalam minyak inti sawit (PKO) dapat dilakukan dengan proses ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut methanol. Penggunaan proses ekstraksi untuk keperluan tersebut memerlukan ketersediaan data keseimbangan sistem PKO- asam laurat – methanol. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan  data kesetimbangan sistem PKO- asam laurat- methanol pada suhu 30 sampai 45 0C. Penentuan kondisi jenuh fasa rafinat dan ekstrak dilakukan dalam sel Smith-Bonner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan luas daerah dua fasa akan makin mengecil dengan naiknya suhu dalam diagram sistem tiga komponen. Kata kunci : kesetimbangan cair-cair, PKO, asam laurat, methanol. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14914 10.14710/reaktor.10.1.37-41 Reaktor; Volume 10 No. 1 Juni 2006; 37-41 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14914/11315 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1007 2020-04-17T04:59:01Z reaktor:RA

RECOVERY PERAK DARI LIMBAH FOTOGRAFI MELALUI MEMBRAN CAIR BERPENDUKUNG DENGAN SENYAWA PEMBAWA ASAM DI-2-ETIL HEKSILFOSFAT (D2EHPA) Djunaidi, M.C. Widodo, D.S. Anwar, S. Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang recovery perak dari limbah cuci cetak dengan metode membran cair berpendukung (SLM). Sebagai membran pendukung digunakan PTFE yang direndam selama 2 jam dalam senyawa pembawa D2EHPA 1 M dengan pelarut kerosen dan dilakukan pengadukan selama 6 jam. Untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum dalam recovery perak dilakukan variasi pH larutan umpan 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5; 3; 3,5; 4, larutan penerima HCl; HCl-EDTA; HNO3; HNO3-EDTA; H3PO4; H3PO4-EDTA serta konsentrasi larutan limbah pemekatan ½ kali; pengenceran 0 kali; pengenceran 10 kali. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh % transpor perak dari limbah fotografi dengan variasi pH larutan umpan memberikan % transpor perak optimum pada pH 2,5 yaitu 96,44% dengan larutan penerima HCl, sedangkan untuk % transpor perak pada fasa penerima dengan variasi larutan penerima memberikan hasil optimum pada larutan penerima (HCl-EDTA) yaitu 63,85% dan untuk variasi konsentrasi larutan umpan memberikan hasil optimum pada pengenceran 10 kali. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondisi optimum untuk proses recovery perak dari limbah fotografi yaitu pH larutan umpan 2,5 dengan larutan penerima HCl. Sedangkan pada variasi larutan penerima diperoleh hasil optimum pada larutan penerima EDTA-HCl dan pada variasi konsentrasi limbah fotografi, konsentrasi paling encer memberikan hasil optimum dalam proses recovery perak dari limbah fotografi. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2007-12-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1007 10.14710/reaktor.11.2.98-103 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007; 98-103 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1007/852

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/21311 2020-04-17T05:41:34Z reaktor:RA

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Purified with Activated Charcoal of Salak Peel Buchori, Luqman Ubay, Dinda Labibah Syahidah, Khonsa Biodiesel is one of diesel fuel alternative made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. One of the natural ingredients that can be used as a material in the production of biodiesel is waste cooking oil (WCO). Biodiesel from WCO can be made through a transesterification reaction using a CaO catalyst. Free fatty acid (FFA) content in WCO needs to be reduced by activated charcoal adsorption. This research aims to determine the optimum time of adsorption by activated charcoal that made from salak peel and to determine the effect of transesterification temperature on biodiesel yield. The results showed that the FFA content of WCO decrease from 6.16% to 0.224% with adsorption time is 80 minutes and 10 gram of activated charcoal. Biodiesel yield increase by increasing transesterification temperature. The appropriate temperature is 50oC with 86.40% of yield, 887.2 kg/m3of density, 5.174 mm2/s of kinematic viscosity and acid number 0.421 mg KOH/gram sample. The composition of alkyl ester was obtained 65.54% with a FAAE yield of 56.63%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia 2018-09-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/21311 10.14710/reaktor.18.03.149-154 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 3 September 2018; 149-154 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/21311/14518 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/54269 2025-01-15T21:32:18Z reaktor:RA

Synthesis of Isatin-based Chalcone Derivatives and Their Activity as Antioxidants Saputri, Yosephine Liliana Intan Danar Cahyana, Antonius Herry Yunarti, Rika Tri The body needs antioxidants to combat free radicals and guard against their damaging effects on healthy cells that might result in degenerative disorders. Several degenerative diseases include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and cancer. The human body can deal with free radical attacks caused by radiation, stress, cigarette smoke, and environmental pollution, so it requires additional external antioxidants to protect against free radical attacks. Chalcone is a compound that has an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system, which makes chalcone compounds have biological activity. Chalcone compounds may be used in pharmacology as antioxidants, antifungals, antibacterial agents, anticancer agents, and for other biological activities. This study aims to synthesize a chalcone derivative, namely 3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one and 5-chloro-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one containing a chloro substituent, as well as test the potential of these compounds as antioxidants. The reflux method of claisen-schmidt condensation of isatin and acetophenone was used to create chalcone derivatives. Spectroscopy was used to characterize the produced chemicals (UV-VIS, IR, and LCMS) and their antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. This study showed that the antioxidant activity of 3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one and 5-chloro-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one compounds is very weak at low concentrations. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/54269 10.14710/reaktor.23.2.62-70 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.2 August 2023; 62-70 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/54269/24688 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/48657 2023-02-10T02:53:24Z reaktor:RA

Self-Discharging and Corrosion Problems in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Hendriana, Dena Aziz, Mochamad Hamdan Kardana, Yohanes Acep Nanang Rachmat, Muhamad Lutfi Baskoro, Gembong Nasution, Henry Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has a potential for large energy storage system due to its independence of energy capacity and power generation. VRFB is known to have challenges of high price, corrosion problem and lower energy efficiency. In this work, VRFB prototype with all components from existing parts sold in the market has been assembled and tested. Estimated electrochemical reactions are discussed for initial charging process with Vanadium Pentoxide powder as initial state to obtain fully charged battery state with V2+ ion in anolyte and VO2 + ion in catholyte. Material corrosion testes were done by immersing the material in a Vanadium electrolyte and by using the material as a bipolar plate in the VRFB system. Immersion test showed that copper, steel, lead and zinc were corroded badly. In bipolar plate material test, stainless steel 316, aluminum and silver plates were corroded after some hours of electric charging process. Simple carbon plastic composites and 3-mm thickness graphite plates were tested in the bipolar plate material test and failed due to corrosion problem as well. In the VRFB prototype, corrosion problems occurred on brass nipples, polyurethane plastic pipes and porous silicone seals. Stronger plastic components and better quality of silicone seals are needed for VRFB. Significant finding of this study is possible spontaneous chemical reaction within anolyte tank as a potential of self-discharging reaction which other researchers have not identified. Also, another finding from this study is that good bipolar plate for VRFB is not easily available in the market. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-01-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48657 10.14710/reaktor.22.3.77-85 Reaktor; Volume 22 No. 3 December 2022; 77-85 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48657/23163 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/24028 2020-05-29T10:44:01Z reaktor:RA

Effect of hydrocolloid on characteristics of gluten free bread from rice flour and fermented cassava flour (Fercaf) Lestari, Dianika Kresnowati, Made Tri Ari Penia Rahmani, Afina Aliwarga, Lienda Bindar, Yasid Gluten free (GF) bread was made from rice flour and fermented cassava flour. Fermented cassava flour (FERCAF) was produced using a specific design of closed and circulated fermenter, which resulted on a white and neutral aroma flour. However, FERCAF did not have structural component (such as gluten) to provide dough's viscoelasticity and ability to retain gas to hold the volume of bread after baking. Hydrocolloids were added to FERCAF based GF bread to increase water binding of dough. This research aimed to investigate the effect hydrocolloids addition on the characteristics of GF bread made from rice flour and fermented cassava flour (FERCAF). Effect of hydrocolloids to flour ratio (2 %, 3 % and 5 %-wt) and types of hydrocolloid (xanthan gum, agar, and carrageenan) on specific volume of bread, bake loss, bread texture, and microstructure of the bread were investigated. Bread textures were measured using Texture Profile Analyzer (TPA), and microstructure was analysed by SEM. Data experiment showed that addition of hydrocolloids improved GF bread characteristics, specifically increased volume specific, increased porosity, and reduced hardness of GF bread.Keywords: gluten-free bread; cassava; fermented cassava flour; Fercaf; hydrocolloids   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia Department of Chemical Engineering - Institut Teknologi Bandung 2019-10-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24028 10.14710/reaktor.19.3.89-95 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 3 September 2019; 89-95 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24028/16003 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8697 2020-04-17T05:26:35Z reaktor:RA

BIOSINTESA SENYAWA FENOLIK ANTIOKSIDAN DARI LIMBAH KULIT PISANGKEPOK (Musa acuminata balbisiana C.) SECARA FERMENTASI SUBMERGED MENGGUNAKAN RHIZOPUS ORYZAE Siswaja, Andre Gunarto, Adhitia Retnoningtyas, Ery Susiany Ayucitra, Aning Chemical Engineering antioksidan; biosintesa; fenolik; kulit pisang kepok; Rhizopus oryzae BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS FROM KEPOK BANANA PEEL WASTE (Musa acuminata balbisiana C.) USING SUBMERGED FERMENTATION  BY RHIZOPUS ORYZAE. Phenolic antioxidant compounds can be formed through a process of biosynthesis with the help of microorganism. Kepok banana peel waste contains nutrients that support the growth of Rhizopus oryzae producing phenolic antioxidant compounds through its secondary metabolism. The objective of this research was to study the effects of fermentation time, concentration of Kepok banana peel extracts, and concentration of (NH4)2SO4 on Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of extracts substrate. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) of extracts with the highest TPC value was also measured. TPC of extracts were analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu method whilst TAC by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Rhizopus oryzae was grown on a substrate containing kepok banana peel extract (500 g of kepok banana peel/L of water and 1000 g of kepok banana peel/L of water), (NH4)2SO4, and other nutrients. Results showed that extracts with the highest phenolic content were obtained after 72 hours fermentation on substrate containing 32.69 mg/mL of glucose (concentration of kepok banana peel 1000 g/L of water) and 0.25% w/v (NH4)2SO4. The substrate had TPC of 582.07 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/L extract with TAC of 88.37%. Keywords: biosynthesis; kepok banana peel; phenolic antioxidant; Rhizopus oryzae Abstrak Senyawa fenolik antioksidan dapat terbentuk melalui proses biosintesa dengan bantuan Rhizopus oryzae menggunakan substrat limbah kulit pisang kepok. Limbah kulit pisang kepok belum banyak dimanfaatkan dan memiliki nilai ekonomi rendah. Di sisi lain, kulit pisang kepok mengandung sejumlah nutrisi yang dapat mendukung pertumbuhan Rhizopus oryzae dalam memproduksi senyawa fenolik antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh waktu fermentasi, konsentrasi ekstrak kulit pisang kepok, dan konsentrasi (NH4)2SO4 terhadap perolehan senyawa fenolik, serta mempelajari Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) untuk ekstrak dengan perolehan senyawa fenolik tertinggi. Dalam penelitian ini, Rhizopus oryzae ditumbuhkan pada substrat ekstrak kulit pisang kepok dengan variasi 500 g kulit pisang kepok/L air dan 1000 g kulit pisang kepok/L air serta penambahan (NH4)2SO4 dengan variasi konsentrasi. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) diukur menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu, sedangkan Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) dianalisis dengan metode DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa TPC tertinggi terkandung dalam konsentrasi ekstrak kulit pisang kepok 1000 g/L air dengan  penambahan 0,25% b/v (NH4)2SO4) yaitu 582,07 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/L ekstrak dengan TAC 88,37% setelah fermentasi 72 jam. Kata kunci: biosintesa; kulit pisang kepok; fenolik  antioksidan; Rhizopus oryzae Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-10-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8697 10.14710/reaktor.15.4.224-230 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.4 Oktober 2015; 224-230 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8697/8366

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/24125 2025-04-17T00:11:38Z reaktor:RA

Preparation of Zirconia Catalyst from Zircon Sand and Catalytic Testing for Biodiesel Production Widayat, Widayat Almaas Salwa, Diah Ayu Hasanah, Alfi Nisa, Khoirun Saudale, Jeanette Mutiara Paula Heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production was developed to overcome the disadvantages of using homogeneous catalyst in the process. Zircon catalysts were known to have amphoteric properties which were suitable for simultaneous esterification-transesterification process in biodiesel production. This study aims to investigate the effect of NaCl impregnated zirconia catalyst for biodiesel production through esterification-transesterification process. Wet impregnation method with varying NaCl weight (10-30% w/w) was used to synthesize the zircon catalyst. The synthesized catalyst was analyzed for its crystallinity and surface morphology using XRD and SEM respectively. The effect of catalyst weight (0.5-2.5% w/w) and operation temperature (50-70oC) to biodiesel product were also investigated. The biodiesel composition, density and viscosity were analyzed using GCMS analysis, picnometry and viscosimetry. The XRD and SEM results showed the synthesized zircon catalyst with 20% w/w NaCl loading had a tetragonal structure. The density, viscosity and free fatty acid content (FFA) of the biodiesel product decreased along with increasing catalyst weight, while the fatty acid methyl ester content (FAME) increased. The increasing FAME content was attributed to increasing active sites which accelerated the esterification-transesterification reaction process, yielding more biodiesel product. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-11-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24125 10.14710/reaktor.24.2.36-40 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.2 August 2024; 36-40 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24125/26995 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15014 2017-07-19T16:46:34Z reaktor:RA

Pengaruh Loading Metal Dalam Katalis Cu-Zn-Al/γ-Al2O3 Terhadap Konversi Pada Hidrogenasi Karbon Monoksida Menjadi Dimethyl Ether Lourentius, S. CO, DME, hidogenasi, katalis, loading Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari unjuk kerja dua katalis Cu-Zn-Al/γ-Al2O3 untuk hidrogenasi karbonmonoksida menjadi DME. Metal-metal dengan “coprecipitating sedimentation method”, dilanjutkan penyaringan. Endapannya dikeringkan pada 120 0C, kemudian dikalsinasi pada 350 0C dan direduksi dengan hydrogen pada 230 0C. Selanjutnya katalis dianalisis dengan instrument X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) dan inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICPS). Katalis Cu-Zn-Al/γ-Al2O3 memiliki loading Cu = 8,11%, Zn = 1,98%, dan Al = 0,99%, sementara Cu-Zn-Al/γ-Al2O3 memiliki loading 11% Cu, 1,74% Zn, dan 2,0% Al. Hidrogenasi karbon monoksida dilaksanakan dalam reaktor unggun tetap dengan diameter dalam 10 mm dan panjang 300 mm. kondisi proses : perbandingan mol hydrogen terhadap karbon monoksida (CO) =2/1, kecepatan aliran produk 88-109 ml/menit., suhu 240-300 0C, berat katalis 3 gram dan tekanan 4 MPa. Komposisi umpan dan produk reaksi dianalisis dengan  Gas Chromatography. Disimpulakan bahwa kedua katalis  mampu mengarahkan reaksi hidrigenasi karbon monoksida menjadi DME dan katalis ( dengan loading lebih besar yaitu) Cu-Zn-Al/γ-Al2O3 dengan loading Cu= 11%, Zn=1,74% dan Al=2% memiliki unjuk kerja yang lebih baik. Kondisi proses yang lebih baik dicapai pada suhu reaktor =260 0C, kecepatan produk 88 ml/menit dan tekanan 40 bar, dengan konversi CO= 0,926 dan selektivitas DME= 0,940.Kata kunci : CO, DME, hidogenasi, katalis, loading Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15014 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.26-33 Reaktor; Volume 09 No.1 Juni 2005; 26-33 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15014/11388 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1565 2015-01-22T07:08:13Z reaktor:RA

PENGOLAHAN SERBUK LIMBAH BESI MENJADI BESI (III): TINJAUAN KINETIKA MODEL QUASI STEADY STATE Aladin, Andi Syarif, Takdir Wiyani, Lastri Rasyid, Rismawati Chemical Engineering feri, fero, katalis MnO2, limbah besi, model quasi steady state Telah dilakukan penelitian pengolahan (oksidasi) limbah serbuk besi menjadi besi (II) dan besi (III) menggunakan katalis MnO2. Dipelajari beberapa variabel reaksi yaitu waktu, laju alir udara, suhu, dan massa katalis. Proses oksidasi berlangsung dalam reaktor batch labu leher tiga dilengkapi kompressor sebagai pembangkit udara (oksigen) dan kondensor sebagai pendingin balik. Analisis hasil reaksi menggunakan metode titrasi dengan larutan KMnO4. Dicari regim yang menentukan kecepatan reaksi dan dirumuskan persamaan laju reaksi berdasarkan pendekatan model quasi steady state. Disimpulkan bahwa dalam proses oksidasi fero sulfat menjadi feri sulfat menggunakan katalis murni MnO2 dapat didekati cukup baik dengan model quasi steady state (SSE 0,5.10-4). Pada proses tersebut laju oksidasi dikendalikan oleh reaksi kimia, dengan persamaan . Penggunaan katalis MnO2 dalam oksidasi cukup efektif, dapat menghasilkan konversi maksimum 97% dengan waktu reaksi, temperatur, kecepatan pengadukan dan massa (rasio) katalis optimum berturut-turut 90 menit, 90oC, 400 rpm dan 0,3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-12-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1565 10.14710/reaktor.13.2.74-80 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010; 74-80 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1565/1404

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/28594 2021-01-20T00:02:51Z reaktor:RA

Exergy Analysis of Microalgae Thermochemical Conversion using Aspen Plus Simulation Tamzysi, Cholila Adnan, Muflih Arisa Rahma, Fadilla Noor Hidayat, Arif Microalgae is known as the future bioenergy resources due to its unlimited potential and availability. One of the numerous paths to acquire an energy source is gasification, which produce syngas and methane as a hydrocarbon fuel or feedstock product. To set up an efficient gasification plant, several essential information is needed including the effect of oxidizing agent and steam to carbon (S/C) ratio to energy efficiency on certain biomass properties. This paper aims to study the highest exergy possibility on microalgae gasification process by examining the effect of steam and air flowrate independently via ASPEN Plus simulation. The result was validated with experimental data to verify the simulation reliability. It was found that the thermodynamic based simulation is suitable to predict the reactor behavior and acquire an optimum operating condition.Keywords: microalgae; gasification; exergy; simulation  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/28594 10.14710/reaktor.20.4.166-173 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.4 December 2020; 166-173 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/28594/18648 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/28594/4908 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11774 2020-04-17T05:31:06Z reaktor:RA

APLICATION OF CATALYTIC DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE PLASMA REACTOR FOR CO-GENERATION OF SYNTHESIS GAS AND HIGHER HYDROCARBONS istadi, istadi N.A.S. Amin, Amin Chemical Engineering plasma reactor, dielectric-barrier discharge; syanthesis gas; higher hydrocarbons; methane conversion This paper deals with potential application of hybrid catalytic DBD plasma reaktor for the co-generation of  C2 hydrocarbons and synthesis gases from methane and carbon dioxide. The synergism of the catalyst, feed ratio and the plasma discharge affect the products, distribution, particularly C2 hydrocarbons selectivity . The CH,CO2 feed ratio total feed flow rate, and the discharge voltage incatalytic BDB plasma reactor systems shoe significant effects on the reactor performances. However increasing the reactor wall temperature has no apparent influence on the selectivity to C2 hydrocarbons and hydrogen within the investigated range. The hybrid catalytic DBD plasma rectorwas more suitable for CO2OCM process than the conventional catalytic reactor over CaO-MnO/CeO2catalyst Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-06-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11774 10.14710/reaktor.10.1.17-23 Reaktor; Volume 10 No. 1 Juni 2006; 17-23 2407-5973 0852-0798 id

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14538 2020-04-17T05:33:28Z reaktor:RA

KARAKTERISTIK FISIS ALUMINOSILIKAT GEOPOLIMER BERBASIS SILIKA SEKAM PADI UNTUK APLIKASI FAST IONIC CONDUCTOR Riyanto, Agus Sembiring, Simon Junaidi, Junaidi Material Engineering and Development aluminosilicate; electrical properties; phase; rice husk The study aims to investigate the effect of calcination temperatures on the phase formation and electrical properties of aluminosilicate geopolymer prepared from rice husk silica and sodium aluminate. The samples were calcined at temperature from 150 oC to 550 oC, the development of structures was characterized using x-ray difraction (XRD) and the electrical properties were measured by LCR meter. The result obtained indicated the significant role of calcining temperature on phase transformation of boehmite and quartz into aluminosilicate geopolymer, in which at calcining temperatures from 450 oC to 550 oC, and  the samples were dominated by semicrystal to amorphous phase which indicated that the aluminosilicate geoplymer has been formed. The presence of aluminosilicate geopolymer resulted in increased ionic electrical conductivity and dielectric loss factor as well as decrease dielectric constant. Ionic electrical conductivity of the calcined sample at 450 oC is 4,49.10-5 S/cm at frequancy of 5.106 Hz, and XRD analysis demostrated that the main structure is phase of semicrystal aluminosilicate geopolymer. Based on these character, the sample was considered is very suitable used to the fast ionic conductor materials.Studi ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi efek suhu kalsinasi pada formasi fasa dan sifat listrik aluminosilikat geopolimer yang dipreparasi dari silika sekam padi dan sodium aluminat. Sampel dikalsinasi pada suhu 150 oC – 550 oC, perubahan struktur dikarakterisasi menggunakan x-ray difraction (XRD) dan sifat listrik diukur menggunakan LCR meter. Hasil yang diperoleh mengindikasikan pengaruh yang signifikan suhu kalsinasi pada transformasi boehmite dan quartz menjadi aluminosilikat geopolimer, dimana pada suhu kalsinasi 450 oC – 550 oC didominasi oleh fasa semikristal hingga amorf yang mencirikan terbetuknya aluminosilikat geopolimer. Terbentuknya struktur aluminosilikat geopolimer diikuti dengan peningkatan konduktivitas listrik ionik, penurunan konstanta dielektrik, serta peningkatan faktor rugi dielektrik. Nilai konduktivitas listrik ionik sampel kalsinasi 450 oC ialah 4,49.10-5 S/cm pada frekuensi 5.106 Hz, dan analisis XRD menunjukkan struktur utamanya berupa fasa semikristal aluminosilikat geopolimer. Berdasarkan karakteristik tersebut, sampel yang ditinjau merupakan material dengan konduktivitas ionik yang tinggi sehingga sampel tersebut sangat potensial untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai fast ionic conductor. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Universitas Lampung 2017-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14538 10.14710/reaktor.17.2.96-103 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017; 96-103 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14538/11517 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/14538/1472 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4122 2023-05-12T19:06:54Z reaktor:RA

KARAKTERISASI PROSES PENGERINGAN JAGUNG DENGAN METODE MIXED-ADSORPTION DRYING MENGGUNAKAN ZEOLITE PADA UNGGUN TERFLUIDISASI Hargono, Hargono Djaeni, Mohamad Buchori, Luqman Chemical Engineering adsorpsi; jagung; pengeringan; mixed adsorption drying; zeolit adsorpsi; jagung; pengeringan; mixed adsorption drying; zeolit CHARACTERIZATION OF CORN DRYING PROCESS USING MIXED-ADSORPTION DRYING METHOD UTILIZING ZEOLITE PARTICLES IN A FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEM. Corn (Zea mays L.) representing important food requirement besides paddy and wheat. Handling of time after rice harvest become the priority so that corn quality can be awaked better. Drying process by adsorption-fluidized bed become a choice to replace the conventional corn drying systems. This research aim to look for the effect of the inlet air temperature, type of zeolite, and ratio of corn and zeolite to drying rate, content of protein and fat, and to calculate dying rate constant, k. Energy efficiency is calculated based on amount of heat is used to evaporate the water from corn (Qevap) divided by total of heat requirement for the regeneration of zeolite and increase the air temperature (Qintr). This research conducted by mixing zeolite as adsorben with the corn with the certain comparison ratio in the fluidized bed at temperature of 30-50oC. Results of research indicate that the fastest drying rate is marked by biggest water rate degradation that happened at 50oC by zeolite sintetis and ratio of corn and zeolite is 25:75%. Drying rate constant is 0.0303. Protein content degradates from 9.10% to 8.30%, while for the content of fat is constant. Energy efficiency is obtained of 81.23%. Jagung (Zea mays L.) merupakan kebutuhan pangan yang penting selain padi dan gandum sehingga penanganan paska panen menjadi prioritas agar kualitas jagung dapat terjaga dengan baik. Proses pengeringan dengan cara adsorpsi-unggun terfluidisasi menjadi suatu pilihan untuk menggantikan sistim pengering jagung konvensional yang boros energi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari pengaruh suhu udara masuk, jenis zeolite, dan rasio berat jagung dan zeolite terhadap kecepatan pengeringan, kandungan protein dan lemak dan menghitung harga konstanta laju pengeringan, k. Untuk keperluan energi dihitung pula efisiensi energi (h) berdasarkan jumlah panas yang digunakan untuk menguapkan air dari jagung (Qevap) dibagi dengan kebutuhan panas total untuk meregenerasi zeolite dan menaikkan suhu udara (Qintr). Penelitian dilakukan dengan mencampurkan zeolite sebagai adsorben dengan jagung dengan rasio perbandingan tertentu dalam suatu unggun yang difluidisasi menggunakan udara pada suhu percobaan 30-50oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju pengeringan paling cepat ditandai oleh penurunan kadar air yang paling besar yang terjadi pada suhu 50oC dengan menggunakan zeolite sintetis dan dengan rasio berat jagung dan zeolite adalah 25% : 75%. Nilai konstanta laju pengeringan diperoleh 0,0303. Kadar protein terjadi penurunan dari 9,10% menjadi 8,30%, sedangkan untuk kandungan lemaknya relatif tetap. Hasil perhitungan diperoleh efisiensi energi (h) sebesar 81,23%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-04-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4122 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.33-38 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 33-38 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4122/3755

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/43496 2025-01-15T23:55:14Z reaktor:RA

Comparison of Different Volume Reactor for Batik Wastewater Pre-Treatment with Ozonation to Improve Biodegradability Sofiyah, Evi Siti Septiariva, Iva Yenis Helmy, Qomarudin Notodarmojo, Suprihanto Suryawan, I Wayan Koko Batik is a unique ethnic and heritage textile from Indonesia with low biodegradability (BOD5/COD) and demanding biological wastewater treatment. However, in its application a high biodegradability value is needed. To increase biodegradability the ozonation process can be used as pre-treatment. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of ozone pre-treatment in color removal, COD removal, and changes in biodegradability. This study was divided into two types of the reactor with a volume of 2 L and 16 L with each dose of 4 mg/min and 40 mg/min. The results of color removal in the reactor with a volume of 2 L showed a value of 85% for color removal and 34.6% for COD removal. The reduction in efficiency occurred in the color removal to 65% in reactor 16 L. The removal of COD with a volume of 16 L was not evenly distributed at each altitude of 43; 35; and 33% (50; 100; 150 cm). Biodegradability increased from 0.143 to 0,49 (2L reactor) and 0.4-0.45 (16L reactor), this allows for the application of higher biological wastewater treatment. Which the NH3-N and total phenol removal efficiencies of 12.9%-31.4% and 3-21.2%, respectively. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-08-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/43496 10.14710/reaktor.22.2.42-48 Reaktor; Volume 22 No.2 August 2022; 42-48 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/43496/22399 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14881 2017-07-19T16:47:43Z reaktor:RA

Elektroplating Tembaga pada Baja Menggunakan Elektrolit Asam Lemah Purwanto, Purwanto Rukiyawati, Sri Purbasari, Aprilina Elektroplanting tembaga pada besi baja  telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan larutan elektrolit tak beracun asam asetat sebagai pengganti larutan beracun sianida. Variable proses yang dipelajari yaitu perbandingan konsentrasi asam asetat terhadap tembaga sulfat (X1), suhu elektrolit (X2), kerapatan arus katoda (X3), kerapatan arus anoda (X4),  dan jarak anoda-katoda (X5). Percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pemakaian asam asetat  sebagai elektrolit asam lemah menghasilkan endapan yang cemerlangdengan efisiensi arus cukup tinggi berkisar 95%. Variable yang mempunyai efek positif berturut-turut yaitu perbandingan konsentrasi, kerapatan arus katoda, dan kerapatan arus anoda. Sedangkan efek negatif berasal dari pengaruh jarak anoda-katoda dan suhu elektrolit. Pengaruh variabel proses terhadap logam berat yang melapisi katoda (Yd) dan efisiensi arus (η) didekati dengan persamaan linier, dengan kesalahan pendekatan relatif sebesar 20%. Kondisi terbaik ditunjukkan oleh efisiensi arus sebesar 94,5% dan hasil plating yang sangat cemerlang pada X1 = 50 (gr/l) / 100 (gr/l), X2 = 50 0C, X3 = 300 Ampere/m2, X4 = 200 Ampere/m2, dan X5 = 3 cm. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14881 10.14710/reaktor.3.1.22-25 Reaktor; Volume 3 No.1 Desember 1999; 22-25 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14881/11291 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/999 2020-04-17T04:57:28Z reaktor:RA

PEMBUATAN DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ELEKTROKATALIS KATODA PtCr/C DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL (DMFC) W. Purwanto, Widodo S.T.H, Hairuni Slamet, Slamet Robbi F., M. J.W.D, Verina Penambaan krom pada katoda Pt/C bertujuan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas reduksi oksigen dan mengurangi dampak methanol crossover yang terjadi pada DMFC. Penelitian PtCr/C disintesis dengan menggunakan metode poliol. Karakterisasi katalis dilakukan dengan XRF dan aktivitas katalis dianalisis dengan uji setengah sel dan satu sel. Hasil eksperimen uji setengah sel menunjukkan bahwa penambahan krom sebagai logam kedua belum dapat meningkatkan reaksi reduksi oksigen bila dibandingkan Pt/C ketika diuji tanpa kehadiran metanol sedangkan dengan kehadiran metanol 0.5 M aktivitas reduksi oksigen lebih tinggi. Aktivitas PtCr/C terbaik ditunjukkan oleh kinerja PtCr dengan komposisi 0.7:0.3 dimana tanpa kehadiran metanol potensial sel mencapai 0.76V dan dengan kehadiran metanol 0.5 M mencapai 0.77V. Aktivitas Pt/C tanpa kehadiran metanol mencapai 1.08V dan dengan kehadiran metanol menjadi 0.28V. Pada uji satu sel, aktivitas reduksi oksigen PtCr/C lebih rendah bila dibandingkan Pt murni. Tegangan maksimum PtCr/C sebesar 336-405 mV dan densitas energi maksimum 0.324-2.8 mW. Untuk Pt/C dengan tegangan maksimum sebesar 431 mV dan densitas energi maksimum 4.86 mW. Kinerja PtCr/C terbaik didapatkan pada katalis katoda hasil preparasi PtCr/C 0.8:0.2 yaitu densitas energi maksimum sebesar 2.8 mW/cm2 pada 182 mV dan 13.12mA/cm2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2007-07-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/999 10.14710/reaktor.11.2.53-56 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007; 53-56 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/999/843

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/19926 2020-04-17T05:40:35Z reaktor:RA

DEALUMINATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZSM - 5 AS CATALYST FOR GLYCEROL CONVERSION TO GLYCEROL MONOLAURATE Dwi Anggoro, Didi Rikardo Putra, Riko Oktaviani, Herawati Af’idatul Kamilah, Lutfi Chamdani, FatmaTsaniya Glycerol Monolaurate (GML) is a naturally occurring fatty acid widely utilized in food, cosmetics, andhomeopathic supplements. Glycerol is a compound glycerides, a byproduct of biodiesel production from the transesterification process. Glycerol is converted to glycerol derivative product that has more value as Glycerol Monolaurate (GML).GML is a naturally occurring fatty acid widely utilized in food, cosmetics, andhomeopathic supplements.One of the catalyst that had beenused is ZSM-5. Dealumination is used to change the acidity of the zeolite. This study consists of several stages, there are dealumination of zeolite ZSM-5 using H2SO4, drying at 110 ° C for 1 hour, Then calcination at a temperature of 550 ° C for 4 hours. Characterization catalyst to testing the acidity of the catalyst by absorption of ammonia and pyridine. Acidity of Zeolite is expressed in the mmol of ammonia or pyridine per gram of catalyst. Synthesis of monolaurate with dealuminated result are performed by GC-MS analysis, it’s to determine the molecular weight and to show a purity of Glycerol Monolaurate. Testing results obtained in the optimum conditions at dealumination temperature and dealumination time respectively are 40-60 0C and 2-5 hours. The dealumination variables are acid concentration, temperature and time of dealumination affecting ZSM-5 acidity and % yield of GML. The acidity affecting the yield% of Glycerol monolaurate produced Keywords :Glycerol, Glycerol Monolaurate, dealumination, ZSM - 5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-08-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/19926 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.110-116 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018; 110-116 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/19926/14224 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7868 2020-04-17T05:20:00Z reaktor:RA

KINERJA MEMBRAN ULTRAFILTRASI UNTUK PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH EMULSI MINYAK-AIR SINTETIS Aryanti, Nita Prihatiningtyas, Indah Ikhsan, Diyono Wardhani, Dyah Hesti Chemical Engineering emulsi minyak-air; pengilangan minyak bumi; ultrafiltrasi; pengolahan limbah Kegiatan pengilangan minyak bumi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bahan bakar menghasilkan limbah cair emulsi minyak-air. Pengolahan limbah emulsi minyak-air dengan metode konvensional belum mampu untuk menerapkan prinsip reuse dan recycle karena hasil pengolahan limbah hanya dibuang ke perairan. Selain itu, proses konvensional menimbulkan produk samping berupa sludge yang tidak diinginkan.Membran ultrafiltrasi telah banyak digunakan untuk pengolahan limbah berminyak. Pada penelitian ini digunakan umpan model limbah emulsi minyak dengan fasa terdispersi berupa minyak pelumas, bensin dan solar.Fasa kontinu adalah air, sedangkan surfaktan adalah sebagai mediator.Minyak pelumas, bensin dan solar digunakan untuk mewakili limbah kilang minyak bumi yang berasal dari kolom-kolom distilasi serta limbah yang berasal dari utility plant, misalnya limbah bahan bakar solar.Penggunaan model limbah pengilangan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih detail tentang kinerja membran ultrafiltrasi untuk pengolahan limbah emulsi minyak bumi. Pengujian kinerja membran ultrafiltrasi dilakukan dengan mengetahui profil fluks dan rejeksi. Karakterisasi membran menunjukkan bahwa membran polyethersulfone yang digunakan merupakan membran ultrafiltrasi asimetrik dengan permeabilitas 17,32 (l/m2.jam.bar). Profil fluks emulsi bensin, minyak pelumas dan solar menunjukkan bahwa penurunan fluks bensin yang tertinggi. Selain itu dapat dilihat bahwa membran polyethersulfone yang digunakan mampu merejeksi COD sebesar 98% dan minyak sebesar 98% untuk umpan emulsi bensin. Untuk emulsi minyak pelumas, 94% COD dan 99% minyak dapat direjeksi, sedangkan untuk umpan emulsi minyak solar, rejeksi COD sebesar 90% dan rejeksi minyak sebesar 98%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-12-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7868 10.14710/reaktor.14.4.277-283 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013; 277-283 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7868/6448

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16329 2018-02-02T10:43:15Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14942 2017-06-13T03:29:00Z reaktor:RA

Study Of Solid Planar Source For Phosphorus Diffution Process On Semiconductor Devices Fabrication Widodo, S. diffution process, solid phosphorus source, SiP2O5, semiconductor devices The sourcing lifetimes, microstructural staility, and diffution performance of a new solid planar phosphorus source for silicon doping were investigated in the temperature range 900-1000 0C. The source wafers were highly porous ceramic wafers containing 25 weight percentage (w/o) SiP2O7 as the “active” component in an inert refractory binder matrix. The microstructural stability and thermografimetric analysis (TGA) result indicated the structural integrity and sourcing ability of this materials at temperatures of at least 1050 0C. Theoretical lifetimesof 260 and 3400 hr at 1000 and 900 0C, respectively, have been predicted from the TGA results. Experimental data relating sheet resistance, junction depth, and diffution coefficient for silicon wafers doped using these source wafers are presented. Special material handling procedure are also described. Keywords : diffution process, solid phosphorus source, SiP2O5, semiconductor devices Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14942 10.14710/reaktor.6.1.35-39 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 1 Juni 2002; 35-39 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14942/11340 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1341 2020-04-17T05:01:57Z reaktor:RA

THE INFLUENCES OF NATURAL GAS IMPURITIES TO THE SURFACE TENSION OF BLENDED PIPERAZINE-N-METHYLDIETHANOLAMINE (MDEA) SOLUTION Ratman, Iwan Ismail, Ahmad Fauzi Chemical Engineering amine degradation; piperazine-MDEA; statistical; surface tension This study focuses on the effect of impurities in the natural gas stream on the characteristic of surface tension in the blended piperazine and MDEA solution. Hydrocarbon liquids, Iron Sulphide, Sodium Chloride, Acetic Acid, Methanol and Polyethylene Glycol were used as the impurities. The results indicated that the type of impurities determined the surface tension changes of the amine solution. The concentration of piperazine-MDEA blends also enhanced to the increasing of surface tension. Iron sulphide, hydrocarbons and sodium chloride as the impurities in the amine solution were the most influential factors to the surface tension. Statistical experimental method was employed to determine the main effect in the increasing of surface tension. Full factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) were used to determine the increasing of surface tension in the amine solution. A central composite design was used to determine the main variables such as iron sulphide, hydrocarbon and sodium chloride. The maximum surface tension of 74.33 mNm-1 was determined at the combined impurities concentrations of Iron Sulphide at 6.346 ppm, Hydrocarbon liquids at 11.827 ppm and Sodium Chloride at 8.261 ppm.Pada penelitian ini difokuskan untuk mengetahui pengaruh impuritas didalam aliran gas alam terhadap karakteristik tegangan permukaannya pada campuran larutan  MDEA-piperazin. Hidrokarbon, besi sulfida, NaCl, asam asetat, methanol dan PEG digunakan sebagai larutan impuritas pada gas alam. Pada penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa jenis dari impuritas akan mempengaruhi besarnya tegangan permukaan yang dihasilkan pada larutan amin. Konsentrasi larutan amin juga mempengaruhi tegangan permukaan yang dihasilkan. Besi sulfida, hidrokarbon dan NaCl adalah faktor penting yang menentukan besanya tegangan permukaan yang dihasilkan. Metode statistik yang menggunakan response surface methodology (RSM) yang digabungkan dengan central composite design (CCD) telah digunakan untuk mengetahui faktor utama yang menentukan tegangan permukaan. Tegangan permukaan yang paling tinggi dihasilkan pada konsentrasi besi sulfida 6,346 ppm, hidrokarbon 11,827 ppm dan NaCl 8,261 ppm adalah sebesar 74,33 mNm-1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-02-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1341 10.14710/reaktor.12.2.59-67 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2008; 59-67 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1341/1102

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8390 2020-04-17T05:22:52Z reaktor:RA

Biofiksasi CO2 Oleh Mikroalga Chlamydomonas sp dalam Photobioreaktor Tubular Hadiyanto, Hadiyanto Widayat, W chemical engineering, waste technology Microalgae, Chlamydomonas sp, CO2 biofixation, biogas Mikroalga memiliki potensi dalam membiofiksasi CO2 dan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengurangi kadar CO2 dalam gas pencemar. Pertumbuhan mikroalga sangat dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi gas CO2 di dalam gas pencemar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeetahui kemampuan mikroalga Chlamydomonas sp yang dikultivasi dalam photobioreaktor tubular dalam penyerapan gas CO2 serta untuk mengetahui konsentrasi maksimum gas CO2 dalam umpan untuk memproduksi biomasa mikroalga yang optimal. Percobaan dilakukan dnegan memvariasi laju alir dari 0.03 -0.071 L/menit dan konsentrasi CO2 dalam umpan 10-30%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biomasa mikroalga dapat diproduksi dengan maksimal dengan konsentrasi gas CO2 20% dengan laju alir 0.07 L/min. Semakin tinggi laju alir maka produksi biomasa alga semakin besar. Kecepatan pertumbuhan alga maksimum terjadi pada 0.31 /hari. Pada konsentrasi gas CO2 30%, terjadi substrate inhibition yang disebabkan carbon dalam bentuk ion bicarbonate tidak dapat dikonsumsi lagi di dalam kultur alga. Kata kunci : Mikroalga, chlamydomonas sp, biofiksasi CO2, biogas Abstract Microalgae have a potential for CO2 biofixation and therefore can be used to reduce the CO2 concentration in the gas pollutants. Moreover, microalgae growth is strongly affected by the concentration of CO2 in the exhaust gas pollutants. The objective of this research was to investigate the ability of microalgae Chlamydomonas sp which was cultivated in a tubular photobioreactor for CO2 absorption as well as to determine the maximum concentration of CO2 in the feed gas to obtain optimum microalgae biomass. The experiments were performed by varying the gas flow rate of 0.03 -0.071 L / min and the concentration of CO2 in the feed of 10-30%. The results showed that the maximum biomass of microalgae can be produced with CO2 concentration of 20% vol with a flow rate of 0.07 L / min. The result also showed that increasing the gas flow rate, the greater of the production of algal biomass and the maximum algae growth rate occurred at 0.31 / day. At a concentration of 30% CO2 gas, it occurs a substrate inhibition due to inefficient of bicarbonate use by algae culture. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-04-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8390 10.14710/reaktor.15.1.37-42 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.1, APRIL 2014; 37-42 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8390/6951

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/46947 2025-01-15T21:31:45Z reaktor:RA

The Effect of Variation of Palm Fronds Absorbent Concentration In Adsorption Process to Reduce Free Fatty Acid Content on Tengkawang Oil Puspita, Filda Agum Oktaviani, Eva Pramuni Rakasiwi, Rinjani Ratih Ivontianti, Wivina Diah Tengkawang oil that hasn’t through purification process contains free fatty acid that can affect its quality, where this essence is the polluter that must be removed because it can caused a rancid. The removal of free fatty acid content on Tengkawang oil was done through adsorption process utilizing palm fronds adsorbent by using its cellulose content. Palm fronds went through dilegnification process using 10% of NaOH, then adsorption process was conducted with adsorbent concentration variety 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. Adsorbent characterized by utilizing FTIR and SAA, from FTIR result shows that palm fronds contain berlignocellulose function cluster, after delignification the C=C lignin compound function cluster still can be found on FTIR result and after adsorption O-H cluster went through intensity decrement which shows that cellulose content and hydroxyl (-OH) cluster reacted with adsorbat. Furthermore, there’s absorption on C-H function cluster that indicates the existence of free fatty acid compound and other polluter that adsorbed by palm fronds adsorbent. The characteristic of palm fronds adsorbent after delignification process was conducted shows the pore size is on micropore range with surface area of 6.480 m2/g, pore volume of 0.01138 cc/g and pore radius of 12.4 Å. The result of the research shows decreasing percentage of free fatty acid, capacity value and adsorption effectiveness of Tengkawang oil that the highest is on adsorbent concentration as much as 25% with decreasing percentage of free fatty acid as much as 4.68%, adsorption capacity as much as 207.19 mg/g and adsorption effectiveness as much as 36.28%. Keywords: adsorption; delignification; free fatty acid; tengkawang oil Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-02-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/46947 10.14710/reaktor.23.3.92-100 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.3 December 2023; 92-100 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/46947/25510 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15005 2017-07-19T16:46:49Z reaktor:RA

Numerical Solution Of Electrokinetics Mass Transfer Model For Protein Recovery Through Membrane Electrofilter syaubari, Syaubari Nurdin, S. electrophoresis, electroosmosis, protein, membrane, electrofilter Separation based on electrophoresis and electroosmosis (electrokinetics) of binary mixture of proteins (bovine serum albumin-hemoglobin) was studied on a membrane electrofilter. The mixture was separated using ionic polycarbonate membrane with variable studied consist of voltage, current, protein diffusivity, and electrophoresis mobility. Operation parameters were varied to investigate hemoglobin concentration, which pass semi permeable membrane. A model was been derived based on mass transfer principle for the case of unsteady state. For simplification, the model has been modified using Cramer Method with pseudo steady state approach to give the dimentionless form. A program for computer simulation has een written in C/C+ + language. This programming language was shown to have more effective computing ability. Furthermore, using a model and simulation on computer, the result indicates that initial mechanism of electrofilter can also be used to separate and to concentrate protein on their buffer solution.Keywords : electrophoresis, electroosmosis, protein, membrane, electrofilter Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15005 10.14710/reaktor.7.02.66-69 Reaktor; Volume 07 No.2 Desember 2003; 66-69 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15005/11379 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1551 2020-04-17T05:08:40Z reaktor:RA

SINTESIS MEMBRAN ULTRAFILTRASI NON FOULING UNTUK APLIKASI PEMPROSESAN BAHAN PANGAN Buchori, Luqman Susanto, Heru Budiyono, Budiyono Chemical Engineering fouling, photo-grafting, ultrafiltrasi Membran ultrafiltrasi (UF) telah terbukti sebagai proses yang menjanjikan untuk aplikasi di bidang pemprosesan bahan pangan. Namun, peristiwa fouling dapat menurunkan kinerja membran secara signifikan. Meskipun banyak metode pengendalian fouling telah diusulkan, dalam banyak kasus kinerja proses sangat dipengaruhi oleh membran sebagai jantung dari proses. Dalam makalah ini pengendalian fouling dilakukan dengan memodifikasi permukaan membran dengan teknik kopolimerisasi foto-grafting. Acrylic acid (AA), acrylamido methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), dan N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-(3sulfopropyl)ammonium betaine sebagai senyawa zwitterion (ZI) digunakan sebagai monomer fungsional. Pengaruh waktu iradiasi terhadap efektifitas modifikasi telah diamati. Kinerja membran hasil modifikasi kemudian diuji dengan menggunakan berbagai model larutan foulant yang meliputi larutan protein, larutan polisakarida dan larutan polifenol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat non fouling membran sangat jelas dapat ditingkatkan baik dengan PEGMA maupun dengan ZI. Secara umum, modifikasi menggunakan PEGMA menunjukkan kinerja yang lebih baik. Larutan polifenol menunjukkan karakter foulant yang paling kuat diantara model foulant. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-02-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1551 10.14710/reaktor.13.1.10-15 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 1, Juni 2010; 10-15 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1551/1308

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/29609 2020-07-17T02:18:58Z reaktor:RA

Application of the Fenton Process in the Petroleum Refinery Spent Caustic Wastewater Treatment Rahmanisa, Riang Anggraini Widiasa, I Nyoman Spent caustic wastewater is produced from the scrubbing process using a caustic solution to absorb contaminants in the oil stream (hydrocarbon). Indonesia’s Petroleum Oil Refinery produces spent caustic wastewater from LPG and kerosene processing unit. Spent caustic wastewater has the characteristic of a strong odor with very high pH (12-14), containing dangerous pollutants such as phenol, aldehydes, mercaptans, and thiols that can be harmful to the human and environment. The Fenton process is used to treat spent caustic before being discharged to the environment. The Fenton process is one of AOPs (Advanced Oxidation Process) using Fe2+ as a catalyst and H2O2 as an oxidant to oxidize organic contaminants in wastewater. This study aims to determine the operating conditions of the Fenton Process with the target characteristics of treated spent caustic meet the WWTP (Waste Water Treatment Plant) inlet specifications and to make the design process of spent caustic treatment with the Fenton Process capacity of 10 m3/day. By operating at the H2O2/Fe (II) ratio of 1.8, the final target was achieved with COD of 810 ppm, ammonia of 22.84 ppm, sulfide of 60.93 ppm and phenol of 14.56 ppm. Total Capital Investment (TCI) for the design is US$ 2146701.89 whereas Total Manufacturing Cost of US$ 2089740.75.Keywords: spent caustic; refinery wastewater; Fenton process Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/29609 10.14710/reaktor.20.2.96-102 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.2 June 2020; 96-102 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/29609/17674 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/10805 2020-07-17T02:16:40Z reaktor:RA

DAMPAK RANGKAIAN SEL ELEKTRODA AL-C DALAM ELEKTROKIMIAUNTUK MENDEGRADASI LIMBAH TEKSTIL Wiratini, Ni Made Kartowasono, Ngadiran chemistry set of cells, electrochemical, degradation, textile waste Abstract IMPACT OF AL-C ELECTRODE CELL CIRCUIT IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY FOR TEXTILES WASTE DEGRADATION. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact circuit of Al-C electrode cell in electrochemical to degrade textile waste. To achieve these goals, 1) cells that were developed using 3 electrode by varying the electrochemical cell circuit  such as: cell circuit 1(anode: Al-C series, cathode C), cell circuit 2 ( anode: Al-C parallel, cathode C), cell circuit 3(anode: Al-C series, cathode: Al), and cell circuit 4 ( anode: Al-C parallel, cathode: Al); 2) varying the electrode spacing, ie: 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm; and 3) varying the voltage, which is 3, 6, 9, and 13, 5 V. BOD, DO, COD, pH, and absorbance were  measured before and after degradation in every varying cell circuit, electrode spacing, and voltage.  The results showed: black textile waste, odor, COD 2540 mg / L, DO 0 mg / L, BOD 0 mg / L, pH 11, and the absorbance was 0.92. While  best cells circuit is cell circuit 2 (anode: Al-C parallel and c in cathodes), best electrode spacing for processing textile waste is 3 cm, and the best voltage to degrade textile waste is 13.5 V. Key words: degradation, electrochemical, set of cells, textile waste Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui dampak rangkaian sel elektroda Al-C dalam elektrokimia untuk mendegradasi limbah tekstil. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, 1) sel yang dikembangkan menggunakan 3 elektroda dengan memvariasikan rangkaian sel elektrokimia  yaitu: rangkaian 1 (anoda: Al-C seri, katoda C), rangkaian 2(anoda: Al-C paralel, katoda C), rangkaian 3( anoda: Al-C seri, katoda: Al), dan rangkaian 4( anoda: Al-C paralel, katoda: Al); 2) memvariasikan jarak elektroda, yaitu: 3,6, 9, dan 12 cm; dan 3) memvariasikan voltase, yaitu 3, 6, 9, dan 13, 5 V. BOD, DO, COD, pH dan absorbansi diukur sebelum dan sesudah degradasi pada setiap variasi rangkaian sel, jarak, dan voltase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: limbah tekstil berwarna hitam, berbau, COD 2540 mg/L, DO 0 mg/L, BOD 0 mg/L, pH 11, dan absorbansi 0,92. Sedangkan rangkaian sel yang paling baik adalah rangkaian sell 2 (anoda: Al-C parallel dan katoda: C), jarak elektroda terbaik untuk pengolahan limbah tekstil adalah 3 cm, dan voltase yang terbaik untuk mendegradasi limbah tekstil 13,5 V. Kata-kata kunci: degradasi, elektrokimia, limbah tekstil,  rangkaian sel Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha 2016-07-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10805 10.14710/reaktor.16.2.65-71 Reaktor; Volume 16 No. 2 Juni 2016; 65-71 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10805/9166 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/10805/992 Copyright (c) 2016 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/79958 2026-04-23T19:29:29Z reaktor:RA

Technology Review of TiO₂–C-Dots Nanocomposites from Tofu Liquid Waste: Implications for Post-Mining Soil Remediation in Bengkulu Province Silalahi, Jhon Lucky Khatami, Mokhammad This review critically examines the technological feasibility of producing TiO₂–carbon dots (C-dots) nanocomposites from tofu liquid waste as a biomass-derived carbon precursor for soil remediation in post-mining environments. Rather than assuming conversion efficiency or economic viability, the analysis is structured around synthesis routes, composite fabrication strategies, and process–structure–performance relationships reported in the literature. Biomass-to-C-dots conversion pathways, including hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and pyrolytic methods, are evaluated with respect to feedstock tolerance, operational conditions, and product characteristics. Integration strategies between C-dots and TiO₂, namely in situ growth, impregnation, and sol–gel hybridization, are assessed in terms of interfacial coupling, stability, and photocatalytic relevance for heavy-metal immobilization. A regional case context from Bengkulu Province is used solely to illustrate feedstock availability and chemical relevance, without extrapolating to production yield or economic feasibility. The review demonstrates that the functional performance of TiO₂–C-dots systems is governed primarily by synthesis parameters and composite architecture rather than by precursor volume. Current evidence situates this technology at an early development stage, where reproducible fabrication and interfacial engineering remain the principal determinants of applicability. These findings provide a process-centered framework for evaluating biomass-derived photocatalytic composites while avoiding premature feasibility claims unsupported by mature conversion technologies. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2026-04-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/79958 10.14710/reaktor.26.1.79958 Reaktor; Volume 26 No.1 April 2026 2407-5973 0852-0798 en Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by Dept. of Chemical Engineering Universitas Diponegoro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15037 2017-06-21T07:56:43Z reaktor:RA

KECEPATAN TUMBUH KRISTAL ASAM SITRAT MONO HIDRAT DALAM KOLOM FLUIDASI DAN KAITANNYA DENGAN IMPURITAS KRISTAL Soetrisnanto, D. asam sitrat; impuritas kristal; kristalisasi Operasi kristalisasi adalah salah satu bentuk operasi yang bertujuan untuk pemurnian dengan pengaturan kondisi oprasi yang baik selain akan didapatkan kualitas produk kristal dengan kemurnian tinggi juga dapat dioptimasikan kecepatan produksinya. Dalam prkateknya untuk mendapatkan produk kristal dengan kandungan impuritas yang tinggi diperlukan dua kali tahapan kristalisasi. hal ini sangat tidak efisien. Penelitian ini ditujukan un tuk mendapatkan informasi sampai seberapa jauh pengaruh derajat supersaturasi larutan induk terhadap kecepatan tumbuh kristal asam sitrat monohidrat, dan korelasi antara kecepatan tumbuh kristal dengan konsentrasi impuritas besi-Fe yang teinklusi didalam kristal. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kristaliser fluidisasi dan metoda menumbuhkan seed kristal yang berukuran rata-rata 1,53 mm untuk berbagai macam derajat supersaturasi lautan dan konsentrasi impuritas Fe dalam larutan induk 100 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan tumbuh kristal asam sitrat mono hidrat berbanding lurus dengan derajat supersaturasi larutan menurut persamaan : RG = 3,144 AC + 0,0164 dan konsentrasi impuritas yang terkokristalisasi berbanding lurus dengan kecepatan tumbuh Kristal sesuai dengan persamaan : Cmp = 42,336 RG + 9,2285Kata kunci : asam sitrat; impuritas kristal; kristalisasi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15037 10.14710/reaktor.8.2.48-51 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.2 Desember 2004; 48-51 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15037/11411 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3583 2016-12-11T08:41:59Z reaktor:RA

STUDI KINETIKA REAKSI HETEROGEN α-PINENE MENJADI TERPINEOL DENGAN KATALISATOR ASAM KHLORO ASETAT Utami, Herti Budiman, Arief Sutijan, Sutijan Roto, Roto Sediawan, Wahyudi Budi Chemical Engineering α-pinene; asam khloro asetat; kinetika reaksi heterogen; terpineol KINETIC STUDY OF HETEROGENEOUS HYDRATION OF α-PINENE TO TERPINEOL USING CHLORO ACETIC ACID AS A CATALYST. Indonesian turpentine contains 65-85% α-pinene, 1% camphene, 1-3% β-pinene, 10-18% 3-carene and limonene 1-3%. In order to obtain more valuable products, α-pinene can be hydrated in dilute acid solutions to produce terpineol, which can be used as perfume, insect repellent, antifungal, disinfectant etc. The aim of this research was to study kinetics of terpineol synthesis from α-pinene, the main component of turpentine Turpentine was introduced into a batch reactor (tree neck flask) equipped with condenser, thermometer, stirrer and was warmed up to the desired temperature with the reaction time of 420 minutes. The study investigated the effects of temperature, catalyst amount, and the stirring rate on the hydration of α-pinene. The heterogeneous kinetics model was proposed to quantitavely describe the hydration process of α-pinene. The results of this study showed the relationship of the constants of the reaction rate and temperatures. The equations can be written as follow and . The relative errors were 2.80% and 2.19%, respectively. It was found that the chemical reaction step controlled the hydration process. The results of this study show that the proposed heterogeneous kinetics model can quantitatively describe the hydration of α-pinene using chloro acetic acid as catalyst very well.   Abstrak   Terpentin Indonesia mengandung 65-85% α-pinene, 1% camphene, 1-3% β-pinene, 10-18% 3-carene dan limonene 1-3%. Untuk meningkatkan nilai jual, α-pinene dapat dihidrasi dalam medium asam menjadi terpineol yang dapat digunakan untuk bahan parfum, penangkal serangga, anti jamur,  desinkfektan dll. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari studi kinetika reaksi sintesa terpineol dari α-pinene yang merupakan komponen utama terpentin. Terpentin sebanyak volume tertentu dipanaskan dalam reaktor batch labu leher tiga yang dilengkapi dengan pendingin balik, thermometer dan pengaduk sehingga mencapai suhu tertentu dengan waktu reaksi selama 420 menit. Variabel yang dipelajari adalah suhu, jumlah mol katalis dan kecepatan pengadukan. Model kinetika heterogen diajukan untuk menggambarkan proses hidrasi α-pinene tersebut. Dari hasil perhitungan diperoleh hubungan antara konstanta kecepatan reaksi dengan suhu dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan berikut dan . Jika dipakai untuk menghitung k1 dan k2 persamaan tersebut memberikan ralat rata-rata sebesar 2,80% dan 2,19%. Reaksi kimia lebih berpengaruh terhadap kecepatan proses hidrasi secara keseluruhan. Dari hasil perhitungan diperoleh bahwa model kinetika reaksi heterogen yang diajukan dapat menggambarkan secara kuantitatif reaksi hidrasi α-pinene dengan katalisator asam khloro asetat. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-11-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3583 10.14710/reaktor.13.4.248-253 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 4, Desember 2011; 248-253 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3583/3221

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/41333 2022-06-14T01:35:47Z reaktor:RA

Fouling Analysis on Polysulfone/Peg400/ZnO Membrane during Textile Wastewater Treatment Aryanti, Putu Teta Prihartini Nugroho, Febrianto Adi Winiarti, Gatra Buana Pratiwi, Ghina Shofi Widiasa, I Nyoman Fouling has become the main problem in long-term application of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane for water and wastewater treatment, significantly reducing membrane productivity. In this paper, fouling on polysulfone-based membrane was analyzed using Hermia’s model during textile wastewater treatment. The UF membrane has been prepared by blending polysulfone (PSf), acetone, and PEG400 in DMAc, with ZnO nanoparticles at a concentration of 1% by weight of polymers (PSf and PEG400). The influence of polysulfone concentration (18 and 20 wt.%) and PEG400 (0 - 25 wt.%) on fouling mechanisms was investigated. It was found that the increase of polysulfone from 18 to 20 wt.% reduced permeate flux from 54 to 25 L.m-2.h-1. Vise versa, the increase of PEG400 concentration enhanced the permeate flux. More stable flux was achieved when 18 wt.% of polysulfone was used to prepare the UF membrane. The fouling type in the UF membrane depends on the characteristics of the membrane. A significant flux decline occurred when used 20 wt.% of polysulfone without the addition of PEG400. Smaller membrane pore and higher hydrophobicity due to high polysulfone concentration induced cake layer of fouling on the membrane surface at the first 40 minutes of ultrafiltration. Further increase of operating time, internal fouling was formed due to the movement of pollutants to the permeate side caused by different concentrations. The highest color rejection (86%) was achieved when 25 wt.% of PEG400 was added in 20 wt.% of polysulfone solution.Keywords: fouling, hermia model, ultrafiltration, wastewater treatment. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-02-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/41333 10.14710/reaktor.1.1.139-145 Reaktor; Volume 21 No.4 December 2021; 139-145 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/41333/21232 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/41333/9188 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13583 2020-04-17T05:33:07Z reaktor:RA

PEMBUATAN SELULOSA TERASETILASI DARI PULP BAMBU BETUNG (Dendrocalamus asper) SERTA PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIS BIOKOMPOSIT POLIPROPILENA Kusumaningrum, Wida Banar Rochmadi, R Subyakto, S Chemical engineering;material;engineering reactor;catalyst;biocomposite Abstract ACETYLATED CELLULOSE FROM BETUNG BAMBOO (Dendrocalamus asper) PULP PRODUCTION AND ITS EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES. The utilization of natural fiber as reinforcing agent for biocomposite products have some drawbacks, such as its hydrophilicity that are incompatible with PP. Isolation from bundle fibers into micro fibers could improves the biocomposite properties. However, more moisture absorption of micro fiber makes it difficult to handle. Therefore, modification with acetylation is needed to facilitate good interfacial adhesion between cellulose and PP. The objectives of this research are to obtain acetylated micro fibers from betung bamboo pulp for reinforcing agent and to investigate the effect of acetylated cellulose on mechanical properties of PP biocomposites. Acetate anhydride as acetylating agent and sulfuric acid as a catalyst were used for acetylation process. Acetylated cellulose from betung bamboo pulp with fibrous form, hydrophobic condition, and relatively on high aspect ratio was obtained in 2% of catalyst concentration and 120 of reaction time. Strength enhancement were achieved up to 79 and 87% for tensile while 24 and 69% for flexural, respectively for biocomposites with 10% and 20% of acetylated cellulose than that PP. Modulus improvement were obtained up to 53 and 70% for tensile while 96 and 149% for flexural, respectively for biocomposites with 10% and 20% of acetylated cellulose than that PP. Keywords: acetylation; betung bamboo; biocomposite; polypropylene; cellulose   Abstrak Penerapan serat alam untuk produk biokomposit memiliki beberapa kelemahan terutama perbedaan sifat antara matrik dengan serat yang menyebabkan ikatan antar muka yang kurang baik. Pengolahan serat bundle menjadi serat mikro dapat meningkatkan sifat-sifat biokomposit, akan tetapi sifat dari serat mikro yang mudah menyerap air membuat penanganannya menjadi lebih komplek. Modifikasi kimia serat dengan asetilasi merupakan upaya untuk meningkatkan keterbasahan dan ikatan antar muka dengan matrik PP. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh serat mikro terasetilasi dari pulp bambu betung agar dapat digunakan sebagai penguat dan mempelajari pengaruhnya terhadap sifat mekanis biokomposit PP. Proses asetilasi menggunakan asetat anhidrat sebagai bahan pengasetilasi dan asam sulfat sebagai katalis. Serat mikro bambu betung terasetilasi yang bersifat hidrofobik dan memiliki aspek rasio tinggi diperoleh pada jumlah katalis 2% dengan waktu 120 menit. Peningkatan kuat tekuk mencapai 76 dan 87% sedangkan kuat tarik sekitar 24 dan 69% masing-masing untuk biokomposit dengan selulosa terasetilasi 10% dan 20% terhadap PP murni. Keteguhan tarik meningkat hingga 53 dan 70% sedangkan keteguhan tekuk mencapai 96 dan 149% berturut-turut untuk biokomposit dengan 10% dan 20% selulosa terasetilasi dibandingkan PP. Selulosa terasetilasi dari pulp bambu betung mampu berfungsi sebagai bahan pembentuk inti untuk biokomposit PP. Kata kunci: asetilasi; bambu betung; biokomposit; polipropilena; selulosa Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro ministry of reserach & technology & higher education 2017-05-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13583 10.14710/reaktor.17.1.25-35 Reaktor; Volume 17 No.1 Maret 2017; 25-35 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13583/11252 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/17349 2020-04-17T05:39:25Z reaktor:RA

Process Parameters Optimization in Membrane Fabrication for Produced Water Treatment Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko Puji Utomo, Dani Rahmatya Gerhana, Annizah Angga Putra, Hanifah Produced water is wastewater from oil production that must be treated well. Membrane is one alternative to water treatment technology based on filtration method. But, in the use of a membrane, there’s no exact variable optimal that influences performance of the membrane. This underlying research to assess factors that influences the performance of membrane to be more optimal.  Therefore, the objectives of this study determine the optimum variable through Respond Surface Methodology and Central Composite Design. After getting the optimal condition then will check the stability of the membrane. This experiment of optimization of produced water with asymmetric membrane's Polyether sulfone (PES) using Response Surface is done with varying the Zeolite concentration by low level 1% weight and 3% weight, length of UV irradiation time low level 2 minutes and high level 6 minutes, thermal annealing low level 160 ºC and high-level 180ºC. An analyzer done in this research was by processing data research to make table and charts of the relationship between the result of this experiment with changed variable, namely variation of PES concentration, time of UV ray and thermal annealing by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD). Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17349 10.14710/reaktor.18.1.7-15 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 1 March 2018; 7-15 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17349/13306 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/17349/2102 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6100 2020-04-17T05:18:41Z reaktor:RA

PENJERAPAN GAS CO HASIL PEMBAKARAN SAMPAH MENGGUNAKAN SORBENT TERMODIFIKASI DALAM REAKTOR FIXED BED Mariana, Mariana Mulana, Farid Satriyo, Purwana Chemical Engineering fixed bed reaktor; penjerapan gas; sorbent Ca(OH)2/tanah diatome/kompos ADSORPTION OF CO FROM WASTE COMBUSTION USING MODIFIED SORBENT IN A FIXED BED REACTOR. Gases produced by garbage burning consist of dangerous gases such as CO, SO2 and other gases. Technology for reducing dangerous gases from incinerator outlet can be done by using a dry or wet process. The dry process is more economical process because of simple process, easy maintenance and no liquid waste as product. However, the weakness of the dry process is low absorption conversion and low gas removal efficiency. One way to overcome these problems is to use sorbent which has high reactivity. An inexpensive sorbent that commonly used is Ca(OH)2. The aim of this research was to increase the reactivity of Ca(OH)2 sorbent by using diatomaceous earth and compost as a source of silica and biosorbent, respectively. Diatomaceous earth contains CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 and compost contains bacteria as a biosorbent that can convert CO to CO2 and CH4. The reaction between SiO2 and Ca(OH)2 would form calcium silicate hydrate (CaO.SiO2.2H2O) that has a high porosity and reactivity. The results showed that the reactivity of Ca(OH)2 sorbent increased by addition of diatomaceous earth and compost. The results also showed that the sorption of CO gas increases with increasing of height of sorbent bed and temperature. The highest CO gas sorption was obtained at temperature of 150oC and sorbent bed height of 6 cm using the modified sorbent with Ca(OH)2/DE/compost ratio of 3:1:1. Gas hasil pembakaran sampah terdiri dari gas-gas yang berbahaya seperti CO, SO2 dan lain sebagainya. Teknologi penghilangan gas-gas tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan proses kering maupun proses basah. Penghilangan dengan proses kering lebih ekonomis karena sederhana, mudah pemeliharaan dan tidak menghasilkan limbah cair. Namun demikian, kelemahan proses kering adalah konversi absorpsi rendah dan efisiensi penyisihan  gas relatif kecil. Salah satu cara mengatasi masalah tersebut di atas adalah dengan menggunakan sorbent yang mempunyai reaktifitas yang tinggi. Sorbent yang umum digunakan dan murah adalah Ca(OH)2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan reaktifitas sorbent Ca(OH)2 dengan menggunakan tanah diatomeae sebagai sumber silika dan kompos sebagai sumber biosorbent. Tanah diatomea umumnya mengandung CaO, SiO2 dan Al2O3. Reaksi antara SiO2 dengan Ca(OH)2 membentuk kalsium silicate hidrat (CaO.SiO2.2H2O) yang mempunyai porositas dan reaktifitas yang tinggi. Kompos mengandung bakteri sebagai biosorbent yang dapat mengubah gas CO menjadi CO2 dan CH4. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa reaktifitas sorbent Ca(OH)2 meningkat dengan penambahan DE dan kompos. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa penjerapan gas CO meningkat dengan meningkatnya tinggi unggun sorbent dan temperatur. Penjerapan gas CO tertinggi diperoleh pada penggunaan modifikasi sorbent Ca(OH)2/DE/kompos (3:1:1), temperatur 150oC dan tinggi unggun sorbent 6 cm dari variabel yang dilakukan. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2013-04-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6100 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.218-224 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 218-224 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6100/5191

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1493 2017-06-21T08:17:14Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14932 2017-06-21T08:01:18Z reaktor:RA

Experimental And Mathematical Modeling Studies Of Liquid-Liquid Membrane Contactor Susanto, H. Wenten, I. G. membrane contactor, modeling Experimental and modeling studies of the effect of tempetarature on liquid-liquid membrane contactor (LLMC) have been done. The experiments were conducted by varying temperature of 25 up to 80 0C, cross flow velocity from 0.02 to 0.05 m/s and feed concentration of 0, 5000 and 30,000 mg/l. In these experiments microporous hydrophobic hollow fiber polypropylene membrane with 0.2 μm was used as a contacting device. The modeling has been done by compiling mathematic equation of mass and  heat transfers in liquid-liquid membrane contactor. Both the experimental and modeling result show, the increase in feed temperature increase  the flux of pure water exponentially, whereas the flux decrease with increasing the permeate temperature. The feed temperature increase at higher temperature result in hogher flux increase. The concentration of pure water result in the range of 1.8 to 5.6 mg/l depending on feed concentration.Keywords : membrane contactor, modeling Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14932 10.14710/reaktor.5.2.71-78 Reaktor; Volume 5 No.2 Desember 2001; 71-78 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14932/11330 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1501 2020-04-17T04:59:57Z reaktor:RA

PEMUTIHAN ENCENG GONDOK MENGGUNAKAN H2O2 DENGAN KATALISATOR NATRIUM BIKARBONAT Retnowati, Diah Susetyo Chemical Engineering H2O2, etanol-air, NaHCO3, pemutihan, pelarut Batang enceng gondok (Eichornia crasipess) dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku kerajinan seperti tas, atau digunakan sebagai pengganti rotan dalam industri mebel.Untuk mendapatkan warna yang lebih cerah, umumnya batang  enceng gondok kering yang berwarna coklat diputihkan  dengan perendaman dalam larutan yang mengandung oksidator. Pada penelitian ini, oksidator yang dipakai adalah hidrogen peroksida, suatu oksidator yang lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan dengan oksidator lainnya. Oksidator ini dilarutkan dalam pelarut yang berupa campuran etanol-air. Untuk lebih mempercepat proses pemutihan, juga ditambahkan katalisator NaHCO3 yang dapat bereaksi dengan hidrogen peroksida membentuk peroksidamonokarbonat yang lebih reaktif. Hasil enceng gondok yang putih dan cerah, serta mempunyai kuat tarik cukup tinggi, diperoleh  pada proses pemutihan selama 3 jam dalam larutan etanol-air dengan perbandingan volume 0,36 yang mengandung H2O2 dan NaHCO3 dengan konsentrasi 4 % berat dan 1,95 g/L. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-06-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1501 10.14710/reaktor.12.1.33-36 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 1, Juni 2008; 33-36 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1501/1260

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/22368 2020-05-29T10:43:36Z reaktor:RA

Activated Carbon Derived From OPEFB by One Step Steam Activation and Its Application for Dye Adsorption : Kinetics and Isothermal Studies Sari, Fahriya Puspita Yanto, Dede Heri Yuli Pari, Gustan Activated carbon was prepared from OPEFB by one step steam activation method. The adsorption performance for the removal of acid orange 52 (AO 52), reactive blue 19 (RB 19), basic violet 1 (BV 1) was investigated. Each dye has a different chemical structure such as azoic, anthraquinone, triarylmethane for AO 52, RB 19, and BV 1 respectively. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, and contact time on the adsorption process were studied. Experimental data were analyzed by model equations such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms and it was found that the Langmuir isotherm model best fitted for all three dyes with R2 values is higher than 0.95. Langmuir model assumes a homogeneous nature and monolayer coverage of dye molecules at the outer surface of activated carbon. Adsorption kinetics was determined using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order rate equations, Elovich model and also intraparticle diffusion models. Kinetic studies showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model better described the adsorption process with R2 values exceeds 0,99 compared with the other kinetics model. The SEM images showed AC pores was well developed with steam activation while wider porosity is created in the macropore range. FT-IR analysis had shown that the AC functional groups were disappeared because of vaporization the volatile materials when the heating process. Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption Isotherms, Kinetic, OPEFB, Steam Activation Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Forest Products Research and Development Center, Ministry of Environment and Forestry 2019-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/22368 10.14710/reaktor.19.2.68-76 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 2 June 2019; 68-76 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/22368/16013 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/48588 2023-07-03T20:26:58Z reaktor:RA

Physicochemical Characteristics of Butterfly Pea Flower Petals Steep Obtained at Different Steeping Temperature and Time Soedirga, Lucia Matita, Intan C Sidharta, Jessica Flower is an important part of the plant containing phytochemical compounds, especially the phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanin that can be used as natural antioxidants. Phytochemical compounds are usually drawn by steeping the flower petals in hot water. Indeed, different temperatures and steeping times would affect the yield of phytochemicals obtained. The butterfly pea flower is one of edible flowers that brings antioxidant activity due to the presence of phytochemical compounds, namely flavonoids and phenolic acids. Nevertheless, there have been limited studies dedicated to the search of steeping condition of butterfly pea flower petals in water. Thus, this study aimed to determine the time and temperature of steeping to produce the butterfly pea step with preferred physicochemical characteristics. The result indicates that butterfly pea flower petals which undergo steeping at 60°C for 45 minutes produce antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 251.89 ± 32.02 ppm. Furthermore, the butterfly pea flower steep produced had blue to purple color with °Hue of 277.06 ±2.55, 1.23 ± 0.07 mg/L of total monomeric anthocyanin content, 6.83 ± 0.02 of pH and 138.42 ± 15.88 mg GAE / g sample of total phenolic content. Keywords: antioxidant; butterfly pea flower; steep; temperature; time Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48588 10.14710/reaktor.1.1.9-15 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.1 April 2023; 9-15 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48588/24061 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14996 2017-07-19T16:46:16Z reaktor:RA

Absorpsi Gas SO2 dengan Larutan Ca(OH)2 Dalam Reaktor Berpengaduk mahfud, Mahfud Mintarto, A. Indriyaswati, A. absorbs, gas SO2 , larutan Ca(OH)2, reaktor berpengaduk Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari proses absorbs gas SO2 ke dalam larutan Ca(OH)2 dalam reaktor berpengaduk dan untuk mempelajari pengaruh berbagai kondisi operasi pada proses absorbsi SO2  kedalam larutan Ca(OH)2. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mereaksikan gas SO2 dengan larutan Ca(OH)2 dalam reaktor berpengaduk. Reaktor yang digunakan terbuat dari acrylic dengan kapasitas 1000 ml, diameter 10 cm, tinggi 14 cm, dilengkapi dengan 4 buah bafel, dan sebuah pengaduk dengan impeler dished blade turbin. Gas yang digunakan adalah campuran gas SO2   dan udara. Percobaan dilakukan pada suhu kamar (30 0C)  dan tekanan atmosferik serta laju alir 24. 10-6 m3/s dengan variabel percobaan sebagai berikut : ph larutan awal larutan 10-14, kecepatan putaran  pengaduk 550, 780, 1030 rpm. konsentrasi Ca(OH)2 :0,7-2 gr/liter larutan fraksi gas SO2  masuk 1-3%. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa laju absorbs sedikit meningkat dengan kecepatan putar pengaduk dan meningkat secara signifikan  dengan naiknya konsentrasi gas SO2. Perubahan konsentrasi Ca(OH)2 tidak signifikan terhadap perubahan laju absorbs. Data laju absorbs hasil percobaan dibandingkan dengan 2 macam model. Dan hasil perbandingan ini menunjukkan hasil percobaan lebih mendekati padaa model 2, dimana perpindahan massa sisi cair tidak bias diabaikan dan reaksi terjadi pada film liquid atau dengan kata lain perpindahan massa sisi cair yang mengendalikan proses absorbs, dan dari perbandingan laju absorbs model dan laju absorbs eksperiment didapatkan kesalahan rata-rata ±10%.Kata kunci : absorbs, gas SO2 , larutan Ca(OH)2, reaktor berpengaduk Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14996 10.14710/reaktor.7.1.22-26 Reaktor; Volume 07 No. 1 Juni 2003; 22-26 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14996/11370 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1540 2015-01-15T02:38:51Z reaktor:RA

KINERJA KATALIS Ag/Al2O3 UNTUK REDUKSI NOx Sarwono, Rakhman Wicaksono, Blasius Hangkoso Adi Chemical Engineering alumina, konversi, logam perak, NOx NOx merupakan hasil samping dari suatu reaksi pembakaran. NOx merupakan gas yang beracun sangat berbahaya terhadap kesehatan manusia dan hewan bila terhirup pada waktu bernafas. Untuk mengurangi kadar NOx pada gas buang, banyak penelitian diarahkan pada reduksi NOx dengan katalis secara selektif dengan hidrokarbon dan oksigen berlebihan. Katalis yang digunakan adalah katalis alumina (Al2O3) yang didapat dari katalis komersial (AlO1-7) dan katalis hasil sintesa (ALOA). Katalis Ag/Al2O3 didapat dengan memasukkan logam Ag ke dalam alumina (Al2O3) dengan cara impregnasi dengan larutan perak nitrat. Katalis diuji aktifitasnya pada reaktor fixed bed yang diluarnya terdapat pemanas yang bisa diatur suhunya. Reaktan seperti gas NO, C2H4  dan oksigen dimasukkan kedalam reaktor dengan laju yang ditentukan. Hasil reaksi dianalisa dengan gas chromatography dan dicatat pada recorder, selanjutnya bisa ditentukan kuantitas dan prosentase konversinya. Katalis alumina  ALOA mempunyai kemampuan mereduksi NO dengan konversi  sekitar 40-45% gas NO menjadi N2. Loading logam perak (Ag) kedalam Al2O3 sebesar 2-3% berat menambah daya reduksi NO menjadi sekitar 45-50% pada suhu 500oC. Pada umpan NO + C2H4  + O2  reaksi reduksi terjadi pada suhu 300oC, sedangkan pada umpan NO + C2H4   (tanpa oksigen) reaksi reduksi baru terjadi pada suhu 450oC, dengan demikian adanya oksigen sangat berperan dalam proses reduksi NOx. Reaksi peruraian C2H4 menjadi COx berkebalikan dengan kinerja katalis pada proses reduksi NOx Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-11-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1540 10.14710/reaktor.12.4.226 – 231 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 4, Desember 2009; 226 – 231 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1540/1297

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/25822 2020-04-18T15:43:43Z reaktor:RA

Response Surface Approach for Optimization of Protein Hydrolysis from Reutealis trisperma Cake as Potential Animal Feedstock Agustin, Yuana Elly Riadi, Lieke - Utami, Titie Prapti The conditions for protein hydrolysis were optimized to prepare Reutealis trisperma cake for potential animal feedstock. The cake’s content was 34.03 % protein, 6.32 % moisture, 18.56 % total sugar, 15.58 % lipid and 25.51% others. Other components in cake could be fibre and lignin. The cake is a byproduct of mechanical pressing process of the seeds and contains high protein content (34.03%). It was ground prior the hydrolysis process. A central composite design including concentration of NaOH, ratio of cake to NaOH, time and temperature were used to develop second order model to predict protein content under various experimental conditions. Protein yield was primarily affected by ratio pressed cake to NaOH and concentration of NaOH. Based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model, maximum yield of protein was 11.33% which was obtained at cake/solvent ratio 1: 50; 1.5 % w/v NaOH; 15 minutes of hydrolysis at 40oC. The actual maximum protein yield from the experiment was obtained at cake/solvent ratio 1: 40; 1.5 % w/v NaOH; 20 minutes of hydrolysis at 45oC which was 21.28 %.Keywords: animal feedstock; protein hydrolysis; response surface; Reutealis trisperma Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Titie Prapti Utami, CV Energi Baru Sentosa 2020-03-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25822 10.14710/reaktor.20.1.26-31 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.1 March 2020; 26-31 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25822/16824 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/10359 2020-04-17T05:27:24Z reaktor:RA

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI TAHU UNTUK PRODUKSI BIOMASSA MIKROALGA Nannochloropsis Sp SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU BIODIESEL Widayat, Widayat Hadiyanto, H chemical engineering tofu wastewater, Nannochloropsis sp., biodiesel, COD & BOD Indonesia is one of one of productive tofu producer both for industry or home made scale. Tofu industries contribute wastewater up to 20 millions cubic meter (m3) per year. Currently, tofu waste water was treated by anaerobic and aerobic methods which reveal some disadvantages. To overcome the disadvantages of both methods, wastewater of tofu industry was used as a medium for the cultivation of microalgae. Nannochloropsis sp is one of microalgae species which has high content of lipid and thus can be converted to biodiesel. This study examined the growth rate, biomass productivity, reduced organic levels of COD and BOD, and total lipid of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp which cultivated in tofu wastewater medium. The optimum growth of Nannochloropsis sp was found at 20% vol of liquid waste water which produce lipids of 34.25 % and also can reduce COD up to 77.40 %. The optimum nutrients of NaHCO3 was showed at the composition of 70 mg / L which decrease COD up to 78.81 % and produce lipids 16.841 %. The addition of nutrition every 4 days was able to reduce the COD up to 81.835 % and produce 14.195 % yield of lipids.  Keywords: tofu wastewater, Nannochloropsis sp., biodiesel, COD & BODAbstrak Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil tahu yang cukup produktif baik skala industri maupun rumahan. Industri tahu menyumbang limbah cair mencapai 20 juta meter kubik (m3) per tahun. Pada saat ini pengolahan limbah tahu cair dilakukan dengan metode anaerobik maupun aerobik. Akan tetapi kedua metode tersebut memiliki beberapa kelemahan. Untuk mengatasi kelemahan kedua metode tersebut, limbah tahu cair dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai media kultivasi mikroalga. Nannochloropsis sp merupakan  mikroalga yang mampu menghasilkan lipid  yang besar tersebut dapat dikonversi menjadi salah satu energi alternative biodiesel. Dalam penelitian ini dikaji laju pertumbuhan, produktivitas biomassa, penurunan kadar organik COD dan BOD, dan total lipid mikroalga jenis Nannochloropsis sp yang dikultivasi pada medium limbah tahu cair. Pertumbuhan Nannochloropsis sp. optimum pada medium 20% volume limbah tahu cair yang menghasilkan lipid sebanyak 34,25% dan dapat menurunkan COD hingga 77,40%.  Penambahan nutrisi NaHCO3optimum pada komposisi 70 mg/l yang mampu menurunkan COD sebesar 78,81% dan menghasilkan lipid sebanyak 16,841%. Waktu penambahan nutrisi setiap 4 hari sekali mampu menurunkan COD sebesar 81,835% dan menghasilkan lipid sebesar 14,195%. Keywords: limbah tahu, Nannochloropsis sp., biodiesel, COD & BOD Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-02-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10359 10.14710/reaktor.15.4.253-260 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.4 Oktober 2015; 253-260 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10359/8367

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/76013 2025-12-30T07:01:28Z reaktor:RA

Functional Properties of Heat-Moisture-Treated Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) Flour for Instant Porridge Application Livia Tadius, Melissa Arum Anugrahati, Nuri J.N Parhusip, Adolf Instant porridge, usually made from high glycemic index rice flour, can be substituted with arrowroot flour, which has a lower glycemic index. Heat moisture treatment (HMT) can enhance the water absorption capacity of arrowroot flour. The research aims to determine the effect of HMT temperature and time on the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of arrowroot flour, to identify the optimal HMT conditions based on water absorption capacity, and to determine the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of instant arrowroot porridge with the selected HMT treatment.   The HMT method was conducted at temperatures of 100°C, 110°C, and 120°C for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes. The experimental design is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme, with three replications per treatment. The preliminary stage involves the production of arrowroot flour, the primary research phase I involves the modification of arrowroot flour using HMT, and the primary research phase II involves the production of instant arrowroot porridge. The experiment was limited to a laboratory scale due to equipment capacity, especially the oven used for HMT, which restricted batch size and may affect scalability. The results showed that HMT can increase yield, water absorption capacity, total dietary fiber content, and resistant starch content, while decreasing moisture content, total carbohydrate content, and glycemic carbohydrate. The selected HMT arrowroot flour treatment was at 110°C for 60 minutes with the highest water absorption capacity (2.11 g/g). The characteristics of instant arrowroot porridge include 11.03% moisture content, 2.32 g/g water absorption capacity, 2.69 ml/g rehydration capacity, 25.89 seconds/g rehydration time, 70.70% total carbohydrate content, 6.60% dietary fiber content, 64.10% glycemic carbohydrate, and 5.62% resistant starch content. This study shows that HMT-modified arrowroot flour could be a healthier alternative to rice flour in food products, offering a lower glycemic index. The improved functional properties, such as higher water absorption and more dietary fiber, make it suitable for products like instant porridge, which can help people manage blood sugar levels. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-11-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/76013 10.14710/reaktor.25.2.47-57 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.2 August 2025; 47-57 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/76013/29460 Copyright (c) 2025 by Authors, Published by Dept. of Chemical Engineering Universitas Diponegoro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15028 2017-07-19T16:46:58Z reaktor:RA

Prediction Of Solubility Of Solid N-Paraffins In Supercritical Fluids Using Modified Redlich-Kwong Equation Of State Ratnawati, Ratnawati equation of state, solubility, supercritica Three equation of state are used to predict solubilities of solid n-pafaffins in supercritical fluids. The equations are the Redlich-Kwong, the Soave-Redlich-Kwong, and equation proposed by Hartono et.al. (2003; 2004). Both the last two equations were formed by modificating the Redlich-Kwong equqtion of state. With the binary interactions parameter, kif , equals zero, the equations proposed by Hartono et.al. is better than both the Redlich-Kwong and the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equations of state are. Upon optimization with kif as the adjustable parameter, the equation of state proposed by Hartono et.al. is closer to the experimental data than the other equqtions are. For 142 data points of 12 systems the equation proposed by Hartono et. Al. gives the average deviation of 36.6%, while the Redlich-Kwong and the Soave-Redlich-Kwong give 66.7% and 65.8%, respectively.Keywords : equation of state, solubility, supercritical Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15028 10.14710/reaktor.8.1.1-6 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.1 Juni 2004; 1-6 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15028/11402 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3176 2020-04-17T05:11:39Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH PROSES PENGERINGAN RIMPANG TEMULAWAK (Curcuma xanthorriza ROXB) TERHADAP KANDUNGAN DAN KOMPOSISI KURKUMINOID Cahyono, Bambang Huda, Muhammad Diah Khoirul Limantara, Leenawaty Chemical Engineering curcuma xanthoriza Roxb; curcuminoid; drying; turmeric EFFECT OF DRYING PROCESSES ON CURCUMINOID CONTENT AND COMPOSITION OF TEMULAWAK (Curcuma xanthorriza ROXB) RHIZOMES. Curcuminoid a yellow coloring agent of turmeric is known to have many benefits in food and medicinal industries. This compound can be isolated by simple extraction from fresh rhizome or symplicia. The research of comparing qualitative and quantitative of curcuminoid in different drying process has not yet been published. Drying methods used in this research were done in an oven at 60°C and under 30-watt electrical lamp at ±30°C. Each method was carried out in time variation of 1, 3, and 5 days. Extraction of curcuminoid was done using ethanol 95% followed by fat reduction process using petroleum ether. Curcuminoid analysis was done by TLC, UV-Visible spectrophotometer and HPLC. The result showed that the water content of all samples was approximately 4.06%-7.76%. TLC analysis identified the presence of two dominant components in the curcuminoid with the Rf values of 0.37 and 0.15. The UV-Visible spectra indicated that simplicia would give more result in curcuminoid than fresh rhizome. There were 4 substances detected in HPLC analysis, they were curcumin 61-67%, demetoxycurcumin 22-26%, bisdemetoxycurcumin 1-3%, and curcuminoid derivative 10-11%. In addition, drying on oven resulted brighter and crispier simplicia than drying under lamp.  Kurkuminoid yang merupakan zat utama yang berwarna kuning dalam temulawak telah diketahui memiliki banyak manfaat di bidang kesehatan dan makanan. Bahan ini dapat diisolasi dari bahan segar atau simplisia kering melalui ekstraksi. Riset yang mencoba membandingkan kualitas dan kuantitas kurkuminoid akibat perlakuan panas pada saat pembuatan simplisia hingga sekarang belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian dimulai dengan pengeringan temulawak segar setelah dirajang pada oven suhu 60°C dan pada pengeringan lampu listrik 30 watt pada suhu ± 30°C. Masing-masing metode dilakukan variasi lama pengeringan 1, 3, 5 hari. Ekstraksi kurkuminoid dilakukan menggunakan etanol 95% dan defatisasi menggunakan petroleum eter, sedangkan analisis kualtatif dan kuantitatif kurkuminoid direalisasikan dengan KLT, spektrofotometer UV-Tampak dan KCKT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan air semua sampel sekitar 4,06%-7,76%. Analisis KLT mengidentifikasi adanya dua komponen dominan dalam kurkuminoid dengan nilai Rf 0,37 dan 0,15. Hasil analisis Spektrofotometri UV-tampak memberikan keenderungan bahwa kurkuminoid dari sampel kering lebih mudah terekstraksi daripada sampel basah. Kromatogram HPLC dapat mendeteksi adanya 4 senyawa yaitu kurkumin 61-67%, demetoksikurkumin 22-26%, bisdemetoksikurkumin 1-3%, dan turunan kurkuminoid 10-11%, urutan prosentase masing-masing komponen tetap sama selama proses pengeringan. Hasil penelitian ini juga telah dapat menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan kondisi operasi pengeringan sangat mempenaruhi penampakan simplisia yang dihasilkan, pengeringan oven memiliki warna lebih cerah dan  lebih meremah daripada pengeringan lampu. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-06-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3176 10.14710/reaktor.13.3.165-171 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 3, Juni 2011; 165-171 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3176/2849

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/34676 2021-09-06T09:18:27Z reaktor:RA

Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Surfactant from Palm Oil Methyl Ester and Vinyl Acetate for Chemical Flooding Wibowo, Agam Duma Kalista Tiani, Pina Aditya, Lisa Handayani, Aniek Sri Christwardana, Marcelinus Surfactants for enhanced oil recovery are generally made from non-renewable petroleum sulfonates and their prices are relatively expensive, so it is necessary to synthesis the bio-based surfactants that are renewable and ecofriendly. The surfactant solution can reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water while vinyl acetate monomer has an ability to increase the viscosity as a mobility control. Therefore, polymeric surfactant has both combination properties in reducing the oil/water IFT and increasing the viscosity of the aqueous solution simultaneously. Based on the study, the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of Polymeric Surfactant was at 0.5% concentration with an IFT of 7.72x10-2 mN/m. The best mole ratio of methyl ester sulfonate to vinyl acetate for polymeric surfactant synthesis was 1:0.5 with an IFT of 6.7x10-3 mN/m. Characterization of the product using FTIR and HNMR has proven the creation of polymeric surfactant. Based on the wettability alteration study, it confirmed that the product has an ability to alter from the initial oil-wet to water-wet quartz surface. In conclusion, the polymeric surfactant has ultralow IFT and could be an alternative surfactant for chemical flooding because the IFT value met with the required standard for chemical flooding ranges from 10-2 to 10-3 mN/m.Keywords: Enhanced Oil recovery, Interfacial Tension, Methyl Ester Sulfonate, Polymeric surfactant, vinyl acetate Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-08-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/34676 10.14710/reaktor.21.2.65-73 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 2 June 2021; 65-73 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/34676/20050 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11510 2020-07-17T02:17:03Z reaktor:RA

Peningkatan Produksi Gula Pereduksi dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dengan Praperlakuan Asam Organik pada Reaktor Bertekanan Sari, Fahriya Puspita Solihat, Nissa Nurfajrin Anita, Sita Heris Fitria, Fitria Hermiati, Euis Teknik Kimia, Kimia, Teknologi Konversi dan Energi bioetanol; pra perlakuan asam organik; reaktor bertekanan; severity factor; tandan kosong kelapa sawit ENHANCEMENT OF REDUCING SUGAR PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH BY PRETREATMENT USING ORGANIC ACID IN PRESSURIZED REACTOR. Organic acids are potential to create more environmentally friendly process in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of organic acid pretreatment in reducing sugar production in a pressurized reactor with various resident times and temperatures on enzymatic hydrolysis of OPEFB. Two different organic acids (maleic acid and oxalic acid) were used in the pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) using a pressurized reactor. Factorial design using three different temperatures (170, 180, and 190°C) and four resident times (15, 30, 45, and 60 min) were employed, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Each condition conducted two repetitions. Analysis was conducted on the reducing sugar that was produced after saccharification by means of the severity factor of each pretreatment condition. Maleic acid showed higher reducing sugar yield with lower severity factor than oxalic acid with the same operating conditions. The highest yield of reducing sugars (80.84%) was obtained using maleic acid at 170 for 60 minutes with severity factor of 1.836. Keywords: bioethanol; organic acid pretreatment; pressurized reactor; severity factor; oil palm empty fruit bunches;   Abstrak Asam organik berpotensi dalam membantu proses praperlakuan dari biomassa lignoselulosa untuk memproduksi bioetanol yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh asam organik, suhu dan waktu operasi terhadap produksi gula pereduksi dengan reaktor bertekanan pada tandan kosong kelapa sawit. Dua asam organik yang berbeda yaitu asam oksalat dan asam maleat digunakan untuk proses praperlakuan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dengan bantuan reaktor bertekanan. Dalam proses praperlakuan digunakan tiga suhu yang berbeda yaitu suhu 170, 180, dan 190°C dan empat waktu operasi 15, 30, 45, dan 60 min yang dilanjutkan dengan proses hidrolisis enzimatis. Setiap kondisi dilakukan dua kali pengulangan. Analisa yang digunakan adalah analisa uji gula pereduksi dan severity factor pada kondisi tiap praperlakuan. Asam maleat menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik dengan severity factor yang lebih rendah dibandingkan menggunakan asam oksalat dengan kondisi operasi yang sama. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa praperlakuan tandan kosong kelapa sawit dengan bantuan reaktor bertekanan memiliki rendemen gula pereduksi optimum sebesar 80,84% dengan menggunakan asam maleat pada suhu 170°C selama 60 menit dengan severity factor sebesar 1,836. Kata kunci: bioetanol; praperlakuan asam organik; reaktor bertekanan; severity factor; tandan kosong kelapa sawit. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro usat Penelitian Biomaterial Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) JST-JICA-Satreps 2017-01-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11510 10.14710/reaktor.16.4.199-206 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.4 Desember 2016; 199-206 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11510/10367 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16241 2020-04-17T15:47:29Z reaktor:RA

Identification of Compounds Released During Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) Using Pyrolysis-GC/MS Mansur, Dieni Pangihutan Simanungkalit, Sabar Pyrolysis is one of thermochemical conversion to convert biomass into bio-oil. The higher energy content in bio-oil suggests its potential as a raw material in the production of energy, bio-fuels, and other chemicals. Pyrolysis of PKS and the chemicals released were studied using pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) at 400-600°C. Prior to pyrolysis, thermogravimetry experiments were carried out to monitor the degradation temperature of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in the PKS. Degradation of hemicellulose occurred within a temperature range of 150-330°C, whereas the cellulose was degraded in temperatures range between 330-400°C. Degradation of lignin took place within a broad range of temperatures, which reached maximum at temperatures range of 200-500°C. Based on the Py-GC/MS results, pyrolysis of PKS at 400°C produced bio-oil that can be used as biofuel due to its high aromatic compounds but low carboxylic acids contents. Keywords: bio-oil; chemical; palm kernel shell; Py-GC/MS; thermogravimetry . Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-02-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16241 10.14710/reaktor.17.4.185-190 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 4 Desember 2017; 185-190 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16241/12785 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/5731 2020-04-17T05:17:53Z reaktor:RA

AKTIVITAS INULINASE OLEH Pichia manshurica DAN FUSAN F4 PADA FERMENTASI BATCH DENGAN UMBI DAHLIA (Dahlia sp) SEBAGAI SUBSTRAT Wijanarka, Wijanarka Soetarto, Endang Sutariningsih Dewi, Kumala Indrianto, Ari Chemical Engineering umbi dahlia; Fusan F4; kinetika pertumbuhan; inulinase; Pichia manshurica ACTIVITY OF INULINASE OF Pichia Manshuria AND FUSAN F4 ON BATCH FERMENTATION UDING DAHLIA TUBER (Dahlia sp) AS A SUBSTRATE. A dahlia tuber is one of the common inulin rich crops. Inulin is formed by units of fructans, which are polymers of D-fructose. Inulinases (EC 3.2.1.7) catalyze the hydrolysis of inulin, producing fructooligosaccharides (FOS), inulooligosaccharides (IOS), pulullan, acetone, butanol and sorbitol, therefore dahlia tubers are used as growth media. The inulin hydrolyzing activity has been reported from various microbial strains Pichia manshurica and Fusan F4 which is the result of fusion protoplast. The objective of this study was to determine the activity of inulinase Pichia manshurica and Fusan F4 on the substrate dahlia tubers. Fusan F4 to increase inulinase activity compared with Pichia manshurica and to investigate the kinetics of specific growth rate (μ) and time double (g) from of Pichia manshurica and Fusan F4. The results showed that the exponential phase occurs at 0-12 hour without a lag phase. P. manshurica has a specific growth rate (μ) of 0.18/hour with time double (g) 3.90 hours and the inulinase enzyme activity of 0.56 IU, while for Fusan F4 consecutive has a value μ of 0.20/hour, g of 3.49 hours and the activity of 0.69 IU. The conclusion of this research is to improve Fusan F4 inulinase activity and the ability has to be better than the Pichia manshurica.Umbi dahlia merupakan salah satu umbi yang mengandung inulin. Inulin merupakan polimer fruktan yang dapat dipecah oleh enzim inulinase (E.C. 3.2.1.7) menjadi fruktosa. Fruktosa merupakan bahan baku dasar untuk pembuatan FOS, IOS, pulullan, aseton dan sorbitol, oleh karena itu umbi dahlia digunakan sebagai media pertumbuhan. Enzim inulinase ini secara indigenous dimiliki oleh Pichia manshurica dan Fusan F4 yang merupakan hasil fusi protoplas.Tujuan  penelitian ini adalah  untuk mengetahui aktivitas inulinase Pichia manshurica dan Fusan F4 pada substrat umbi dahlia, Fusan F4 mampu meningkatkan aktivitas inulinase dibandingkan dengan Pichia manshurica serta untuk mengetahui kinetika kecepatan pertumbuhan specifik (µ) dan waktu generasi (g) Pichia manshurica dan Fusan F4. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fase  eksponensial terjadi pada jam ke-0 sampai jam ke-12 tanpa diikuti fase lag, Pichia manshurica mempunyai kecepatan pertumbuhan specific (µ)  sebesar 0,18/jam dengan waktu generasi (g) 3,90 jam dan aktivitas enzim inulinase yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,56 IU, sedangkan untuk fusan F4 secara berturut-turut mempunyai nilai µ sebesar 0,20/jam, g sebesar 3,49 jam dan aktivitas sebesar 0,69 IU. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Fusan F4 mampu meningkatkan aktivitas inulinase dan mempunyai kemampuan lebih baik dibanding dengan Pichia manshurica. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-04-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/5731 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.187-192 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 187-192 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/5731/5047

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11788 2017-06-21T07:52:21Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14919 2017-06-13T03:28:05Z reaktor:RA

Penghilangan Cemaran Karbon Monoksida Dari Gas Buang Menggunakan Unggun Tetap Tanah Sumarno, Sumarno penghilangan CO, unggun tetap tanah, gas buang Skala bangku kolom unggun tetap digunakan untuk uji kemampuan menghilangkan karbon monoksida dari gas buang dengan variasi media isian, laju alir gas buang dan tinggi unggun. Efisisiensi penghilangan karbon monoksida rata-rata berkisar 26,5 sampai 98,3 persen pada laju alir 0,2 L/menit, 0,5 L/menit, 0,8 L/menit; tinggi unggun 50 cm dan 75 cm dengan media isian tanah, kompos dan pupuk kandang. Factor pembatas yang menentuakan penghilangan CO dari gas buang dengan unggun tanah adalah adsorpsi CO pada partikel tanah yang lebih lambat disbanding factor oksidasi CO menjadi CO2 secara mikrobiologis.Kata kunci : penghilangan CO, unggun tetap tanah, gas buang Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14919 10.14710/reaktor.5.1.21-26 Reaktor; Volume 5 No. 1 Juni 2001; 21-26 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14919/11320 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14678 2020-04-17T05:34:45Z reaktor:RA

Optimasi Adsorpsi Ion Mg2+ pada Fixed Bed Column dengan Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology Sylvia, Novi Meriatna, Meriatna Hasfita, Fikri Hakim, Lukman chemical Engineering adsorpsi; Box-Behnken desain; optimasi; magnesium (Mg2+). Abstract OPTIMIZATION ADSORPTION OF Mg2+ ION ON FIXED BED COLUMN USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY. Modeling of the adsorption process is used to establish the mathematical relationship between the interacting process variables and process optimization. This is important to determine the factor values that produce a maximum response. Adsorption of Mg from groundwater was optimized using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was used to analyze adsorption data. The process was investigated by continuous experiments. Variables included in the process were: bed depths (7.5, 10, and 12.5 cm), time (20, 40, and 60 min), and flow rate (6, 10, and 14 L/min). Regression analysis was used to analyze the developed models. The outcome of this research showed that 72.784% of the variability in removal efficiency is attributed to the three process variables considered, that is, bed depths, time, and flow rate. Optimization tests showed that the optimum operating conditions for the adsorption process occurred at a bed depth of 11.37 cm, time of 55.53 min and flow rate of 6 L/min. Keywords: adsorption; Box-Behnken design; magnesium (Mg2+); optimization  AbstrakPemodelan dari proses adsorpsi digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan matematis antara variabel proses interaksi dan proses optimasi. Hal ini penting untuk menentukan nilai faktor yang menghasilkan respon maksimum. Adsorpsi magnesium (Mg2+) dari air tanah dioptimalkan menggunakan metodologi respon permukaan model Desain Box-Behnken yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data adsorpsi. Percobaan dilakukan secara kontinyu. Variabel yang termasuk dalam proses tersebut adalah: tinggi unggun (7,5, 10 dan 12,5 cm), waktu kontak (20, 40, dan 60 menit), dan laju alir (6, 10, dan 14 L/menit). Analisis regresi digunakan untuk menganalisis model yang dikembangkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 72,784% efisiensi penyisihan Mg2+ ditentukan oleh tiga variabel proses, yaitu tinggi unggun, waktu kontak, dan laju alir. Hasil optimasi menunjukkan bahwa kondisi operasi optimum untuk proses adsorpsi terjadi pada tinggi unggun 11,37 cm, waktu kontak 55,53 menit dan laju alir 6 L/menit. Kata kunci: adsorpsi; Box-Behnken desain; magnesium (Mg2+); optimasi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-10-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14678 10.14710/reaktor.17.3.126-131 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017; 126-131 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14678/11742 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/20644 2020-04-17T05:42:37Z reaktor:RA

Assessment of Compost Maturity using The Static Respirometry Index Kristanto, Gabriel Andari Rahmah, Syifa Aulia To be used as organic fertilizer, compost must be stable and mature enough to ensure that it is safe for agricultural application. The stability and maturity of compost can be viewed from physical, chemical, and biological parameters. One of the biological parameters is the static respiration index (SRI). In many places, the SRI is applied as a representative indicator of the stability and maturity of compost but not in Indonesia compost standard of the SNI 19-7030-2004. This study aims to assess the index of the static respiration of composts and analyze their stability and maturity. The assessment was carried out on 10 compost samples sold in Jakarta and Depok. It is observed that 8 of 10 tested composts was stable and mature, with a static respiration index of 0.61–1.35 mg O2 g-1 VS h-1. One of the 10 composts was very stable and very mature, with a static respiration index of 0.46 mg O2 g-1 VS h-1 and 1 compost was unstable and immature, with an index of 1.79 mg O2 g-1 VS h-1. The results indicated that re-composted for seven days was adequate to make the compost more stable and mature than the initial state. Since maturity is not described by a single property, it is great assurance for the compost producer and end user in Indonesia that not only physical and chemical characteristics are used as indicator for compost stability and maturity but also biological indicator such as SRI. Keywords: compost; maturity; stability; static respiration index Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/20644 10.14710/reaktor.18.04.194-201 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 4 December 2018; 194-201 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/20644/15127 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8188 2020-04-17T05:22:06Z reaktor:RA

BIOBRIKET ENCENG GONDOK (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ENERGI TERBARUKAN Ariyanto, Eko Karim, Muhammad Arief Firmansyah, Agung Chemical Engineering Bio Briquette Menipisnya cadangan energi fosil sebagai akibat dari meningkatnya pertumbuhan penduduk dan sektor industri. Biomassa dapat dianggap sebagai pilihan terbaik untuk energy alternatif terbarukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengamati kemungkinan eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) untuk diolah menjadi bio-briket. Penelitian briket dilakukan dengan menggunakan tepung tapioka dan lem kayu sebagai perekat. Dengan persentase perekat adalah 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, dan 12%. Bio-briket yang dihasilkan diamati kadar air evalueted, kadar abu dan nilai kalor. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kadar air dan kadar abu meningkat dengan meningkatnya presentasi perekat pada bio-briket. Namun, nilai kalor mencapai titik maksimum 10% dan 8% untuk masing-masing penambahan tapioka strach dan lem kayu perekat. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-02-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8188 10.14710/reaktor.15.1.59-63 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.1, APRIL 2014; 59-63 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8188/6974

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1519 2015-01-15T02:30:10Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH MODEL ALIRAN TERHADAP RECOVERY CO2 PADA ABSORPSI GAS CO2 OLEH LARUTAN K2CO3 DIDALAM PACKED COLUMN DENGAN KONDISI NON-ISOTHERMAL Kusnarjo, Kusnarjo Kuswandi, Kuswandi Susianto, Susianto Altway, Ali Chemical Engineering absorpsi, bilangan dispersi, packed column, raschig ring, recovery Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh model aliran terhadap recovery gas pada absorpsi gas CO2 menggunakan larutan K2CO3 yang di kontakkan secara berlawanan arah (counter current) didalam packed column menggunakan packing jenis raschig ring. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan kolom kaca berdiameter 10 cm dan tinggi 150 cm. Packing dibuat dari logam aluminium berdiameter 1,0 cm dan tinggi 2,0 cm yang mengisi bagian kolom setinggi 100 cm. Variabel penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi CO2  20% volume, dengan laju alir 10  sampai 35 l/menit dan konsentrasi  K2CO3,1M  dan 1,5M dengan laju alir 3 sampai 7,5 l/menit. Dari hasil penelitian absorpsi gas CO2 20% volume menggunakan larutan Benfield dengan model aliran non-ideal besar % recovery gas CO2 dengan larutan K2CO3 1,5M, jumlahnya lebih besar dibandingkan dengan larutan K2CO3 1M, sedangkan absorpsi CO2 dengan campuran udara 80% volume dengan model aliran non-ideal (D/uL=0,1), jumlah % recovery gas CO2 lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan aliran ideal (D/uL=0,2). Validasi antara simulasi dengan eksperimen dengan cara membandingkan kesalahan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa besar % recovery CO2 secara ekperimen lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan cara simulasi. Hasil perhitungan % recovery gas CO2 menggunakan jenis aliran tidak ideal mendekati data eksperimen dengan error 6,52%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-05-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1519 10.14710/reaktor.12.3.154 – 160 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009; 154 – 160 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1519/1276

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/24669 2020-05-29T10:45:28Z reaktor:RA

Effect of Intermittent Spray Pyrolysis on the Characteristics of Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Conductive Glass for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Nurdin, Isdiriayani Widiatmoko, Pramujo Devianto, Hary Yuandy, Anastasia Rendy, Rendy One of dye sensitized solar cell’s (DSSC) component is conductive glass, a transparent glass substrate covered with semiconductor oxide, usually fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). An economic and scalable method used to deposit the FTO film is spray pyrolysis. A research conducted by Fukano et al. (2004) showed that introducing intermittence in spray pyrolysis using batch atomizer improves the glass’ characteristics. This research aims to observe the effect of intermittence on spray pyrolysis method using nebulizer. A compressor nebulizer and hotplate were used, where the glass’ surface temperature reached 300oC. Transmittance, conductance, morphology and composition of the glasses produced were analyzed. Deposition time and intermittence were varied. Variation of time were 5; 7.5; 10; 16; and 39 minutes. Deposition time of 7.5 minutes showed the highest figure of merit (FOM) of 7.83×10-3 Ω-1. Intermittence was performed by turning the nebulizer off during deposition, with varying period and amount of intermittence. Periods of intermittence were varied for 10, 20, and 30 seconds, and amounts of intermittence were varied 1, 2, and 3 times. Variation of 3 intermittences at 20 seconds each resulted in the highest FOM of 19.29×10-3 Ω-1. DSSC’s efficiency built using produced conductive glass are 1.9×10-4 % and 5.5×10-4 %. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Electronics & Telecommunications Research Center LIPI Bandung E2M Physics Laboratory ITB 2019-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24669 10.14710/reaktor.19.4.180-186 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 4 December 2019; 180-186 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24669/16591 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9168 2020-04-17T05:25:27Z reaktor:RA

PREPARASI KARBON TEREMBAN OKSIDA COBALT DARI LIMBAH KULIT MANGGIS SEBAGAI ADSORBEN PENJERAP ETILEN UNTUK PENGAWETAN BUAH Mukti, Nur Indah Fajar Prasetyo, Imam Mindaryani, Aswati Chemical Engineering adsorpsi, etilen, impregnasi, karbon, oksida cobalt Ethylene is a compound produced naturally by fruit that can accelerate the maturity of the fruit. Controlling ethylene gas as a product of metabolism of fruit during storage will prolong the shelf life of the fruit. Controlling ethylene gas is carried out by adsorption process using carbon-impregnated cobalt oxide. In this study, carbon as a support made by pyrolysis of extraction waste of mangosteen peel at a temperature of  850°C for 15 minutes. Furthermore, the process of impregnating of cobalt oxide into the carbon pore network was carried out by using the incipient wetness impregnation method by adding a cobalt salt solution into the carbon pore network,  followed by heating at a temperature of 110oC for 8 hours and calcination at a temperature of 200oC for 6 hours. Ethylene adsorption test performed at 30°C using a static volumetric test. While Cavendish banana fruit preservation process was carried out at ambient temperature (20-32oC) by observing the changing of skin color from day to day. Adsorption test results showed that the ethylene uptake increased with the increasing of the composition of cobalt oxide on the carbon surface. The highest ethylene uptake of 6.094 mmol/(gram of adsorbent) was obtained from adsorption of ethylene using carbon-impregnated 30% cobalt oxide. Fruit preservation process indicated that the increasing of amount of adsorbent can improve the shelf life of bananas Cavendish. The highest result was obtained from the addition of 15 grams of carbon-impregnated cobalt oxide and silica gel that can extend the shelf life of bananas Cavendish for 15 days.   Keywords: adsorption; carbon;  cobalt oxide;  ethylene; impregnation Abstrak Etilen merupakan senyawa yang dihasilkan secara alami oleh buah yang dapat mempercepat kematangan pada buah. Pengontrolan gas etilen sebagai produk metabolisme buah selama penyimpanan akan memperpanjang masa simpan buah tersebut. Pengontrolan gas etilen dilakukan dengan proses adsorpsi menggunakan karbon teremban oksida cobalt. Pada penelitian ini, karbon sebagai pengemban dibuat dari pirolisis limbah kulit manggis sisa ekstraksi pada suhu 850oC selama 15 menit. Selanjutnya, proses pengembanan oksida cobalt pada permukaan karbon dibuat melalui proses impregnasi dengan incipient wetness method yang dilakukan dengan menambahkan larutan garam cobalt ke dalam jaringan pori karbon yang dilanjutkan dengan pemanasan pada suhu 110oC selama 8 jam dan kalsinasi pada suhu 200oC selama 6 jam. Uji adsorpsi etilen dilakukan pada suhu 30oC menggunakan alat uji static volumetric. Sedangkan proses pengawetan buah pisang Cavendish dilakukan pada suhu lingkungan (20 – 32oC) dengan mengamati perubahan warna kulitnya dari hari ke hari. Hasil uji adsorpsi menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak komposisi oksida cobalt pada permukaan karbon akan meningkatkan kapasitas penjerapan terhadap etilen. Hasil tertinggi sebesar 6,094 mmol/(gram adsorben) diperoleh dari adsorpsi etilen menggunakan karbon teremban 30% oksida cobalt. Dari proses pengawetan buah menunjukkan bahwa jumlah karbon teremban oksida cobalt yang semakin meningkat dapat meningkatkan umur simpan dari buah pisang Cavendish. Hasil tertinggi diperoleh dari penambahan 15 gram karbon teremban cobalt dan silica gel dapat memperpanjang umur simpan buah pisang Cavendish selama 15 hari. Kata kunci: adsorpsi; karbon; oksida cobalt; etilen; impregnasi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-09-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9168 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.165-174 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.3 April 2015; 165-174 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9168/7645

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/70070 2025-04-25T07:52:20Z reaktor:RA

Effect of Freeze-Drying Pre-treatment on the Properties of Activated Carbon Derived from Arabica Coffee Pulp Effendy, Ahmad Hidayat Setiawan, Adi Dewi, Rozanna Hakim, Lukman Hasibuan, Rizqon Activated carbon is a product that has many benefits since it has a high surface area and high fixed carbon content. Currently, there is still limited research that focuses on the use of coffee pulp biomass as raw material for activated carbon due to its natural properties which poses challanges. The aim of this research is to examine the influence of the pre-treatment process using the freeze-drying method on the properties of active carbon from coffee pulp waste. The best-activated carbon products can then be applied as energy storage materials. The steps taken in this study include stages (i) washing and soaking the raw materials; (ii) drying using the freeze-drying method; (iii) pyrolysis process; and (iv) activation process. Some samples were chemically activated using a KOH solution, some were physically activated using Nitrogen at a temperature of 800 °C, and the others were activated using a mixed chemical-physical method. The results of the activated carbon characteristic test show that samples dried using a freeze dryer have quite good thermal resistance with a surface morphology that has more pores. This is supported by functional group analysis which shows a reduction in unnecessary sample compounds. This research shows that freeze-drying pre-treatment affects the properties of activated carbon and indicates that the resulting activated carbon can be used as an energy storage material. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-04-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/70070 10.14710/reaktor.24.3.82-93 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.3 December 2024; 82-93 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/70070/28178 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15019 2017-07-19T16:48:03Z reaktor:RA

perancangan Burner Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Pembakaran Kompor Gas LPG purwanto, W. W. Basuki, A. S. Rahmayani, S. N. pembakaran, burner, kompor gas LPG Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi termal kompor gas, burner konvensional yang mempunyai orientasi nyala mengembang dimodifikasi menjadi burner Bunsen yang mempunyai orientasi  nyala fokus ke obyek yang dipanaskan. Efisiensi termal meningkat dari 42,8% menjadi 67,9%  tetapi peningkatan efisiensi ini tidak diikuti  dengan penurunan emisi karena kurangnya difusi dara ke dalam nyala yang mengakibatkan reaksi pembakaran menjadi tidak sempurna. Untuk mengatasi hal ini dirancang beberapa burner bertipe Bunsen baru dengan nyala memutar dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan difusi udara ke dalam nyala karena meningkatnya turbulensi nyala. Burner-burner tersebut adalah burner lubang bulat, burner kotak dan burner kombinasi lubang kotak dan bulat. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa burner  lubang kotak-bulat memiliki efisiensi termal  yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan burner lainnya. Efisiensi tertinggi urner lubang kotak-bulat diperoleh pada laju alir Liquefield Petrolium Gas (LPG) 700ml/menit, yaitu 69,6% (26,8% lebih tinggi dari burner konvensional). Efisiensi tertinggi untuk burner jenis lainnya  secara berturut-turut adalah 65,9% untuk burner lubang bulat dan 64,8% untuk burner kotal. Dari jmlah CO2 yang dihasilakan, dapat diketahui bahwa nyala yang dapat menarik oksigen dan berdifusi kedalamnya akan menghasilkan CO2 yang lebih tinggi karena reaksi pembakaran yang terjadi lebih sempurna. Kenaikan konsentrasi CO2 yang dihasilkan untuk burner modifikasi  disbanding burner konvensional pada laju alir LPG 700 ml/menit adalah sekitar 2,6-5%.Kata kunci : pembakaran, burner, kompor gas LPG Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15019 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.67-72 Reaktor; Volume 09 No. 02 Desember 2005; 67-72 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15019/11393 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1634 2020-04-17T05:02:17Z reaktor:RA

DIRECT ETHOXYLATION OF GLYCEROL MONO OLEATE FROM PALM OIL DERIVATE AS A NOVEL NON-IONIC POLYMERIC SURFACTANT Laksmono, Joddy Arya Adilina, Indri Badria Agustian, Egi Chemical Engineering ethoxylation, glycerol mono oleate, Indonesian palm oil, non-ionic polymeric surfactant The work investigates ethoxylation of glycerol mono oleate (GMO) performed in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. Glycerol mono oleate applied was derivated from Indonesian palm oil. The reaction was conducted with variation of Glycerol mono oleate : ethylene oxide ratio, temperature, and catalyst concentration. Forier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis showed products with degrees of ethoxylation n=2 and n=3. FTIR analysis of products gave a new peak at 1570 cm-1 supporting that C-O-C bond was formed. New peaks were also observed in 13-C-NMR analysis of run 2 and run 3 with chemical shift of (δ) 61.3385; 61.9108; 62.5117; 63.8566; 66.0982; 72.6127 and 61.2172; 63.2393; 65.9100; 72.5201, respectively. Glycerol mono oleate ethoxylated was yielded and could be useful for a novel non-ionic polymeric surfactant. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-01-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1634 10.14710/reaktor.12.2.102-106 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2008; 102-106 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1634/1396

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/36172 2023-05-12T19:06:58Z reaktor:RA

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR UREA MENGGUNAKAN PROSES GABUNGAN ACTIVATED MICROALGAE DAN NITRIFIKASI-DENITRIFIKASI AUTOTROFIK: UJI DENGAN RANCANGAN TAGUCHI Sumantri, Indro Sumarno, Sumarno Afiati, Norma TREATMENT OF UREA WASTEWATER WITH COMBINED PROCESS OF ACTIVATED MICROALGAE AND NITRIFICATION-DENITRIFICATION AUTOTROPHIC: EVALUATION WITH TAGUCHI DESIGN. The conventional process for treatment wastewater from urea plant usually use of micro algae process or heterotrophic bacterial nitrification denitrification. Micro algae process use different type of micro algae. The advantage is cheap because used only little bit of P nutrient but cannot used for ammonium removal. Heterotrophic bacterial nitrification denitrification process needed high organic carbon input so that treatment cost so expensive. The objective of the research work was to investigate the potential of combination of special type micro algae process with an autotrophic nitrification-denitrification process. Micro algae species used in micro algae process have ability either for ammonium removal or withstand in high ammonium concentration. Autotrophic nitrification denitrification process used nitrifying bacterial/sludge as the biocatalyst. The origin of the nitrifying sludge was an activated sludge obtained from a particle board industry wastewater treatment plant where nitrification occurred in the aeration basin. Enrichment and breeding of the nitrifying sludge were conducted in high ammonium concentration and autotrophic condition. Based on experiment, enrichment and breeding micro algae which have ability either for ammonium removal or withstand in high ammonium concentration quite easy. By screening experiment with seven variable: MLSS, detention time, NH3-N concentration, aeration, CaCO3 concentration, micronutrient, N:P ratio, obtained the best level of variables are NH3-N concentration, aeration, CaCO3 concentration at high level. Evaluation limiting substrate inhibition of ammonium to nitrifying bacterial growth also unproved experimentally.Proses konvensional untuk mengolah limbah cair industri urea biasanya menggunakan proses alga mikro atau bakteri heterotropik nitrifikasi-denitrifikasi. Proses alga mikro dapat menggunakan berbagai jenis alga mikro. Keuntungannya adalah murah karena hanya memerlukan nutrien P sedikit tetapi tidak dapat digunakan untuk menyusutkan amoniak. Proses nitrifikasi-denitrifikasi bakteri heterotropik memerlukan asupan karbon yang tinggi sehingga pengolahan  menjadi mahal. Tujuan saat ini untuk penelitian adalah untuk mempelajari kombinasi yang potensial untuk proses alga mikro jenis tertentu dengan proses nitrifikasi-denitrifikasi ototrofik. Jenis alga mikro yang digunakan dalam proses alga mikro mempunyai kemampuan baik untuk penyusutan amoniak atau tahan dalam konsentrasi amoniak tinggi. Proses nitrifikasi-denitrifikasi ototrofik menggunakan bakteri nitrifikasi/lumpur sebagai biokatalis. Lumpur nitrifikasi awal adalah lumpur aktif kolam aerasi unit pengolahan limbah cair industri partikel board Pengayaan dan pembibitan lumpur nitrifikasi dilakukan dalam konsentrasi amoniak yang tinggi dan kondisi ototrofik. Berdasarkan penelitian, pengayaan dan pembibitan alga mikro yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk penyusutan amoniak dan tahan konsentrasi amoniak yang tinggi mudah. Evaluasi substrat pembatas penghambat amonium terhadap pertumbuhan alga tidak terbukti. Tujuh variabel yang dipilih lewat penapisan adalah : MLSS, waktu tinggal, konsentrasi NH3-N, laju aerasi, kadar CaCO3, nutrien mikro, rasio N:P. Variabel yang berpengaruhadalah konsentrasi NH3-N, laju aerasi, kadar CaCO3.Keywords: autotrophic nitrification-denitrification process; enrichment and breeding of the nitrifying sludge; micro algae proces Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-04-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/36172 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.79-85 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 79-85 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/36172/18718 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11486 2017-04-04T23:54:10Z reaktor:RA

Pre-treatment dan Fermentasi Hidrolisat Kulit Buah Kakao menjadi Asam Laktat menggunakan Lactobacillus Plantarum Irwanto, Dodi Wiratni, Wiratni Rochmadi, Rochmadi Syamsiah, Siti Chemical Engineering Abstract COCOA POD HUSK PRE-TREATMENT AND HYDROLYZATE FERMENTATION INTO LACTIC ACID USING LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM. Lactic acid is a raw material that is widely used in food industry as preservatives in meat, vegetables or canned fish. In the pharmaceutical industry is used as raw material for the manufacture of drugs. Lactic acid can be made from natural materials such as lignocellulosic waste one of them is cocoa shell waste. Indonesia is number three cocoa-producing country in the world. 70% cacao fruit components such as pod husk are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, so it has the potential to be converted into lactic acid. In this study been the conventional method to determine the overall process in order to know what parts need to be further developed to become a method more effective and efficient. The conventional method is done through several processes, namely the delignification, hydrolysis and fermentation using microorganisms. This study aims to determine the extent of the potential for cocoa pod husk waste to be converted into lactic acid. The results showed that the pod husks delignification with sodium hydroxide solution reaches optimum at a concentration of 6% which results in lower levels of lignin from 30.46 to 24.64%. The process of acid hydrolysis of the pod husks achieve optimum conditions at a concentration of 2.0%, a temperature of 120°C and a 30 minute production of glucose at 32g/L. Glucose is the result of acid hydrolysis produces lactic acid by 13.268g/L. Keywords: lactic acid; delignification; fermentation; hydrolysis; cocoa pod husks   Abstrak Asam laktat adalah salah satu bahan baku yang banyak dimanfaatkan pada industri makanan sebagai bahan pengawet daging, sayuran atau ikan kalengan. Dalam industri farmasi digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembutan obat-obatan. Asam laktat dapat dibuat dari bahan alam berupa limbah lignoselulosa yang salah satunya adalah limbah kulit kakao. Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil kakao nomor tiga di dunia. Komponen buah kakao 70% berupa kulit buah yang terdiri dari selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin, sehingga berpotensi untuk dikonversi menjadi asam laktat. Pada penelitian ini dipilih metode konvensional untuk mengetahui proses secara keseluruhan sehingga diketahui bagian mana yang perlu dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk menjadi metode yang lebih efektif dan efisien. Metode konvensional dilakukan melalui beberapa proses, yakni delignifikasi, hidrolisis, dan fermentasi menggunakan mikroorganisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana potensi limbah kulit buah kakao untuk dikonversi menjadi asam laktat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa delignifikasi kulit buah kakao dengan larutan sodium hidroksida mencapai kondisi optimum pada konsentrasi 6% yang menyebabkan penurunan kadar lignin dari 30,46% menjadi 24,64%. Proses hidrolisis asam terhadap kulit buah kakao terdelignifikasi mencapai kondisi optimum pada konsentrasi 2,0%, suhu 120°C dan waktu 30 menit yang menghasilkan glukosa sebesar 32g/L. Glukosa hasil hidrolisis asam menghasilkan asam laktat sebesar 13,268g/L. Kata kunci: asam laktat; delignifikasi; fermentasi; hidrolisis; kulit buah kakao  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-01-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11486 10.14710/reaktor.16.3.123-127 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.3 September 2016; 123-127 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11486/10248 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15813 2020-04-17T05:35:01Z reaktor:RA

Ekstraksi Asam Lemak Bebas dari Minyak Dedak Padi Menggunakan Etanol-Air dalam Tangki Pengaduk Putrawan, I Dewa Gede Arsa Nugroho, Rizkyanto Anggara, Reza Abstract EXTRACTION OF FREE FATTY ACID FROM RICE BRAN OIL USING ETHANOL-WATER IN A STIRRED TANK. This research was aimed to study the extraction of free fatty acid (FFA) from rice bran oil (RBO) in a stirred tank. Fatty acid mixtures derived from RBO were used as FFAs and aqueous ethanol as solvent. First, the distribution coefficients of FFAs were measured through equilibrium experiments. The experiments were carried at 25°C with ethanol concentration in the solvent and FFA concentration in RBO in the ranges of 85-95%-w and 10-30%-w, respectively. In general, the distribution coefficient of FFA was linearly dependent on ethanol concentration. A constant distribution coefficient of 0.9 for FFA RBO, however, is a fairly acceptable assumption with a deviation range of 20-30%. In addition, FFA mixtures in RBO could be represented by a pseudo-component. Extraction experiments were proposed to measure the mass transfer coefficient of FFA, with experimental variations including solvent to feed ratio, ethanol concentration in the solvent, stirring rate, and FFA concentration in RBO. The mass transfer coefficient was in the range of (0.5-1.9)10-3 kg·m-2·s-1. Increasing solvent to feed ratio, ethanol concentration in the solvent, stirring rate, or FFA concentration in RBO increased mass transfer coefficient. The mass transfer coefficient data could be correlated well using the dimensionless equation of Skelland-Xien. Keywords: free fatty acid; extraction; rice bran oil; stirred tank  Abstract Penelitian ini diarahkan untuk mengkaji ekstraksi asam lemak bebas (ALB) dari minyak dedak padi (MDP) dalam sebuah tangki pengaduk. Campuran asam lemak yang diturunkan dari MDP (ALB MDP) digunakan sebagai ALB dan etanol-air sebagai pelarut. Pertama, koefisien distribusi ALB diukur melalui percobaan kesetimbangan. Percobaan dilakukan pada temperatur 25°C dengan konsentrasi etanol dalam pelarut dan konsentrasi ALB dalam MDP masing-masing pada rentang 85-95%-berat dan 10-30%-berat. Secara umum, koefisien distribusi ALB terhubungkan secara linier dengan konsentrasi etanol. Walaupun demikian, koefisien distribusi ALB MDP tetap sebesar 0,9 merupakan asumsi yang cukup dapat diterima dengan rentang galat 20-30%. Tambahan pula, ALB MDP dapat digambarkan sebagai komponen semu. Percobaan ekstraksi diarahkan untuk mengukur koefisien perpindahan massa ALB, dengan variasi percobaan meliputi rasio pelarut terhadap umpan, konsentrasi etanol dalam pelarut, laju putaran pengaduk, dan konsentrasi ALB dalam MDP. Koefisien perpindahan massa yang diperoleh berada pada rentang (0,5-1,9)10-3 kg·m-2·s-1. Kenaikan rasio pelarut terhadap umpan, konsentrasi etanol dalam pelarut, laju putaran pengaduk, atau konsentrasi ALB dalam MDP meningkatkan koefisien perpindahan ALB. Data koefisien perpindahan massa dapat dikorelasikan dengan baik menggunakan persamaan tak berdimensi dari Skelland-Xien. Kata kunci: asam lemak bebas; ekstraksi; minyak dedak padi; tangki pengaduk Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-10-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15813 10.14710/reaktor.17.3.166-176 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017; 166-176 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15813/11972 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/15813/1770 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/15813/1771 Copyright (c) 2017 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4797 2020-04-17T05:15:39Z reaktor:RA

APPLICATION OF PHYTOREMEDIATION FOR HERBAL MEDICINE WASTE AND ITS UTILIZATION FOR PROTEIN PRODUCTION Soetrisnanto, Danny Christwardana, Marcelinus Hadiyanto, Hadiyanto Chemical Engineering biomass; herbal medicine waste; phytoremediation; spirulina; water plants Herbal industry in Indonesia is progressing very rapidly. Increasing number of herbal medicineindustries lead to an increase of the waste which are normally processed in anaerobic ponds by usingchemical and biological process. However this process are not economical feasible and therefore analternative method by using natural resource is required. Phytoremediation is an environmentalfriendly method to reduce contaminant using aquatic plant. This method uses water plant to reduceCOD and nutrients content in the waste. Since the waste still high content of nutrient, therefore it ispotential for medium growth of algae Spirulina. This study was aimed to evaluate the use of variousplant species (water hyacinth and lotus) in decreasing contaminant and to determine optimal nutrientcomposition of the growth media. The phytoremediation was performed in 3-8 days and height ofliquid in the tank was maintained constant at 5 cm. The effluent of first phytoremediation wastransferred to second stage for cultivation of Spirulina with 15 days of cultivation time. The externalnutrients were added each 2 days and the concentration of biomass was measured for its opticaldensity. Spirulina grow well in herbal medicine waste that has been phytoremediation with lotus for 3days and had a CNP ratio amounted to 57.790 : 9.281 : 1 with a growth rate of 0.271/day. Industri obat di Indonesia tumbuh sangat cepat. Pertumbuhan inimengakibatkan meningkatnya limbah yang umumnya dilakukan dalam kolam anaerobik denganmenggunakan proses kimia dan biologi. Namun demikian, proses tersebut belum menunjukkan hasilekonomis sehingga diperlukan metode lain yang relatif aman dan ekonomis. Salah satu cara yangdapat digunakan adalah phytoremediasi mengguanakn tanaman air untuk mengurangi kandunganCOD dalam limbah dan nutrient. Dikarenakan limbah masih mengandung nutrient yang cukup banyak,maka limbah tersebut juga sangat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai medium mikroalga. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan tanaman air (enceng gondok dan teratai) untukmereduksi kontaminan dalam limbah obat jamu. Phytoremediasi dilakukan selama 4-8 hari dan tinggicairan dalam reaktor dijaga pada 5 cm. Keluaran dari phytoremediasi pertama menggunakantanaman air digunakan sebagai medium di phytoremediasi menggunakan mikroalga Spirulina. Untukmendapakan pertumbuhan yang optimum, maka ditambahakan juga nutrient dan menunjukkan bahwaSpirulina tumbuh dengan sangat baik dalam medium ini. Pertumbuhan terbaik diperoleh dariphytoremediasi menggunakan teratai selama 3 hari dan kecepatan pertumbuhan 0,271/hari denganperbandingan C:N:P = 57,790:9,28:1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-10-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4797 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.129-134 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 129-134 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4797/5183

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3581 2016-12-11T08:41:59Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14910 2020-04-17T05:03:46Z reaktor:RA

Preparasi dan karakterisasi zeolit dari abu laying batu bara secara alkali hidrotermal Jumaeri, Jumaeri Astuti, w. Lestari, w. T.P. abu layang batu bara, alkali hidrotermal, preparasi, karakterisasi, zeolit Preparasi zeolit dari abu laying batu bara PLTU Suralaya secara alkali hidrotermal telah dilakukan. Preparasi dilakukan terhadap abu laying yang telah direfluks dengan HCl 1M dan tanpa refluks. Larutan NaOH dengan konsentrasi tertentu (1, 2 dan 3 M) dicampur dengan abu laying batu bara dengan rasio 10 ml larutan tiap 1 gram abu laying, ke dalam tabung Teflon 100 ml dalam suatu auto clave stainless-steel. Autoclave kemudian dipanaskan pada temperatur 80-16 0C selama 3 hari. Zeolit sintesis yang dihasilkan selanjutnya diuji secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan spektroskopi inframerah., dan Difraksi Sinar-X. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivasi abu laying dengan proses alkali hidrotermal dapat material yang mempunyai struktur mirip zeolit (zeolit-like). Produk hidrotermal terdiri dari campuran zeolit ( Zeolit P, Zeolit Y) serta Kristal sodalit dan mulit. Pada temperatur 160 0C, diperoleh zeolit dengan kristalinitas lebih tinggi daripada 100 0C, baik melalui refluks atau tanpa refluks. Karakteristik zeolit yang terbentuk sangat ditentukan oleh kondisi proses, yang meliputi konsentrasi NaOH, waktu dan temperatur.Kata kunci : abu layang batu bara, alkali hidrotermal, preparasi, karakterisasi, zeolit Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14910 10.14710/reaktor.11.1.38-44 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 1, Juni 2007; 38-44 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14910/11311 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1003 2020-04-17T04:58:06Z reaktor:RA

MORFOLOGI DAN PROPERTI CAMPURAN KARET ALAM/POLYPROPYLENE YANG DIVULKANISASI DINAMIK DALAM INTERNAL MIXER Bahruddin, Bahruddin Sumarno, Sumarno Wibowo, Gede Suwarno, Nonot Morfologi dan properti campuran (blend) karet alam jenis SIR-20/polypropylene (NR/PP) yang divulkanisasi dinamik dalam internal mixer telah dipelajari. Blend dibuat dengan rasio berat NR/PP 10/90, 20/80, 50/50, 60/40 dan 70/30 dan komposisi sulfur 3 dan 5 phr (per hundred rubber). Proses pencampuran dilakukan pada suhu 180 oC dan kecepatan rotor 60 rpm. Analisa morfologi menggunakan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) dan DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). Properti mekanik yang diukur meliputi tensile strength, elongation at break, izod impact, tearing dan hardness, berdasarkan standar ASTM. Didapatkan bahwa peningkatan rasio NR/PP menghasilkan distribusi partikel NR yang makin merata dengan ukuran yang makin kecil. Morfologi blend menunjukkan sistem dua fasa dan vulkanisasi fasa NR terjadi secara parsial dalam matrik PP. Peningkatan rasio NR/PP dan komposisi sulfur dapat meningkatkan properti elongation at break, namun menurunkan properti tensile strength, izod impact, tearing dan hardness. Elongation at break tertinggi yang dapat diperoleh adalah 70% pada rasio blend NR/PP 70/30 dan komposisi sulfur 5 phr. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2007-11-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1003 10.14710/reaktor.11.2.71-77 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007; 71-77 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1003/848

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16728 2020-04-17T05:40:52Z reaktor:RA

Reaction Kinetics in Conversion Process of Pineapple Leaves into Glucose Muhaimin, Muhaimin Wulan Febriana, Beta Arfan, Septian Abstract This research aimed to determine the reaction kinetics in the process of hydrolysis of pineapple leaves. The experiment was carried out at the temperature (60, 90, and 120 oC) and variation of acid catalyst concentration (0.1; 0.5 and 1 M) by observation reaction time every 30 min. The kinetics model of hydrolysis reactions of pineapple leaves has shown first order reaction with activation energy value to find the concentration of sulfuric acid successively: 0.1 M; -15420 KJ/mol; 0,5 M; 3173.8 KJ/mol; 1 M; 100.53 KJ/mol. The reaction rate constant which produced the highest glucose level was on the use of sulfuric acid at a concentration of 0.1 M at a temperature of 120 oC with glucose levels produced between 26.366.039 ppm to 155.510.778 ppm with k = 0.0106/min. Keywords: glucose; hydrolysis; kinetic model; pineapple leaves Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-09-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16728 10.14710/reaktor.18.03.155-159 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 3 September 2018; 155-159 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16728/14577 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7896 2020-04-17T05:20:51Z reaktor:RA

KINETIKA HIDRODESULFURISASI DIBENZOTHIOPHENE (HDS DBT) MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS NiMo/γ-Al2O3 Subagjo, Subagjo Ulfah, Maria Chemical Engineering hidrodesulfurisasi dibenzothiophene; kinetika; model Langmuir Hinshelwood; model hukum pangkat Evaluasi kinetika reaksi hidrodesulfurisasi (HDS) dibenzothiophene dan simulasi nafta hydrotreater yang berada di PT. PERTAMINA Refinery Unit II Dumai menggunakan katalis NiMo/Al2O3 hasil pengembangan telah dilakukan. Kinetika reaksi HDS DBT dilakukan dalan sistem reaktor batch dengan variasi temperatur 280-320oC dan tekanan 30 bar. Data kinetika diolah dengan persamaan hukum pangkat (law power) dan persamaan kinetik mekanistik (Langmuir Hinshelwood, LH). Berdasarkan model hukum pangkat, kinetika HDS DBT menggunakan NiMo/Al2O3 hasil pengembangan merupakan  orde satu  terhadap DBT dengan konstanta Arhenius  sebesar 165633 detik-1 dan energi aktivasi 69017 J/mol (16,56 kkal/mol). Model LH yang cocok untuk reaksi HDS DBT menggunakan NiMo/Al2O3 hasil pengembangan adalah model LH yang mengilustrasikan adanya kompetisi antara reaktan DBT dan H2 pada tipe pusat aktif yang sama, dengan DBT teradsorb secara kuat sedangkan H2 teradsorpsi secara lemah. Energi aktifasi dan konstanta Arhenius berdasarkan model LH ini ini berturut-turut adalah 81409 J/mol (19,34 kkal/mol) dan 1658133 s-1. Dengan menggunakan persamaan laju reaksi hukum pangkat, model memberikan hasil konversi sulfur yang sama dengan hasil keluaran reaktor nafta hydrotreater RU II-Dumai, yaitu mencapai 98%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-12-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7896 10.14710/reaktor.14.4.314-323 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013; 314-323 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7896/6462

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/18568 2019-02-21T07:30:16Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14987 2017-07-19T16:49:24Z reaktor:RA

Ekstraksi Alginate Dari Rumput Laut Dan Aplikasinya Pada Industri Prasetyaningrum, A. Purbasari, A. ekstraksi, natrium alginate, es krim Alginate merupakan komponen utama dari getah alga coklat (Phaeophyceae) yang merupakan senyawa penting dalam dinding sel. Secara kimia alginate merupakan komponen murni dalam asam uronat yang tersusun dalam bentuk rantai linier panjang. Isolasi alginate dari rumput laut coklat dilakukan dengan cara ekstraksi dengan Na2CO3. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penentuan metode  ekstraksi yang paling baik  dari ketiga metode yang ada, yaitu metode Vincent, metode Herter, dan metode Bashford. Selanjutnya dilakukan optimasi kondisi operasi yang relative lebih baik untuk melakukan ekstraksi alginat dari rumput laut. Variabel tetap pada proses operasi adalah: jenis rumput laut (Sargassum), suhu, tekanan dan kecepatan pengadukan. Variabel berubah adalah konsentrasi  penambahan Na2CO3 (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% dan 7% (%w/v)) dan waktu ekstraksi (1; 1,5; 2; 2,5 dan 3 jam). Alginat yang diperoleh kemudian diaplikasikan pada pembuatan es krim untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan alginat pada tekstur, warna, Kristal es dan titik beku dari es krim. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa natrium alginat hasil ekstraksi metode Bashford menghasilkan rendemen yang paling tinggi, yaitu 19,15 gram dari 25 gram sampel. Kondisi ekstraksi yang relative baik untuk ekstraksi ini adalah penambahan Na2CO3 5% dan waktu ekstraksi 2 jam. Untuk aplikasinya, alginat ditambahkan pada produk es krim yang siap dikonsumsi. Es krim yang ditambah alginate 0,2% memiliki tekstur halus, warna lebih merata, kristal es yang lebih lembut dan lebih mudah membeku.Kata kunci : ekstraksi, natrium alginate, es krim Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14987 10.14710/reaktor.6.2.63-67 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 2 Desember 2002; 63-67 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14987/11361 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/23192 2020-08-26T08:29:17Z reaktor:RA

Study on Particle Swarm Optimization Variant and Simulated Annealing in Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Calculation Oktavian, Rama Wibowo, Agung Ari Fitriah, Zuraidah Phase equilibrium calculation plays a major rule in optimization of separation process in chemical processing. Phase equilibrium calculation is still very challenging due to highly nonlinear and non-convex of mathematical models. Recently, stochastic optimization method has been widely used to solve those problems. One of the promising stochastic methods is Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) due to its simplicity and robustness. This study presents the capability of particle swarm optimization for correlating isothermal vapor liquid equilibrium data of water with methanol and ethanol system by optimizing Wilson, Non-Random Two Liquids (NRTL), and Universal Quasi Chemical (UNIQUAC) activity coefficient model and also presents the comparison with bare-bones PSO (BBPSO) and simulated annealing (SA). Those three optimization methods were successfully tested and validated to model vapor liquid equilibrium calculation and were successfully applied to correlate vapor liquid equilibrium data for those types of systems with deviation less than 2%. In addition, BBPSO shows a consistency result and faster convergence among those three optimization methods. Keywords: Phase equilibrium, stochastic method, particle swarm optimization, simulated annealing and activity coefficient model Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/23192 10.14710/reaktor.19.2.77-83 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 2 June 2019; 77-83 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/23192/16014 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8520 2020-04-17T05:24:40Z reaktor:RA

EFEK PENYIMPANAN BIODIESEL BERDASARKAN STUDI KAJIAN DEGRADASI BIODIESEL CPO Silviana, Silviana Buchori, Luqman Chemical Engineering Biodiesel; Degradation; Storage period; CPO BIODIESEL STORAGE EFFECT BASED ON DEGRADATION OF CPO BIODIESEL Biodiesel denotes as ester mono alkyl of long chain fatty acid such as CPO (crude palm oil) which can biologically degrade more than 98% within three (3) weeks, whereas fossil fuel degrade partially only. The objective of research was to investigate degradation of biodiesel during storage. The scope of this research covered the container design, storage condition, initial analysis of CPO biodiesel, and degradation rate during product storage by using oxidation rate of biodiesel. The results showed that there was degradation on CPO biodiesel during product storage. It can be seen from increasing of acid value and saponification number, decreasing of iodine number, increasing of total glycerol value, and decreasing of ester number in biodiesel product. Storage period prediction of biodiesel can be approached by using equation, i.e. 𝑦=0.0012𝑥2−0.0052𝑥+0.0609. In this research, the maximum storage period of CPO biodiesel achieved at 27 weeks. Other result showed that well storage was achieved with closed-galvanized container.Keywords: biodiesel; CPO; degradation; storage period AbstrakBiodiesel merupakan ester mono alkil dari asam lemak rantai panjang, seperti CPO (crude palm oil) yang terdegradasi lebih dari 98% secara biologi dalam 3 minggu, sedangkan bahan bakar diesel hanya terdegradasi sebagian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati proses degradasi biodiesel selama masa penyimpanan. Penelitian ini meliputi rancangan tangki biodiesel, kondisi penyimpanan, analisa awal biodiesel, dan studi laju degradasi pada tahap penyimpanan produk dengan ditelaah laju oksidasi pada biodiesel.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama periode proses penyimpanan terjadi proses degradasi biodiesel. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil analisa yang menunjukkan bahwa terjadi kenaikan angka asam selama proses penyimpanan, kenaikan angka penyabunan, penurunan bilangan iodine, kenaikan kadar gliserol total dan penurunan kadar ester di dalam biodiesel. Prediksi periode penyimpanan biodiesel dapat didekati dengan persamaan 𝑦=0,0012𝑥2−0,0052𝑥+0,0609. Dari persamaan tersebut diperoleh bahwa periode maksimal penyimpanan biodiesel adalah 27 minggu. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa penyimpanan biodiesel CPO yang paling baik adalah dengan menggunakan bahan galvanized dengan kondisi penyimpanan yang tertutup. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-04-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8520 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.148-153 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.3 April 2015; 148-153 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8520/7300

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/62757 2024-10-23T05:23:48Z reaktor:RA

Identification of Isocyanate Number on IPDI and TDI Due to Storage Period and Their Impact on Composite Solid Propellant Pinalia, Anita Ratnawati, Ratnawati Isocyanate compounds serve as a curing agent in the production of composite propellants, playing a crucial role in determining their characteristics. Due to its high reactivity with moisture, it is essential to determine the isocyanate number of stored samples after a specific duration. The investigation identified the isocyanate number of IPDI and TDI that had been held for 84 and 90 months. The FTIR analysis identified the presence of the NCO group at 2240 cm-1 for TDI and 2243 cm-1 for IPDI samples held for 84 and 90 months. The isocyanate number identification decreased by 1-2% after being stored for six months. This reduction in isocyanate quantity undoubtedly impacts the development of propellant compositions. The reduction in isocyanate content will alter the propellant formulation, leading to propellants with different characteristics due to its impact on the curing ratio (NCO/OH). The curing ratio greatly impacts the mechanical properties of composite propellant. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-08-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/62757 10.14710/reaktor.24.1.7-14 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.1 April 2024; 7-14 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/62757/26670 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15010 2017-07-19T16:46:26Z reaktor:RA

Aktivitas Dan Pemodelan Katalis Silikat Dari Abu Sekam Padi Untuk Konversi Heksana Anggoro, D. D. abu sekam padi, silikat, perengkahan, aromatisasi Abu sekam padi  (Rice Hush Ash, RHA) apabila dikalsinasi pada suhu tinggi (500-600 0C) menghasilkan senyawa silikat yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk beragai proses kimia. Senyawa silikat merupakan senyawa terbesar penyusun abu sekam padi yaitu mencapai ±96,6%. Penelitian pendahuluan menunjukkan bahwa silikat yang dihasilkan dari sekam padi s.ebesar 15%  dari berat sekam padi yang dikalsinasi. Untuk mengetahui struktur silikat yang dihasilkan maka dilakukan analisa dengan menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) dengan cara membandingkan diffractogram dari silikat murni . silikat yang dihasilkan kemudian diuji kemampuan daya perengkaha dan aromatisasinya sebagai katalis dalam reaksi heksana dengan menggunakan quartz tube reactor pada suhu 200-300 0C. Dari hasil XRD dapat disimpulkan bahwa abu sekam padi bias digunakan sebagai sumber silikat murni. Uji laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa  silikat yang dihasilkan dari abu sekam padi mempunyai potensi sebagai katalis untuk reaksi perengkahan dan aromatisasi.Kata kunci : abu sekam padi, silikat, perengkahan, aromatisasi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15010 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.1-7 Reaktor; Volume 09 No.1 Juni 2005; 1-7 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15010/11384 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1557 2015-01-15T03:13:44Z reaktor:RA

SINTESIS LIPIDA TERSTRUKTUR DARI ASAM LAURAT DAN GLISEROL DALAM PELARUT ISOOKTANA DENGAN BIOKATALIS LIPASE Candida rugosa Poerwanto, Sriyono Hidayat, Chusnul Supriyadi, Supriyadi Chemical Engineering asam laurat, esterifikasi, gliserol, lipase Candida rugosa Lipida terstruktur (LS) yang mengandung asam lemak rantai medium mempunyai keuntungan untuk kesehatan dan banyak dipelajari kegunaannya untuk keperluan medis, fungsional nutrisi, dan makanan. Dalam penelitian ini dikaji sintesis enzimatik LS rantai medium dari asam laurat dan gliserol menggunakan lipase Candida rugosa. Berbagai pengaruh parameter reaksi seperti konsentrasi enzim, lama reaksi, suhu, penambahan molecular sieve, dan perbandingan molar substrat (mmol asam laurat/mmol gliserol telah dikaji). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kondisi terbaik untuk sintesis gliserida rantai medium dicapai pada suhu reaksi 37°C selama 24 jam dengan  jumlah lipase sebanyak 80 mg, penambahan molecular sieve 0,1 mg, dan perbandingan molar substrat asam laurat/gliserol 3:1. Analisa produk reaksi menggunakan kromatografi gas menunjukkan bahwa lipase Candida rugosa dapat menghasilkan gliserida dengan komposisi persentase molar 15,55% monolaurin, 10,29% dilaurin, dan 1,41% trilaurin Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-05-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1557 10.14710/reaktor.13.1.44-50 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 1, Juni 2010; 44-50 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1557/1313

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/30147 2020-10-28T17:13:13Z reaktor:RA

Comparative Analysis Between PI Conventional and Cascade Control in Heater-PFR-Series Kristanto, Dedy Hermawan, Yulius Deddy The goals of this work are to compare and analyze the use of PI conventional and Cascade control configuration in heater-plug-flow-reactor-series (Heater-PFR-series) to produce benzene through the reaction of hydrodealkylation of toluene (HDA).The two control configurations were rigorously examined in UniSim dynamic simulation environment. The PI control parameters were tuned by using “autotuner” mode of UniSim. As shown in dynamic simulation study, the two control configurations with its tuning parameters gave the fast and stable responses. This study revealed that the Cascade control acted very well and its responses were better and faster than those in PI-conventional.Keywords: cascade control; dynamic simulation; PFR; PI conventional; UniSim Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-10-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/30147 10.14710/reaktor.20.3.129-137 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.3 September 2020; 129-137 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/30147/18141 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/30147/5384 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11308 2020-07-17T02:16:46Z reaktor:RA

PERANAN PENGADUKAN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK KOMPLEKSASI UREA SEBAGAI SARANA PEMISAHAN ASAM LEMAK OMEGA DARI MINYAK NABATI Setyawardhani, Dwi Ardiana Sulistyo, Hary Budi Sediawan, Wahyudi Fahrurrozi, Mohammad Chemical Engineering;chenistry;engineering fatty acids;PUFA;urea complexation;vegetable oil Modern society concerns more on health, in which natural foods are highly preferred. Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) such as omega 6 and omega 9 are believed to be very important on degeneratif prevention. The PUFAs intake as concentrate is preferred than the one of the whole oil, in order to avoid saturated fatty acids consumption to the human body. Omega 6 and omega 9 fatty acids are mainly content in the vegetable oil. One of the methods of concentrating PUFAs from the oil is urea complexation. For commercial scale, this is very interesting and promising process in Indonesia, which is rich in vegetable oil resources. This method consists of 3 steps : 1) saponification and acidification of the vegetable oil, 2) urea-complexation process and 3) recovery of the PUFAs. The urea-complexation is a separation process based on the molecular size of the aliphatic organic compounds. The objective of the research was to study the effects of mixing time on the crystallization step. This study showed that mixing-time could improve SFA and reduce PUFA in urea inclusion compound, which lead to SFA reduction and PUFA improvement in the concentrate. Mixing also affected the tendency of the fatty acids molecules to form inclusion with urea crystal, and enhanced the substitutions of the guest molecules, especially for polar fatty acids such as MUFA and PUFAs. Keywords : fatty acids, mixing-time, PUFA, urea complexation, vegetable oil. ABSTRAKPentingnya hidup sehat menjadikan konsumsi bahan alami menjadi bagian dari gaya hidup modern. Salah satu nutrisi penting adalah asam lemak tak jenuh ganda (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid - PUFA), seperti omega 6 dan omega 9 yang berfungsi untuk mencegah berbagai penyakit degeneratif. Asam lemak omega 6 & 9 banyak terkandung di dalam minyak nabati. Konsumsi dalam bentuk konsentrat asam lemak dinilai lebih efektif karena asam lemak jenuh hanya sedikit yang terikut dalam konsumsi. Salah satu metode pengkonsentrasian PUFA adalah kompleksasi urea. Teknologi pengkonsentrasian PUFA sangat berpotensi untuk dikembangkan di dalam negeri mengingat Indonesia kaya akan sumber minyak nabati. Kompleksasi urea terdiri atas 3 tahapan yaitu 1) tahap penyiapan asam lemak bebas dari minyak nabati, 2) tahap kristalisasi (fraksinasi kompleksasi urea), dan 3) tahap pemungutan asam lemak tak jenuh. Proses ini didasarkan pada pemisahan asam lemak jenuh dan tak jenuh pada minyak nabati berdasarkan perbedaan ukuran diameter molekulnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh waktu pengadukan terhadap komposisi asam lemak melalui proses kompleksasi urea pada minyak nabati. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, adanya pengadukan dapat meningkatkan kadar SFA dan menurunkan PUFA di fraksi kristal, yang berdampak pada penurunan kadar SFA di NUCF dan meningkatkan kadar PUFA di NUCF. Adanya pengadukan juga mempengaruhi tendensi asam lemak untuk masuk ke dalam kristal urea dan mempermudah pergantian guest molecules, khususnya bagi asam lemak polar seperti MUFA dan PUFA.   Kata kunci : PUFA, asam lemak, kompleksasi urea, minyak nabati  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11308 10.14710/reaktor.16.2.81-86 Reaktor; Volume 16 No. 2 Juni 2016; 81-86 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11308/9090 Copyright (c) 2016 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15042 2017-06-21T07:56:43Z reaktor:RA

OPTIMASI PROSES FERMENTASI DENGAN MEDIA PADAT DALAM PEMBUATAN SOYSAUCE POWDER DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BIAKAN CAMPURAN MIKROBA NCS 54 HOE PADA KONDISI MESOFILIK Murwono, R. P.D. Buchori, L. soysauce powder; mikroba NCS 54 HOE; kondisi mesofilik Soysauce powder dibuat pada kisaran suhu antara 25oC sampai dengan 30 oC atau yang disebut dengan kondisi mesofilik. Proses fermentasi dilakukan dengan mmedia padat sehingga proses proses fermentasi dapat berjalan pada kondisi aerob. Pada kondisi ini pertumbuhan biomassa dapat berjalan dengan baik. Pertumbuhan biomassa sangat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor antara lain sumber N yang terikat yang dihasilkan dari pupuk ZA, jumlah tepung ikan yang digunakan , sumber kalium serta pengayaan dari produk yang akan dihasilkan dengan iodium, Pembentukan asam amino esensial terjadi dalam cairan sel mikroorganisme. Media selektif yang digunakan bagi pertumbuhan mikroorganisme dan pembentukan rasa dan bau dalam produk adalah bawang putih (garlic powder). Backing agent yang digunakan adalah permipan sebanyak 0,6% dari total campuran. Waktu fermentasi yang digunakan 3 hari. Produk dimurnikan dengan penyaringan dan dan dibuat dalam bentuk serbuk kering supaya awaet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tepung kacang kedelai hitam ternyata lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kedelai putih. Kondisi yang paling baik dicapai pada penggunaan kedelai hitam sebanyak 70% dari total kedelai yang digunakan, tepung ikan sebanyak 50% dan tepung tapioka sebanyak 33% dari kedelai. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan jumlah asam amino yang dihasilkan. Kata kunci : soysauce powder; mikroba NCS 54 HOE; kondisi mesofilik Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15042 10.14710/reaktor.8.2.74-80 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.2 Desember 2004; 74-80 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15042/11416 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4118 2023-05-12T19:06:52Z reaktor:RA

MODEL KINETIKA REAKSI PEMBENTUKAN POLYOL BERBASIS MINYAK SAWIT Ifa, La Sumarno, Sumarno Susianto, Susianto Mahfud, Mahfud Chemical Engineering model kinetika; RBD palm oil; polyol REACTION KINETIC MODEL OF RBD PALM OIL BASED-POLYOL PRODUCTION. Polyol, a raw material of polyurethane, has successfully been produced from a renewable resource namely RBD palm oil. This polyol was made by firstly adding a peroxyacetic acid formed in situ from H2O2 and CH3COOH with H2SO4 as cataliyst into RBD palm oil to form epoxidized RBD palm oil. The epoxidized palm oil then was added to a mixture of methanol (MeOH), isopropanol (IPA), and H2SO4 for 2 hours at 60oC so that palm oil-based polyol was formed. The main equipment used in this research was a 500 mL three necked flask, equipped with a reflux condeser, thermometer, water bath and magnetic stirrer. The product was analysed using a titration method and Infra Red (IR) Spectroscopy. It was obtained that the produced palm oil-based polyol has a value of hydroxyl number of 150-209 mg KOH/g sample and a viscosity of 740.777 cP. These results are in accordance with other polyol products from other sources. The kinetic of palm oil-based kinetic was studied and the best model of the reaction rate equation was where k’ = 3.399 e-2391.,6/RT.  The unit of  k is L2 mol-2 menit-1 . The average error of the equation is 4,549%.  Polyol, bahan baku polyuretan, telah berhasil dibuat dari bahan baku terbarukan yakni polyol berbasis RBD palm olein. Polyol ini mula-mula dibuat dengan menambahkan asam peroksi asetat yang dibentuk secara in situ dari H2O2 dan CH3COOH dengan katalis H2SO4 kedalam RBD palm olein untuk membentuk RBD palm olein terepoksidasi. RBD palm oil terepoksidasi ditambahkan kedalam campuran metanol (MeOH), isopropanol (IPA) dan sejumlah katalis H2SO4 selama 2 jam pada suhu 60 oC sehingga terbentuk polyol berbasis RBD palm oil. Peralatan utama yang digunakan dalam percobaan pembuatan polyol adalah labu leher tiga 500 mL dilengakapi dengan kondesor reflux, termometer, water bath dan magnetic stirrer. Polyol produk dianalisa bilangan hidroksil dengan cara titrasi dan dianalisis dengan Infra Red (IR) Spectroscopy. Polyol berbasis RBD palm oil yang dihasilkan memiliki bilangan hidroksil 150-209 mg KOH/g sampel dan viskositas 740,777 cP. hasil ini sebanding dengan polyol yang dihasilkan dari sumber minyak yang lain. Kinetika reaksi polyol berbasis RBD palm oil telah dipelajari dan hasil terbaik didekati dengan persamaan laju reaksi yang diperoleh pada penelitian adalah dimana k’ = 3,399 e-23913,6/RT dalam satuan L2 mol-2 menit-1. Kesalahan estimasi rata-rata adalah 4,549%. Kata kunci: model kinetika; RBD palm oil; polyol Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-04-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4118 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.1-8 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 1-8 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4118/3751

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/36232 2022-08-11T10:51:58Z reaktor:RA

Catalytic Cracking of Methyl Ester from Used-Cooking Oil Using Ni-Impregnated Active Charcoal Catalyst Nazarudin, Nazarudin Ulyarti, Ulyarti Alfernando, Oki Hans, Yogie Yogendra Current petroleum energy sources have been starting to diminish along with the increasing a demand in industries and transportations. In the next few years Indonesia is predicted to experience a fuel crisis. One way to solve this problem is to find the alternative energy sources from renewable raw materials. This study was conducted to obtain alternative renewable energy sources through catalytic cracking of used cooking oil-derived methyl ester into biofuel using active charcoal catalyst.  The active charcoal was made out of solid waste (shells) of the oil palm industry. Nickel solutions of varying concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%) ware impregnated into active charcoal to produce the Ni- charcoal catalyst. This catalyst was then used for catalytic cracking of methyl esters with variations in the reaction temperature of 400oC, 450oC and 500oC. The Methyl ester was produced from filtered used-cooking oil by transesterification method. SEM-EDX analysis showed that Nickel metal was successfully embedded into active charcoal where the highest concentration of Nickel (18.4%) was found at a impregnation treatment using 2% of Nickel solution. From the SEM image, it can also be seen that the catalyst produced unique pores. The gravimetric analysis of the catalytic cracking product showed that the highest fraction of oil liquid resulting from catalytic cracking at 400oC using Ni-charcoal catalyst impregnated with 3% Nickel solution. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/36232 10.14710/reaktor.22.1.21-27 Reaktor; Volume 22 No. 1 April 2022; 21-27 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/36232/22040 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/36232/10837 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13899 2020-04-17T05:33:19Z reaktor:RA

Uji Kinerja Burner dan Tabung Reaktor Flame Untuk Proses Spray Pyrolysis Hidayat, Darmawan Nurohman, Ganjar Setianto, S Mukti Wibawa, Bambang Suhendi, Nendi Electrical Engineering; Engineering Physics; Electronic Sensor Materials reaktor flame, sintesis bahan elektronik, proses spray pyrolysis, diffusion flame burner. Abstract PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BURNER AND THE REACTOR TUBE OF FLAME FOR A SPRAY PYROLYSIS PROCESS. Flame spray pyrolysis is a versatile process in the syntheses of various functional materials. This work reports the performance of a diffusion flame built from a coaxial burner and a Pyrex-glass tube reactor with respect to the relatively low propane flow rates (0.1-0.8 L/min). The burner comprised of three cylindrically tubes with three inlets for fuel (propane), oxidant (oxygen) and precursor aerosol. Three flame parameters were measured, i.e. the flame height, flame temperature and reactor temperature profile, respectively. The test results showed the increase of the flame height and temperature with increasing of propane flow rate. The temperature profile measurements showed the decreasing as the height above burner increased; and temperature profile increased at the increasing propane flow rate. The reactor temperature was in the range of 36-190°C at low propane flow rates of 0.1-0.8 L/min. In conclusion, control of flame process parameters could be conducted by controlling of propane flow rate. Keywords: diffusion flame burner; spray pyrolysis; flame reactor; electronic material syntheses   Abstrak Pirolisis flame spray merupakan proses yang banyak digunakan untuk keperluan sintesis bahan-bahan fungsional. Makalah ini melaporkan kinerja sebuah reaktor flame difusi yang dibangun dari sebuah pembakar (burner) dan tabung reaktor silinder. Pembakar dibangun dari tiga buah silinder stainless steel yang dipasang koaksial sebagai saluran bahan bakar propana, oksidator oksigen dan aerosol prekursor. Tiga parameter proses flame yang diuji adalah tinggi flame, temperatur flame dan profil temperatur tabung reaktor. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa seiring kenaikan laju alir propana, tinggi dan temperatur flame meningkat. Pengukuran profil temperatur menunjukkan penurunan seiring kenaikan posisi dari ujung-atas pembakar; dan temperatur profil reaktor meningkat seiring dengan kenaikan laju alir propana. Temperatur reaktor berkisar 36-190°C pada laju alir propana rendah 0,1-0,8 L/min. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengontrolan parameter-parameter proses flame dapat dilakukan dengan pengaturan laju alir propana. Kata kunci: diffusion flame burner; proses spray pyrolysis; reaktor flame; sintesis bahan elektronik Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13899 10.14710/reaktor.17.2.67-73 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017; 67-73 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13899/11519 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14966 2020-04-17T05:39:33Z reaktor:RA

Shelf Life Prediction of Chocomix Instant Chocolate Beverage Powder Using Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) based on Critical Moisture Content Approach Nurhayati, Rifa Pratiwi, Rosi Katri Anandito, Baskara Rahayu Novita, Ervika Angwar, Mukhammad Food Technology chocolate powder, critical moisture content, moisture sorption isotherm, shelf life Chocomix chocolate beverage powder is one of the increased value-added cocoa products by Griya Cokelat Nglanggeran. The aimed of this study to estimate the shelf life using Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) based on critical moisture content. Results showed that critical moisture content of Chocomix was 4.01 % (db). Moisture sorption isotherm (MSI) curve of Chocomix at 28oC was type II isothermic sigmoidal with 2 curves at the ranged of water activity between 0.24 and 0.68; and the equation was  y = 86.584X3 – 91.893X2 + 28.818X – 0.470. The calculation showed that estimated shelf life of Chocomix stored in 51.89 µm thick package at 28oC was 16.4 months.Keywords: chocolate powder, critical moisture content, moisture sorption isotherm, shelf life Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Research Unit for Natural Product Technology Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Department Food Science and Technology Universitas Sebelas Maret, Bank Indonesia Yogyakarta 2018-06-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14966 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.63-70 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018; 63-70 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14966/14093 Copyright (c) 2018 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7863 2020-04-17T05:19:25Z reaktor:RA

PREPARASI Fe3+/TiO2- MONTMORILLONIT SEBAGAI KATALIS PADA DEGRADASI ZAT WARNA AZO Fatimah, Is Alawiyah, Tuty Sumarlan, Iwan Chemistry zat warna azo; degradasi; montmorillonit; pilarisasi Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan preparasi material Fe3+/TiO2-Montmorillonit dan uji aktivitasnya sebagai katalis pada degradasi senyawa azo. Keberhasilan preparasi material dipelajari melalui karakterisasi menggunakan X-ray Diffraction, BET surface area analyzer dan Diffuse Reflectance UV-Visible. Peranan katalitik material hasil preparasi pada degradasi senyawa azo: metil jingga(MO) dan metilena biru(MB) dipelajari melalui studi kinetika reaksi dengan mekanisme mirip foto-Fenton (Photo-Fenton like mechanism). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keberhasilan preparasi material Fe3+/TiO2-Montmorillonit serta tercapainya tujuan penggunaannya sebagai katalis untuk degradasi zat warna azo melalui mekanisme Photo-Fenton like. Simulasi terhadap data kinetika menunjukkan bahwa degradasi kedua zat warna azo dengan katalis hasil preparasi mengikuti  model kinetika Langmuir-Hinshelwood dengan nilai k dan K untuk MO berturut-turut adalah sebesar 8,83x10-7 M/detik dan 328,29 dan untuk MB sebesar 4,56x10-5 M dan 555,60. Nilai konstanta laju reaksi dan konstanta adsorpsi-desorpsi reaksi degradasi kedua zat warna menjelaskan peranan mekanisme interaksi permukaan dalam proses katalisis. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-12-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7863 10.14710/reaktor.14.4.255-260 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013; 255-260 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7863/6444

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1439 2017-06-21T08:17:14Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14937 2017-06-13T03:29:00Z reaktor:RA

Pemekatan gliserol dengan reserve osmosis Widiasa, I. N. Wisjnuprapto, Wisjnuprapto Wenten, I. G. hidrolisis minyak, pemekatan gliserol, reserve osmosis Pemisahan enzim dan pemekatan produk masih menjadi kendala utama dalam aplikasi proses hidrolisis minyak/lemak secara enzimatis untuk skala industry. Dalam makalah ini akan dipaparkan kemungkinan proses reserve osmosis tekanan rendah untuk roses pemekatan larutan gliserol. Tiga tipe membrane reserve osmosis yang tersedia di pasaran dari Millipore, yakni R-15A (poliamida), R-25A (poliamida), dan R-45P (polisulfon tersulfonasi), telah digunakan. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa fluks permeat meningkat secara linear terhadap tekanan operasi. Selain itu, tekanan operasi juga meningkatkan selektivitas umpan. Secara umum, membrane R-15A memberikan selektivitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan membrane R-25A dan membrane R-45P, tetapi memberikan fluks yang lebih rendah. Untuk umpan dengan konsentrasi gliserol kurang dari 60.000 ppm, membrane R-25A lebih direkomendasikan karena memberikan fluks lebih dari 40% fluks air murni dan rejeksi masih di atas 85%. Prningkatan nilai Cm dan k terhadap kenaikan operasi menunjukkan bahwa kondisi percobaan masih di daerah kendali tekanan. Kata kunci : hidrolisis minyak, pemekatan gliserol, reserve osmosis Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14937 10.14710/reaktor.6.1.8-15 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 1 Juni 2002; 8-15 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14937/11335 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1506 2020-04-17T05:00:55Z reaktor:RA

MIGRASI KE SCILAB UNTUK VISUALISASI SERTA PENYELESAIAN MODEL MATEMATIS Sasongko, Setia Budi Chemical Engineering bioreaktor, OSS (Open Source Software), Polymath, Scilab, simulasi komputer Perangkat lunak merupakan salah satu komponen yang mutlak diperlukan dalam simulasi komputer. Permasalahan harga menjadi salah satu kendala dalam pengembangan sistem tersebut. Akan tetapi problema tersebut dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan Scilab sebagai “Open Source Software”. Scilab merupakan perangkat lunak berbasis matrik dalam menyelesaian permasalahan matematis dan visualisasi hasilnya.Penyusunan program didasarkan pada model matematis untuk bioreaktor. Validasi hasil dari Scilab dilakukan melalui komparasi hasil visualisasi dengan perangkat lunak Polymath 5 versi pendidikan. Hasil yang diperoleh dari Scilab tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan dengan hasil yang diperoleh dengan Polymath 5. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, perlu dikembangkan lebih lanjut simulasi komputasi dengan menggunakan Scilab. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-06-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1506 10.14710/reaktor.12.1.1-6 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 1, Juni 2008; 1-6 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1506/1265

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/48700 2025-01-15T21:32:18Z reaktor:RA

Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland Design for Domestic Wastewater Treatment for Communal Scale in DKI Jakarta Environmental Service Dormitory Putra, Giovanni Ruly Ridhosari, Betanti Sofiyah, Evi Siti Zahra, Nurulbaiti Listyendah Sarwono, Ariyanti Suryawan, I Wayan Koko To better manage Jakarta's domestic wastewater, the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government commissioned the construction of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in multiple locations across the city. After the results of the measurements have been determined, engineering work needs to order to address the numerous parameters more than excesses of the quality in addition, there. This study intends to develop a vertical flow CW design as an additional treatment for the DKI Jakarta Environmental Service Dormitory Communal Domestic WWTP as a recommendation for improvement so that the quality of treated water can meet domestic wastewater quality standards. This study aims to ensure that the quality of treated water can meet domestic wastewater quality standards. This redesign makes use of a variety of data sources, including primary data as well as secondary data. The necessary information is the quantity of constable water consumption and the quality of the domestic wastewater produced within the environment of the DKI Jakarta DLH Dormitory. Through a network of pipelines, wastewater from activities such as bathing and using the latrines is transported directly to the WWTP. During this time, water from activities such as washing and runoff caused by rain will enter various drainage channels to the receiving water body, the Ciliwung River. The length of the CW at WWTP 1 is 6.718 meters, and its width is 3.35 meters. Following more in-depth processing of the available data, it was discovered that the existing outlet wastewater had a low C/N ratio. When creating wetlands in the field using artificial CW, the discharge that flows into the wetland and the release that flows out of the wetland is not the same. The amount can either be decreased or increased according to the current circumstances. This needs to be considered for the presence of water in the swamp system to be managed. After being processed with VFCW, it was discovered that the total BOD value of the effluent produced was less than 30 mg/L. This suggests that the processing of VFCW can conform to the requirements of PermenLHK No. 68/2016, which is concerned with the Quality Standards for Domestic Wastewater. The ammonium-nitrogen value by comparing the molar mass value to NH3. As a result, WWTP locations 1, 2, and 3 have all achieved the required quality. The NH4 value, on the other hand, has not been able to meet the quality standard of PermenLHK No. 68/2016 concerning Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards. This is because the ammonia concentration from Domestic Communal WWTP 4 is so high. As a solution to this problem, WWTP 4 will be upgraded from four plants per square meter (ppm) to five plants per sq m (ppm), hoping to improve the rate at which plants absorb nutrients. The removal of ammonia using VFCW can range anywhere from 34 - 95 percent. Keywords: Domestic Wastewater, Planning, Constructed Wetland, WWTP Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48700 10.14710/reaktor.23.2.44-52 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.2 August 2023; 44-52 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48700/24686 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15001 2017-07-19T16:46:25Z reaktor:RA

Effect Of Polymer Molecular Weight On The Luminescence Properties Of Nanocomposite Zinc Oxide/Polyethylene Glycol Abdullah, M. nanocomposite, luminescent polymer electrolytes, zinc oxide, polyethylene glycol Luminescence Properties Of Nanocomposite (Zinc Oxide/Polyethylene Glycol: Lithium ions) have been synthesized using different molecular weight of polymer. Changing the molecular weight produced no effect of the crystallinity of ZnO nanoparticles if  similar molarity of ethylene glycol unit were used. However, the use of high molecular weight of polymers tended to reduce the size of nanoparticles, which  implied to the enhancement in the luminescence spectra due to increasing  in the particle number concentration. TEM picture of sample prepared using PEG of molecular weight 0f 500,000 exhibitef a particle size of 5 nm, which was close to the value predicted y Waaent-Schere formula or size dependent band gap.Keywords : nanocomposite, luminescent polymer electrolytes, zinc oxide, polyethylene glycol Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15001 10.14710/reaktor.7.1.47-51 Reaktor; Volume 07 No. 1 Juni 2003; 47-51 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15001/11375 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1546 2015-01-15T02:38:51Z reaktor:RA

KARAKTERISTIK PEMBAKARAN BATUBARA PERINGKAT RENDAH, CANGKANG SAWIT DAN CAMPURANNYA DALAM FLUIDIZED BED BOILER Mahidin, Mahidin Khairil, Khairil Adisalamun, Adisalamun Gani, Asri Chemical Engineering batubara peringkat rendah, cangkang sawit, fluidized bed boiler, karakteristik pembakaran Penggunaan biomassa di unit pembangkit tenaga listrik sudah banyak dilaporkan oleh banyak peneliti dan praktisi. Tetapi, data untuk pembakaran cangkang sawit baik sebagai bahan bakar utama maupun pendamping sangat terbatas. Dalam studi ini, karakteristik pembakaran batubara peringkat rendah, cangkang sawit dan campurannya dalam fluidized bed boiler sudah dipelajari. Pada pembakaran batubara/cangkang sawit parameter pembakaran seperti konsentrasi gas, temperatur unggun dan efisiensi pembakaran dikaji terhadap efek udara berlebih (rasio udara/bahan bakar) dan ukuran partikel. Dalam pembakaran campuran, parameter-parameter tersebut dikaji terhadap pengaruh udara berlebih dan komposisi bahan bakar. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi pembakaran maksimum untuk pembakaran batubara didapatkan pada udara berlebih tinggi (50%) dan ukuran partikel kecil (60+ mesh). Sedikit perbedaan teramati pada temperatur unggun dimana nilai maksimum muncul pada udara berlebih rendah (30%) tetapi ukuran partikel sama. Seperti yang diharapkan, fenomena yang sama juga terjadi untuk pembakaran cangkang sawit. Lebih lanjut, pada pembakaran campuran efisiensi pembakaran maksimum juga terjadi pada udara berlebih tinggi (50%) dan rasio bahan bakar (% berat) 50:50 untuk ukuran partikel 60+ mesh. Sama halnya dengan pembakaran batubara, temperatur unggun maksimum juga terlihat pada udara berlebih 30% dan rasio cangkang/batubara 20:80. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-10-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1546 10.14710/reaktor.12.4.253 – 259 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 4, Desember 2009; 253 – 259 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1546/1303

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/26668 2020-07-17T02:18:46Z reaktor:RA

Effect of Ethanol Addition as Extraction Solvent on The Content of Bioactive Materials in Dragon Fruit Skin Extract and Powder Shofinita, Dian Bindar, Yasid Samadhi, Tjokorde Walmiki Jaelawijaya, Arwinda Aprillia Fawwaz, Mifta This study aims to produce natural pigments for food prepared from dragon fruit skin by extraction and freeze-drying and to assess the effect of additional ethanol as extraction solvent on the process yield. During extraction stage, the effect of solvent (pure water and additional ethanol) on the yield of bioactive materials was assessed. Furthermore, during freeze-drying, the effect of maltodextrin addition as carrier agent on the quality of powder has also been evaluated. It has been found that the addition of ethanol as extraction co-solvent may give a positive effect on the yield of bioactive materials in the dragon fruit skin extracts, including the contents of anthocyanin, betacyanin, and total phenolic compounds. Regarding freeze drying, it was found that high recoveries of bioactive materials (84-92%) had been achieved, which indicates that freeze-drying may be suitable for drying such heat-sensitive materials. In addition, it was found that the addition of 10% maltodextrin as carrier agent may decrease the moisture content of the powder significantly, up to 8.162.12%, which is beneficial for its storage stability.Keywords: betacyanin; food additives; dragon fruit; extraction; anthocyanin. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Institut Teknologi Bandung 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26668 10.14710/reaktor.20.2.68-74 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.2 June 2020; 68-74 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/26668/17671 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9231 2020-07-17T02:16:28Z reaktor:RA

Karakterisasi Pengemas Kertas Aktif dengan Penambahan Oleoresin dari Ampas Pengepresan Rimpang Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) Atmaka, Windi Manuhara, Godras Jati Destiana, Noreka Kawiji, K Khasanah, Lia Umi Utami, Rohula Food Technology active paper packaging, Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., oleoresin, waste CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE PAPER PACKAGING INCOORPORATED WITH OLEORESIN EXTRACTED FROMSOLID WASTE OF PRESSED Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb ROOT. Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb is the medicinal plant that is widely extracted for instant drinks by herbal industry. In producing this instant Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, solid waste is also produced and then thrown away. The waste actually still contain oleoresin as an active material. In this study, active paper packaging were incorporated with oleoresin extraxted from the waste at 0, 2, 4, and 6% (w/w) level. The aims of this study was to determine the effect of oleoresin concentration on physical, chemical, and antimicrobial activity characteristics of active paper packaging. Based on this research, the incorporation of the oleoresin decreased moisture content, tensile strength, folding endurance and but increased antimicrobial activity of Aspergillus niger.   Keywords: active paper packaging; curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.; oleoresin; residue Abstrak Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) adalah tanaman herbal yang lazim diolah industri herbal menjadi minuman instan. Produksi minuman instan temulawak menghasilkan limbah padat berupa ampas yang tidak dimanfaatkan dan biasanya hanya dibuang begitu saja. Padahal ampas temulawak masih mengandung oleoresin yang berperan sebagai senyawa aktif. Penelitian kertas aktif dilakukan dengan menambahkan oleoresin ampas temulawak dengan konsentrasi 0, 2, 4, dan 6% (b/b). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan oleoresin ampas temulawak terhadap karakter fisikokimia, aktivitas antimikroba dan sensoris pengemas kertas aktif. Dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan oleoresin ampas temulawak menurunkan kadar air, nilai ketahanan tarik, ketahanan lipat, dan karakter sensori (warna, tekstur dan overall), namun meningkatkan aktivitas antimikroba terhadap Aspergillus niger. Kata kunci: pengemas kertas aktif; temulawak; oleoresin; ampas   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro PNBP UNS 2016-05-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9231 10.14710/reaktor.16.1.32-40 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.1 Maret 2016; 32-40 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9231/8752

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/80548 2026-04-15T00:30:28Z reaktor:RA

Modification of Cuttlefish Bone-Derived CaO Catalyst via SrO Impregnation for Optimizing the Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil into Biodiesel Saputri, Cut Rahmah Muhammad, Muhammad Setiawan, Adi This study investigates the utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) as a biodiesel feedstock using a heterogeneous catalyst derived from cuttlefish bone. The catalyst was modified via Sr(NO₃)₂ impregnation at different composition ratios (98:2, 95:5, and 90:10 % w/v) to produce CaO–SrO catalysts, followed by chemical activation with NaOH (2, 4, and 6 g). Catalyst characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine surface morphology, elemental distribution, and crystalline phases. The results indicate that the catalyst with a 90:10 CaO–SrO composition and 6 g NaOH activation (C90S10–N6) exhibited the most homogeneous surface morphology, uniform Sr dispersion, and enhanced phase stability. Transesterification of WCO under a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, catalyst loading of 1 wt%, and reaction time of 2 h resulted in a biodiesel yield of 95.5%. The produced biodiesel showed a density of 0.87 g/mL, water content of 0.64%, calorific value of 38.52 MJ/kg, and a reduction in free fatty acid (FFA) content from 2.84% to 1.71%. These findings demonstrate that SrO-modified CaO catalysts derived from cuttlefish bone are effective, sustainable, and economically viable for enhancing biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2026-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/80548 10.14710/reaktor.25.3.116-123 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.3 December 2025; 116-123 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/80548/30429 Copyright (c) 2025 by Authors, Published by Dept. of Chemical Engineering Universitas Diponegoro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15033 2017-07-19T16:47:07Z reaktor:RA

Adsorbsi Logam Berat Limbah Cair Industry Kerajinan Kuningan Juana Menggunakan Camputran Betonit Dan Abu Sekam Padi Rokhati, N. Prasetyaningrum, A. adsorbs, bentonit, abu sekam  Tingginya pertumbuhan industry kerajinan di Juana, diiringi dengan tingginya pencemaran oleh logam berat memberikan dampak yang sangat erbahaya, baik pada biota peraairan maupun terhadap kesehatan manusia. Hal ini disebabkan sifat tiksis dan akumulatif dari logam berat. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan reduksi kandungan logam berat pada air limbah industri kuningan dengan cara adsorbs menggunakan campuran bentonit dan abu sekam padi. Proses penjerapan dilakukan dalam tangki berpengaduk (mixer settler) pada volum dan kecepatan pengadukan tetap serta sampel yang sama. Sedangkan perbandingan antara bentonit dengan abu sekam padi dan waktu penjerapan divariasi. Uji hasil dilakukan dengan analisa kadar logam Ni dan Mg (logam yang lain kadarnya terlalu kecil) terhadap limbah yang telah mengalami proses adsorbs dengan menggunakan AAS.  Berdasarkan uji hasil, diperoleh hasil penjerapan yang relatif baik pada perbandingan berat bentonit dan abu sekam padi 1:9, selama waktu penjerapan 90 menit, dengan efisiensi penjerapan logam Ni dan Mg masing0masing adalah 99,27% dan 89,76%.Kata kunci : adsorbs, bentonit, abu sekam Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15033 10.14710/reaktor.8.1.29-32 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.1 Juni 2004; 29-32 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15033/11407 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3183 2016-04-25T13:49:31Z reaktor:RA

MODEL ADSORPSI LANGMUIR GAS DINITROGEN MONOKSIDA DALAM SISTEM BIOFILTER DENGAN MEDIUM PUPUK KOMPOS Utami, Tania Surya Simanjuntak, Josia Hermansyah, Heri Nasikin, Mohamad Chemical Engineering adsorpsi; biofiltrasi; pupuk kompos; Langmuir; N2O  LANGMUIR ADSORPTION MODEL FOR DINITROGEN MONOXIDE IN BIOFILTER SYSTEM USING COMPOST FERTILIZER MEDIUM. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is mostly emitted from various industrial processes and agricultural activities. This gas causes serious environmental problems and is considered as a dangerous pollutant. In the past, traditional control technologies, such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR), were applied to control N2O emissions in some industries. However, these two processes required high temperatures and the use of catalysts. Economic and technical constraints in SCR and SNCR methods motivated researchers to develop new, cost-effective processes to remove N2O. Biofiltration is an emerging technology that offers a number of advantages over traditional methods of air pollution control. The purpose of this research is to modelise the biofiltration experimental results into the Langmuir adsorption model. This research is conducted in laboratory scale biofilter column, with parameters studied are effect of biofilter length and N2O gas flowrate. The result of the model is simulated into sensitivity analysis. The average Langmuir constant obtained in the model of the research is 16.006 liter/mol. Dinitrogen Monoksida (N2O) merupakan emisi dari proses industri dan kegiatan pertanian. Gas tersebut merupakan gas polutan berbahaya dan menyebabkan masalah lingkungan yang serius. Sebelumnya, teknologi kontrol tradisional seperti Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) dan Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) digunakan untuk mengontrol emisi N2O pada kegiatan-kegiatan industri. Akan tetapi, kedua proses ini membutuhkan suhu yang tinggi dan penggunaan katalis. Adanya masalah dari segi ekonomi dan teknis memotivasi peneliti untuk mengembangkan teknologi baru yang lebih murah dan efisien untuk menghilangkan N2O dari gas buangan. Pengolahan N2O secara biologis dalam proses biofiltrasi adalah salah satu alternatif ramah lingkungan yang dapat digunakan dalam pengelolaan emisi industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan hasil biofiltrasi gas N2O dengan medium pupuk kompos dalam bentuk model adsorpsi Langmuir. Penelitian dilakukan dalam kolom biofilter skala laboratorium, dan parameter-parameter yang diteliti adalah pengaruh dari ketinggian biofilter dan laju alir gas N2O. Hasil dari pemodelan kemudian disimulasikan dalam analisis sensitivitas. Nilai konstanta Langmuir rata-rata yang didapatkan dari pemodelan penelitian ini adalah 16,006 liter/mol. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-05-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3183 10.14710/reaktor.13.3.172-177 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 3, Juni 2011; 172-177 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3183/2856

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/38230 2022-01-10T07:01:34Z reaktor:RA

The Effect of Variation of Raw Material Ratio on Hydrogel Based on K-Carrageean - Acrylamide as a Carrier of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer Laksono, Hendrawan Kurniati, Mersi Sari, Yessie Widya Winarti, Christina Hydrogels based on natural polymers such as carrageenan are currently being developed to improve efficiency in agriculture. By enriching hydrogels with fertilizers, they will be released slowly into the soil. Enrichment of fertilizers on carrageenan-based hydrogels was carried out and analyzed with the response of swelling ability, gel fraction value of grafting degree, to the hydrogel's ability to release the fertilizer trapped in it. Carrageenan is used because its use as a natural polymer has not been widely explored, especially in the non-food sector. The results showed that the average swelling value of carrageenan-based hydrogel to ammonium nitrate solution ranged from 750.00% - 1,633.33%. The gel fraction values obtained ranged from 74.06% to 87.51%, and the degree of grafting ranged from 85.33% to 93.59%. These values indicate a relatively high degree of tissue density and grafting of acrylamide monomer on carrageenan, which means that the carrageenan:AAm based hydrogel has strong mechanical properties. The ability to release ammonium nitrate samples from the hydrogel carrageenan-based has a value ranging from 8.86% to 44.92% in five days of observation. Interpretation of the test results, the best ratio of carrageenan:AAm is 1:1, due to its relatively low release value but still has good swelling and mechanical properties.Keywords: Hydrogel; Carrageenan; Acrilamyde; Fertilizer release Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-12-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/38230 10.14710/reaktor.21.3.103-108 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 3 September 2021; 103-108 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/38230/20889 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/13516 2020-04-17T05:32:42Z reaktor:RA

Optimasi Proses Ozonasi pada Depolimerisasi κ-Karagenan dengan Metode Respon Permukaan Prasetyaningrum, Aji Ratnawati, Ratnawati Jos, Bakti Chemical Engineering optimization; ozonation process; depolymerization; κ-carrageenan Abstract OPTIMIZATION OF OZONATION PROCESS FOR κ-CARRAGEENAN DEPOLYMERIZATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY. The objective of this research is to optimize the operating parameters in depolymerization of κ-carrageenan by ozone treatment. The optimization is done by using Box-Bhenken Design (BBD) model with ozonation time (5-15 minute), pH (3-11) and temperature (20-40oC) as the independent variables.The response of ozonation process is the degree of depolymerization of κ-carrageenan (DP). The initial molecular weight of refined κ-karagenan was 271 kDa. The κ-carrageenans powder was completely dissolved in distilled water to form 1% (weight/volume). The experiments were carried out in a 2000 ml of a glass reactor with an ozone gas sparger. The inlet ozone concentration was 80±2 ppm. The result shows that ozonation time, pH and temperature have significant effects during ozonation process (p< 0.05). Analysis of variance shows that the experimental data fit the model very well with the R2 value of 0.98. The optimum conditions during ozonation process are achieved at the reaction time of 15 min, ozonation pH of 3 and reaction temperature of 25oC. Under these optimum conditions the DP of κ-carrageenan is 91.513%. Keywords: depolymerization; κ-carrageenan;optimization; ozonation process   Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan kondisi optimum parameter operasi depolimerisasi κ-karagenan dengan perlakuan ozonasi. Optimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan model statistika Box-Bhenken Design (BBD) dengan variabel yang digunakan yaitu waktu ozonasi (5-15 menit), pH (3-11), dan suhu (20-40oC). Respon dari proses ozonasi adalah derajat depolimerisasi κ-karagenan (DP). Berat molekul awal refined κ-karagenan adalah 271 kDa. Sampel κ-karagenan dilarutkan secara sempurna dalam air distilasi dan konsentrasi diatur 1% (berat/volume). Percobaan dilakukan dalam reaktor gelas volume 2000 ml yang dilengkapi dengan sparger gas ozon. Konsentrasi gas ozon yang masuk adalah 80±2 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu ozonasi, pH, dan suhu berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap proses ozonasi (p<0,05). Analisis varian menghasilkan ketelitian yang tinggi antara data eksperimen dan prediksi, dengan nilai koefisien R2 = 0,98. Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada waktu ozonasi 15 menit, pH ozonasi 3 dan temperatur reaksi 25oC. Pada kondisi optimum ini diperoleh DP κ-karagenan sebesar 91,513%. Kata kunci:depolimerisasi; κ-carrageenan;optimasi; proses ozonasi  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-04-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13516 10.14710/reaktor.17.1.1-8 Reaktor; Volume 17 No.1 Maret 2017; 1-8 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/13516/11183 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/17226 2020-04-17T05:36:58Z reaktor:RA

Encapsulation Rutin with Chitosan-NATPP Using Coaservation Method Cahyono, Bambang Suzery, Meiny Hadiyanto, H Bela Pratiwi, Sestri Abstract This study aims to make microparticles of rutin compounds at various concentrations with NaTPP-chitosan as matrix. Encapsulation is done by coaservation method. The success of encapsulation was identified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis, the efficiency of encapsulation (EE) and loading capacity (LC) was obtained at 62,43-94,36 and 1,73% -32,1%, at rutine concentration 0,625-11,25 mM. The success of rutin encapsulation is demonstrated by the rutin characteristics of the product seen with the presence of peaks of aromatic rings, indicating the presence of rutin compounds contained in the chitosan matrix. SEM analysis shows rough and porous surface morphology in microcapsules. The rutin release profile of the microcapsules is described as two phase processes, burst release at the initial discharge in the first 30 min followed by slow release. At the highest LC (11.25 mM concentration), it provides greater discharge rates for both synthetic fluid simulations 77.53 ± 3.59% and 78.76 ± 4.00% after 3h of discharge. The controlled release data showed high discharge rates at acidic pH than alkaline pH. Keywords: Rutin, encapsulation, citosan, coaservation Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-02-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17226 10.14710/reaktor.17.4.215-220 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 4 Desember 2017; 215-220 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17226/12962 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6095 2020-04-17T05:17:15Z reaktor:RA

OPTIMASI PRODUKSI METIL ESTER SULFONAT DARI METIL ESTER MINYAK JELANTAH Hidayati, Sri Gultom, Natalia Eni, Hestuti Chemical Engineering H2SO4; MES; proses sulfonasi OPTIMATION OF METHYL ESTER SULFONATES PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING METHYL ESTER. An experiment of sulfonation process of methyl ester to produce methyl ester sulfonates (MES) was caried out using waste palm methyl ester and sulfuric acid as sulfonating agent with variation of H2SO4 concentration (60% (K1), 70% (K2), dan 80% (K3)) and sulfonation time (60 minute (L1), 75 minute (L2) and 90 minute (L3)) using factorial on Randomized Complete Design Block. The experiment result showed the best sulfonation condition present in 80% H2SO4 concentration and sulfonation time of 90 minutes.  The best characteristic of MES is produced showed surface tension of 27.35 dyne/cm, emulsion stability of 89.44%, acid value of 17.72 mg KOH/g and interfacial tension of 0.0361 dyne/cm at MES concentration of 2% in 10,000 ppm salinity water. Sebuah penelitian tentang proses produksi metil ester sulfonat menggunakan minyak bekas kelapa sawit dilakukan dengan menggunakan H2SO4 sebagai agen pensulfonasi dengan variasi konsentrasi H2SO4 (60% (K1), 70% (K2), dan 80% (K3)) dan lama sulfonasi (60 menit (L1), 75 menit (L2) and 90 menit (L3)) dengan menggunakan faktorial dalam Rancangan Kelompok Teracak Lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi proses sulfonasi terbaik terdapat pada konsentrasi H2SO4 80% dan lama reaksi 90 menit. Karakteristik Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) terbaik yang dihasilkan memperlihatkan nilai tegangan permukaan 27,35 dyne/cm, stabilitas emulsi 89,44%, nilai bilangan asam antara 17,72 mg KOH/g dan nilai tegangan antar muka pada konsentrasi MES 2% di dalam air dengan salinitas 10.000 ppm yaitu 0,0361 dyne/cm. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-08-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6095 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.165-172 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 165-172 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6095/5187

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11834 2017-06-21T07:55:09Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14927 2017-06-21T08:01:18Z reaktor:RA

Kinetika Metanolisis Minyak Biji Kapuk dengan Katalisator Zeolit kusmiyati, Kusmiyati Murachman, B. Bendiyasa, I. M. kinetika reaksi, metanolisis minyak disel Minyak nabati dapat dikembangkan menjadi sumber energy alternatif pengganti bahan bakar berasal dari minyak umi dan gas alam. Reaksi metanolisis minyak biji kapuk dapat menghasilkan ester asam lemak dan gliserol. Metal ester asam lemak adalah bahan yang sangat potensial sebagai pengganti bahan bakar disel. Percobaan metanolisis minyak bbiji kapuk dan methanol dengan katalisator zeolit telah dilakukan dalam sebuah autoklaf yang dilengkapi dengan pengatur suhu, pengatur kecepatan pengadukan, dan pengukur tekanan. Percobaan pendahuluan menunjukkan bahwa pada ratio minyak kapuk:methanol = 1:6 maka kecepatan reaksi mengikuti orde satu. Selanjutnya percobaandilakukan pada perbandingan tersebut, dengan penambahan katalis. Pada tiap percobaan suhu dan tekanan dijaga konstan, pengambilan sampel pertama pada saat suhu yang diinginkan tercapai dan selanjutnya sampel diambiltiap selang waktu 10 menit. Peubah yang dipelajari antara lain temperature, ukuran partikel, dan jumlah katalis terhadap konversi reaksi. Temperatur yang dipelajaripada range 90-130 0C, ukuran partikel zeolit 0,26 mm sampai 0,93 mm dan jumlah katalis 0 sampai 0,053 g/cm3. Berdasarkan model kinetika yang diajukan, maka tahanan difusi intrapartikel dapat diabaikan karena evektiveness factor mendekati 1. Dari hasil perhitungan diperoleh kecepatan difusi eksternal jauh lebih besar daripada kecepatan reaksi, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa sistem dipengaruhi rejim kimia. Nilai konstanta kecepatan reaksi dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan Arrhenius yaitu k= 2,708x103 e-10556/RT.Kata kunci : kinetika reaksi, metanolisis minyak disel Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14927 10.14710/reaktor.5.2.48-53 Reaktor; Volume 5 No.2 Desember 2001; 48-53 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14927/11325 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1487 2020-04-17T05:05:00Z reaktor:RA

RECOVERY OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHAs) FROM BACTERIAL CELLS USING ENZYMATIC PROCESS Marsudi, S. Chemical Engineering culture broth; enzymatic process; recovery of PHAs Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are intracellular material accumulated by several bacteria. Commercial production of PHAs faces the issue of high production cost especially substrate cost and recovery/separation cost. An alternative to reduce the production cost is to use enzyme and or chemical to recover PHAs from bacterial cells. Recovery of PHAs from bacterial cells was done using enzyme, chemical, and a mixture of enzyme and chemical. Enzyme (s) and or chemical(s) were added into culture broth to disrupt cells after adjusting pH and temperature of the culture broth. Treatment by adding enzyme or chemical only into culture broth showed a low level of PHAs recovered from bacterial cells. Treatment by adding a mixture of enzymes and chemicals showed the best result among 22 examined combinations, i.e. a mixture of EDTA, lisozyme, papain enzyme, and SDS. This combination gave a PHA recovery of 65 % w/w. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-11-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1487 10.14710/reaktor.10.2.59-62 Reaktor; Volume 10, Nomor 2, Desember 2006; 59-62 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1487/1248

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/20495 2020-02-02T10:30:03Z reaktor:RA

Growth Mechanism and Characterization of PbTe0.5Se0.5 Thin Films Used by Closed-Space Vapor Transport in a Vertical Reactor Hamzah, Yanuar Copriady, Jimmy Ariswan, Ariswan A simple method for growing thin film of semiconductor material PbTe0.5Se0.50 has been designed using the vapor transport (CSVT) method in a vertical reactor. The objectivity of this method is to study thin film growth formation due to chemical reactions during the deposition process in the reactor. In this study will describe some formations the vapor transport mechanism of PbTe0.5Se0.50 semiconductor material using iodine gas (I2) to accelerate the etching reaction on the substrate surface. Next, we will describe how the mechanism of the reaction in the reactor zone for growing thin films on the substrate. The thin films were characterized by structural, morphology properties and its composition. The film structure is a cubic structure with the maximum diffraction intensity at peak (222). The surface morphology of the thin film has a microcubes shape with a grain size~10 to 20 mm. Keywords: etching reaction; micro-cube; PbTe0.5Se0.50; close-spaced vapor transport Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/20495 10.14710/reaktor.19.1.11-17 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 1 March 2019; 11-17 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/20495/15070 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8365 2020-04-17T05:24:22Z reaktor:RA

Karakterisasi Produk Biomassa Seluler dalam Bioreaktor Membran pada Biodegradasi Zat Warna Azo Remazol Black 5 Komala, Puti Sri Dewilda, Yommi Zulfan, M Wulandari, Zilvia Environmental Engineering anoxic-oxic membrane bioreactor (MBR), extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), soluble microbial products (SMP), solid retention time (SRT), azo dye Remazol Black 5 Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan karakterisasi produk biomassa seluler dalam bioreaktor membran (BRM) anoksik-oksik pada biodegradasi zat warna Azo Remazol Black 5 (RB 5) pada umur lumpur rendah. BRM terdiri dari tangki anoksik,  kontak, dan stabilisasi serta membran eksternal polysulfone yang diletakkan di antara tangki kontak dan stabilisasi. Umpan yang digunakan adalah campuran zat warna RB 5 dengan konsentrasi 120 mg/L dan ko-substrat limbah tempe dengan COD berkisar antara 2.080-2.400 mg/L. Dengan kombinasi waktu filtrasi dan backwash 1 jam dan 1 menit, BRM dapat beroperasi selama hampir 50 hari dengan fluks rata-rata 9 lmj dan tekanan 0,8 – 2 bar. Komponen seluler masing-masing tangki dilakukan diukur sebagai parameter material polimer ekstraseluler (EPS) dan produk mikrobial terlarut (SMP). Efisiensi penyisihan warna pada berkisar antara 66%- 77%, sedangkan penyisihan COD berkisar pada 44%-50%. Perpindahan biomassa antar tangki yang tidak sempurna diperkirakan telah menurunkan kinerja penyisihan senyawa organik BRM. Kandungan karbohidrat pada SMP maupun EPS  masing-masing tangki nilainya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kadar protein. Karbohidrat yang berasal dari umpan merupakan penyebab utama fouling dibandingkan protein. Konsentrasi EPS yang tinggi terdapat pada tangki stabilisasi akibat transfer oksigen yang buruk dalam struktur biofilm setelah melewati membran. Kata kunci: Bioreaktor Membran (BRM) anoksik-oksik, material polimer ekstraseluler (EPS), produk mikrobial terlarut (SMP), umur lumpur (SRT), zat warna azo Remazol Black 5   Characterization of Cellular Biomass Products in Membrane Bioreactor on Azo Dye Remazol Black 5 Biodegradation Abstract In this study characterization  of  cellular biomass products in anoxic-oxic membrane bioreactor (MBR) on azo dye Remazol Black 5 (RB 5) biodegradation in the low solid retention time was carried out. The MBR consists of anoxic, contacts, and stabilization tank of 4, 2 and 4 hours respectively, and was equipped with an external polysulfone membrane which placed between the contact and the stabilization tanks. Feed was the  mixture of azo dye RB 5 with a concentration of 120 mg/L and co-substrate tempe industrial wastewater with COD ranging between 2.080-2.400 mg / L. With a combination of  filtration and backwash time of 1 hour and 1 minute, the MBR was operated for 50 days with an average flux 9 lmh and pressures of  0.8 to 2 bar. Cellular components of each tank was measured as a parameter performed extracellular polymeric material (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP). The color removal efficiency was in range of 66%- 77%, while COD removal efficieny i.e. 44%-50%. Unfavorable biomass transfer between tanks may decreased the organics removal efficiencies of MBR. The carbohydrates content of the SMP and EPS from each tank was higher than that of the the protein content. Carbohydrates coming from the feed, seem the main cause of the fouling compared to proteins. The  high concentration of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was in the stabilization tank due to poor oxygen transfer within the biofilm structure after passing through the membrane. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-03-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8365 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.139-147 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.3 April 2015; 139-147 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8365/7045

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14992 2017-07-19T16:49:33Z reaktor:RA

Peningkatan Mutu Heavy Gas Oil (HGO) Secara Ekstraksi Cair-Cair Dengan Solven Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) Jos, B. ekstraksi cair-cair, HGO, senyawa aromatis, solven Heavy gas oil (HGO) merupakan salah satu bahan dasar untuk bahan bakar mesin diesel/solar yang semakin meningkat kebutuhannya dari tahun ke tahun. Untuk meningkatkan mutu solar salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan adalah melalui pengurangan kadar senyawa aromatis dari HGO yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas penyalaannya. Dalam penelitian ini pengambilan kandungan senyawa C aromatis dalam HGO dilakukan melalui operasi ekstraksi cair-cair dengan menggunakan Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) sebagai solven. Selanjutnya HGO yang diinginkan dianalisa sifat-sifat fisisnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin besar waktu kontak, temperatur ekstraksi dan perbandingan solven-feed maka akan semakin banyak senyawa aromatis yang dapat terambil, akibatnya harga indeks diesel juga akan semakin meningkat. Kondisi optimum diperoleh jika harga indeks diesel tidak mengalami peningkatan lagi yaitu dengan waktu ekstraksi selama 10 menit pada temperature  40 0C dan perbandingan solven-feed = 1,2.Kata kunci : ekstraksi cair-cair, HGO, senyawa aromatis, solven Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14992 10.14710/reaktor.6.2.92-95 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 2 Desember 2002; 92-95 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14992/11366 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1524 2015-01-15T02:30:10Z reaktor:RA

THE OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION ZEOLITE Y CATALYST FROM RHA BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY Anggoro, Didi Dwi Purbasari, Aprilina Chemical Engineering response surface methodology, rice husk ash, synthesized, zeolite Y Rice husk is the milling byproduct of rice and is a major waste product of the agriculture industry. Amorphous silica, commonly referred to as rice husk ash, was extracted from rice husk by acid leaching, pyrolysis, and carbon-removing processes. These properties make the ash a valuable raw material for many industries.  This paper is study of synthesized of zeolite Y from rice husk ash. Zeolite Y synthesis is used for petroleum industry as expensive catalyst. Rice husk was calcined at temperature 700oC for two hours using furnace to produce pure silica. The composition of synthesized of zeolite Y from rice husk was 2.24 Na2O:Al2O3:8SiO2:112 H2O. The gel solution was mixed at room temperature for 24 hours using autoclave. Then, the gel solution was heated with variable temperature and time crystallization. The product zeolite synthesis Y was filtered and washed with distilled water until pH lower than ten, than dried at oven. This product was analyzed with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). From XRD analyze result indicated that from rice husk ash can produced zeolite synthesis Y which high crystallization degree. The optimum conditions for synthesis of zeolite Y from rice husk ash are temperature at 100oC for 48 hours, silicate at 20%, and aluminate at 10%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-06-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1524 10.14710/reaktor.12.3.189 – 194 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009; 189 – 194 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1524/1281

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/25902 2020-05-29T10:45:37Z reaktor:RA

The Use of Natural Zeolite as A Catalyst for Esterification Reaction Between Glycerol and Oleic Acid Ramadhan, Anggara Diaz C.S, Nindya Carolina Nuryoto, Nuryoto Kurniawan, Teguh Natural zeolite in Indonesia generally divided into 2 types, which are mordernite and clinoptilolite. As far the use of zeolites is very limited. This experiment tries to use both types of natural zeolites to find out its work. The purpose of this experiment is testing the performance of mordenite natural zeolite from Bayah-Indonesia and clinoptilolite from Lampung- Indonesia in the esterification reaction between glycerol and oleic acid integrated by several variable that affect the reaction. The experiment will be done by using three-neck rounded flask batch reactor. The result showed that modernite zeolite has a better performance compared to clinoptilolite zeolite. To get the oleic acid conversion of 70%, clinoptilolite zeolite needs 4% catalyst of glycerol weight and reactant ratio of 6:1 mole of glycerol/mole of oleic acid, Meanwhile the mordernite zeolite only needs 2% catalyst of glycerol weight with reactant ratio of 4:1 mole of glycerol/mole of oleic acid.Keywords: natural zeolite; glycerol; reaction; diffusion Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25902 10.14710/reaktor.19.4.172-179 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 4 December 2019; 172-179 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/25902/16593 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9194 2020-08-26T08:27:35Z reaktor:RA

PENYISIHAN Fe-ORGANIK PADA AIR TANAH DENGAN AOP (ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS) Saleh, Siti Ainun Sururi, Mohamad Rangga Pharmawati, Kancitra Suryana, Indra Environmental Engineering; chemistry; process Groundwater, Fe, Organic Matter, AOP, Efficiency ORGANIC FERROUS REMOVAL IN GROUNDWATER USING ADVANCE OXIDATION PROCESS (AOP). Groundwater is usually contained a lot of iron concentration. Iron can bind organic materials which resulted in health and aesthetic problems, so it needs alternative technology to be applied for iron organic removal. The aim of the research is to gain the efficiency of iron organic (Fe2+) removal with ozone and UV light, known as advanced oxidation process (AOP). Groundwater samples were taken from Padasuka area in Bandung. Ozone was supplied continually into a semi-batch reactor with 1.5 liters of sample, then indigo colorimetric method was used to measure ozone residual concentration at contact time : 5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 minutes. Measurement of the concentration of iron and organic matter employed methods of penenthroline, followed by pemanganometri titration, consecutively. The initial concentration of iron (Fe2+) was 3.271 mg/L and the concentration of organic matter was 4.38 mg/L. The results showed that the removal efficiency was 90% for iron and 70% for organic material which gives an indication that the advanced oxidation process (AOP) with ozone and UV can remove the organic iron. Keywords: AOP; efficiency; Fe; groundwater; organic matter Abstrak Air tanah biasanya mengandung konsentrasi besi yang tinggi. Besi bisa berikatan dengan material organik yang bisa berdampak pada kesehatan dan masalah estetika sehingga perlu alternatif teknologi pengolahan untuk penyisihan besi organik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan tingkat efisiensi terbaik dari penyisihan besi organik (Fe2+) dengan menggunakan ozon dan sinar UV sebagai proses oksidasi lanjutan (AOP). Sampel penelitian in menggunakan air tanah dari daerah Padasuka Kota Bandung. Ozon dialirkan secara kontinyu ke dalam reaktor semi-batch  dengan volume 1,5 liter. Pengukuran konsentrasi sisa ozon menggunakan metode indigo colorimetric pada waktu kontak: 5, 10, 15, 25 dan 30 menit. Pengukuran konsentrasi besi dan materi organik berturut-turut menggunakan metoda penanthroline dan titrasi pemanganometri. Konsentrasi awal besi (Fe2+) sebesar 3,271 mg/L dan konsentrasi materi organik sebesar 4,38 mg/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penyisihan konsentrasi keduanya berturut turut adalah sebesar 90% untuk besi dan 70% untuk materi organik yang memberikan indikasi bahwa proses oksidasi lanjutan (AOP) dengan ozon dan UV dapat menyisihkan kandungan besi organik. Kata kunci: proses oksidasi lanjutan (AOP); tingkat efisiensi; Fe; air tanah; materi organik   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-01-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9194 10.14710/reaktor.15.4.218-223 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.4 Oktober 2015; 218-223 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9194/8134

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/72494 2025-09-08T00:47:18Z reaktor:RA

Catalytic cracking of pyrolytic oil derived from arabica coffee parchment using Ni-NZ catalysts Nisa, Syarifah Rahimatun Setiawan, Adi Syam, Azhari Muhammad Rahmawati, Cut Aja Rizkina, Shafira The potential of bio-oil derived from biomass has garnered significant attention among researchers due to its prospects as an environmentally friendly fuel alternative. This study utilized bio-oil extracted from Arabica coffee parchment sourced from coffee plantations in Bener Meriah Regency, Aceh, Indonesia. Nickel metal was used as a catalyst impregnated into natural zeolites to accelerate the reaction rate in the catalytic cracking method. The catalyst was prepared using the wet impregnation method, with natural zeolites first activated using 1 N HCl. During the impregnation process, stirring was conducted for 6 hours at 25 °C, followed by drying in an oven at 115 °C for 12 hours, and calcination at 500°C for 4 hours. The resulting catalyst was then characterized using TGA, XRD, and SEM analyses to determine the optimal catalyst properties. Based on XRD analysis across various concentrations, curves were observed at angles 2θ ≈ 37° and 44°, which are presumed to be peaks of nickel catalysts on the zeolite surface. In this study, the Ni-NZ catalyst concentration was varied to 15%, 20%, and 25% (w/w). GC-MS chromatogram results indicated that the highest formation of bio-benzene occurred at a 25% catalyst concentration with a residence time of 2 hours, yielding 9.28%. The findings suggest that Ni-NZ catalysts are technically capable of producing aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolytic oil of coffee parchment, which can be utilized as a biofuel component Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-07-22 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/72494 10.14710/reaktor.25.1.19-28 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.1 April 2025; 19-28 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/72494/28902 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15024 2017-07-19T16:48:12Z reaktor:RA

Pemanfaatan Air Asam Tambang Dalam Teknik Elektrokinetik Untuk Menurunkan Kadar Logam Berat Bahan Timbunan Bekas Tambang Suryaningratyas, D. T. Firosya, F. darmawan, Darmawan air asam tambang, kontaminasi, logam berat, remediasi, teknik elektrokinetik Teknik elektrokinetik merupakan salah satu teknik remediasi tanah atau bahan lain yang terkontaminasi logam berat. Teknik ini dikembangkan terutama untuk mengatasi lokasi-lokasi yang terkontaminasi logam berat dalam level yang cukup tinggi. Prinsip dasar teknik ini adalah dengan memberikan arus searah pada bahan yang terkontaminasi dengan menggunakan elektroda (katoda dan anoda) pada tegangan rendah. Penggunaan air asam tambang (AAT) sebagai larutan elektrolit pada percobaan laboratorium  untuk mengurangi kandungan logam berat pada bahan timbunan bekas tambang telah dilakukan. Penambahan asam cenderung meningkatkan efektivitas teknik ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik elektrokinetik dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan kandungan logam berat (Fe, Cu, Pb, dan Mn) lebih dari 6% sampai 90% dari kandungan semula. Penggunaan air asam tambang sebagai elektrolit tidak menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda nyata dengan penggunaan air sebagai elektrolit. Akan tetapi untuk aplikasi di lapang, pemanfaatan asam tambang yang telah tersedia  di daerah pertambangan akan lebih efisien digunakan dibandingkan dengan menggunakan air bersih.Kata kunci : air asam tambang, kontaminasi, logam berat, remediasi, teknik elektrokinetik Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15024 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.100-106 Reaktor; Volume 09 No. 02 Desember 2005; 100-106 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15024/11398 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1639 2020-04-17T05:02:53Z reaktor:RA

THE EFFECT OF TYPE ZEOLITE ON THE GAS TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF POLYIMIDE-BASED MIXED MATRIX MEMBRANES Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko Ismail, Ahmad Fauzi Mustafa, Azeman Li, Kang Chemical Engineering gas separation membrane, mixed matrix membrane, polymer blending, zeolite membrane The permeation rates of O2, N2, CO2 and CH4 has been studied for polyimide-polyethersulfone (PI/PES) blends-zeolite mixed matrix membranes synthesized in our laboratory. The study investigated the effect of zeolite loading and different zeolite type on the gas separation performance of these mixed matrix membranes. Frequency shifts and absorption intensity changes in the FTIR spectra of the PI/PES blends as compared with those of the pure polymers indicate that there is a mixing of polymer blends at the molecular level. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements of pure and PI/PES blends membranes have showed one unique glass transition temperature that supports the miscible character of the PI/PES mixture. The PI/PES-zeolite 4A mixed matrix membrane with 25 wt % zeolite loading produced the highest O2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivity of around 7.45 and 46.05, respectively. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-11-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1639 10.14710/reaktor.12.2.68-77 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2008; 68-77 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1639/1401

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/33871 2021-05-30T18:44:08Z reaktor:RA

Transformation of Calcium Carbonate Polymorph From Various Type of Shells by Carbonation Methods Muljani, Srie Saputra, Erwan Adi Sumada, Ketut The utilization of shells can reduce the accumulation of shell wastes and increase the value of shells to achieve ecological and economic incentives. This study examines the transformation of calcium carbonate polymorph from several types of shells to understand the causes of their characteristics in order to suitable for their use. The types of shells used in this experiment are selected based on consumable and their habitats such as snail shells, crab shells, eggshells, batik mussels shells, and golden conch shells. The prepared shells calcinate at 900 °C, the reaction with hydrochloric acid, and carbonation by flowing CO2 into a stirred reactor to produce precipitated CaCO3. The characteristics of polymorph CaCO3  in the sintering temperature of 30, 50, and 70 ℃ were identified by XRD, FTIR, and SEM morphological. The result is that the polymorphs formed from each shell are different in shape, size, and crystallinity. At the temperature of 70 ℃, the rhombohedral calcite was obtained from snail shells, the cubic calcite was obtained from batik mussel shell, while rhombohedral calcite multilayers obtained (100%) from golden conch shells. The aragonite was obtained from batik mussel shells at 30 and 70 ℃. The pure vaterite (100%) was obtained from snail shells and crab shells at 50 ℃. The characteristic of polymorph formed might be useful as information for more suitable applications, especially as nano-bio materials, optical, or filler Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-04-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/33871 10.14710/reaktor.21.1.27-34 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 1 March 2021; 27-34 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/33871/19276 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/33871/6674 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/33871/6675 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11408 2017-04-04T23:54:07Z reaktor:RA

Kinetika Release Mikrokapsul Oleoresin Jahe Merah Jayanudin, Jayanudin Rochmadi, R Yulvianti, Meri Imanudin, Ahmad Rina Sari, Tri Chemical Engineering Alginat, Enkapsulasi, Kinetika release, Kitosan, Oleoresin jahe merah Abstract RELEASE KINETICS OF RED GINGER OLEORESIN MICROCAPSULES. Red ginger oleoresin microcapsule is used to protect the active component of medicine against the negative effect of the environment, thus the microcapsule can be applied in the pharmaceutical industries. Kinetic release is used to determine the rate of red ginger oleoresin microcapsule release in human body system. The models used for this purpose are zero order, first order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas. These models were completed by using graphical method to get the determination coefficient (R2). The aims of this research are to determine the effect of Tripolyphosphate (TPP) concentration towards microcapsule release, to determine the red ginger oleoresin microcapsule kinetic release, and to characterize the morphology and particle sizes of red ginger oleoresin microcapsule using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The encapsulation method was started by emulsifying process of chitosan-alginate, with various ratios of Chitosan-Alginate such as 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 20 gram red ginger oleoresin, and also the addition of TPP, with various concentrations for as much as 3%, 4 %, and 5%, as the crosslinking agent. The emulsion was forwarded to the spray dryer machine to produce the red ginger oleoresin microcapsule. Then, the microcapsule was treated with the mixture of KH2PO4 and NaOH (pH 6.8) for 1 hour, and sample was taken for every 10 minutes for the dissolution test. The result showed that the increase of TPP concentration will reduce the release velocity of the active compound. Kinetic model with the highest value of R2 was the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Keywords: alginate; encapsulation; release kinetics; chitosan red ginger oleoresin;   Abstrak Mikrokapsul digunakan untuk melindungi oleoresin jahe merah yang sensitif terhadap pengaruh lingkungan, sehingga dapat diaplikasikan dalam bidang farmasi. Kinetika release digunakan untuk menentukan kecepatan release mikrokapsul oleoresin jahe merah, model yang digunakan adalah model order nol, order satu, model Higuchi, dan Model Korsmeyer-Peppas. Penyelesaian model-model ini menggunakan metode grafis dengan menentukan koefisien determinasi (R2). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan pengaruh konsentrasi sodium tripolifosfat (TPP) dan rasio berat antara kitosan dan alginate sebagai penyalut terhadap kinetika release dan karakterisasi morfologi mikrokapsul oleoresin jahe merah.  Metode enkapsulasi dimulai dengan pembentukan emulsi dari penyalut kitosan-alginat dengan rasio 1:2; 1:1; 2:1 dan 20 gram oleoresin jahe merah, penambahan TPP 3%, 4% dan 5% untuk cross-link. Emulsi dialirkan ke spray dryer untuk menghasilkan mikrokapsul oleoresin jahe merah. Uji disolusi menggunakan medium basa dengan mencampurkan KH2PO4 dan NaOH (pH 6,8) sampel diambil tiap 10 menit selama 1 jam. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan didapat peningkatan konsentrasi TPP akan menurunkan kecepatan releasenya, model model kinetika dengan nilai R2 terbesar adalah model Korsmeyer-Peppas. Kata kunci: alginat; enkapsulasi; kinetika release; kitosan; oleoresin jahe merah Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-02-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11408 10.14710/reaktor.16.3.128--140 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.3 September 2016; 128--140 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11408/10249 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16939 2020-04-17T05:36:50Z reaktor:RA

Ultrasound-Assisted Ultra-Mild-Acid Hydrolisis of -Carrageenan Ratnawati, Ratnawati Indriyani, Nita The low molecular weight fraction of κ-carrageenan is useful in biomedical applications. An ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis of κ-carrageenan has been studied. κ-carrageenan with an initial number-average molecular weight of 629 kDa was dispersed in distilled water to form a 5 g/l solution. The pH (3 and 6) of the solution was adjusted by adding HCl solution. The depolymerization reaction was carried out in an ultrasonic device at various temperatures (30, 40, 50, and 60°C) and times (8, 16, 24, and 32 min). The experimental results showed that ultrasound positively contributed to acid hydrolysis process. The number-average molecular weight of the treated k-carrageenan was lower or the percentage of reduction was higher at lower pH, longer reaction time, and higher temperature. The lowest number-average molecular weight (14 kDa) or the highest percent of molecular weight reduction reduction (97.7%) was achieved after ultrasonic irradiation at 60°C and pH 3 for 32 min. Keywords: depolymerization; midpoint scission; ultrasonication Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-02-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16939 10.14710/reaktor.17.4.191-196 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 4 Desember 2017; 191-196 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16939/12786 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4802 2020-04-17T05:16:30Z reaktor:RA

DYNAMIC SIMULATION AND COMPOSITION CONTROL IN A 10 L MIXING TANK Hermawan, Yulius Deddy Haryono, Gogot Chemical Engineering closed loop; mixing tank; open loop; pid control; step function The open loop experiment of composition dynamic in a 10 L mixing tank has been successfully done inlaboratory. A 10 L tank was designed for mixing of water (as a stream-1) and salt solution (as astream-2 with salt concentration, c2 constant). An electric stirrer was employed to obtain uniformcomposition in tank. In order to keep the liquid volume constant, the system was designed overflow. Inthis work, 2 composition control configurations have been proposed; they are Alternative-1 andAlternative-2. For Alternative-1, the volumetric-rate of stream-1 was chosen as a manipulatedvariable, while the volumetric-rate of stream-2 was chosen as a manipulated variable for Alternative-2. The composition control parameters for both alternatives have been tuned experimentally. Thevolumetric-rate of manipulated variable was changed based on step function. The outlet stream’scomposition response (c3) to a change in the input volumetric-rate has been investigated. Thisexperiment gave Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control parameters. The gain controllers Kc[cm6/(gr.sec)] for Alternative-1 and Alternative-2 are -34200 and 40459 respectively. Integral timeconstant ( tI) and Derivative time constant (tD) for both alternatives are the same, i.e. tI = 16 second,and tD = 4 second. Furthermore, closed loop dynamic simulation using computer programming wasalso done to evaluate the resulted tuning parameters. The developed mathematical model ofcomposition control system in a mixing tank was solved numerically. Such mathematical model wasrigorously examined in Scilab software environment. The results showed that closed loop responses inPID control were faster than those in P and PI controls. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-11-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4802 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.95-100 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 95-100 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4802/4352

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14888 2017-06-21T08:01:18Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14915 2017-06-13T03:28:05Z reaktor:RA

2-d mathematical and numerical modeling of fluid flow inside and outside packing in catalytic packed bed reactor Buchori, L. Bindar, Y. Sasongko, D. Makertihartha, IGBN finite volume method, porous media, flow distribution, velocity profile Generally, the momentum equation of fluid flow in porous media was solved by neglecting the terms of diffusion and convection such as Ergun, Darcy, Brinkman and Forchheimer models. Their model primarily applied for laminar flow. It is true that these model are limited to condition whether the models can be applied. Analytical solution for the model type above is available only for simple one-dimensional cases. For two or three-dimentional problem, numerical solution is the only solution. This work advances the flow model in porous media and provide two-dimentional flow field solution in porous media, which includes the diffusion and convection terms. The momentum lost due to flow and porous material interaction is modeled using the available  Brinkman-Forchheimer equation. The numerical method to be used is finite volume method. This method is suitable for the characteristic of fluid  flow in porous media which is averaged by a volume base. The effect of the solid and fluid interaction in porous  media is the basic principle of the flow model in morous media. The Brinkman-Forchheimer consider the momentum lost term to be determined by a quadratic function of the velocity component. The momentum and the continuity equation are solved for two-dimentional cylindrical coordinat . the result were validated with the experimental data. The velocity of the porous media was treated to be radially oscillated. The result of velocity profile inside packing show a good agreement in their trend with the Stephenson and Steward experimental data. The local superficial  velocity attains its global maximum and minimum at distances near 0.201 and 0.57 particle diameter, dp. velocity profile below packing was simulated. The result were validated with Schwartz and Smith experimental data. The result also show an excellent agreement with those experimental data.Keywords : finite volume method, porous media, flow distribution, velocity profile Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14915 10.14710/reaktor.5.1.1-7 Reaktor; Volume 5 No. 1 Juni 2001; 1-7 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14915/11316 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11325 2017-05-05T03:23:08Z reaktor:RA

Studi Tekno Ekonomi Desalinasi Air Laut Skala Kecil Dengan Sistem Reverse Osmosis Yoshi, Linda Aliffia Widiasa, I Nyoman Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan desain dan keekonomian desalinasi air laut di Indonesia yang mempunyai suku bunga bank 12-14%, tarif listrik Rp 1.300-1.800 per kWh, dan pajak air bawah tanah. Penggunaan sistem desalinasi SWRO di Indonesia pada umumnya dibuat skala kecil. Studi ini berdasarkan studi kasus di Pulau Bali dengan tarif listrik adalah Rp 1.335,29/kWh dan pajak air bawah tanah adalah Rp 4.950/m3. Evaluasi tekno-ekonomi dianalisa untuk kapasitas 150-1000 m3/hari, recovery sistem 40% dengan salinitas air laut 32.000 ppm, suku bunga 13%, dan jangka waktu pinjaman 10 tahun. Harga jual air desalinasi pada tahun pertama 24,300/m3. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi ekonomi yang meliputi NPV dan IRR  dapat disimpulkan bahwa investasi layak dilakukan. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-03-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11325 10.14710/reaktor.16.4.218-224 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.4 Desember 2016; 218-224 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11325/10529 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/18228 2020-04-17T05:41:53Z reaktor:RA

Synthesis of Surfactant Tert-Butyl Glycosides from Glucose and Tert-Butanol Pawignya, Harsa Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko Pramudono, Bambang In Indonesia, a lot of discarded agricultural waste still contains cellulose (35-50%), the waste can still be hydrolyzed to glucose and then used as raw material in the manufacture of surfactants. Glucose can be reacted with tert-butanol using a para-toluene sulfonic acid catalyst to form tert-butyl glycoside surfactant. The purpose of this study was to study the process conditions influence the variable mole ratio, temperature, and catalyst percent on the yield of tert-butyl glycosides. The results showed that at mole ratio 1:5; temperature 70oC; and the percentage of catalyst 2.5 %, the yield obtained was 98.58 % with tert-butyl glycosides content of 61.2 %. Furthermore, the molecular structure of the surfactant was analyzed using FTIR while surface tension to determine the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value and obtained an HLB value of 4.61 Therefore, tert-butyl glycoside surfactant can be used as an emulsifier in the water-in-oil emulsion system.Keywords: glucose; surfactant; tert-butanol; tert-butyl glycosides Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18228 10.14710/interaksi.%v.%i.124-135 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 4 December 2018; 202-208 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18228/14971 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8129 2020-04-17T05:17:25Z reaktor:RA

MODEL PERPINDAHAN MASSA PADA EKSTRAKSI SAPONIN BIJI TEH DENGAN PELARUT ISOPROPIL ALKHOHOL 50% DENGAN PENGONTAKAN SECARA DISPERSI MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS DIMENSI Prasetyo, Susiana Yosephine, Felicia chemical engineering;chemistry;engineering analisis dimensi; dispersi; ekstraksi; IPA 50%; perpindahan massa; saponin; biji teh Indonesia merupakan salah satu penghasil teh terbesar di dunia. Menurut data dari Deptan 2010, dengan luas lahan sebesar 127712 ha, Indonesia dapat menghasilkan produktivitas teh sebesar 153971 ton/tahun. Namun sayangnya, selama ini pemanfaatan tanaman teh di Indonesia masih terbatas pada pucuk daunnya saja. Bagian tanaman teh yang memiliki kandungan potensial namun belum dimanfaatkan adalah  biji teh, mengandung 26% saponin, 20-60% minyak dan 11% protein. Saponin merupakan salah satu komponen bioaktif yang telah dimanfaatkan sebagai insektisida pembasmi hama pada tambak udang, bahan baku industri deterjen, shampoo, minuman bir, pembentuk busa pada pemadam kebakaran, dan dapat dimanfaatkan pula sebagai pupuk organik. Pada penelitian ini, saponin biji teh diperoleh melalui ekstraksi biji teh pasca pengepresan menggunakan pelarut IPA 50% secara batch di dalam sebuah ekstraktor berkapasitas 2 L. Pengontakan solvent dengan biji teh dilakukan secara dispersi. Pada penelitian ini, rasio massa pelarut terhadap massa umpan diset 20:1; temperatur divariasikan 25-60 oC, kecepatan pengadukan 100-400 rpm, serta ukuran biji teh divariasikan -40+50 mesh s.d -100+200 mesh. Ekstraksi dilakukan hingga tercapai kesetimbangan. Ekstrak yang diperoleh dipekatkan menggunakan rotavapor vakum pada temperatur di bawah 40oC. Ekstrak pekat saponin kasar yang didapat dimurnikan dengan penambahan eter, etanol dan petroleum eter secara bertahap sehingga diperoleh endapan saponin murni yang kemudian dikeringkan menggunakan tray drier pada temperatur 40oC. Pada penelitian ini, model perpindahan massa sederhana dikembangkan untuk menggambarkan proses ekstraksi padat-cair saponin biji teh. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dimensi diperoleh hubungan antara koefisien perpindahan massa volumetrik (kLa) pada lapisan antar fasa padat-cair dengan variabel-variabel ekstraksi yang dinyatakan dalam persamaan bilangan tak berdimensi dengan ralat rata-rata 3,7904 %.DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MASS TRANSFER MODEL FOR SAPONIN FROM TEA SEEDS USING 50% ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL SOLVENT IN A DISPERSION SYSTEM. Indonesia is one of the biggest tea producers in the world. According to the Deptan 2010, about 127712 hectares plantation land area produced 153971 tons of tea. Nevertheless, the utilization of tea is still restricted on the tea young sprouts. The tea seed itself which is very potential due to its bioactive ingredients has not been utilized yet. The seed contains 26% saponin, 20-60% oil, and 11% protein. Saponin is one of the bioactive components which has been used as an insecticide to kill pests on shrimps in the fishing industry, or additives for detergent industry, shampoo, beer drinks, foam on the fire department, and it can also be used as an organic fertilizer. In this research, tea seed saponin was obtained from the extraction of tea seed which was previously mechanically pressed using IPA 50% as the solvent in a 2 L batch extractor. The contact between solvent and the seed tea occurred via dispersion mechanism. The fixed variable during the extractions was mass solvent to mass feed ratios (20:1), while the studied variables were temperatures (25-60oC), stirring speeds (100-400 rpm), and the sizes of the seeds (-40+50 mesh to -100+200 mesh). Extraction was carried out until equilibrium was reached. Extract was concentrated by vacuum evaporation at temperatures below 40oC. Concentrated saponin was purified by sequential addition of ether; ethanol and petroleum ether in order to obtain pure saponin precipitated which is then dried using a tray drier at a temperature of 40oC. In this study, a simple mass transfer model was developed in order to describe the solid-liquid extraction process of tea seed saponin. Based on the results of the dimensional analysis, the relationships between the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) at the interphase of solid-liquid surface and extraction variables can be expressed by the following equation with the average error is 3.7904%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Department of Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University 2012-10-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8129 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.87-94 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 87-94 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8129/6670

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/48983 2023-05-30T19:11:03Z reaktor:RA

Preparation and Characterization of Velvet Beans-Based Edible Film Fortified with Green Tea Extract as Antioxidant Agent Handayani, Noer Abyor Soewito, Laurensia Belinda F, Alfan Fatir T, Ignatia Novita S, Tian Shifa Health and environmental problems related to plastic food packaging are general problems. Edible film as food packaging from organic and edible materials can be a solution by increasing its structure and content. Modification of edible film from the protein of Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) with gelatin and alginate to modify the structure of the film and the addition of green tea leaf extract as an antioxidant. Edible films are made by combining constituent materials with the addition of a crosslink method. The addition of green tea leaf antioxidant concentration on nutritional properties, chemical properties, and shelf life of edible films through the DPPH method and antimicrobial tests showed good changes. The addition of gelatin, alginate, and green tea leaves to the mechanical and morphological properties of the film showed good indications. The effect before and after the addition of green tea leaves on the chemical structure of the edible film (OH‑ group) using FTIR analysis shows indications through changes in spectra. Modified velvet bean film with gelatin, alginate, and green tea leaves can potentially be applied in the food industry as food packaging. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-01-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48983 10.14710/reaktor.22.3.113-121 Reaktor; Volume 22 No. 3 December 2022; 113-121 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48983/23161 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/331 2020-04-17T05:01:07Z reaktor:RA

ALGORITMA MODULAR UNTUK SISTEM PROSES DENGAN RECYCLE - KEADAAN TUNAK PADA PERANGKAT LUNAK BEBAS BIAYA LISENSI Sasongko, Setia Budi Chemical Engineering free of charge software, modular algorithm, open office-calc, recycle, scilab Computer simulasion can be developed to comprehend a system process characteristic and can be used to train the operator of process. The first problem of programming is high price of the licence. Using the FOC (free of charge) software solve of the previous problem such as Scilab and Open Office which comparable with Matlab and Excel. The objectives of this article develop process system programming which has recycle system and user friendly programming. Modular algorithm programming is introduced to solve recycle process system. Graphical User Interface (GUI) also introduces to make user friendly programming. Execution of the program performs stable and correct results. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-02-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/331 10.14710/reaktor.12.2.117-122 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2008; 117-122 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/331/183

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/24943 2020-05-29T10:45:07Z reaktor:RA

Kinetics and equilibriums adsorption of Cu (II) ion by chitosan and cross-linked chitosan-bentonite Hargono, Hargono Sarah, Angga Mei Nevrita, Feninda Jos, Bakti The sorption of Cu (II) particle from aqueous solution onto chitosan and cross-connected chitosan-bentonite (CTS-BTN) as adsorbent were conducted in batch conditions. The impact of different test parameters: starting pH, sorption time was assessed. Equilibrium studies have been completed to decide the limit of chitosan and CTS-BTN for Cu (II) particle. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used in the examination of the trial information as linearized conditions. It was discovered that the isotherm information were all around portrayed by the Langmuir isotherm. Chitosan and CTS-BTN showed an adsorption capacity of 125 mg/g and 142.86 mg/g, respectively. The constant of adsorption rate was investigation utilizing a pseudo first order and a pseudo second order model. The pseudo second order model brought about the best fit with test information (R2= 0,991 for CTS and R2= 0,995 for CTS-BTN), additionally giving a constant rate k2, ads= 8.85 x 10-5 g/mg min for CTS and 3.72 x 10-4 g/mg min for CTS-BTN. Recommending that this model could be used in design and applications.Keywords:  adsorption; Cu(II) ion; chitosan; cross-linked; isotherm; kinetics Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-10-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24943 10.14710/reaktor.19.3.117-124 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 3 September 2019; 117-124 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24943/16006 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8953 2020-04-17T05:25:07Z reaktor:RA

APLIKASI SORBITOL PADA PRODUKSI BIODEGRADABLE FILM DARI NATA DE CASSAVA Hidayati, Sri Zuidar, Ahmad Sapta Ardiani, Astri biology science biodegradable film nata de cassava, sorbitol An experiment of sulfonation process of biodegraabale film was caried out using nata de cassava with variation of sorbitol concentration as plastisizer (0% (S0), 3% (S1), 6% (S2), 9% (S3), 12% (S4) and 15% (S5)  by using Randomized Complete Design Block.  The experiment result showed the best  sorbitol concentration present in 9% sorbitol concentration The best characteristic of produced biodegradable film showed that visual properties were achieved with transparent colored white stringy, tensile strength of 11.76 MPa, percent extension of 13.28%, the solubility of 72.08%. This film can be degraded during 5 weeks. Keyword:  biodegradable film, nata de cassava, sorbitol Abstrak Sebuah penelitian tentang proses produksi biodegradable film dari nata de cassava dengan perlakuan konsentrasi sorbitol sebagai plastisizer 0% (S0), 3% (S1), 6% (S2), 9% (S3), 12% (S4) dan 15% (S5) menggunakan Rancangan kelompok Acak lengkap.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi terbaik yaitu sorbitol 9%, dengan hasil penampakan visual yaitu berwarna transparan berserabut putih, kuat tarik sebesar 11,76 MPa, persen perpanjangan sebesar 13,28%, kelarutan sebesar 72,08%. Film dapat terdegradasi selama 5 minggu. Kata Kunci: biodegradable fim, nata de cassava, sorbitol Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-10-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8953 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.195-203 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.3 April 2015; 195-203 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8953/7739

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/66760 2025-04-17T00:13:26Z reaktor:RA

Preparation and Characterization Of (ZnO-TiO2) nanoparticles and studying their effect of Photo degradation Ampicillin Al Jurdh, Maisam In this research, the photodegradation of the ampicillin antibiotic (AMP) in an aqueous solution was studied by using ZnO–TiO2 nanoparticles prepared via the wet incipient impregnation method with TiO2 and Zn(NO3)2⋅6H2O as precursor materials using three different ratios of both oxides (1:1, 0.5:1, 1:0.5). The effects of different molar ratios of the prepared nanoparticles and ultraviolet radiation from sun rays and a UV lamp were studied. We utilized SEM, XRD, and EDX characterization techniques to study the structural features and morphology of the nanoprepared oxide. The removal of the antibiotic ampicillin was studied using an ultraviolet device at a wavelength of 254 nm in the presence of oxide nanoparticles and two radiation sources. The removal rate was 98% when using a composite oxide (ZnO-TiO2) in a proportion of 0.5:1 and applying solar radiation. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-12-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/66760 10.14710/reaktor.24.2.52-57 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.2 August 2024; 52-57 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/66760/27145 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15015 2017-07-19T16:46:36Z reaktor:RA

Pengukuran Intensitas Turbulensi Pada Susunan Sebaris Dan Dua Baris Pipa Bersirip Lingkaran Menggunakan Laser Doppler Velocimeter Sinaga, N. intensitas turbulensi, pipa bersirip, susunan segaris, susunan berseling Artikel ini memaparkan hasil pengukuran kecepatan dan intensitas turbulensi di daerah hilir susunan sebaris dan dua baris pipa bersirip, yang dilator belakangi oleh anggapan bahwa, laju perpindahan kalor dan kerugian tekanan sangat dipengaruhi oleh intensitas turbulensi yang terjadi. Pengukuran dilakukan di dalam seksi uji sebuah kanal hidrolik  berukuran 600 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, dengan menggunakan teknik Laser Doppler Velocimetry. Pipa dan sirip disusun dalam konfigurasi sebaris dan berseling, dengan dia,eter luar silinder dan sirip masing-masing 16 mm dan 33,6 mm. kecepatan aliran masuk seksi uji dijaga konstan sebesar 1,4 m/detik atau setara dengan Re= 26000, berdasarkan kecepatan arus bebas dan diameter pipa. Disimpulkan bahwa harga intensitas turbulensi dipengaruhi oleh cara  penyusunan pipa dan sirip, dimana susunan pipa berseling cenderung membangkitkan turbulensi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan susunan pipa segaris. Akan tetapi, didapatkan pula, intensitas turbulensi susunan pipa segaris dapat ditingkatkan dengan menyusun sirip secara berseling.Kata Kunci : intensitas turbulensi, pipa bersirip, susunan segaris, susunan berseling Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15015 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.34-40 Reaktor; Volume 09 No.1 Juni 2005; 34-40 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15015/11389 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1569 2020-04-17T05:09:53Z reaktor:RA

PROSPEKTIF LEMPUNG ALAM CENGAR SEBAGAI ADSORBEN POLUTAN ANORGANIK DI DALAM AIR: KAJIAN KINETIKA ADSORPSI KATION Co(II) Muhdarina, Muhdarina Mohammad, Abdul Wahab Muchtar, Andanastuti Chemical Engineering energi aktivasi negatif, kinetika, larutan garam ammonium, lempung alam Cengar Kemampuan lempung alam Cengar untuk melepaskan kation Co(II) dari air limbah model telah diuji dengan proses adsorpsi. Lempung alam Cengar diimpregnasi dengan larutan garam ammonium 1 molar untuk meningkatkan kemampuan adsorpsinya. Kapasitas adsorpsi kation Co(II) oleh lempung Cengar yang diimpregnasi meningkat di bawah pengaruh waktu kontak dan menurun dengan temperatur. Beberapa model kinetika yaitu order-pertama pseudo, order-kedua pseudo, model Elovich dan difusi intra-partikel telah digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kinetika dan mekanisme interaksi Co(II) pada lempung Cengar. Mekanisme adsorpsi Co(II)-lempung Cengar mengikuti kinetika order-kedua pseudo pada waktu perolehan adsorbat maksimum 120 menit. Dengan model Elovich didapatkan adsorben lempung Cengar memiliki permukaan yang heterogen. Energi aktivasi proses adsorpsi juga dievaluasi di bawah pengaruh temperatur dan didapatkan energi aktivasi yang negatif. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-11-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1569 10.14710/reaktor.13.2.81-88 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010; 81-88 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1569/1405

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/29611 2021-01-20T00:02:55Z reaktor:RA

Simultaneous Pretreatment Process on The Isolation of Cellulose Mycrocrystalline from Oil Palm empty Fruit Bunches Sampora, Yulianti Devy, Yenni Apriliany Sondari, Dewi Septevani, Athanasia Amanda This research was aimed to evaluate the isolation of cellulose derived from empty fruit bunches (EFB), especially to increase the purity of cellulose content by subsequent pretreatment process involving delignification using NaOH followed by bleaching process using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The result showed that the cellulose content of the raw EFB content at 37.6% ± 0.3 w/w increased to 89.2% ± 0.4 w/w after the simultaneous pretreatment process. Moreover, after the simultaneous of bleaching process using H2O2, the lignin content can be reduced up to 3.1% ± 0.1 w/w which similar to cellulose standard (2.7% ± w/w). The utilization of simultaneous pretreatment process can also reduce the hemicellulose content from 23.9% ± 0.3 w/w (raw EFB) to 7.7% ± 0.2 w/w even lower than the cellulose standard (13.1% w/w). FTIR spectrum showed that the peak absorption of cellulose increased significantly upon the simultaneous process of delignification-bleaching. Morphological changes of the raw EFB compared to pre-treated EFB as a note by SEM analysis showed the significant transformation from the larger size and tightly bundles of micro-fibril cellulose into smaller size and individually separated micro-fibrils. Further through the simultaneous process exhibited yield at 80-85%, high crystallinity (70-80%), and good thermal stability in terms of Tonset at about 230-290 °C. From these results, it can be concluded that the subsequent pretreatment process involving NaOH delignification and H2O2 bleaching processes more likely offer a high selectivity of cellulose microcrystalline from lignocellulosic biomass material by simultaneous reduction of the hemicellulose and lignin content without disrupting the structure of cellulose.Keywords: bleaching; cellulose; delignified; microcrystalline cellulose; oil palm empty fruit bunches Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/29611 10.14710/reaktor.20.4.174-182 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.4 December 2020; 174-182 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/29611/18649 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11780 2020-04-17T05:31:19Z reaktor:RA

EFFECT OF SOLVENT THE SELECTIVE SEPARATION OF PHYTOSTEROLS USING ZEOLITE A.Widjaja, A.Widjaja Y.H. Chuang, Chuang chemical Engineering adsorption; campesterol; organic solvent; B-sitosterol; zeolite The effect of organic solvent on zeolite adsorption of sterols mixiture containing almost the same percentage of campesterol and B-sitosterol was investigated. Although pentane was found to give the highest adsorption rate than other solvents, but it was not chosen as the sovent due to its low boilingpoint and high volatility. Although iso-actane has a high boiling point and adsorption rate like pentane, however, since it shows lower  selectivity than other solvents, it was not considered as a good solvent. Based on the the selectivity study which shows that using hexane as the solvent campesterol was adsorbed more than B-sitosterol, and also based on the moderate boiling point of hexane, hexane wasconsidered the best solvent for the separation of campesterol and B-sitosterol by zeolite adsorption. It was found that adding up to 0.3% ethanol could increase the adsorption rate. Methanol, having the highest polarity among other solvents investigated, gave the highest desorption rate of campesterol adsorbed  on the zeolite surface. However, solvent selectivity in the desorption was lower than that in  adsorption. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-06-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11780 10.14710/reaktor.10.1.31-36 Reaktor; Volume 10 No. 1 Juni 2006; 31-36 2407-5973 0852-0798 id

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14628 2020-04-17T05:34:42Z reaktor:RA

PENDUGAAN UMUR SIMPAN KERIPIK PISANG SALUT COKELAT “PURBARASA” KEMASAN POLIPROPILEN BERDASARKAN ANGKA TBA DENGAN METODE ASLT MODEL ARRHENIUS Herawati, Ervika Rahayu Novita Nurhayati, Rifa Angwar, Mukhamad Wakhida, Vebe Food chemistry; Chemical engineering; Chemistry ASLT Arrhenius; cocoa powder-coated banana chips; TBA; shelf life Abstract SHELF LIFE ESTIMATION OF COCOA POWDER-COATED BANANA CHIPS “PURBARASA” BASED ON TBA VALUE USING ARRHENIUS MODEL OF ACCELERATED SHELF LIFE TEST (ASLT) METHOD. Cocoa powder-coated banana chips "PURBARASA" is a banana chips made from local banana in Nglanggeran Village and coated with local cocoa powder. The products are sold using polypropylene packaging with 0.08 mm thickness. The change in quality of cocoa powder-coated banana chips "PURBARASA" during storage might occur for its rancidity which is caused by fat contained in cocoa powder and absorbed oil within banana chips during deep frying processed. This deterioration can decrease its shelf life. However, the shelf life of cocoa powder-coated banana chips "PURBARASA" has not been studied yet, hence, it is really necessary to estimate shelf life of this products in order to comply with the requirements of food safety labeling on its package. The method which can be used to estimate the shelf life of cocoa powder-coated banana chips "PURBARASA" is Accelerated Shelf Life Test (ASLT) with Arrhenius model. In this case, the parameter used were based on rancidity using TBA test. Observations of deterioration carried out at three different temperatures, i.e. 35, 45 and 55oC, every 7 days for 42 days. According to the study, the estimated shelf life of cocoa powder-coated banana chips "PURBARASA" at 10, 25, 28, 300C based on TBA test were 6.2, 4.6, 4.3 and 4.2 months respectively. Kata kunci: ASLT Arrhenius; cocoa powder-coated banana chips; shelf life; TBA   Abstract Keripik pisang salut cokelat “PURBARASA” merupakan produk olahan pisang lokal Desa Nglanggeran berupa keripik yang disalut bubuk cokelat lokal, dan dikemas menggunakan kemasan polipropilen dengan ketebalan 0,08 mm. Keripik pisang salut cokelat “PURBARASA” selama penyimpanan dapat mengalami penurunan mutu berupa ketengikan yang diakibatkan oleh kandungan lemak pada bubuk cokelat dan minyak sisa hasil penggorengan deep frying yang terserap pada keripik sehingga mempengaruhi umur simpan produk. Sampai saat ini, KUBE PURBARASA belum mengetahui umur simpan produk keripik pisang salut cokelat “PURBARASA” sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian pendugaan umur simpan produk guna memenuhi persyaratan pelabelan keamanan pangan pada kemasan produk pangan. Metode pendugaan umur simpan yang digunakan yaitu metode Accelerated Shelf Life Test (ASLT) Model Arrhenius. Parameter uji yang digunakan yaitu ketengikan berdasarkan angka TBA. Pengamatan penurunan mutu dilakukan pada tiga suhu yang berbeda yaitu suhu 350C, 450C dan 550C setiap 7 hari sekali selama 42 hari. Didapatkan estimasi umur simpan keripik pisang salut cokelat “PURBARASA” pada suhu 10, 25, 28, dan 300C berdasarkan angka TBA berturut-turut yaitu selama 6,2, 4,6, 4,3 dan 4,2 bulan. Keywords: ASLT Arrhenius; keripik pisang salut cokelat; umur simpan; TBA Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-10-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14628 10.14710/reaktor.17.3.118-125 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017; 118-125 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14628/11907 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4123 2023-05-12T19:06:55Z reaktor:RA

EKSTRAKSI TANNIN SEBAGAI BAHAN PEWARNA ALAMI DARI TANAMAN PUTRIMALU (MIMOSA PUDICA) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT ORGANIK Marnoto, Tjukup Haryono, Gogot Gustinah, Dewi Putra, Fendy Artha Chemical Engineering ekstraksi; pemodelan; pelarut organik; soxhlet EXTRACTION OF TANNINS AS NATURAL DYES FROM PUTRIMALU (MIMOSA PUDICA) PLANT USING VARIOUS ORGANIC SOLVENTS. Public awareness on using natural dyes has encouraged the extraction of tannins from putrimalu. Extraction was performed continuously using a Soxhlet apparatus. The parameter studied was the influence of solvent polarity on the amount of tannin and mass transfer coefficient. Tannin was extracted from ten grams of dried putrimalu plants using polar solvents (ethanol, acetone and methanol) and a non-polar solvent (n-hexane). Extraction is considered complete when the concentration of tannins in the liquid is no longer changing with time. Liquid samples were withdrawn every 20 minutes interval for tannin analyses using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The results showed that the maximum concentration of tannins in the extract (g/mL) when extraction were performed using n-hexane was 0.0031, acetone (0.016), methanol (0.0274) and ethanol (0.044). From extract yield and mass transfer coefficient point of views, it can be concluded that the best solvent is ethanol. The relationship between tannin concentration in the ethanol 96% solvent and the time was expressed in term of mathematical equations             CAL=1.046(1-e-0.0213t) with error was 3.6%. Where CAL is the concentration of tannins in the solvent (g/ml) and t is the extraction time (minutes).  Kesadaran masyarakat untuk kembali menggunakan bahan pewarna alami mendorong dilakukannya ekstraksi tannin dari putrimalu. Ekstraksi dilakukan secara kontinyu menggunakan alat Soxhlet. Parameter yang dipelajari adalah pengaruh polaritas pelarut terhadap ekstrak tannin dan koefisien transfer massa. Tannin diekstrak dari sepuluh gram tanaman putrimalu kering menggunakan pelarut polar (etanol, aseton dan metanol) dan pelarut non-polar n-heksana. Ekstraksi dianggap selesai jika konsentrasi tannin di dalam pelarut sudah tidak berubah. Tannin di dalam contoh cairan yang diambil setiap selang waktu 20 menit  dianalisis menggunakan Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi tannin maksimum (g/mL) yang terdapat dalam larutan yang mengandung ekstrak jika ekstraksi menggunakan n-heksana adalah 0,0031, aseton (0,016), metanol (0,0274) dan etanol (0,044). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditinjau dari perolehan ekstrak dan koefieisen perpindahan massa, maka pelarut yang terbaik adalah etanol. Hubungan antara konsentrasi tannin di dalam pelarut etanol 96% dan waktu dinyatakan dengan persamaan matematika: CAL=1,046(1-e-0,0213.t) dengan kesalahan 3,6%. Dimana CAL adalah konsentrasi tannin dalam pelarut (g/mL) dan t adalah waktu ekstraksi (menit) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-04-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4123 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.39-45 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 39-45 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4123/3756

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/46213 2025-01-15T23:55:14Z reaktor:RA

Cellulose Nanofibers from Regenerated Cellulose fibers of Cigarette Butts and Application in Pickering Emulsion Amanda, Putri Masruchin, Nanang Amelia, Anita Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) have been applied in various applications due to the abundant raw materials and excellent mechanical and thermal properties. In this work, CNF from Cigarette butts (CNF-CB) was used as emulsion stabilized for oil in water emulsion. CNF was prepared from regenerated cellulose fibers that were produced by deacetylation of Cigarette butts waste using autoclave and then hydrolysis by chemical treatment using sulfuric acid. The FTIR spectra of CNF-CB showed chemically convert from Cigarette butts waste, indicating removal of the acetyl group. TEM micrographs showed nanocellulose with diameters of 8-32.30 nm. XRD analysis shows that the CNF-CB is a cellulose II allomorph with a crystallinity index of about 88.04%. Thermogravimetric analysis showed high char residue for the nanocellulose compared to raw fibers. The addition of CNF-CB with a concentration of 0.5% into the oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) showed better stability than commercial surfactant. In conclusion, this approach offers a promising strategy for upcycling cigarette butts waste to produce nanocellulose, which could be used in various applications. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-08-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/46213 10.14710/reaktor.22.2.49-58 Reaktor; Volume 22 No.2 August 2022; 49-58 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/46213/22400 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14882 2017-07-19T16:47:45Z reaktor:RA

Kesetimbangan Fasa Ekstraksi β-Karotin Dari Minyak Sawit dengan CO2 Superkritik Prasetyaningrum, Aji Chemical Engineering β-karotin, minyak sawit, CO2 superkritik Karotin merupakan komponen minor bernilai tinggi yang terkandung dalam minyak sawit. Peranan karotin adalah sebagai unsure pendukung vitamin A dan mencegah penyakit kanker. Hal ini membantu meningkatkan harga jual dari β-karotin.Untuk bahan makanan dan obat-obatan perlu dikembangkan metode pemisahan yang dapat mengambil produk tanpa mendegradasi bahan bakunya. Ekstraksi dengan pelarut superkritik merupakan metode pemisahan yang memanfaatkan daya melarutkan dan sifat-sifat difusional fluida superkritik. Penggunaan pelarut tidak berbahaya (CO2) dan dapat dipisahkan dari produk akhir dengan metode pemisahan yang sederhana dan hemat energy merupakan keunggulan proses ini.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model kesetimbangan fasa ekstraksi superkritik β-karotin dari minyal sawit dengan persamaan keadaan Redlich-Kwong-Soave dan Peng Robinson yang dilengkapi aturan pencampuran asli maupun aturan pencampuran Kwak-Mansoori. Data yang tersedia dari literature dipergunakan untuk menentukan harga optimum parameter interaksi biner dalam system tersebut. Model kesetimbangan fase yang didapat selanjutnya digunakan untuk melacak kondisi operasi serta untuk memerikan gambaran tentang kebutuhan perancangan peralatan pemisahan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi operasi yang optimal untuk proses ekstrasi superkritik β-karotin dari minyak sawit adalah pada suhu 70 0C dan tekanan 300 bar.pada kondisi operasi tersebut dicapai selektivitas proses yang tertinggi.Kata kunci : β-karotin, minyak sawit, CO2 superkritik Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14882 10.14710/reaktor.3.1.26-33 Reaktor; Volume 3 No.1 Desember 1999; 26-33 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14882/11292 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1328 2020-04-17T05:01:13Z reaktor:RA

CONVERSION OF PINEAPPLE JUICE WASTE INTO LACTIC ACID IN BATCH AND FED – BATCH FERMENTATION SYSTEMS Mochamad Busairi, Abdullah Chemical Engineering; Chemistry; engineering batch and fed-batch culture, lactic acid, pineapple juice waste Pineapple juice waste contains valuable components, which are mainly sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Recently, lactic acid has been considered to be an important raw material for the production of biodegradable lactide polymer. The fermentation experiments were carried out in a 3 litres fermentor (Biostat B Model) under anaerobic condition with stirring speed of 50 rpm, temperature at 40oC, and pH of 6.00. Effect of feed concentration on lactic acid production, bacterial growth, substrate utilisation and productivity was studied. The results obtained from fed- batch culture fermentation showed that the maximum lactic acid productivity was 0.44 g/L.h for feed concentration of 90 g/L at 48 hours. Whereas the lactic acid productivity obtained from fed-batch culture was twice and half fold higher than that of batch culture productivity.  Buangan jus nanas mengandung komponen yang berharga terutama sukrosa, glukosa, dan fruktosa. Asam laktat adalah bahan baku yang terbaru dan penting untuk dibuat sebagai polimer laktat yang dapat terdegradasi oleh lingkungan. Percobaan dilakukan pada fermentor 3 liter (Model Biostat B) di bawah kondisi anaerob dengan kecepatan pengadukan 50 rpm, temperatur 40oC, dan pH 6,00. Pengaruh konsentrasi umpan terhadap produksi asam laktat, pertumbuhan mikroba, pengggunaan substrat dan produktivitas telah dipelajari. Hasil yang didapatkan pada fermentasi dengan menggunakan sistem fed-batch menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas asam laktat maksimum adalah 0.44 g/L,jam dengan konsentrasi umpan, 90 g/L pada waktu 48 jam. Bahkan produktivitas asam laktat yang didapat pada kultur fed-batch lebih tinggi 2,5 kali dari pada proses menggunakan sistem batch Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-12-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1328 10.14710/reaktor.12.2.98-101 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2008; 98-101 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1328/1091

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16217 2020-04-17T05:39:40Z reaktor:RA

Effect of Extraction Time on Unreacted Oil Removal in Biodiesel Purification Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Niawanti, Helda Zullaikah, Siti Rice bran oil (RBO) based biodiesel contains unreacted oil such as monoglyceride (MG), diglyceride (DG) and triglyceride (TG) to be purified. The liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was used for purification using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES). The objective of this work was to study the effect of extraction time on unreacted oil removal. RBO containing 16.49% oil with free fatty acids (FFA) content of 44.75%. Acid catalyzed methanolysis was used for biodiesel production under operating conditions: T = 60°C, t = 8 hours, molar ratio of oil/methanol  was 1/10, H2SO4 1% w/w of RBO. Crude biodiesel containing 89.05% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 0.05% FFA, TG 4.03%, DG 4.01%  and MG 0.30%. DES was made from choline chloride and ethylene glycol with 1/2 molar ratio, while molar ratio of biodiesel/DES was 1/2. The extraction time was varied from 15 to 240 minutes at 30°C. The highest TG, DG and MG removal were obtained at 240 minutes, they were 3.01%, 0.22% and 0.03%, respectively. FAME and FFA content were 96.55% and 0.03%. Keywords: biodiesel; DES; extraction; unreacted oil; purification Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-06-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16217 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.122-127 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018; 122-127 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16217/14225 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7869 2020-04-17T05:20:08Z reaktor:RA

NON-DISSOLVED SOLIDS REMOVAL DURING PALM KERNEL OIL ULTRAFILTRATION Purwasasmita, Mubiar Juwono, Petrus Benny Karlina, Aysha Mareta Khoiruddin, Khoiruddin Wenten, I Gede Chemical Engineering non-dissolved solids; palm kernel oil; polypropylene membrane; ultrafiltration Performance of polypropylene hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane during non-dissolved solids (NDS) removal from palm kernel oil is investigated. The filtration is operated at difference feed temperature and pressure to study the effect of both parameters on membrane performance. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that polypropylene hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane can be used for palm kernel oil NDS removal. Temperature and trans-membrane pressure have proportional effect to permeate flux. In contrast, they have inverse effect to rejection of NDS. During the experiment, permeate fluxes and rejections of NDS varied from 3.4 to 8.7 L/m2.h and from 51% to 94%, respectively. The best operating conditions suggested are feed temperature of 30°C and TMP of 1 bar which produce the highest NDS rejection. In addition, the permeate quality can meet the requirement of standard NDS content even at its lowest rejection level which shows the remarkable performance of membrane filtration. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-12-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7869 10.14710/reaktor.14.4.284-290 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013; 284-290 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7869/6449

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16110 2018-02-12T03:40:16Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14943 2017-06-13T03:29:00Z reaktor:RA

Pemodelan Dan Studi Eksperimental Laju Alir Fluida Pada Fluidisasi Minimum Diyono, Diyono Suherman, Suherman fluidisasi minimum, laju alir fluida Laju alir fluida pada fluidisasi minimum telah ditelaah dengan pendekatan persamaan Ergun. Pada penelitian ini, laju alir fluida pada fluidisasi minimum ditelaah secara langsung dengan memvariasikan densitas partikel, diameter partikel dan tinggi unggun. Partikel padat yang digunakan adalah batu bara, batu bata, abu gosok, batu kapur, pasir dan zeolit sebagai representasi densitas. Diameter partikel berkisar rata-rata 0,054-0,338 mm. densitas partikel berkisar 1-3 gr/cm3. Tinggi unggun berkisar 5-10 cm. sedangkan fluida pembawanya adalah udara. Laju alir fluida pada fluidisasi minimum mengalami kenaikan seiring naiknya densitas partikel, diameter partikel dan tinggi unggun model persamaan matematis yang diperoleh adalah bentuk fungsi eksponensial dari kelompok-kelompok bilangan tak berdimensi dimana laju alir fluida pada fluidisasi minimum tergabung dalam kelompok bilangan Reynold. Hasil prediksi model memberikan hasil yang cukup baik bila dibandingkan dengan data eksperimental. Kata kunci : fluidisasi minimum, laju alir fluida Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14943 10.14710/reaktor.6.1.40-43 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 1 Juni 2002; 40-43 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14943/11341 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8418 2020-04-17T05:26:03Z reaktor:RA

PREPARASI KATALIS SILIKA SULFAT DARI ABU SEKAM PADI DAN UJI KATALITIK PADA REAKSI ESTERIFIKASI GLISEROL DENGAN ANHIDRIDA ASAM ASETAT Salman, Moh. Noor Krisdiyanto, Didik Khamidinal, K. Arsanti, Pedy chemical engineering Glycerol, triacetin, acetic acid anhydrous PREPARATION OF SILICA SULFATE CATALYST FROM RICE HUSK ASH AND CATALYTIC TEST IN GLYCEROL ESTHERIFICATION REACTION WITH ACETIC ACID ANHIDROUS. Synthesis of Silica Sulfate catalyst from rice husk ash and used as catalyst for esterification reaction of glycerol with acetic acid anhydrous has done. Catalyst characterized using Infra-Red Spectrophotometer, X-Ray Diffraction and measurement of surface acidity while reaction product characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. Influence of catalyst acidity, reaction time and re-addition of acetic acid anhydrous studied by glycerol conversion and selectivity value of triacetin yielded. Infra-Red spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction analysis of catalyst showed that synthesized catalyst is an amorphous silica sulfate, while esterification analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer showed a triacetin product. Using of silica sulfate catalyst in esterification reaction of glycerol could convert glycerol up to 77% and SS-20 catalyst could give triacetin selectivity value up to 98%. Influence of catalyst acidity doesn’t showed significant influence of glycerol converting value. However, increasing of reaction time could increase glycerol converting and triacetin selectivity. Re-addition of acetic acid anhydrous could increase its selectivity value up to 100%. Keywords: acetic acid anhydrous; glycerol; triacetin Abstrak Silika sulfat telah dibuat dari abu sekam padi dan digunakan sebagai katalis dalam reaksi esterifikasi gliserol dengan anhidrida asam asetat. Katalis dikarakterisasi dengan spektrofotometer infra merah dan difraksi sinar-X sedangkan produk reaksi dikarakterisasi dengan kromatografi gas spektrometri massa. Pengaruh keasaman katalis, waktu reaksi dan penambahan kembali anhidrida asam asetat dipelajari terhadap konversi gliserol dan nilai selektivitas triacetin yang terbentuk. Hasil analisis spektrofotometer infra merah dan difraksi sinar-X terhadap katalis menunjukkan bahwa katalis yang disintesis berupa silika sulfat yang berbentuk amorf, sedangkan hasil analisa terhadap produk esterifikasi menggunakan kromatografi gas spektrometri massa menunjukkan adanya produk triacetin. Penggunaan katalis silika sulfat pada reaksi esterifikasi gliserol dapat mengkonversi gliserol sebesar 77%, dan untuk katalis SS-20 dapat memberikan nilai selektifitas triacetin sebesar 98%. Pengaruh keasaman katalis tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai konversi gliserol. Namun semakin lama waktu reaksi nilai konversi gliserol dan selektivitas triasetin meningkat dan penambahan kembali anhidrida asam asetat dapat meningkatkan nilai selektivitas hingga 100%. Kata kunci: anhidrida asam asetat; gliserol; triacetin  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-04-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8418 10.14710/reaktor.15.4.231-240 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.4 Oktober 2015; 231-240 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8418/8138

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/56930 2025-01-15T21:31:45Z reaktor:RA

Heterogeneous Fenton Degradation of Batik Wastewater using Natural Pyrite Irawaty, Wenny Yuliana, Maria Wijaya, Christian J. Retnoningtyas, Ery S. Lourentius, Suratno Puspitasari, Nathania Hamidah, Umi Heterogeneous Fenton processes with solid natural pyrite catalyst have gained attention for wastewater treatment. The improvement of degradation efficiency of natural pyrite is specific and therefore, it is still a challenging issue. This study was aimed to investigate the performance of Indonesian natural pyrite, without any purification, to treat the real wastewater obtained from batik home industry. To address this issue, several experiment variables such as pre-reaction between pyrite and hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and pH were investigated. COD removal has been found to increase in a slightly acid condition (4.5 to 5.65) and inhibited at pHs of 8 and above (10). The results showed the presence of hydrogen peroxide was indeed greatly influence the wastewater degradation and the solution pH did not significantly change the wastewater degradation in the range of 3 and less than 8. Moreover, the pre-reaction period was found as the important part to initiate the degradation process. The optimum degradation efficiency was obtained by providing the pre-reaction time of 20 min with the addition of 326 mmol/L of H2O2 in the system and the mixture was reacted for 30 min at room temperature and real wastewater pH. Based on results observed in this study, it can be concluded that the batik wastewater can be degraded by natural pyrite up to 84% under reaction conditions studied. This finding offers great opportunity to further investigate and develop the heterogeneous Fenton process for real applications in industry. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-02-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/56930 10.14710/reaktor.23.3.101-107 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.3 December 2023; 101-107 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/56930/25511 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15006 2017-07-19T16:46:51Z reaktor:RA

Pembuatan Data De Pina Dari Limbah Buah Nanas Dengan Bakteri Acetobacter xylium Haryani, K. asam sitrat, asam asetat, fruktosa, glukosa, inokulum, nata de pina, sukrosa Pada indutri pengalengan buah nanas, bonggol dan kulit nanas biasanya dibuang. Bonggol dan kulit nanas dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pembuatan nata de pina yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi. Pemanfaatan filtrate hasil perasan bonggol dan kulit nanas sebagai pertumbuhan bakteri Acetobacter xylium untuk membentuk polisakarida ekstraseluler (nata) sebagai makanan non energy yang dikenal dengan nata de pina. Penelitian ini ertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pemanasan awal dan tanpa pemanasan awal, penambahan asam sitrat dan asam asetat serta konsentrasi inokulum. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap glukosa, fruktosa, sukrosa, asam asetat dan asam sitrat  serta kandungan kalium dan berat nata de pina yang terbentuk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fruktosa merupakan komponen penting dalam penyusunan selulosa (nata de pina), asam sitrat sebagai unsur organik, dan unsur kalium sebagai sumber mineral. Asam asetat merupakan senyawa penghambat dalam pembentukan nata de pina jika konsentrasi awal terlalu besar atau tidak ada asam organik  yang lain dan terbentuk selama proses fermentasi. Pertambahan konsentrasi inokulum akan menyebabkan nata de pina yang terbentuk bertambah secara parabolic dan nilai terbaik dicapai pada konsentrsi 7%. Niai ini ditunjukkan oleh berat nata de pina yang terbentuk paling besar (basis kering atau asah) dan konsentrasi sisa glukosa dan fruktosa paling kecil.Kata kunci : asam sitrat, asam asetat, fruktosa, glukosa, inokulum, nata de pina, sukrosa Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15006 10.14710/reaktor.7.02.70-76 Reaktor; Volume 07 No.2 Desember 2003; 70-76 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15006/11380 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1552 2020-04-17T05:08:46Z reaktor:RA

SINTESIS TURUNAN POLIEUGENOL SEBAGAI CARRIER BAGI RECOVERY LOGAM BERAT DENGAN TEKNIK MEMBRAN CAIR Djunaidi, M. Cholid Lusiana, Retno A. Wibawa, Pratama J. Siswanta, Dwi Jumina, Jumina Chemical Engineering membran cair, membran cair ruah, turunan polieugenol Telah dilakukan sintesis senyawa asam poliuegenoksi asetat dan polieugenoksi asetil piridil karbinolat (suatu turunan polieugenoksi asetat dengan gugus aktif N) dari eugenol. Hasil sintesis digunakan sebagai ekstraktan logam berat dengan metode transport membran cair. Analisis struktur polimer yang terbentuk dilakukan dengan spektrometer infra merah, 1H NMR, KLT, dan uji kelarutan. Penentuan berat molekul relatif polimer menggunakan metode viscometer Ubbelohde. Transport logam dilakukan dengan Membran Cair Ruah (BLM) menggunakan sel gelas tipe U terhadap campuran logam Cu (II), Fe (III), Ni (II), Cd (II), Zn (II), dan Cr (III) kesemuanya dalam bentuk garam klorida. Transport dilakukan pada fasa umpan dan penerima HCl, konsentrasi logam masing-masing 50 ppm. Penentuan konsentrasi ion logam di fasa penerima sebelum dan sesudah transport dilakukan dengan spectrofotometer serapan atom, sedangkan perubahan pH yang menyertai diukur dengan pH meter. Hasil sintesis polieugenoksi asetat dan polieugenoksi asetil piridil karbinolat berupa serbuk amorf berwarna merah bata sampai coklat tua, dengan berat molekul 5.980.854 gram/mol dan 5.602.282 gram/mol. Hasil transport terhadap campuran logam menunjukkan polieugenoksi asetat dan polieugenoksi asetil piridil karbinolat dengan gugus N hasil sintesis mampu mentransferkan  campuran logam ke fasa penerima dengan urutan logam hard  (Cr (III) dan Fe (III)) > logam borderline (Ni (II), Zn (II) dan Cu (II)), logam soft Cd (II). Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-06-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1552 10.14710/reaktor.13.1.16-23 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 1, Juni 2010; 16-23 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1552/1309

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/31531 2020-07-17T02:19:00Z reaktor:RA

Membrane Technology Application for Fractionation Process to Obtain High Quality Glucosamine Rokhati, Nur Istirokhatun, Titik Hamada, Nur ‘Aini Apriyanti, Dwi Titik Glucosamine, monosaccharide from chitosan obtained from the chitin deacetylation process, has been used widely in various fields such as nutrition, pharmacy, and cosmetics. Glucosamine can be obtained from the hydrolysis of chitosan. Enzymatic hydrolysis provides the advantage of mild reaction conditions, environmentally friendly, and high yield. But until now, the separation of glucosamine from the chitosan hydrolysis fraction has been an obstacle. Ultrafiltration membranes offer an efficient filtration process because they do not require additional chemicals. The performance of ultrafiltration membranes was analyzed from the fractionation process of chitosan hydrolysis. The PES membranes in 10, 25, and 50 kDa were used to filter hydrolyzed Low Molecular Weight Chitosan (LMWC) in varied concentrations. The experiment was carried out in crossflow membrane module for flat sheet at room temperature in 1 bar. The permeate flux during filtration decreased rapidly at the initial and gradually over time because of fouling and concentration polarization. The more concentrated hydrolyzed LMWC solution resulted higher percentage of rejection up to almost 20% at the same membrane MWCO while higher MWCO resulted lower rejection percentage for the same hydrolyzed LMWC concentration. The FTIR spectrum of the used membranes of all types had absorption bands of glucosamine which proved that the fractionation process occurred. The time retention in HPLC chromatograms of glucosamine produced were similar with standard glucosamine. Thus, ultrafiltration could be applied for hydrolyzed LMWC fractionation process.Keywords: fractionation; glucosamine; LMWC; MWCO; ultrafiltration Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/31531 10.14710/reaktor.20.2.103-108 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.2 June 2020; 103-108 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/31531/17660 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11603 2017-06-12T08:20:50Z reaktor:RA

Bioreaktor Membran untuk Reaksi Enzimatik Penisilin G Wenten, I.G. Widiasa, I.N. reaktor enzim, mikrofiltrasi, ultrafiltrasi, penisilin G Bioreaksi kontinyu telah diketahui sebagai suatu cara efisien untuk diaplikasikan pada industri. Pada penelitian ini, dua jenis bioreaktor (suatu reaktor enzim yang dilengkapi dengan membran filtrasi aliran melintang bioreaktor dengan serat berongga) digunakan untuk menghidrolisis Penisilin G secara kontinyu. Percobaan menggunakan dua membran komersial, yaitu mikrofiltrasi dengan ukuran pori 0,2 µm dari x-flow dan ultrafiltrasi dengan BM 30.000 dari DDSS. Selanjutnya suatu model empiris dikembangkan untuk menggambarkan dinamika fluks pada ultrafiltrasi. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa membran ultrafiltrasi memberikan rejeksi yang lebih tinggi (15 LMH) dan rejeksi yang lebih tinggi (99,2%) dicapai dengan membran ultrafiltrasi. Secara umum, konversi yang dicapai berada pada kisaran 22 – 99 %, dan ini lebih rendah dari sistem batch. Konversi substrat yang tinggi sangat penting untuk menurunkan kehilangan substrat dan menurunkan biaya proses. Pada sistem bioreaktor dengan serat berongga, hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan menurunkan kecepatan fluks dan mempengaruhi waktu tinggal substrat. Kecepatan fluks yang rendah juga penting untuk menghindari pembentukan gel pada permukaan membran.   Kata kunci : reaktor enzim, mikrofiltrasi, ultrafiltrasi, penisilin G Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-08-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11603 10.14710/reaktor.3.1.1-7 Reaktor; Volume 3 No.1 Desember 1999; 1-7 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11603/8933

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15038 2017-06-21T07:56:43Z reaktor:RA

FENOMENA ADSORPSI-DESARPSI DIMETIL BENZEN PADA KARBON AKTIF DISERTAI REASI OKSIDASI DALAM SISTEM AQUEOUS suprapto, suprapto adsorpsi-desopsi, oksidasi, karbon aktif, ozon, dimetil benzen, reaktor berpengaduk Pengolahan pulutan organik sangat berbahaya sebagai gas buang industri (seperti dimetil benzen) sampai sekarang belum dikembangkan. Pada penelitian ini dicoba bentuk teknologi gabungan yang menerapkan teknologi adsorpsi dalam karbon aktif dan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan reaksi oksidasi dalam sistim aqueous. Pada penelitian ini, pengolahan dimetil benzen  dilakukan dengan cara oksidasimenggunakan ozon yang yang dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama merupakan proses fiksasi dimetil benzen dengan cara adsorpsi menggunakan padatan karbon aktif. Tahap kedua adalahdesorpsi dimetil benzen dari adsorben karbon aktif yang dilanjutkan dengan reaksi oksidasi dengan gas ozon dalam sistim aqueous; reaksi oksidasi dilakukan dalam reaktor berpengaduk mekanis terisi I liter air. Percobaan dilakukan dengan laju alir ozon 48,3 mmol/jam, suhu ambiant dan tekanan atmospherik putaran pengaduk 1500 rpm, dan metil benzen teradsorpsi maksimum dalam karbon aktif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa reaksi oksidasi dimetil benzen merupakan reaksi cepat bila dibandingkan dengan tahap desorpsinya. Selanjutnya, hasil pengamatan dapat mengklarifikasi bahwa reaksi oksidasi dimetil benzen menggunakan ozon dalam dua tahap ini dibatasi oleh tahap desorpsi dimetil benzen terfiksasi dalam karbon aktif ke fasa cair.Kata kunci : adsorpsi-desopsi, oksidasi, karbon aktif, ozon, dimetil benzen, reaktor berpengaduk Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15038 10.14710/reaktor.8.2.52-58 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.2 Desember 2004; 52-58 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15038/11412 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3584 2016-12-11T08:41:59Z reaktor:RA

STUDI PENGGUNAAN KATALIS ABU SABUT KELAPA, ABU TANDAN SAWIT DAN K2CO3 UNTUK KONVERSI MINYAK JARAK MENJADI BIODIESEL Husin, Husni Mahidin, Mahidin Marwan, Marwan Chemical Engineering katalis abu; biodiesel; minyak jarak; transesterifikasi A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF OIL PALM FIBRE AND FRUIT BUNCH ASH AND K2CO3 FOR CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF JATHROPA OIL TO BIODIESEL. Study on the use of coconut fiber ash, palm bunch ash and K2CO3 as the catalysts for conversion of jatropha oil into biodiesel using methanol solvent has been done. The biodiesel is produced by converting unpurified jatropha oil over catalyst through transesterification reaction. The catalysts are burned at temperature of 500, 600, 800 and 900oC for 10 hours. Transesterification reaction is conducted in three-neck flask at constant temperature of 60oC for 3 hours. The results showed that the unburned and burned coconut fiber ashes at 800oC catalysts give the highest biodiesel yield (87.05 and 87.97%) with low soap content (0.23-0.26%). The characteristic of biodiesel produced over those catalysts met the Indonesian and international quality standards, therefore those catalysts can be used as substitute for K2CO3 commercial catalyst.Abstrak   Studi penggunaan katalis abu sabut kelapa, abu tandan sawit dan K2CO3 untuk konversi minyak jarak menjadi biodiesel dengan pelarut metanol telah dilakukan. Biodiesel dibuat melalui konversi minyak jarak yang belum dimurnikan, menggunakan katalis, melalui reaksi transesterifikasi. Katalis-katalis tersebut dipijarkan pada temperatur 500, 600, 800 dan 900oC selama 10 jam. Reaksi dilangsungkan dalam labu leher tiga pada temperatur konstan 60oC selama 3 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan katalis abu sabut kelapa tanpa pemijaran dan dengan pemijaran pada 800oC memberikan perolehan biodiesel tertinggi (87,05 dan 87,97%) dengan kadar sabun rendah (0,23-0,26%). Karakteristik biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari penggunaan katalis-katalis tersebut ini telah sesuai dengan syarat mutu yang ditetapkan oleh Standar Indonesia dan Internasional, sehingga katalis-katalis tersebut layak digunakan sebagai pengganti katalis K2CO3 komersial Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-12-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3584 10.14710/reaktor.13.4.254-261 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 4, Desember 2011; 254-261 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3584/3222

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/41916 2022-06-14T01:35:47Z reaktor:RA

Reduction of Fe Using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and Electromagnetic Water Treatment (EWT) Luvita, Veny Mahardiono, Novan Agung Fakhrurroja, Hanif Waskito, Adi The processing on water treatment in this research is carried out by using two combination methods of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and Electromagnetic Water Treatment (EWT). The application of AOPs method is one of alternative to remove heavy metals while the application of EWT method is to improve water quality and to prevent the using of expensive chemicals or corrosive substances. The using of chemicals can cause new problems that endanger human health or damage the environment. This paper presents the advantage of the combining these methods is the high ability to process contaminated water into clean water. AOPs and EWT system configuration is needed to determine the effectiveness of the processing system, especially in removing heavy metal minerals such as iron (Fe). Based on the efficiency result, the configuration by using AOPs + EWT reduces the iron (Fe) mineral content by 99,33% and increases the pH value by 6.09.Keywords: water; treatment; substances; metal; mineral Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-02-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/41916 10.14710/reaktor.1.1.133-138 Reaktor; Volume 21 No.4 December 2021; 133-138 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/41916/21235 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14906 2020-04-17T05:03:06Z reaktor:RA

The Study Of Conversion Cpo To Polyol (Polyalcohol) Budi, F. S. Abidin, z. CPO, hydroxylation, polyol Indonesia is the second big CPO producer after Malaysia. The CPO production of Indonesia gradually increases and reaches 8.2 million tones. About two third of it is used to meet the domestic will receive little income. Therefore, it must be converted into the other product, which has the high value. The main component of it is glyceride composed of glycerol  and fatty acid. The glyceride can be converted into polyol (polyalcohol) which is the material in manufacturing polyurethane, cosmetic, lubricant etc. the process of converting of CPO into polyol is called  the hydroxylation. This research aim to study the hydroxylation process of CPO into polyol and to optimize the variable which really affect the hydroxyl number of product. Based on the experiment, the optimum condition of hydroxylation of CPO with the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the formic acid (HCOOH) into polyol is got as follows: temperature 50 0C, composition of reactan 40% and time 2 hours. The polyol produced has the hydroxyl number 148.Keywords : CPO, hydroxylation, polyol Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14906 10.14710/reaktor.11.1.8-13 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 1, Juni 2007; 8-13 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14906/11307 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16224 2020-04-17T05:38:40Z reaktor:RA

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS OF COTTON SEED OIL BY USING MICROWAVE Suryanto, Andi Sabara, HW, Zakir Artiningsih, Andi Ismail, Hardi Biodiesel is a renewable, non-toxic, environmentally friendly fuel made from vegetable oils through a transesterification reaction with methanol. During this time the manufacture of biodiesel takes a long time, which can be overcome with microwave heating. The use of microwave can decrease the reaction time and the amount of catalyst. The purpose of this study was to study the utilization of microwave as a heater in the transesterification reaction of cotton seed oil with the addition of NaOH catalyst 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% (w/w) with 100 watts microwave power and a reaction time of 15 minutes. Conversion of biodiesel from cotton seed oil with the NaOH catalyst concentrations 0.5% (w/w), 5 minutes, molar ratio of 1: 12 with a microwave power of 400 watts was 99.11%. The results of the analysis of several parameters on biodiesel products show that they have met the specifications based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI-04-7182-2006). Keyword: biodiesel, transesterification, cotton seed oil, microwave. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16224 10.14710/reaktor.18.1.27-30 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 1 March 2018; 27-30 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16224/13368 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/6101 2020-04-17T05:18:47Z reaktor:RA

PEMILIHAN ADSORBEN UNTUK PENJERAPAN KARBON MONOKSIDA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL ADSORPSI ISOTERMIS LANGMUIR Yuliusman, Yuliusman Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu Nugroho, Yulianto Sulistyo Chemical Engineering aktifasi; adsorben; adsorpsi; karbon monoksida, zeolit alam ADSORBENT SELECTION FOR CO ADSORPTION USING LANGMUIR ISOTHERMIC ADSORPTION MODEL. The objective of this research is to choose the adsorbent that can be applied to decrease toxicity level and to purify fire smoke. In case of fire, toxicity level is high due to carbon monoxide. Adsorbent is chosen based on its ability to adsorb carbon monoxide using volumetric method in constant temperature. Materials to be tested are natural zeolite, active carbon, TiO2, CuO, MgO. Due to existence of organic and mineral polluters, natural zeolite needs to be activated prior to adsorption test using fluoride acid (HF), chloride acid (HCl), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and followed by calcination process. Result shows that activation of natural zeolite can increase Si/Al ratio and surface area. According to Langmuir adsorption model obtained, adsorption capacity of active carbon and natural zeolite are the highest. At 1 atmospheric pressure, adsorption capacity are 0.0682 mmol/g for active carbon, 0.0464 for activated natural zeolite with particle size of 400 nm, and 0.0265 mmol/g for activated natural zeolite with particle size of (37-50) μm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memilih adsorben yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk menurunkan tingkat racun dan menjernihkan asap kebakaran. Pada kasus kebakaran tingkat racun asap disebabkan tingginya kandungan karbon monoksida. Proses pemilihan adsorben dilihat pada kemampuan adsorben mengadsorpsi karbon monoksida, yang dilakukan dengan metode volumetrik pada temperatur konstan. Material yang diuji adalah zeolit alam, karbon aktif, TiO2, CuO, MgO. Zeolit alam banyak terdapat pengotor baik organik maupun mineral, oleh karena itu sebelum dilakukan uji adsorpsi, zeolit alam terlebih dahulu diaktifasi menggunakan larutan asam florida (HF), asam khlorida (HCl) dan larutan amonium khlorida (NH4Cl), dilanjutkan dengan proses kalsinasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktifasi zeolit alam dapat meningkatkan rasio Si/Al dan luas permukaan. Semua adsorben yang diuji mempunyai kemampuan mengadsorpsi karbon monoksida. Berdasarkan model adsorpsi Langmuir yang diperoleh, karbon aktif dan zeolit alam mempunyai kapasitas adsorpsi yang paling besar. Dengan menggunakan kondisi tekanan 1 atmosfir, kapasitas adsorpsi adalah 0,0682 mmol/g untuk karbon aktif, 0,0464 mmol/g untuk zeolit alam teraktifasi dengan ukuran partikel 400 nm dan 0,0265 mmol/g untuk zeolit alam teraktifasi dengan ukuran partikel (37-50) μm. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2013-04-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6101 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.225-233 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 225-233 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/6101/5192

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1495 2017-06-21T08:17:14Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14933 2017-06-21T08:01:18Z reaktor:RA

Recycling Of Peneapple Waste Using Lactobacillus Delbroeckii to Lactic Acid Abdullah, Abdullah Mat, H. B. lactic acid fermentation, liquid pineapple waste, lactobacillus delbrueckii The liquid pineapple waste contain mainly sucrose, glucose, fructose, and other nutrients. It therefore can potentiall be used as carbon source for organic acid fermentation. Recently, lactic acid has been considered to be an important raw material for production of biodegradadable lactace polymer. The experiments weree carried out in shake flash fermentation using lactobacillus delbroeckii. Effect of some parameters such as temperature, initial Ph, initial substrate concentration, yeast extract concentration and fermentation time to the yield have been studied. The highest yield was 85.65% achieved at 40 0C, PH 6.00, 52.2 g/l sugar concentration with 5 g/l yeast extract. There was no significant increasing in lactic acid production was observed if supplementation of yeast extract above 10%.Keyword : lactic acid fermentation, liquid pineapple waste, lactobacillus delbrueckii Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14933 10.14710/reaktor.5.2.79-83 Reaktor; Volume 5 No.2 Desember 2001; 79-83 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14933/11331 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1502 2020-04-17T05:00:01Z reaktor:RA

PROSES GLISEROLISIS MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT MENJADI MONO DAN DIACYL GLISEROL DENGAN PELARUT N-BUTANOL DAN KATALIS MgO Anggoro, Didi Dwi Budi, Faleh Setia Chemical Engineering MAG-DAG, minyak kelapa sawit, MgO, n-butanol Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil minyak sawit terbesar di dunia. Lebih dari setengah produksinya digunakan untuk kebutuhan dalam negeri dan sisanya diekspor. Produk turunan minyak sawit seperti Mono-Di Acyl Gliserol (MAG-DAG) mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang  tingg dan selama ini Indonesia masih mengimpornya. MAG- DAG dibuat dari senyawa gliserida yang banyak terdapat dalam bahan minyak atau lemak, seperti minyak kelapa sawit, dengan gliserol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Studi eksperimen produksi MAG-DAG dari minyak kelapa sawit pada suhu rendah (2000C) dengan reaktor batch skala laboratorium, dan mengetahui pengaruh variabel-variabel proses. Variabel berubah yang digunakan adalah suhu (70 oC, 90 oC, dan 110 oC), rasio gliserol/CPO (3, 4, dan 5), dan jumlah katalis (2% w, 3% w, dan 4% w). Sedangkan variabel tetapnya adalah berat total campuran reaksi 300 gram, kecepatan pengadukan 400 rpm, waktu 4 jam dan jumlah pelarut 20 ml/10 gram CPO. Dari hasil pengolahan data menggunakan program STATISTICA 6 diperoleh kondisi operasi optimum dicapai pada suhu sekitar 70-1000C, rasio gliserol/CPO sekitar 3,5-4,5 serta katalis pada kisaran 2,5-4% dengan konversi yang diperoleh sekitar 93-98%. Dengan adanya penambahan pelarut n-Butanol, reaksi dapat dijalankan pada suhu yang lebih rendah (di bawah 2000C) tanpa menurunkan konversi yang diperoleh. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-05-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1502 10.14710/reaktor.12.1.22-28 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 1, Juni 2008; 22-28 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1502/1261

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/22956 2020-05-29T10:43:40Z reaktor:RA

Utilization of Crude Intracellular Chitinase Enzyme from Providencia stuartii for Glucosamine Production from Shrimp Shells Hardoko, Hardoko Mastuti, Titri Siratantri Puspasari, Desy Halim, Yuniwaty Chitin hydrolysis using enzyme is one of the methods to produce glucosamine in shorter time compared to using microbial cells, but the ability to produce glucosamine at enzyme’s optimum condition is influenced by substrate concentration and fermentation time. The objective of this research was to determine the optimum substrate concentration and fermentation time of shrimp shells’ chitin to produce glucosamine at the optimum pH and temperature of crude intracellular chitinase enzyme from Providencia stuartii. Method used was experimental method, started by extraction of intracellular enzyme from P. stuartii, followed by determination of optimum pH and temperature of enzyme. The optimum condition was used for experiment of shrimp shells’ chitin fermentation with treatments of chitin substrate concentration (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0%) and fermentation time (2, 4, 6 and 24 hours). Results showed that optimum enzyme activity occurred at pH of 5.0 and temperature of 40oC, which was about 6.03 U/ml. Concentration of chitin substrate and fermentation time influenced the amount of glucosamine obtained. Fermentation of shrimp shells’ chitin using crude intracellular enzyme was optimum at 1.0% substrate concentration and 6 hours fermentation time, which produced glucosamine about 1680.06±58.49 ppm. Keywords: intracellular chitinase enzyme, glucosamine, shrimp shells’ chitin, P. stuartii Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro FaST UPH 2019-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/22956 10.14710/reaktor.19.2.62-67 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 2 June 2019; 62-67 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/22956/16012 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/48760 2023-07-03T20:27:47Z reaktor:RA

Redesign of Boiler Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) on The Utilization of Waste Gas in The Cement Industry Hendriyansyah, Fiqri Hadi W.P., Rifania Nendry Pratiwi, Vibianti Dwi Approximately, 20%-50% of the total energy consumption during cement production is disposed of unintendedly as waste heat. This is very unfortunate considering that this waste heat still has the energy that can be further utilized. The heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) boiler system is one of widely used solutions in the chemical industry process to save operating costs in the chemical industry process. The purpose of this research is to determine the amount of energy that can be saved by implementing the HRSG system under ideal operating conditions. Based on the simulation results, the HRSG boiler design can produce steam with a temperature of 235°C and subsequently reduce the flue gas temperature from 244°C to 140.6°C. The HRSG system produces energy in the power turbine up to 1,756 kW with total energy exchanged in the system of 17,567.38 kW from the total energy in the flue gas of 20,693.96 kW and provides an overall efficiency of 84.61% at steady state conditions.Keywords: Aspen HYSYS, Waste Heat, Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2023-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48760 10.14710/reaktor.1.1.16-20 Reaktor; Volume 23 No.1 April 2023; 16-20 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/48760/24062 Copyright (c) 2023 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14997 2017-07-19T16:46:17Z reaktor:RA

Aktivitas Mikroba Lumpur Aktif Konsentrasi Tinggi Pada Sistem Lumpur Aktif- Membran Budiyono, Budiyono Setiadi, T. Wenten, I. G. aktifitas mikroba, sistem lumpur aktif-membran, SOUR Pengolahan air limbah dengan sistem kombinasi proses lumpur aktif dengan membrane telah banyak dimanfaatkan di beberapa negara maju. Sistem ini diketahui mampu beroperasi dengan konsentrasi lumpur aktif (MLSS, Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid) sangat tinggi sehingga menghasilkan sistem yang  kompak dengan efisiensi pengolahan tinggi. Penelitian ini mengkaji aktifitas mikroba yang terlibat dalam sistem. Aktifitas yang dikaji antara lain laju pemanfaatan oksigen spesifik (SOUR, specific oxygen uptake rate), parameter kinetika, serta laju pemanfaatan nitrogen dan fosfor.Proses pengolahan berjalan pada konsentrasi MLSS jauh di atas proses lumpur aktif konvensional, yaitu berturut-turut 18.400, 22.900, 24.300, dan 25.500 mg/l. Untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi MLSS tersebut, proses pengolahan beroperasi pada waktu tinggal cairan (HRT, hydraulic retention yime) 24 jam dan waktu tinggal sel (SRT, solid retention time) 8, 16, 24, dan 32 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mikroorganisme yang terlibat pada proses ini ditandai oleh mikroorganisme yang mempunyai laju pertumbuhan sangat lambat. Parameter kinetika yang diperoleh sebagai berikut: laju pertumbuhan maksimum spesifik (μmax) 0,024 jam-1, koefisien perolehan sel (Y)  0,515 (mg sel/ mg COD), konstanta setengah jenuh (Ks) 589 mg/l, dan laju kematian spesifik (b) 0,010 jam-1. Dengan semakin tinggi konsentrasi lumpur aktif, maka aktifitas mikroba akan semakin kecil.  SOUR yang diperoleh untuk SRT  8,16,2 dan 32 hari berturut-turut  sebesar 0,612; 0,357; 0,279; 0,207 gO2 / (gMLSS.hari). bila ditinjau dari segi operasionalisasi unit pengolahan limbah, maka proses pengolahan lumpur aktif – membran jauh lebih menghemat kebutuhan nitrogen dan fosfor untuk nutrient.Kata kunci : aktifitas mikroba, sistem lumpur aktif-membran, SOUR Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14997 10.14710/reaktor.7.1.27-32 Reaktor; Volume 07 No. 1 Juni 2003; 27-32 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14997/11371 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1542 2015-01-15T02:38:51Z reaktor:RA

ULTRAFILTRATION AS PRETREATMENT OF REVERSE OSMOSIS: LOW FOULING ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE PREPARED FROM POLYETHERSULFONE–AMPHIPHILIC BLOCK COPOLYMER BLEND Susanto, Heru Buchori, Luqman Sumardiono, Siswo Fajar, Berkah Istirokhatun, Titik Widiasa, I Nyoman Chemical Engineering membrane preparation, Pluronic®, polyethersulfone, poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene glycol)-b- poly(ethylene glycol), ultrafiltration membrane This paper demonstrates the preparation of polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes via wet phase inversion method using either poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b- poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic®, Plu) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) as hydrophilic modifier. Their effects on membrane structure as well as the resulting membrane performance and their stability in membrane polymer matrix were systematically investigated. The investigated membrane characteristics include surface hydrophilicity (by contact angle), surface chemistry (by FTIR spectroscopy) and water flux measurement. Visualization of membrane surface and cross section morphology was also done by scanning electron microscopy. The membrane performance was examined by investigation of adsorptive fouling and ultrafiltration using solution of bovine serum albumin as the model system. The stability of additive was examined by incubating the membrane in water (40oC) for up to 10 days. The results show that modification effects on membrane characteristic and low fouling behavior were clearly observed. Further, amphiphilic Pluronic generally showed better performance than PEG.    Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-11-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1542 10.14710/reaktor.12.4.203 – 210 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 4, Desember 2009; 203 – 210 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1542/1299

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/27531 2020-04-18T15:43:56Z reaktor:RA

The Effects of Operational Conditions in Scaling Up of Xylanase Enzyme Production for Xylitol Production Meilany, Diah Anugeraheni, Dewinka Aziz, Abdul Kresnowati, Made Tri Ari Penia Setiadi, Tjandra The biological route to produce xylitol from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFBs) comprises of EFBs pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and downstream separation of the produced xylitol. Due to the specificity in the hemicellulose composition of EFBs, a xylanase enzyme that has a high affinity to EFBs is required to hydrolyze the EFBs into xylose. In this research, the influences of aeration, humidity, and mixing in xylanase production were mapped. The xylanase production was performed by Aspergillus fumigatus ITBCCL170 in a solid-state fermentation using a tray fermenter with EFBs as the substrate. The optimal configuration was further scaled up into xylanase production using 1000 g of EFBs as the substrate. The results showed that the highest enzyme activity was 236.3 U/g EFB, obtained from the use of humid air airflow of 0.1 LPM, and mixing was performed once a day. The scaling up resulted in a lower xylanase activity and call for a better design of the fermenter.Keywords: aeration, humidity, mixing, OPEFBs, tray fermenter, xylanase, xylitol Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-03-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/27531 10.14710/reaktor.20.1.32-37 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.1 March 2020; 32-37 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/27531/16853 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9495 2020-07-17T02:16:32Z reaktor:RA

Studi Kinetika Hidrolisis Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Dengan Proses Fermentasi Padat Menggunakan Jamur Aspergillus niger Kayati, Fitri Nur Syamsiah, Siti Sediawan, Wahyudi Budi Sutijan, Sutijan Chemical Engineering kinetic, Aspergillus niger,solid state fermentation, OPEFB, particle size Kinetic of hydrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) by Solid State Fermentation using Aspergillus niger is studied. Hydrolysis of OPEFB to simple sugars using Aspergillus niger as raw material for other products is a potential alternative of bioconversion of lignocellulose. Formulating the kinetics of hydrolysis during solid substrate cultivication is useful for effective scale up of this technology as well as for better understanding of the process. The aim of this study was to develop kinetics models to describe the solid state fermentation of OPEFB. First, OPEFB were ground and classified by size using screen, with size range of : -30+40 mesh, -40+80 mesh and -80 mesh. It turned out that the proposed based on first order reaction kinetics model can quantitatively describe the process reasionally well. Furthermore, the values of the parameters involved in the kinetics models for each size for OPEFB particle were also obtained. The smaller the particle, the larger the hydrolysis reaction rate constant would be. It means that the rate of hydrolysis increases by the reduction of the particle size. Meanwhile, the sugars consumption rate constant decreases also by the reduction of OPEFB particle size. The highest concentration of simple sugars produced in this experiment was 7,847 g/L. Kata kunci : kinetic, Aspergillus niger,solid state fermentation, OPEFB, particle sizeHidrolisis tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) menjadi gula sederhana dengan menggunakan jamur Aspergillus niger merupakan alternatif biokonversi lignoselulosa yang potensial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan model kinetika untuk mendiskripsikan proses fermentasi padat dengan bahan baku TKKS. Tahap pertama, TKKS digiling dan dikelompokkan sesuai ukuran dengan menggunakan ayakan,  dengan variasi ukuran antara -30+40 mesh, -40+80 mesh dan -80 mesh. Model kinetika yang telah disusun didasarkan pada reaksi orde satu. Model tersebut dapat menggambarkan secara kuantitatif proses fermentasi tersebut. Selain itu, nilai – nilai parameter dalam kinetika reaksi untuk setiap ukuran partikel juga akan diperoleh dari model tersebut. Semakin kecil ukuran partikel, semakin besar pula konstanta kecepatan reaksi hidrolisis. Sebaliknya konstanta konsumsi gula menurun seiring dengan penurunan ukuran partikel TKKS. Konsentrasi gula sederhana tertinggi yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini adalah sebesar 7,847% g/L.   Kata kunci: kinetika, Aspergillus niger, fermentasi padat, TKKS, ukuran partikel   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-05-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9495 10.14710/reaktor.16.1.1-8 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.1 Maret 2016; 1-8 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9495/8717

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/77789 2025-12-30T07:03:09Z reaktor:RA

Composite Encapsulating Agent for NaFeEDTA Microencapsulation Using Spray Drying Method Handayani, Noer Abyor Aryanti, Nita Haryani, Kristinah Hargono, Hargono Adina, Alifia Rizki Yuliani, Sari Adristy, Vania Zulfa Iron microencapsulation is one of the solutions to protect iron from reacting with other substances that result in quality declines of fortified food products. The coating materials used should be appropriate for the specified encapsulation process. This study combined glucomannan and maltodextrin as coating materials and added HPMC as an additive to encapsulate NaFeEDTA. The results showed that such a combination could increase the encapsulation efficiency. The morphologies of the resulting microcapsules obtained from four formulations applied in this study were identical; numerous wrinkles appear on the particle’s surfaces due to the presence of HPMC. All formulations had a narrow size distribution with an average particle size between 105 and 111 µm, thermal resistance up to a temperature of ± 200°C, and the same functional groups but with different intensities. The NaFeEDTA included in all formulations had a bioavailability value of 2.3 - 2.9%. The best formulation, based on the gastrointestinal digestion simulation, was shown by the formulation with a glucomannan:maltodextrin ratio of 2:3 (in 1% w/v coating material) with a release percentage of 64.28% in SGF solution and an increase of 2.27% in SIF solution. To prevent anemia, ± 400 mg of iron microcapsules resulting from the best formulation in this study are required to meet 75% of the daily intake. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-11-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/77789 10.14710/reaktor.25.2.70-80 Reaktor; Volume 25 No.2 August 2025; 70-80 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/77789/29643 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15029 2017-07-19T16:47:00Z reaktor:RA

Kajian Eksperimental Sistem Pemanas Dan Penyimpan Air Bertenaga Surya Syahri, M. fiberglass reinforced polyester (GFRP), sistem terintegrasi, katup, uji kelayakan Pemanas air bertenaga sinar matahari telah banyak dipasarkan dengan harga yang relative mahal. Kemahalan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh mahalnya harga material (besi) dan pembuatannya (pabrikasi) yang cukup sulit. Dilakukan inovasi yang bertujuan untuk mereduksi biaya dengan menggunakan bahan yang lebih murah tetapi daya serap terhadap matahari lebih baik.  Bahan yang dipilih fiberglass reinforced polyester (GFRP). Sistem pemanas air bertenaga surya yang dirancang tidak berpenutup kaca dan kolektor surya diintegrasikan dengan sistem penyimpan air. Penelitian dilakukan dengan dua cara, tanpa dan dengan pengurasan tangki air. Pendataan dilakukan saat matahari terbit hingga tenggelam, selamma tujuh hari masa perlakuan. Hasil menunjukkan cara tanpa pengurasan lebih dapat menahan penurunan suhu air dalam tangki penampung . Untuk mengurangi penurunan suhu  selama penyimpanan dilakukan modifikasi dengan memasang katup penghalang pada sistem. Suhu air maksimum dalam tangki penampung air terlihat sangat dipengaruhi fluks sinar matahari yang diterima kolektor. Pada cuaca cerah dengan fluks sinar matahari rerata 700 W/m2 suhu air mencapai 63 0C. Pada cuaca mendung dengan fluks rerata 450 W/m2 suhu air maksimum 42 0C. Suhu air panas dalam tangki penyimpanan selama penelitian berkisar antara 60-63 0C. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa GFRP dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pembuatan kolektor surya. Uji kelayakan kinerja sistem masih perlu dilakukan sebagai kelanjutan dari penelitian ini.Kata kunci : fiberglass reinforced polyester (GFRP), sistem terintegrasi, katup, uji kelayakan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15029 10.14710/reaktor.8.1.7-11 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.1 Juni 2004; 7-11 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15029/11403 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/3178 2020-04-17T05:11:50Z reaktor:RA

PLASTIC WASTE CONVERSION TO LIQUID FUELS OVER MODIFIED-RESIDUAL CATALYTIC CRACKING CATALYSTS: MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION USING HYBRID ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK – GENETIC ALGORITHM Istadi, Istadi Buchori, Luqman Suherman, Suherman Chemical Engineering artificial neural network; central composite design; genetic algorithm; optimization; plastic waste; Residual Catalytic Cracking The plastic waste utilization can be addressed toward different valuable products. A promising technology for the utilization is by converting it to fuels. Simultaneous modeling and optimization representing effect of reactor temperature, catalyst calcinations temperature, and plastic/catalyst weight ratio toward performance of liquid fuel production was studied over modified catalyst waste. The optimization was performed to find optimal operating conditions (reactor temperature, catalyst calcination temperature, and plastic/catalyst weight ratio) that maximize the liquid fuel product. A Hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) method was used for the modeling and optimization, respectively. The variable interaction between the reactor temperature, catalyst calcination temperature, as well as plastic/catalyst ratio is presented in surface plots. From the GC-MS characterization, the liquid fuels product was mainly composed of C4 to C13 hydrocarbons.KONVERSI LIMBAH PLASTIK MENJADI BAHAN BAKAR CAIR DENGAN METODE PERENGKAHAN KATALITIK MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS BEKAS YANG TERMODIFIKASI: PEMODELAN DAN OPTIMASI MENGGUNAKAN GABUNGAN METODE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK DAN GENETIC ALGORITHM. Pemanfaatan limbah plastik dapat dilakukan untuk menghasilkan produk yang lebih bernilai tinggi. Salah satu teknologi yang menjanjikan adalah dengan mengkonversikannya menjadi bahan bakar. Permodelan, simulasi dan optimisasi simultan yang menggambarkan efek dari suhu reaktor, suhu kalsinasi katalis, dan rasio berat plastik/katalis terhadap kinerja produksi bahan bakar cair telah dipelajari menggunakan katalis bekas termodifikasi Optimisasi ini ditujukan untuk mencari kondisi operasi optimum (suhu reaktor, suhu kalsinasi katalis, dan rasio berat plastik/katalis) yang memaksimalkan produk bahan bakar cair. Metode Hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) telah digunakan untuk permodelan dan optimisasi simultan tersebut. Inetraksi antar variabel suhu reaktor, suhu kalsinasi katalis, dan rasio berat plastik/katalis digambarkan dalam bentuk plot surface. Berdasarkan karakterisasi GC-MS, produk bahan bakar yang diperoleh terdiri dari komponen-komponen hidrokarbon C4-C13. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2011-05-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3178 10.14710/reaktor.13.3.131-139 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 3, Juni 2011; 131-139 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/3178/2851

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/38880 2021-08-11T16:10:09Z reaktor:RA

Recombinant Production and One-Pot Purification for Enhancing Activity of Haloacid Dehalogenase from Bacillus cereus IndB1 Ratnaningsih, Enny Sunaryo, Sulistiya Nirta Idris, Idris Putri, Rindia Maharani In recent years we have witnessed the emergence of organohalogen utilization in various chemical-based industries, particularly polymer-based, agricultural, and pharmaceutical sectors. Despite this, organohalogen compounds are actually very dangerous to the environment, as they are difficult to be naturally degraded and generally toxic to organisms. A green and biocompatible method to overcome this issue is by employing enzymes that could convert organohalogens into non-toxic compounds, such as the class of enzymes known as haloacid dehalogenases. To enhance the activity of haloacid dehalogenase isolated from local strains of Bacillus cereus IndB1, we have developed a recombinant expression system using pET-bcfd1 plasmid in E. coli BL21 (DE3) host cells. Following enzyme production, we also demonstrated a one-pot purification system for the expressed dehalogenase, harnessing the presence of His-tag in the recombinant clones. Purification was carried out using Ni-NTA affinity column chromatography, using imidazole eluent with a concentration gradient of 10 mM to 500 mM. The enzyme activity was tested against the monochloroacetic acid (MCA) substrate according to the Bergmann and Sanik method, and the protein content in the solution was measured using the Bradford method. The purity of the enzyme after one-pot purification was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analyses, showing a single band of 40 kDa in size. Remarkably, the purified haloacid dehalogenase specific activity was increased by 12-fold compared to its crude enzyme extract. Therefore, the expression and purification system developed in this study allow further exploration of dehalogenases from local strains as an efficient catalyst for MCA biodegradation.Keywords: recombinant expression, haloacid dehalogenase, monochloroacetic acid, enzyme purification Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-08-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/38880 10.14710/reaktor.21.2.59-64 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 2 June 2021; 59-64 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/38880/19860 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/12519 2020-07-17T02:17:19Z reaktor:RA

HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF BIOMASS WASTE BY USING A STIRRED REACTOR: AN INITIAL EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Eriska, Herlian Dewi, Kania Darmawan Pasek, Ari Damanhuri, Enri Chemical Engineering; Chemistry; engineering Reactor; waste treatment Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical process used to convert wet biomass waste become a coal-like material with higher carbon content called hydrochar. In this study, design and performance test of hydrothermal carbonization prototype reactor is done. Stirred reactor was made of stainless steel 304 with volume of 1 Liter and electric heater as a heating mantle. The HTC reactor was utilized to perform the carbonization of three materials (paper, left-rice, and woodchip) as substrates, in order to study the influence of the temperature conditions on the hydrochar produced. The substrates represent major component in municpal solid waste (MSW). The study showed that chemical and physical properties of several feedstock and hydrochar varied as a function of reaction temperature. HTC is operated in batch at temperatures of 160°, 190° and 220oC, 60 min of reaction time, and 1 MPa initial pressure of nitrogen gas. Three of product were collected from the process with primary material balance. Results showed the products change as the temperature increased. The results suggested that hydrothermal treatment of biomass waste to solid fuel gave high heating value (HHV) with value of 5231.3, 4569.5, and 5422.7 kcal/kg for paper, left-rice, and woodchip respectively after product dried naturally. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) 2017-02-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/12519 10.14710/reaktor.16.4.212-217 Reaktor; Volume 16 No.4 Desember 2016; 212-217 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/12519/10489 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/17383 2020-04-17T05:40:04Z reaktor:RA

Kinetic Study of limonene and glucose adsorption on immobilization and coimmobilization beads Damayanti, Astrilia - Sarto, Sarto - Sediawan, Wahyudi Budi Rotten oranges contain glucose and limonene, in which limonene is an inhibitor of microorganisms. Immobilization of mixed culture used the entrapment method is the easiest method of protecting the mixed culture from inhibitors. Entrapment method with extrusion drip is an efficient and effective technique to produce beads. This study aims to determine the adsorption rate of adsorbate (glucose and limonene) on the adsorbent surface (beads). Materials used in this study were glucose, DL-limonene, mixed culture, and beads. Three types of beads consisted of alginate - no mixed culture (A), alginate and activated carbon - no mixed culture (CA), alginate and activated carbon - free mixed culture (CB). Adsorption column consist of 30 ml nutrient, 15 mL substrate, and 5 mL beads. If the beads do not contain mixed culture, nutrients and substrate were replaced by aquadest. The reactor was done in a batch system at 37oC. The lowest order of beads ability to adsorb glucose were AG followed by CAG and finally CBG, whereas to limonene solution were AL followed by CBL and finally CAL. Lagergren model was used to determined kinetic bioadsorption on limonene and glucose. The adsorption rate value in the pseudo-second order (k2,ad) for the glucose solution was ranged between 0.025 to 0.087 min-1, while the D-limonene was in the range between 2.084 to 5.233 min-1. Adsorption of glucose and limonene on the surface of the three types of adsorbents was reached steady state at the 60th minute.Keywords: orange, limonene, immobilization, adsorption, Lagergren model. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2018-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17383 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.57-62 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018; 57-62 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17383/14092 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/5732 2020-04-17T05:17:59Z reaktor:RA

FRICTION ANALYSIS ON SCRATCH DEFORMATION MODES OF VISCO-ELASTIC-PLASTIC MATERIALS Setiyana, Budi Syafaat, Imam Jamari, Jamari Schipper, DikJoe Material adhesion; deformation; friction; scratch Understanding of abrasion resistance and associated surfaces deformation mechanisms is of primary importance in materials engineering and design. Instrumented scratch testing has proven to be a useful tool for characterizing the abrasion resistance of materials. Using a conical indenter in a scratch test may result in different deformation modes, like as elastic deformation, ironing, ductile ploughing and cutting. This paper presents the friction analysis of some deformation modes of visco-elastic-plastic behaving polymer materials, especially PEEK (poly ether ether ketone).In general, it is accepted that the friction consist of an adhesion and a deformation component, which can be assumed to be independent to each others. During a scratch test, the friction coefficient is influenced by some parameters, such as the sharpness of indenter, the deformation modes and the degree of elastic recovery. Results show that the adhesion component strongly influences the friction in the elastic and ironing deformation mode (scratching with a blunt cone), friction for the cutting deformation mode (scratching with a sharp cone) is dominantly influenced by the deformation component. From the analysis, it can be concluded that the adhesion friction model is suitable for ironing - elastic deformation mode and the deformation friction model with elastic recovery is good for cutting mode. Moreover, the ductile ploughing mode is combination of the adhesion and plastic deformation friction model. ANALISIS FRIKSI PADA BENTUK DEFORMASI AKIBAT GORESAN PADA MATERIAL VISKO-ELASTIK-PLASTIK. Pemahaman tentang ketahanan abrasi dan deformasi permukaan  yang  menyertainya merupakan hal yang penting dalam rekayasa dan disain material. Peralatan uji gores terbukti ampuh untuk menyatakan ketahanan abrasi dari material. Pemakaian indenter kerucut dalam uji gores akan menghasilkan beberapa bentuk deformasi seperti halnya deformasi elastik, penyetrikaan, plowing dan pemotongan. Paper ini menyajikan analisis friksi dari beberapa bentuk deformasi permukaan dari material visko-elastik-plastik, khususnya pada PEEK (poly ether ether ketone). Secara umum dinyatakan bahwa friksi terdiri dari komponen adhesi dan deformasi yang diasumsikan tidak bergantung satu sama lain. Selama uji gores, koefisien friksi dipengaruhi oleh beberapa parameter, seperti ketajaman indenter, bentuk deformasi dan pemulihan elastik. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa komponen adhesi sangat berpengaruh pada deformasi elastic dan penyetrikaan (uji gores dengan indenter tumpul), sedang untuk pemotongan (uji gores dengan indenter tajam) sangat dipengaruhi oleh komponen deformasi. Dari analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa model friksi adhesi cocok untuk deformasi elastic dan penyetrikaan, sedang model friksi deformasi dengan pemulihan elastic, cocok untuk pemotongan. Selain itu, plowing merupakan kombinasi dari model friksi adhesi dan deformasi. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2013-02-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/5732 10.14710/reaktor.14.3.199-203 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013; 199-203 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/5732/5048

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11790 2017-06-21T07:52:55Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14920 2017-06-13T03:28:05Z reaktor:RA

Parameter Kga- Enhancement Factor Dalam Sistem Absorbs CO2 Dengan Larutan NaOH Hadiyanto, Hadiyanto K., Andri C. Djaeni, Moh. Absorpsi, kga, Enhancement factor Absorbsi merupakan proses perpindahan massa untuk memisahkan suatu gas dari  campurannya dengan cairan penyerap NaOH, MEA atau K2CO3. Pada penelitian ini, campuran gas yang mengandung CO2 dikontakkan dengan larutan NaOH sebagai penyerap dalam suatu kolom unggun tetap. Penelitian ini juga mempelajari pengaruh laju alir larutan NaOH sebesar 0,026-0,042 liter /detik dan suhu operasi 30-70 0C. Sedangkan tekanan, laju alir gas udara, jenis dan ukuran packing serta komposisi awal CO2 (56,8%) dijaga tetap.Analisis secara fisis dan fisis-kimia dilakukan dengan suatu model mathematic untuk menentukan koefisien perpindahan massa gas-cair (kga), enhangement factor (E) dantetapan-tetapan perancangan yang lain. Koefisien –koefisien tersebut ditentukan untuk melengkapi data-data perancangan kolom absorbs CO2, yang lebih akurat dan sesuai untuk diterapkan dalam industri.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa harga koefisien perpindahan massa (kga)untuk absorbs gas CO2 dengan NaOH dipengaruhi oleh laju alir cairan penyerap dan temperature. Semakin besar laju alir maka harga kga makin besar pula dan semakin tinggi temperatur makaharga kga juga semakin besar. Harga kga yang didapat berkisar antara 2,44x 10-2 sampai 5,77x 10-2 untuk variabel proses  T= 30-70 0C dan laju alir cairan 0,026 -0,042 l/detik. Sedangkan untuk Enhancement factor (E) berkisar antara 4,2156 sampai 7,1414.Kata kunci : Absorpsi, kga, Enhancement factor Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14920 10.14710/reaktor.5.1.27-30 Reaktor; Volume 5 No. 1 Juni 2001; 27-30 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14920/11321 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1486 2020-04-17T05:04:52Z reaktor:RA

KOMPARASI PETA KURVA RESIDU SISTEM TERNER ASETON-n-BUTANOL-ETANOL DENGAN METANOL-ETANOL-PROPANOL Sari, N. K. Kuswandi, Kuswandi Soewarno, N. Handogo, R. Chemical Engineering Azeotropik, distilasi batch, sistem terner, peta kurva residu, zeotropik. Simulasi pemisahan sistem terner Metanol-Etanol-1-Propanol (MEP) pada tekanan atmosfer menggunakan distilasi batch sederhana telah diteliti. Peta kurva residu kemudian dibuat untuk dilihat apakah sistem tersebut mempunyai campuran azeotropik atau campuran zeotropik. Peta kurva residu dari sistem terner MEP tersebut dibandingkan pula dengan  peta kurva residu dari sistem terner Aseton-n-Butanol-Etanol. Untuk menghitung tekanan uap jenuh digunakan persamaan Antoine berdasarkan kondisi atmosferik. Koefisien aktivitas dihitung menggunakan persamaan UNIQUAC. Forward-finite-difference digunakan untuk menghitung komposisi dibagian bawah kolom pada waktu yang ditentukan dari komposisi awal MEP. Beberapa nilai-nilai awal komposisi MEP yang telah dipilih untuk melengkapi peta kurva residu dengan simulasi menggunakan bahasa MathLab versi 6.1. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa secara simulasi sistem terner MEP adalah campuran zeotropik, tanpa mempunyai campuran azeotropik biner dari masing-masing komponennya. Peta kurva residu sistem terner MEP kemudian dibandingkan dengan literatur dan divalidasi secara hubungan topologi antara jumlah noda tidak stabil, jumlah noda stabil dan jumlah sadel. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2006-11-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1486 10.14710/reaktor.10.2.75-81 Reaktor; Volume 10, Nomor 2, Desember 2006; 75-81 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1486/1247

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/18642 2020-04-17T05:42:05Z reaktor:RA

Antimicrobial Activity of Kaffir Lime Peel Extract against Streptococcus mutans Purwanto, Rosalie Pabontong, Jeni Retnoningtyas, Ery Susiany Irawaty, Wenny Kaffir lime peels contain polyphenols as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. The aims of this study were to (1) extract phenolics compounds from kaffir lime peels using water, ethanol 70% and ethanol 96% as the solvent, and (2) assess the antibacterial activity of the extract against Streptococcus mutans which is the main cause of dental caries. Research methodology includes preparation and extraction of polyphenols from kaffir lime peels, preparation of mouthwash based-kaffir lime peels extracts and evaluation the mouthwash ability to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The results show water exhibited the best solvent to extract polyphenols among the three solvents. The total phenolics content in the water extract was observed at 11.42±0.48 mg GAE/g, whilst in the two ethanolic extracts were 10.91±0.87 and 8.87±0.53 mg GAE/g for ethanol 70 and 96%, respectively. Consequently, the water-based extract performed the highest antimicrobial activity. The highest inhibition zone was demonstrated by 100% extract of concentration extract variation. Although the inhibition zone of the mouthwash was smaller than the commercial product, the extract has the potential to be developed as a safe mouthwash for long-term usage.Keywords: dental caries; kaffir lime; mouthwash; peel; phenolic; Streptococcus mutans Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18642 10.14710/reaktor.18.04.235-240 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 4 December 2018; 235-240 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/18642/14975 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7985 2020-04-17T05:23:10Z reaktor:RA

FORTIFIKASI INORGANIK ZINK PADA TEPUNG UBI JALAR UNGU SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU BUBUR BAYI INSTAN Handayani, Noer Abyor Santosa, Herry Profegama, Bunga Yuna, Aditya Chemical Engineering bubur bayi instan, fortifikasi zink, ubi jalar ungu Fortifikasi zink pada bubur instan bayi berbahan dasar tepung ubi jalar ungu diharapkan mampu memberikan inovasi produk yang dapat mengatasi permasalahan defisiensi zink pada balita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh konsentrasi fortifikan inorganic (ZnO) terhadap sifat fisik (penampilan fisik, densitas kamba, dan daya rehidrasi) dari produk instan. Bubur bayi instan yang dihasilkan melalui tahap pembuatan tepung, fortifikasi zink, dan tahap pembuatan bubur bayi instan. Bubur bayi instan tanpa fortifikan digunakan sebagai variabel kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi zink pada bubur bayi instan berhasil meningkat, namun tingkat efektifitas dari fortifikasi sangat rendah. Fortifikasi inorganik zink dapat menurunkan 27,6% nilai densitas kamba dan mampu menaikkan 15% daya rehidrasi dibandingkan dengan bubur bayi instan tanpa fortifikan. Terdapat perubahan warna dari bubur bayi instan setelah mengalami proses fortifikasi zink. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-02-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7985 10.14710/reaktor.15.2.111-116 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.2, OKTOBER 2014; 111-116 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7985/7158

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1520 2015-01-15T02:30:10Z reaktor:RA

ADSORPTION MALACHITE GREEN ON NATURAL ZEOLITE Ariyanto, Eko Chemical Engineering adsorption, kinetics, natural zeolite A natural zeolite was employed as adsorbent for reducing of malachite green from aqueous solution. A batch system was applied to study the adsorption of malachite green in single system on natural zeolite. The adsorption studies indicate that malachite green in single component system follows the second-order kinetics and the adsorption is diffusion process with two stages for malachite green. Malachite green adsorption isotherm follows the Langmuir model. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2009-06-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1520 10.14710/reaktor.12.3.161 – 165 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009; 161 – 165 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1520/1277

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/24843 2020-05-29T10:45:31Z reaktor:RA

Prediction of Microbial Population in Sorghum Fermentation through Mathematical Models Laila, Umi Nurhayati, Rifa Utami, Tyas Rahayu, Endang Sutriswati The mathematical models can be used as a tool in predicting microbial population in sorghum fermentation, either spontaneous fermentation or fermentation with the addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculum. Gompertz model modified by Gibson, Gompertz model modified by Zwietering, Baranyi-Robert model, Fujikawa model, Richards model, Schnute model were used in predicting the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coliform bacteria during spontaneous fermentation, and also the growth of LAB during fermentation with the addition of inoculum. Meanwhile, there was death (inactivation) of coliform bacteria during sorghum fermentation with the addition of LAB inoculum. The Geeraerd model and the Gompertz model modified by Gil et al. were used to predict the inactivation. The accuracy and precision of models were evaluated based on the Root Mean of Sum Square Error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and curve fitting. Gompertz model modified by Gibson had the highest accuracy and precision, which was followed by the accuracy of the Fujikawa model and Baranyi-Robert model in predicting the growth of LAB and the growth of coliform bacteria during spontaneous fermentation. Meanwhile, in predicting LAB growth during fermentation with the addition of inoculum, high accuracy and precision was obtained from Richards and Schnute models. In predicting the inactivation of coliform bacteria, Geeraerd model provided higher accuracy and precision compared to Gompertz model modified by Gil et al. Keywords: fermentation; inoculum; mathematical; model; sorghum; spontaneous Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24843 10.14710/reaktor.19.4.152-161 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 4 December 2019; 152-161 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/24843/16592 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3801 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3802 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3803 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3804 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3805 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3806 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3807 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3808 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3809 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3810 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3811 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3812 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/24843/3813 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/9374 2020-04-17T05:25:41Z reaktor:RA

Synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes by using combination of sonication and hydrothermal treatment and their photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution Kustiningsih, Indar Slamet, S Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu Chemical Engineering TiO2 nanotubes, sonication, hydrothermal, hydrogen Effect of sonication and hydrothermal treatments on the synthesized of Titania nanotubes (TiO2 NT)has been investigated. Sonication of TiO2 P25 sol was performed using ultrasonic probe for certain time followed by hydrothermal treatment in a teflon lined stainless steel autoclave. The samples were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET).The photocatalytic activity of prepared samples was evaluated with photocatalytic H2 evolution from aqueous methanol solution. The result showed that TiO2 NT was formed rapidly along with the duration of sonication treatment but the longer processing time of it would destroy the morphology of TiO2 NT. The optimal sonication time for the TiO2 NT formation was 10 min. It was obtained TiO2 NT with high crystallinity, high surface area and a perfect nanotubes structure.  Hydrogen production by using this sample was about two times higher than TiO2 P25 nanoparticle.   Keywords : TiO2 nanotubes, sonication, hydrothermal, hydrogen   Abstrak   Efek kombinasi proses sonikasi dan hidrotermal pada pembentukan TiO2 nanotubes telah dilakukan. TiO2 P25 disonikasi menggunakan ultrasonik probe dengan waktu tertentu kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses hidrotermal di autoklaf berbahan teflon dan stainless steel. Sampel yang diperoleh di karakteriksasi menggunakan X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Aktifitas fotokatalis dari sampel diuji untuk produksi hidrogen dari larutan metanol. Dari hasil yang diperoleh TiO2 nanotubes lebih cepat terbentuk dengan adanya proses sonikasi, akan tetapi semakin lama waktu sonikasi bentuk nanotubes yang diperoleh menjadi rusak. Waktu optimal untuk proses sonikasi adalah 10 menit. Pada kondisi ini TiO2 yang terbentuk memiliki kristalinitas dan luas permukaan tinggi serta bentuk nanotubes yang sempurna. Produksi hidrogen pada kondisi inipun dua kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan TiO2 P25 nano partikel.   Kata Kunci : TiO2 nanotubes, sonikasi, hidrotermal, hidrogen  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2015-11-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9374 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.204-211 Reaktor; Volume 15 No.3 April 2015; 204-211 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/9374/7879

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/71935 2026-03-29T21:02:38Z reaktor:RA

Effect of HPMC Concentration and Liquid Addition Method on Granules Properties using High-Shear Wet Granulator Waleed, Shahad Qutaiba Al-Hassn, Ali Zainalabbdeen Asker Enhancing the physical properties of medicinal powders is largely dependent on the granulation process. This study investigates the interaction between the concentration of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and the liquid addition technique on the distribution of granule sizes and its porosity in a high-shear mixer setup. Both a 5% HPMC solution and distilled water (0% HPMC) were employed in the calcium carbonate powder granulation process. The results showed that while excessive liquid addition using the pouring method led to uneven growth and agglomeration, an increase in binder viscosity improved granule homogeneity. On the other hand, the syringe method provided more uniform granules, showing its effectiveness in achieving controlled nucleation and growth. The impact of these parameters on granule characteristics was further supported by the design of response surface plots and models made easier by statistical analysis using Design-Expert software. These findings provide important information for improving wet granulation methods in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, especially with regards to guaranteeing the stability and uniformity of the final product. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2025-04-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/71935 10.14710/reaktor.24.3.102-108 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.3 December 2024; 102-108 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/71935/30368 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/71935/19613 Copyright (c) 2025 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15020 2017-07-19T16:48:05Z reaktor:RA

Model Pola Alir Fasa Cair Dalam Reaktor Trickle Bed Dengan Packing Karbon Aktif mahfud, Mahfud Husodo, F. reaktor trickle bed, pola alir, disperse plug flow, tanki seri Unjuk kerja dari reaktor trickle bed tidak hanya dipengaruhioleh kinetika reaksi, melainkan juga oleh faktor perpindahan massa dan hidroninamikanya. Salah satu faktor hidrodinamika yang penting adalah pola alir dalam reaktor. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pola alir fasa cair dalam reaktortrickel bed dan memodelkan alirannya untuk berbagai kondisi operasi (laju alir gas dan laju alir cairan). Reaktor trickle bed yang digunakan dalm percobaan ini terdiri dari kolom acrylic yang berdiameter dalam 4,8. 10-2 m dengan tinggi 7.10-2 m dengan menggunakan packing karbon aktif granular (drata-rata = 0,476 cm). Kondisi operasinya adalah laju alir gas  antara 1,33- 2,4. 10-4 m3/s, laju alir cairan antara 1,2-2,37. 10-5 m3/s, tekanan atmosferik dan suhu kamar (29 0C). Metode stimulus response digunakan untuk memperoleh distribusi waktu tinggal  dengan menggunakan laruan NaCl sebagai pelacak yang diinjeksikan secara pulse pada bagian masuk reaktor  dan konsentrasi keluar reaktor diukur dengan menggunakan konduktometer. Kurva distribusi waktu tinggal yang diperoleh  dicocokkan dengan model dispersed plug-flow dan model tanki seri, dengan bilangan disperse (D/μL) dan bilangan tanki (N) sebagai parameter model. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa distribusi  waktu tinggal sangat dipengaruhi oleh laju alir cairan dan sedikit dipengaruhi laju alir gas dalam reaktor. Kedua model menunjukkn kecocokan dengan data percobaan, namun model tanki seri lebih baik. Harga bilangan disperse (D/μL)  yang diperoleh dalam reaktor ini berkisar 0,075-0,104 dan bilangan tanki seri (N) berkisar antara 5,4-7,2; yang menunjukkan bahwa reaktor tersebut tidak berada dalam pola alir ideal (plugflow atau mixedflow). Bilangan disperse menurun secara signifikan dengan meningkatnya laju alir cairan, tetapi sedikit dengan lajualir gas.Kata kunci : reaktor trickle bed, pola alir, disperse plug flow, tanki seri Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15020 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.73-78 Reaktor; Volume 09 No. 02 Desember 2005; 73-78 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15020/11394 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1635 2020-04-17T05:02:35Z reaktor:RA

REAKSI KATALITIS ESTERIFIKASI ASAM OLEAT DAN METANOL MENJADI BIODIESEL DENGAN METODE DISTILASI REAKTIF Kusmiyati, Kusmiyati Chemical Engineering biodiesel, asam oleat, distilasi reaktif Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. Generally, it is formed by trans etherification reaction of triglycerides in the vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol. In this work, etherification reaction was carried out using oleic acid, methanol and sulphuric acid as a catalyst by reactive distillation method. In order to determine the best conditions for biodiesel production by reactive distillation, the experiments were carried out at different temperature (1000C, 1200C, 1500C and 1800C) using methanol/oleic acid molar ratios (1:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1), catalyst/ oleic acid molar ratios (0.5%wt, 1%wt, 1.5%wt and 2%wt) and reaction times (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes). Result show that at temperature 1800C, methanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 8:1, amount of catalyst 1% for 90 minute reaction time gives the highest conversion of oleic acid above 0.9581. Biodiesel product from oleic acid was analyzed by ASTM (American Standard for Testing Material). The results show that the biodiesel produced has the quality required to be a diesel substitute. Biodiesel merupakan salah satu bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil yang diproduksi dari bahan baku minyak nabati dan lemak hewan. Secara umum biodiesel diproduksi melalui reaksi transesterifikasi minyak nabati atau lemak hewan dan alkohol. Pada penelitian ini proses esterifikasi pada pembuatan biodiesel menggunakan bahan baku asam oleat murni (99%), metanol dan katalis asam sulfat dengan metode distilasi reaktif. Distilasi reaktif merupakan penggabungan antara proses reaksi dan proses pemisahan dalam satu unit proses sehingga memungkinkan diperoleh biodiesel dengan kemurnian yang tinggi. Variabel yang dipelajari pada penelitian ini adalah temperatur (1000C, 1200C, 1500C, 1800C), jumlah katalis H2SO4 (0,5% berat, 1% berat, 1,5% berat, 2% berat), rasio metanol : asam oleat dinyatakan 1:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1 (dalam % berat) terhadap konversi asam oleat serta. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, konversi maksimum yang dapat dicapai sebesar 0,9581 pada kondisi reaksi berat katalis H2SO4 1% berat, rasio metanol:asam oleat 8:1 dan suhu reaksi 1800C. Berdasarkan hasil analisa ASTM, biodiesel yang diperoleh memenuhi standar bahan bakar cair dan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar pengganti petroleum diesel. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2008-10-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1635 10.14710/reaktor.12.2.78-82 Reaktor; Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2008; 78-82 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1635/1397

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/32170 2021-05-30T18:44:00Z reaktor:RA

N-Acetylglucosamine Production by Repeated-Batch Fermentation Using Immobilized Semi-Purified Chitinase Enzyme on Agar Soedirga, Lucia Hardoko, Hardoko Widianto, Natasha V Chitinolytic mold, such as Mucor circinelloidesis can be utilized to produce chitinase enzyme for shrimp shell’s chitin hydrolysis into N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). For that purpose, entrapment of chitinase on agar as a carrier could be an alternative way to improve NAG production. This study aimed to investigate the stability of immobilized semi-purified chitinase on agar for multiple cycles fermentation to produce NAG. In this study, 0.6 mL of semi-purified chitinase enzyme was immobilized into 3% of agar matrices and tested for four fermentation cycles to obtain highest NAG concentration and good enzyme activity. The results indicate that the immobilized chitinase could be used for 6 hours fermentation or three fermentation cycles. The NAG concentration produced after three cycle were 1042.22 ± 16.20 ppm. Besides, the immobilized enzyme was considerably stable up to the third cycles with activity value of about 4.74 U/mL.Keywords: agar; immobilized;NAG; repeated fermentation Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2021-04-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/32170 10.14710/reaktor.21.1.11-14 Reaktor; Volume 21 No. 1 March 2021; 11-14 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/32170/19275 Copyright (c) 2021 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/11411 2020-04-17T05:34:09Z reaktor:RA

Pemetaan Pengaruh Proses Pengolahan pada Kualitas Biji Kakao Menggunakan Metode Metabolik Profiling dengan GC/MS Kresnowati, Made Tri Ari Penia Fitriana, Hana Nur Purwadi, Ronny chemical engineering; bioprocess; biochemical engineering biji kakao, penjumputan, pemekatan, derivatisasi, analisa GC-MS Abstract MAPPING THE EFFECTS OF COCOA POST HARVEST PROCESSING ON COCOA BEAN QUALITY BY METABOLIC PROFILING METHOD USING GC/MS. The quality of cocoa is strongly effected by the implemented post harvest processes. The fermented cocoa beans is presumed to have higher quality than the unfermented ones, whereas roasting strongly affects the organoleptic quality of the cocoa products. However, what exactly differentiates those cocoa beans are not known yet. This research was foccused on the mapping of post harvest processing method on the quality of cocoa beans, using metabolic profiling method. Different types of cocoa bean samples, that were fermented, roasted, fermented and roasted, as well as unfermented and unroasted (as control) were analysed by GC-MS. The obtained metabolic profiles were further mapped using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that there were significant different on samples processed through different processing methods. The fermentation and roasting of cocoa beans direct the process such that more homogenous metabolic composition were obtained. Kata kunci: cocoa beans; fermentation; metabolomic; PCA; processing; roasting  Abstract Proses pengolahan biji kakao sangat menentukan kualitas kakao yang dihasilkan. Biji kakao terfermentasi diyakini memiliki kualitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan biji kakao tanpa fermentasi. Proses penyangraian juga diyakini sangat menentukan kualitas organoleptik produk olahan kakao. Akan tetapi, para pelaku bisnis kakao masih belum mengetahui secara pasti apa yang membedakan hal tersebut. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pemetaan pengaruh proses pengolahan pada kualitas biji kakao, menggunakan metode metabolik profiling. Sampel biji kakao dengan berbagai proses pengolahan: difermentasi, disangrai, difermentasi dan disangrai, serta kontrol (tidak difermentasi dan tidak disangrai) dianalisa dengan GC/MS untuk memetakan komposisi metabolitnya. Spektrum metabolit yang diperoleh kemudian dipetakan menggunakan metode Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara sampel dengan berbagai proses pengolahan tersebut, pengolahan biji kakao yang terdiri dari fermentasi dan penyangraian mengakibatkan komposisi biji kakao yang lebih seragam. Keywords: biji kakao; fermentasi; metabolomik; PCA; pemrosesan; penyangraian Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Riset Peningkatan Kapasitas ITB 2017-10-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11411 10.14710/reaktor.17.3.132-139 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017; 132-139 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/11411/11803 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16197 2020-04-17T05:35:06Z reaktor:RA

Pengaruh Penambahan Ekstrak Bahan Alami Terhadap Laju Oksidasi Minyak Kelapa Ariono, Danu Christian, Maxs Irfan, Philip Suharno, Sri Mulyani Tamara, Aisya Abstract THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL EXTRACT TO THE COCONUT OIL OXIDATION RATE. Indonesia's coconut plantation is the largest in the world, with a share of 31.2% of the total coconut plantation area in the world. One of the products from coconut is coconut oil. However, coconut oil has a short storage time. Therefore, this experiment aims to estimate and optimize the storage time of coconut oil. The coconut oil used as the experimental sample was an oil made by traditional method. The coconut oils tested in this experiment included coconut oil, plus carrots, pineapple extracts of 10 and 30% -v/v, 10 and 30% -v/v young papaya, and 10 and 30% -v/v tomatoes. The mixture of coconut oil and carrot pieces was stored in light and dark glass bottles, while the mixture of coconut oil and liquid extract was stored only in dark glass bottles. The estimation method of storage time was based on literature values of acid number and peroxide number approximated by equation regression method and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The experimental results showed that the storage time of coconut oil was 37-41 days for blank oil (in light and dark glass bottles), 50-51 days for the addition of carrot cuts in bright glass bottles, 56-57 days for the addition of carrot carrot cuts in glass bottles dark, 41-45 days for addition of pineapple liquid extract 10% -v/v, 30-32 days for 30% -v/v, 63-64 days for the addition of young papaya 10% -v/v, 55-62 days for 30% -v/v, 24-27 days for tomato liquid extract 10% -v/v, and 17-21 days for 30% -v/v. Keywords: natural antioxidant; artificial neural network; acid number; peroxide number; coconut oil; storage time   Abstrak Perkebunan kelapa Indonesia merupakan terbesar di dunia, dengan pangsa 31,2% dari total areal perkebunan kelapa di dunia. Salah satu produk dari kelapa adalah minyak kelapa. Minyak kelapa memiliki umur simpan yang singkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkirakan dan mengoptimasi umur simpan minyak kelapa. Minyak kelapa yang dijadikan sampel eksperimen merupakan minyak yang dibuat berdasarkan metode tradisional. Minyak kelapa yang diuji pada eksperimen ini meliputi minyak kelapa blanko, ditambah potongan wortel, ekstrak cair nanas 10 dan 30 %-v/v, pepaya muda 10 dan 30%-v/v, serta tomat 10 dan 30 %-v/v. Minyak kelapa blanko dan yang ditambah potongan wortel disimpan dalam botol kaca terang dan gelap, sedangkan minyak kelapa yang ditambah ekstrak cair hanya disimpan dalam botol kaca gelap. Metoda perkiraan umur simpan dilakukan berdasarkan nilai-nilai pustaka (literature value) bilangan asam dan bilangan peroksida yang didekati dengan metoda regresi persamaan dan Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Hasil eksperimen menunujukkan bahwa umur simpan minyak kelapa adalah 37-41 hari untuk minyak blanko (dalam botol kaca terang dan gelap), 50-51 hari untuk penambahan potongan wortel dalam botol kaca terang, 56-57 hari untuk penambahan potongan wortel wortel dalam botol kaca gelap, 41-45 hari untuk penambahan ekstrak cair nanas 10%-v/v, 30-32 hari untuk 30%-v/v, 63-64 hari untuk penambahan pepaya muda 10%-v/v, 55-62 hari untuk 30%-v/v, 24-27 hari untuk ekstrak  cair tomat 10%-v/v, serta 17-21 hari untuk 30%-v/v. Kata kunci:   antioksidan alami; artificial neural network; bilangan asam; bilangan peroksida; minyak kelapa; umur simpan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-10-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16197 10.14710/reaktor.17.3.157-165 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017; 157-165 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16197/11971 Copyright (c) 2017 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4798 2020-04-17T05:15:45Z reaktor:RA

THE DETERMINATION OF SALINITY AND NUTRITION (NaH2PO4) PROFILE IN Nannochloropsis oculata CULTIVATION TO GAIN MAXIMUM LIPID Purba, Elida Siburian, Kenjiro Chemical Engineering maximum lipid; nannochloropsis oculata; nutrition (NaH2PO4); salinity The determination of salinity and nutrition (NaH2PO4) profile in Nannochloropsis oculata cultivationto gain maximum lipid was investigated. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimumsalinity and nutrition (NaH2PO4) to gain maximum lipid in Nannochloropsis oculata. Phosphor canbe obtained by adding NaH2PO4 and a salinity enhancement can be applied by adding NaCl to theculture. This research was run by matching each variable of salinity (33, 34, 35, and 36 ppt) to eachvariable of NaH2PO4 (5, 10 and 15 ppm) randomly. The results show that the percentage of maximumlipid in Nannochloropsis oculata was obtained at 35 ppt and 5 ppm NaH2PO4 (37.68 %). Neverthelessthe maximum lipid percentage is low and it can be caused by some factors, such as the dryingtemperature for preparing the dry microalgae to extract, the cell disruption method and the extractionsolvent used. By seeing the results, salinity can affect the total lipid in Nannochloropsis oculata. Thegreater the salinity in culture the greater the lipid content in Nannochloropsis oculata. Otherwise adifferent response was obtained by adding NaH2PO4. If NaH2PO4 concentration is greater, the lipidcontained Nannochloropsis oculata will be lower Penentuan profilsalinitas dan nutrisi (NaH2PO4) pada pembiakan Nannochloropsis oculata untuk memperoleh lipidmaksimum diteliti. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan salinitas dan nutrisi (NaH2PO4)optimum untuk memperoleh lipid maksimum pada Nannochloropsis oculata. Fosfor dapat diperolehdengan menambahkan NaH2PO4 pada kultur dan peningkatan salinitas dapat dilakukan denganmenambahkan NaCl pada kultur. Penelitian ini dijalankan dengan mencocokkan setiap variabelsalinitas (33, 34, 35, dan 36 ppt) dengan setiap variabel NaH2PO4 (5, 10 dan 15 ppm) secara acak.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa persentase lipid maksimum pada Nannochloropsis oculata diperoleh padasalinitas 35 ppt dan 5 ppm NaH2PO4 (37,68 %). Walaupun demikian, persentase lipid maksimummasih tergolong rendah dan hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, seperti temperaturpengeringan yang diterapkan, metode cell disruption dan pelarut ekstraksi yang digunakan. Denganmempelajari hasil yang telah didapat, salinitas dapat mempengaruhi lipid total padaNannochloropsis oculata. Semakin tinggi salinitas pada biakan, semakin tinggi kandungan lipid padaNannochloropsis oculata. Sebaliknya didapatkan respon yang berbeda saat menambahkan NaH2PO4.Apabila konsentrasi NaH2PO4 semakin tinggi, maka lipid yang terkandung pada Nannochloropsisoculata akan menjadi lebih rendah. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-08-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4798 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.135-142 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012; 135-142 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4798/4348

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14879 2017-06-12T08:20:50Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14911 2020-04-17T05:03:54Z reaktor:RA

Optimasi Pembuatan Kitosan Dari Kitin Limbah Cangkang Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) Untuk Adsorben Ion Logam Merkuri Rahayu, L. H. Purnavita, S. adsorpsi, cangkang rajungan, deasetilasi, litin, khitosan Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmenentukan kondisi optimum  factor suhu dan waktu proses deatilasi dari khitin cangkang rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) menjadi khitosan dan mengetahui pengaruh pH adsorpsi dari kitosan terhadap penurunan jumlah ion merkuri (%). Proses deasetilasi dilakukan dengan memanaskan campuran khitin dengan larutan NaOH 50% (rasio 1:20 b/v) pada suhu 70 0C, 80 0C, 90 0C dan 100 0C dengan waktu proses masing-masing 30, 60, 90 dan 120 menit. Parameter respon adalah derajad deasetilasi khitosan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa derajad deasetilasi khitosan tertinggi adalah 79,65% yang dihasilkan pada suhu 90 0C dan waktu proses 120 menit. Khitosan selanjutnya diuji kemampuan adsorpsinya terhadap ion merkuri pada pH 2, 3, 4, 5, dan 6. Hasil uji aplikasi khitosan sebagai adsorben ion logam merkuri menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi pH adsorpsi semakin besar penurunan jumlah ion merkuri (%), dimana hubungan keduanya ditunjukkan dengan persamaan y = 7,50x + 26,11.Kata kunci : adsorpsi, cangkang rajungan, deasetilasi, litin, khitosan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14911 10.14710/reaktor.11.1.45-49 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 1, Juni 2007; 45-49 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14911/11312 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1004 2020-04-17T04:58:23Z reaktor:RA

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH Cr(VI) DAN FENOL DENGAN FOTOKATALIS SERBUK TiO2 DAN CuO/TiO2 Slamet, Slamet Arbianti, R. Marliana, E. Studi tentang pengolahan limbah Cr(VI) dan fenol secara fotokatalisis telah dilakukan dengan fotokatalis TiO2 dan CuO/TiO2. Katalis CuO/TiO2 dipreparasi dengan cara impregnasi terhadap TiO2 Degussa P25 menggunakan larutan garam tembaga yang berasal dari berbagai jenis prekursor. Komposisi Cu dalam katalis divariaskani dari 0,2% hingga 5%. Fotokatalis tersebut kemudian dikarakterisasi DRS (Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy) dan XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Aktivitas fotokatalis diuji dengan menggunakan sistem reaktor slurry yang bekerja secara batch dan dilengkapi dengan 6 lampu UV black light selama 5 jam, kemudian hasilnya dianalisis dengan UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. Hasil karakterisasi DRS menunjukan bahwa penambahan CuO dari 1% hingga 5% ke dalam TiO2 dapat meningkatkan pita absorbansi katalis dari 398 hingga 413 nm dan menurunkan band gap dari 3,2 hingga 2,58 eV. Hasil karakterisasi XRD menunjukan adanya struktur kristal anatase dan rutil dalam katalis TiO2 dan CuO/TiO2, sementara struktur kristal CuO muncul pada katalis CuO/TiO2 yang dipreparasi dengan prekursor Cu-Asetat dan Cu-Nitrat. Fotokatalis 0,2% CuO/TiO2 dari prekursor Cu-Asetat memiliki aktivitas optimal yang mereduksi Cr(VI) 99,67% dan mendegradasi fenol 97,16%. Sementara jika kedua limbah tersebut diolah secara simultan, katalis TiO2 Degussa P25 memiliki aktivitas yang paling tinggi dengan meningkatkan konversi reduksi Cr(VI) menjadi 100% dan menurunkan konversi degradasi fenol menjadi 93,81% dengan waktu reaksi 5 jam. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2007-12-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1004 10.14710/reaktor.11.2.78-85 Reaktor; Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007; 78-85 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1004/849

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/17182 2020-04-17T05:41:02Z reaktor:RA

Hydrogen Sulfide Removal from Biogas Using Digester Effluent Absorbent in a Continuous Vertical Column Pranolo, Sunu Herwi Paryanto, Paryanto Margono, Margono Rizaldy, Bachtiar Yansah, Hendrix HYDROGEN SULFIDE REMOVAL FROM BIOGAS USING DIGESTER EFFLUENT ABSORBENT IN A CONTINUOUS VERTICAL COLUMN. Gas-Liquid mass transfer is one of the most commonly used phenomena in the chemical process, such as absorbtion. This research evaluates the value of liquid phase mass transfer coefficient of hydrogen sulfide removal from biogas in a continous contactor column for digester effluent-biogas system. This study was carried out by contacting biogas at certain flow with digester effluent continously in a counter-current flow packed bed column. Samples were taken in steady state condition. This research used raschig rings, large balls, and small balls as packing materials with surface areas are 0.9269 m2/m3, 0.6279 m2/m3, and 0.2992 m2/m3 respectively at volumetric flow rates of biogas from 0.1109 m3/h to 0.8846 m3/h. The results show that the relationship between the variables and mass transfer coefficient gives following mathematical model This model is valid in the range of (As·dt) and (Vg/dt·DL) respectively from 0.03 to 0.09 and from 237,267.08 to 3,307,522.67. Average error is 17.85%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Fundamental Research Grant of PNBP UNS (Batch-1) PLTBg Unit at Rantau Sakti Village, North Tambusai Subdistrict, Rokan Hulu Regency, Riau Mr. Sulistyo in Ringinwok, Jagoan Village, Sambi Subdistrict, Boyolali Regency, Central Java 2018-09-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17182 10.14710/reaktor.18.03.160-165 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 3 September 2018; 160-165 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/17182/14578 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8071 2023-05-12T19:06:57Z reaktor:RA

STUDI METODE-METODE EKSTRAKSI PEWARNA MAKANAN ALAMI ANNATTO DARI BIJI KESUMBA (Bixa orellana) Sitompul, Johnner Parningotan Situmorang, Martha Situ Soerawidjaja, Tatang Hernas chemical engineering;chemistry;engineering annatto; bixin; extraction; organic solvent; soxhlet; ultrasonic bath Annatto is natural food colorant extracted from Bixa orellana seeds. The main constituent of annatto is bixin, a carotenoid having carboxylic acid groups at both ends of its molecular chain and one of these is methyl-esterified. The carboxylic acid groups of bixin and norbixin cause the molecule to dissolve in aqueous bases. The methyl ester structure causes the molecule dissolving in oil and other organic solvents. The double bond conjugated chain causes bixin dissolved in most organic solvents. These characteristics are mainly bases for extraction solvent selection. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the performance of ethyl acetate and acetone as solvents for annatto extraction with different method of extraction and to obtain a procedure for preparing general purpose annatto extract having the highest possible of bixin yield. Two methods of extraction are carried out using Soxhlet method (at solvent boiling temperature) and ultrasonic bath extraction at room temperature. The selected solvents are ethyl acetate and acetone that have medium polarity index and low boiling point. The bixin quality is examined by measuring pigment content with spectrophotometer at certain wavelength. Two types of seeds from different places in Indonesia will be the investigated as sources of annatto. Experimental results for extraction with Soxhlet method shows that yield of bixin (upon seed) from ultrasonic bath extraction is higher that is 0.584% (w), compared to Soxhlet extraction 0.443% (w). For ultrasonic bath extraction, yield of bixin (upon seed) with ethyl acetate as solvent is 0.602%, much higher compared to that from acetone 0.565%. Extraction with Soxhlet method gives different results. Yield of bixin (upon seed) with acetone as solvent is higher which is 0.460%, compared to ethyl acetate which is 0.427%. Seeds from Bandung (West Java) and Duri (Riau) do not give significant difference of bixin yield from two methods of extraction. Annatto merupakan pewarna alami makanan yang didapatkan melalui ekstraksi dari biji pohon kasumba (Bixa orellana) dengan komponen pewarna utamanya adalah bixin. Keberadaan ikatan rangkap terkonjugasi menyebabkan bixin dan norbixin  larut dalam sebagian besar pelarut organik. Ciri struktur kimia dari bixin ini yang menjadi dasar dalam pemilihan pelarut untuk ekstraksi pewarna annatto. Tujuan makalah ini adalah studi metode-metode ekstraksi terhadap perolehan bixin, metode Soxhlet pada temperatur didih pelarut dan metoda ultrasonic bath pada temperatur kamar, dengan dua tempat sumber biji kasumba, Bandung dan Duri. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah etil asetat dan aseton. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mengukur kadar pigmen yang dihasilkan menggunakan spektrofotometri pada panjang gelombang tertentu. Dari penelitian ini, didapatkan data yield (perolehan bixin) dari berbagai variasi percobaan. Perolehan bixin (terhadap biji) yang didapat dari ekstraksi ultrasonic bath lebih tinggi yaitu rata-rata sebesar 0,584%, dibanding dengan metode soxhlet yang rata-rata sebesar 0,443%. Ekstraksi menggunakan metode ekstraksi ultrasonic bath, dan menggunakan pelarut etil asetat lebih tinggi yaitu rata-rata 0,602% daripada menggunakan aseton yang rata-rata 0,565%. Sedangkan dengan metode soxhlet menunjukkan perolehan bixin berbeda, dengan pelarut aseton 0,460%, sedangkan untuk pelarut etil asetat adalah 0,427%. Biji yang berasal dari 2 tempat berbeda, ketika diekstraksi dengan dua metode tersebut tidak memberikan perbedaaan hasil bixin yang signifikan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Department of Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University 2012-01-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8071 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.73-78 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 73-78 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8071/6622

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16230 2019-10-13T03:53:42Z reaktor:RA

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14988 2017-07-19T16:49:26Z reaktor:RA

Penentuan Konstanta Kecepatan Reaksi Sintesis Gliserol Dari Minyak Kelapa Curah Dan Larutan Soda Api Sumantri, I. Nurwiyani, R. Hapsari, R. H. orde reaksi, konstanta kecepatan reaksi, kinetika reaksi Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan orde reaksi, konstanta kecepatan reaksi dan kondisi optimum reaksi dari reaksi saponifikasi minyak kelapa curah. Minyak kelapa dan larutan NaOH dimasukkan dalam reaktor berpengaduk dengan komposisi tertentu dan kecepatan pengadukan yang konstan selama satu jam. Reaksi dilakukan pada suhu 40 0C sampai dengan 100 0C. Sampel diambil untuk dianalisis setiap 10 menit. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa jenis reaksi yang terjadi adalah reaksi searah dengan orde reaksi 0,5 terhadap gliseril tristearat, konstanta kecepatan reaksi (k) berdasarkan signifikansi (R2) optimum dicapai pada suhu 70 0C dengan harha k adalah 3,38. 10-3 mol/L.det dan signifikansi sebesar 95,36% (ralat maksimum 5%).Kata kunci : orde reaksi, konstanta kecepatan reaksi, kinetika reaksi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14988 10.14710/reaktor.6.2.68-71 Reaktor; Volume 6 No. 2 Desember 2002; 68-71 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14988/11362 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/22424 2020-08-26T08:29:14Z reaktor:RA

Solid Concentration Effect for Solvent Extraction Process of Oily Contaminated Soil Fitriyani, Lely Karadena, Edwan Sukandar, Sukandar Solvent extraction has been used as a method to wash oil content of oily contaminated soil in industry for years. Some solvents and temperature ranges has been chosen to increase the oil recovery rate of extraction process, however only few studies reported that it has been able to reach remaining Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) less than 0.5% in less than 30 minutes. During the experiments, acetone and toluene chosen to extract oil content from contaminated soil by using solvent extraction process. Temperature selected were between 24°C up to 70°C. Mixing apparatus which has been utilized was centrifugation machine with 1000 rpm (1570 g) operational speed. Duration of treatment process was 10 minutes with some variations of solid to solvent ratio. During the experiments, it was observed that by using toluene and acetone as solvents, the optimum Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) removal obtained at temperature 50°C. In the other hand, optimum solid to solvent ratio toluene ratio was 1:6. As a solvent acetone observed capable to reduce TPH content until below 0.5% as threshold limit for TPH of contaminated soil regulated by environmental regulation in Indonesia. During the experiments it was also observed the dependency of solid concentration (Cs) with dissociation coefficient (KD). In the other hand, heavy metal at the remaining extracted soil after soil washing was observed available in safe concentration to be discharged to the environment base on regulation in Indonesia. Keywords: solvent extraction, soil washing, contaminated soil, TPH, centrifugation, oil sludge, acetone, toluene, solid treatment. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2019-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/22424 10.14710/reaktor.19.2.84-88 Reaktor; Volume 19 No. 2 June 2019; 84-88 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/22424/16015 Copyright (c) 2019 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/8276 2020-04-17T05:23:51Z reaktor:RA

ANALISA PEMANFAATAN KOMPOS SEBAGAI MEDIA BIOCOVER DI TEMPAT PEMROSESAN AKHIR SAMPAH: Studi Kasus Kota Depok, Jawa Barat Kristanto, Gabriel Andari Rahayu, Dwi Novita, Evy Environmental Engineering waste processing, landfill, compost, methane, and compaction High percentage of organic waste in urban areas makes composting as good alternative in waste processing. However, composting has not been effectively used and the result is not optimal. Previous studies found compost can be used as biocover media to reduce methane emission landfill. The objective of the study is to identify the characteristic of produced at temporary waste unit Depok, West Java and the effect of compaction toward the amount of methane removal in the landfill. Before applied as biocover media, compost was characterized followed by maturation process. Study on methane removal efficiency was conducted as batches in four reactors for 35 days with compaction rate varying from 750, 800, 850 dan 900 kg/m3. Composting media used in the research had 80 cm thickness with artificial gas consisting of 50% CH4 dan 50% CO2. Initially, compost did not meet criteria as mature compost based on SNI 19-7030-2004, and as media biocover hence a pre-treatment was needed to improve the quality compost to meet the requirements. Compaction rate of 900 kg/m3has highest elimination capacity of methane i.e. 98,31%±3,6% and 13,98±4,32 g/m3/hour. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Directorate General of Indonesia Higher Education, University of Darmstadt 2014-09-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8276 10.14710/reaktor.15.2.117-125 Reaktor; Volume 15, No.2, OKTOBER 2014; 117-125 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/8276/7175

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/63283 2024-10-23T05:23:48Z reaktor:RA

Peat Water Treatment Using Modified Red mud Ivontianti, Wivina Diah Shalindry, Riysan Octy Maleiva, Lalak Tarbiyatun Nasyin Red mud is an alumina refinery waste residue that has been used to develop an effective adsorbent for wastewater treatment, one of which can be applied to peat water. Peat water treatment is carried out using the adsorption method. This study sought to ascertain the impact of the acid types of acid HCl and H2SO4 solution on dealumination process to the characteristics of the red mud adsorbent based on the analysis of XRF and BET instruments. In addition, this study was to determine the effect of the effect of mass variations of the red mud adsorbent on the effectiveness of peat water treatment. This research was conducted on a laboratory scale using variations in the adsorbent mass of 1 g; 3 g ; 5 g and 7 g and variation of contact time used was 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes . The results showed an increase in the Si/Al ratio from 1.064% to 1.697% for HCl, while for H2SO41.565%.  Increasing of surface area with HCl was 179.574% while using H2SO4 was 162.891%. The results of research on the adsorption process with variations in the mass of the adsorbent 1, 3, 5, and 7 grams obtained the results of peat water pH respectively were 6.6; 7.0; 7.0; and 7,1. In the Fe metal there were removal of 73.39%; 37.09%; 24.19% and -141.93%. Then for the organic matter removal efficiency were 53.07%; 50%; 44.30% and -17.98% respectively. In variation of contact time for the parameter Fe, there were removals of 29,03%, 27,41%, and 24,19% respectively. Then for organic matter the removal efficiencies were 32,46%, 54,82%, 48,25%, and 44,29%. The optimum condition based on the result obtained are the 5 g for the mass adsorbent and 30 minute for contact time. Keywords: adsorbent; dealumination; H2SO4; HCl; peat water; red mud. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2024-09-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/63283 10.14710/reaktor.24.1.15-21 Reaktor; Volume 24 No.1 April 2024; 15-21 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/63283/26632 Copyright (c) 2024 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15011 2017-07-19T16:46:28Z reaktor:RA

Model Matematika Degradasi Naptalena Oleh Bakteri Pseudomonas Sp HB Budiastuti, H. degradasi, model matematis, napthalen, Pseudomonas Sp HB Model Matematika Degradasi Naptalena Oleh Bakteri Pseudomonas Sp HBSifat racun dan karsinogenik pada naphtalena serta rendahnya  solubilitas senyawa ini dalam air (31,5 ppm) merupakan persoalan dalam degradasi senyawa organic ini secara biologis. Dalam kasus seperti ini antuan model matematis dalam memprediksi profil biodegradasi  dan penentuan parameter  kinetis degradasi senyawa beracun ini sangat berguna. Dari pemodelan secara matematis didapat harga kecepatan pertumbuhan maksimum (μmax) dari pseudomonas Sp HB sebesar 0,20 jam-1. Koefisien perpindahan massa (ka) dan koefisien saturasi (Ks) masing-masing sebesar 3780 jam-1 dan 1,84 mg/l. simulasi matematis dengan bantuan persamaan diferensial orde ke 4 dan ke 5 dari Runge-Kutta dalam software  MATLAB dapat memprediksi pertumbuhan bakteri dan utilisasi larutan naptalen dengan akurasi yang cukup tinggi.Kata kunci : degradasi, model matematis, napthalen, Pseudomonas Sp HB Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15011 10.14710/reaktor.9.2.8-11 Reaktor; Volume 09 No.1 Juni 2005; 8-11 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15011/11385 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/1558 2015-01-15T03:13:44Z reaktor:RA

PENGARUH WAKTU DEALUMINASI DAN JENIS SUMBER ZEOLIT ALAM TERHADAP KINERJA H-ZEOLIT UNTUK PROSES DEHIDRASI ETANOL Widayat, Widayat Roesyadi, Achmad Rachimoellah, Muhammad Chemical Engineering konversi etanol, luas permukaan dan kristalitas, perbandingan Si/Al, waktu, yield DiEtil Eter Katalis H-zeolit telah disintesa dari zeolit alam. Proses pembuatan katalis meliputi tahap proses pelakuan kimia, penyaringan dan pencucian, pengeringan dan proses kalsinasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari waktu dan sumber bahan baku terhadap karakteristik katalis yang meliputi perbandingan Si/Al, X ray Diffraction (XRD) dan luas permukaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan kimia menyebabkan penurunan kadar CaO, MgO dan Na2O karena melarut dalam asam klorida. Perbandingan Si/Al juga menurun dengan meningkatnya waktu operasi dan nilai Si/Al tertinggi pada waktu perlakuan kimia 7 jam. Hasil analisa XRD dari produk katalis tidak dipengaruhi oleh waktu. Luas permukaan spesifik dan volume total pori bernilai tertinggi pada waktu operasi 10 jam sebesar 184,52 m2/gram dan volume total pori 108,243 x 10-3 cc/gram. Hasil uji katalitik menunjukkan bahwa katalis KZ A dan KZ B dapat digunakan untuk proses dehidrasi etanol, yang ditunjukkan adanya produk DiEtil Eter pada proses dehidrasi. Yield DiEtil Eter terbaik diperoleh untuk katalis zeolit KZ A 10 yaitu sebesar 1,78% dan KZ B 15 sebesar 0,28%. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2010-06-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1558 10.14710/reaktor.13.1.51-57 Reaktor; Volume 13, Nomor 1, Juni 2010; 51-57 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/1558/1314

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/30761 2020-12-02T00:08:02Z reaktor:RA

Kinetic Study of Kapok Seed Oil Esterification using BMIM-PF6 Catalyst Sudrajat, Bagus Agang Widayat, Widayat Widiantara, Ngurah Satriadi, Hantoro Siahaan, Maria Pinem, Wira Biodiesel offers better combustion efficiency, lower sulfur content and aromatic compounds, higher cetane numbers than diesel fuel, biodegradable and renewable properties that are not possessed by conventional fuels such as diesel fuel. This study aims to study the modeling of esterification process of Kapok seed oil using 3 % liquid ionic catalyst 1-Butyl-3-MethydidazoliumHexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6). The validation results of reaction kinetic models for experiments and simulations provide an adjacent correlation value, that is R2 = 0.99526, with the rate constant value (k) based on experimental data are 0.003815 L/mol.s and 0.0038 L/mol.s for the simulation data. Based on the simulation results, the proper reaction order for this esterification reaction is the first order reaction equation with a value of R2 = 0.99526, while the second order reaction gives the value R2 = 0.89453. The reaction kinetics parameters obtained from the experimental results are A = 0.012 L/mol.s and -Ea = -0.437 kJ/mol, while the reaction parameters of the simulation are A = 1.0384 L/mol.s and -Ea = -89.5 kJ/mol.Keywords: Esterification, Ionic Liquid Catalyst, Kinetic Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2020-10-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/30761 10.14710/reaktor.20.3.138-149 Reaktor; Volume 20 No.3 September 2020; 138-149 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/30761/18325 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/30761/5565 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/30761/5566 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/30761/5567 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/downloadSuppFile/30761/5568 Copyright (c) 2020 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/10409 2020-04-17T05:29:05Z reaktor:RA

Kerapatan, Kekerasan dan Koefisien Muai Panas Membran Penghantar Ion Oksigen LaCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ Tersubstitusi Ca2+(La1-xCaxCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ) Fansuri, Hamzah Trengginas, Totok Zulaicha, Vivi Utomo, Wahyu Prasetyo Widiastuti, Nurul Purwanti, Endang Chemistry Perovskit; penghantar ion oksigen; membran rapat; La1-xCaxCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ. Abstract DENSITY, HARDNESSAND THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENTOF Ca2+-SUBSTITUTED LaCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (La1-xCaxCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ) OXYGEN ION TRANSPORT MEMBRANE. A dense oxygen ion conductive membrane such as LaCo1-yFeyO3must be hard and has a low thermal expansion coefficient to survive harsh reaction condition in its application. Substitution of La3+ with Ca2+ is expected to improve both properties. Ca2+ substituted LaCo1-yFeyO3 powders were prepared from their respective metal oxides to become La1-xCaxCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (LCCF), where 0.1≤x≤0.4, using the solid state method. X-ray diffraction data indicates that the LCCFs are highly crystalized. The LCCF was then made into a membrane by pressing the powder in a stainless steel mold by applying 6 tonnes load for 10 minutes, followed by sintering the product at 1250°C. SEM analysis results showed that the densities of all LCCF membranes are very high. Average hardnesses of LCCF 9182, 8282, 7382 and 6482 membranes, as measured by the Vicker method,are 902.08, 915.42, 1093, and 1178.6 HV, respectively. Thermal expansion tests showed that LCCF 6482 is a membrane with the lowest thermal expansion coefficient. In addition, it is also evident that the higher the number of Ca2+substituents, the higher the hardness and the lower the thermal expansion coefficient. Substitution of La3+ by Ca2+ produced denser and harder membranes, as well as low thermal expansion coefficient, which are preferable when they are applied as oxygen ion conductive membranes. Keywords: dense membrane; La1-xCaxCo0.8Fe0,2O3-δ; oxigen ion transfer; perovskite  Abstrak Kekerasan tinggi dan koefisien muai panas rendah adalah sifat mekanik yang perlu dimiliki oleh membran rapat penghantar ion oksigen seperti oksida perovskit LaCo1-yFeyO3, agar dapat bertahan ketika digunakan. Substitusi La3+ oleh Ca2+ diperkirakan dapat memperbaiki kedua sifat tersebut. LaCo1-yFeyO3 tersubstitusi Ca2+disintesis dari oksida-oksida logamnya sehingga memiliki komposisi La1-xCaxCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ (LCCF) dengan 0,1≤x≤0,4 dengan metode solid state melalui kalsinasi pada suhu 1000°C. Data difraksi sinar-X menunjukkan bahwa serbuk LCCF yang dihasilkan memiliki kekristalan yang tinggi. LCCF tersebut selanjutnya dibuat menjadi membran yang diawali oleh pencetakan melalui penekanan serbuk LCCF dengan beban 6 ton selama 10 menit di dalam cetakan  baja tahan karat dan dilanjutkan dengan sintering hasil pencetakan pada suhu 1250°C. Hasil pengamatan dengan SEM menunjukkan bahwa kerapatan semua membran LCCF yang dihasilkan sangat tinggi. Kekerasan rata-rata membran yang diukur dengan metode Vicker adalah 902,08;  915,42; 1093; dan 1178,6 HV masing-masing untuk LCCF 9182, 8282, 7382 dan 6482. Pengujian muai panas menunjukkan bahwa LCCF 6482 adalah membran dengan koefisien muai panas tekecil. Selain itu terlihat pula bahwa semakin tinggi jumlah substituen Ca2+, semakin tinggi pula kekerasannya dan semakin rendah koefisien muai panasnya. Substitusi La3+ oleh Ca2+ menghasilkan membran dengan kerapatan tinggi serta kekerasan dan koefisien muai panas yang lebih baik dalam aplikasi LCCF sebagai membran penghantar ion oksigen. Kata kunci: membran rapat; La1-xCaxCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ; penghantar ion oksigen;  perovskit  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2016-08-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10409 10.14710/reaktor.16.2.87-95 Reaktor; Volume 16 No. 2 Juni 2016; 87-95 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/10409/9092 Copyright (c) 2016 REAKTOR

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/15044 2017-07-19T16:47:29Z reaktor:RA

A STUDY OF UNCOATED AND COATED UREA CRYSTALS DISSOLUTION IN STIRRED VESSEL Ismayanda, M. H. Zakaria, M. urea crystals, Coating, dissolution, stirred vessel An immersing and spray coating process has been developed for the continous production of tapioca starch and silica  coated urea. The coating thicness and quality of coated urea was produced in a laboratory-scale unit. The dissolution rates of urea uncoated and coated urea crystals were studied in a stirred vessel. Coated urea crystals genarally shows low dissolution rates compared to uncoated for all coating materials. The effect of coating was best with tapoca starch and silica  combination baked at 70oC. This cating material of tapioca starch coating urea the dissolution time was in the range of 300 to 360 second mass transfer coefficient in the range of between 3.63 x 10-6 to 2.91 x 10-3 cm 2/s. And for the silica coated urea coating material, the dissolution time was in the range of 300 to 380 second. mass coefficient in the ranger of 1.65 x 10-2 to 3.30 x 10-2 cm/s.and diffusion coefficient in the ranger of 3.57 x 10-6 to 3.30 x30 x 10-3 cm 2/s. The dissolution rangers from about 87% for a product containing 10.5 % tapioca starch to the dissolution range of about 85% for a product containing 9.5% silicaKeywords : urea crystals, Coating, dissolution, stirred vessel  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15044 10.14710/reaktor.8.2.81-84 Reaktor; Volume 08 No.2 Desember 2004; 81-84 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/15044/11417 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/4119 2023-05-12T19:06:53Z reaktor:RA

THE BEHAVIOR OF SOLUBLE METALS ELUTED FROM Ni/Fe-BASED ALLOY REACTORS AFTER HIGH-TEMPERATURE AND HIGH-PRESSURE WATER PROCESS Faisal, M. Daimon, Hiroyuki Fujie, Koichi Chemical Engineering environmental; high-temperature and high-pressure water; metal elution; Ni/Fe-based alloy; reactor materials The behavior of heavy metals eluted from the wall of Ni/Fe-based alloy reactors after high-temperature and high-pressure water reaction were studied at temperatures ranging from 250 to 400oC. For this purpose, water and cysteic acid were heated in two reactor materials which are SUS 316 and Inconel 625. Under the tested conditions, the erratic behaviors of soluble metals eluted from the wall of Ni/Fe-based alloy in high temperature water were observed. Results showed that metals could be eluted even at a short contact time. The presence of air also promotes elution at sub-critical conditions. At sub-critical conditions, a significant amount of Cr was extracted from SUS 316, while only traces of Ni, Fe, Mo and Mn were eluted. In contrast, Ni was removed in significant amounts compared to Cr when Inconel 625 was tested. It was observed that eluted metals tend to increased under acidic conditions and most of those metals were over the limit of WHO guideline for drinking water. The results are significant both on the viewpoint of environmental regulation on disposal of wastes containing heavy metals, toxicity of resulting product and catalytic effect on a particular reaction. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2012-04-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4119 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.9-16 Reaktor; Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012; 9-16 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/4119/3752

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/41614 2022-08-11T10:54:59Z reaktor:RA

The Effect of Flowrate on Dye Removal of Jumputan Wastewater in a Fixed-Bed Column by Using Adsorption Model: Experimental and Breakthrough Curves Analysis Cundari, Lia Afrah, Bazlina Dawami Jannah, Asyeni Miftahul Meizakh, Patrick Rudy Aziz, Muhammad Alik Larasati, Wulan Ayum One of the traditional arts in Indonesia is Jumputan fabric which produced by using tie and dye technic. The Jumputan wastewater contains organic compounds which can decrease the oxygen content in water. An economic and applicable process to handle the Jumputan wastewater is adsorption. The research was conducted to find out the effect of flowrate to the adsorption performance of the dye onto activated carbon in a continuous fixed-bed column based on the breakthrough curve parameter. The activated carbon made from betel nuts (Cyrtostachys lakka) with size particle of 60 mesh. The column dimension was 2 inches of inside diameter and 60 cm of height column. The bed height was 10 cm. The feed pumped from the top of column with variation of flowrate of 10, 20 and 30 ml/min. The absorbance of the dye was analyzed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The adsorption column models were analyzed using Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Adam-Bohart. The result of this research was the dye removal efficiency decreased with the increase in flowrate, which was 61.4%; 56.9%; and 47.6% for 10, 20, and 30 ml/min respectively. Feed flowrate showed a negative effect on the saturation time, the higher the flowrate, the faster it reaches the saturation point of the adsorbent. The breakpoints were 180, 260, and 420 minutes at 30, 20, 10 ml/min flowrate. The model data indicated that Thomas and Yoon-Nelson are fitted well with the experimental results. The models show the largest regression and the smallest error with the value of each 0.99 and 0.0035 at flowrate of 10 ml/min. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2022-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/41614 10.14710/reaktor.22.1.28-35 Reaktor; Volume 22 No. 1 April 2022; 28-35 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/41614/22041 Copyright (c) 2022 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/14726 2020-04-17T05:33:50Z reaktor:RA

Kinetika detoksifikasi umbi gadung (dioscorea hispida dennst.) secara fermentasi dengan kapang mucor racemosus Widiyanti, Marissa Kumoro, Andri Cahyo fermentasi; gadung; monod; Mucor racemosus; sianogen Abstract THE KINETICS OF GADUNG (Dioscorea hispida dennst.) TUBER DETOXIFICATION VIA FUNGAL FERMENTATION USING Mucor racemosus. Bitter yam (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) is one of carbohydrate sources used as staple food commonly found in Indonesian dry-land. However, this tuber has been underutilized due to the presence of an antinutrition compound, namely cyanogenic glucosides. Removal of cyanides from foodstuffs can be done either by physical, chemical or biological methods. In this study, the effect of time on the detoxification of gadung tuber chips from cyanides via fermentation using Mucor racemosus and its kinetics were investigated. Gadung chip samples were withdrawn from the fermentation system at every 24 hours interval for biomass and cyanides contents analysis. It was clear that the cyanides content decreased as the fermentation went by. Safely consumed gadung tuber chips were obtained from fermentation of the chips for 120 hours from which cyanides content as low as 49.41 mg/kg was achieved. The logistic equation successfully described the growth rate of Mucor racemosus under studied condition. The specific growth rate of Mucor racemosus in gadung chips was found to be 0.0297/hr or about a half of specific growth rate of that mold when grown in the readily consumed yeast-pepton-glucose (YPG) media. Keywords: fermentation; yam; monod; Mucor racemosus; cyanogen  Abstrak Umbi gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) merupakan salah satu sumber karbohidrat yang digunakan sebagai makanan pokok yang biasa ditemukan di lahan kering di wilayah Indonesia. Namun, umbi ini kurang dimanfaatkan karena adanya senyawa antinutrisi, yaitu cyanogenic glucosides. Penghilangan senyawa sianida dari bahan makanan dapat dilakukan baik dengan metode fisik, kimia atau biologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh waktu pada detoksifikasi irisan umbi gadung dari senyawa sianida melalui fermentasi dengan menggunakan kapang Mucor racemosus dan kinetikanya. Cuplikan irisan umbi gadung diambil dari sistem fermentasi pada setiap jeda waktu 24 jam untuk dianalisis kadar biomassa dan sianidanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan sianida menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya waktu fermentasi. Irisan umbi gadung yang aman dikonsumsi dapat diperoleh dari fermentasi irisan ubi gadung selama 120 jam dengan kandungan sianida serendah 49,41 mg/kg. Persamaan logistik berhasil menggambarkan tingkat pertumbuhan kapang Mucor racemosus dengan baik. Tingkat pertumbuhan spesifik dari Mucor racemosus pada irisan umbi gadung adalah 0,0297/jam atau sekitar setengah dari laju pertumbuhan spesifik jamur tersebut saat dibudidayakan pada media yang siap dikonsumsi, seperti ragi-pepton-glukosa (YPG). Kata kunci: fermentasi; gadung; monod; Mucor racemosus; sianogen  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2017-06-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14726 10.14710/reaktor.17.2.81-88 Reaktor; Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017; 81-88 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/14726/11521 Copyright (c) 2017 REAKTOR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/16721 2020-04-17T05:39:47Z reaktor:RA

Performance of Various Organic Solvents as Reaction Media in Plant Oil Lipolysis with Plant Lipase Istyami, Astri Nur Hernas Soerawidjaja, Tatang Prakoso, Tirto Penia Kresnowati, Tri Ari Fatty acids are intermediate substances in synthesis of oleochemical products. Enzymatic technology of fatty acids production (also known as lipolysis) is now developing as potential substitution for the conventional production of fatty acid, i.e. thermal hydrolysis of triglyceride. It offers more economical process condition, low energy consumption, and minimal product degradation compared to the conventional process. This research aims to evaluate performance of various organic solvents as reaction media in lipolysis with plant latex lipase. Organic solvents observed were chloroform, n-hexane, diethyl ether, benzene, acetone, ethanol, methanol, n-heptane, and isooctane. Analysis of each organic solvent effect on lipolysis was described based on solvents properties. Conversion of lipolysis with organic solvents is 0,10-1,25 times fold compared to conversion of non-solvent lipolysis. We suggest that dielectric constant and viscosity are the two main organic solvent properties affecting lipase performance in lipolysis. Overall, n-hexane, n-heptane, and isooctane are recommended to be used as reaction media in lipolysis with plant lipase because their effects to degree of lipolysis are positive.  Keywords: lipolysis; lipase; organic solvent; frangipani Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia 2018-08-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16721 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.71-75 Reaktor; Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018; 71-75 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/16721/14094 Copyright (c) 2018 Reaktor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.ejournal.undip.ac.id:article/7865 2020-04-17T05:19:42Z reaktor:RA

EFFECTIVENESS OF ANNEALING TREATMENT AND POLYMER BLENDS ON I-V CHARACTERISTSICS OF POLYMER SOLAR CELL Rosa, Erlyta Septa Shobih, Shobih Chemical annealing; polymeric semiconductor; polymer solar cells This research reports on a fabrication of polymer solar cells based on blends of two widely used polymeric semiconductors i.e. poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-para phenylene vinylene) (MDMO-PPV) and the soluble fullerene C60 derivative [6,6 phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester] (PCBM). The devices were fabricated on an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. After cleaned and dried, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) in H2O was spin coated onto the freshly prepared substrate and then dried in a vacuum oven at 120°C for 60 minutes. A blend of MDMO-PPV and PCBM in chlorobenzene was spin coated on the top and dried in a nitrogen ambient at room temperature for 24 hours. The devices were transferred to a sputtering system where an aluminum was coated. Some of the devices then were annealed in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 60 minutes. Finally, the devices were encapsulated by placing a sealant between the back of the devices and glass slides and then cured in a vacuum oven at temperature 100°C for 10 minutes. For characterization, the devices were illuminated with a xenon lamp at the intensity of 27 mW/cm2 and the temperature at approximately 25°C. The influence of the annealing treatment and polymer blends on the photovoltaic performance of the devices was also discussed here. The best performance was obtained from the device with a blend ratio of 1:1 MDMO-PPV/PCBM without annealing treatment. The typical power efficiency was 0.01% with open circuit voltage of 0.347 V, short circuit current of 0.064 mA, and maximum power of 0.006 mW. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro 2014-12-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7865 10.14710/reaktor.14.4.261-266 Reaktor; Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013; 261-266 2407-5973 0852-0798 eng https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/reaktor/article/view/7865/6445 4e7ffcb1d830f5e6080be39a64c8aeac