The Analysis of Shouryakugo on Social Media Twitter

This study examined the morphology of shouryakugo on social media Twitter. This study aims to determine the type and process of shouryakugo formation on Twitter. The study data were taken from tweets that were trending with hashtag # 社会 between January and March 2019. A descriptive qualitative design was employed in this study. The data obtained were categorized and analyzed based on the formation process. The results of this study showed the types and processes of shouryakugo formation. The findings include four forms of zenbu shouryakukei, 32 forms of gobu shouryakukei, five forms of chuushouryaku kei, one form of zengo shouryaku kei, and 21 forms of kousei youso tanbun ketsugoukei. Meanwhile, in the process of forming shouryaku, the researcher found four words with the omission of parts or all of the first words, two words with the omission of parts or all of the second words, twenty-five words with the omission of syllables at the end of words, two words with the omission of syllables at the end of the first word and all second words, twenty-one words with the omission of syllables at the end of the first word and the second-word element, three words with the omission of all second words, five words with the omission of middle words, one word with the omission of the first syllable of the first word and the final syllable of the second word.


Introduction
Communicative language is applied when interacting with others daily because it gives a natural impression when communicating. Communicative language can be delivered and can bring back ideas to the listener's mind as what is in the speaker's mind (Arifin, 2004: 89-90). The habits of using communicative language will continue and even develop. One of the results of using communicative language is interlocutors' strategy to shorten several words to facilitate conversation.
Shortening word is a morphological process. Abdullah & Achmad (2012) explain that the morphological process is a morpheme formation from basic morpheme through some morphological changes. As a result of these changes, a new word is coined. Sutedi (2011) states that this process is called gokeisei in Japanese linguistics, which has for types, namely haseigo (derivation), fukugougo (complex word), karikomi, or shouryaku (acronym), and toujigo (abbreviation).
Shouryakugo, or (words) shortening, is the abbreviation of a word, from a more extended form to a simpler one. Word shortening can be spelled as a word (Chaer, 2012). Hayashi in Suci (2016)  'An abbreviation is a process of shortening one part of a word. The result of shortening is ryakugo, while shouryakugo itself is the process.' Noviastuti & Mael (2017) explain that shouryakugo is also used in the daily life of Japanese society, such as wakamono kotoba (words of young people. Some of wakamono kotoba are formed by shortening words. Thus, understanding shouryakugo can help Japanese language learners to communicate with Japanese speakers more efficiently because they do not need to say the whole words.
Based on the explanation, shouryakugo is an abbreviation from the original vocabulary pronounced as a word. Abbreviation usually forms new concise and more straightforward words. Furthermore, doing abbreviation an essential part of supporting communication.
Shouryakugo often appears on social media such as Twitter, Line, Facebook, and Instagram. Twitter is the most popular social media in Japan since the launch of Twitter in July 2006. According to Perrin (2018) on eMarketer, Twitter in Japan ranks first in popularity, followed by Facebook and Instagram. Of all the total population in Japan, there are around 63.3% of Twitter users. Deliusno's data in Juditha (2015) shows that Japan has the second most Twitter users globally, with the number reaching 9.3% after the United States of America with 24.3%.
As a microblogging messaging service, Twitter limits the user to 140 characters per message, including spaces and punctuation, to update content (Dixon, 2012). Thus, the Twitter user must write a brief and precise text to let other people read it. Twitter features several features that can be used by its users, such as user profile, trending topic, follower and following, latest news, direct message, and Twitter search (Nelson, 2012). One of the features that people often find on Twitter is a trending topic. People can find the trending topics by typing a word with the hashtag, and they will know what subjects and phenomena that happen recently.
The shortening forms have become a dynamic of Japanese language development. Therefore, the form of shouryakugo becomes an essential part of Japanese learners to understand and participate well in daily life communication, including when using Twitter.
The formulations of the problem in this study are 1) What are the types of shouryakugo in Japanese used on Twitter?; 2) What is the process of forming shouryakugo in Japanese used on Twitter?
The categorization of shouryakugo used in the present study is based on the theoretical framework of Nakayama to answer the first research question (2009). He states that there are six types of shouryakugo. The types are zenbu shouryakukei, gobu shouryakukei, chuu shouryakukei, zengo shouryakukei, kousei youso tanbun ketsugoukei, romaji shouryaku. To answer the second research question, the categorization of pattern process is according to Sunarni and Johana in Karina & Miftachul (2017). They further reported that there are eight pattern processes: 1) the disappearance of syllables at the end of a word, 2) the removal of part or all of the first word, 3) the removal of syllables at the end of the second word, 4) the removal of syllables at the end of a word the first and all second words, 5) the omission of the syllables at the beginning of the first word and the beginning of the second word, 6) the perpetuation of the letters of each word component, 7) the removal of conjunctions, and 8) the omission of syllabic at the end of the first word. .

Methods
A descriptive qualitative method with a morphological review was employed in the present study. Qualitative research methods are research methods used to examine natural object conditions (Sugiyono, 2005:1). The researchers conducted a descriptive analysis, which is research that is directed to provide symptoms, facts, or events systematically and accurately (Zuriah, 2006:47).
The data collection technique in this research was the observing technique. The observing method is a method done by observing the use of language. The term observing here is related to language verbally and in writing (Mahsun, 2005: 90). The research was based on observing the tweets found on Twitter social media, then proceeded with the note-taking technique. The note-taking technique notes some forms relevant to the research from the written use (Mahsun, 2005: 92). The collection of data sources was done by recording the data obtained in the form of shouryakugo contained on Twitter social media. The researchers then tabulated the collected data and grouped it according to the type and process of shouryakugo. The data obtained was based on a trending topic with the hashtag # 社会 on the period from January to March 2019. The data obtained in this study were 63 shouryakugo data.
The analysis technique in this study was to use the technique of absorbing. The word 'absorb' comes from a polymorphemic verb worthy of its meaning by releasing, eliminating, and reducing. Certain constituents are blown from lingual units to research objects. If the data is segmented using this technique, the overall shape of the lingual group will change. However, the form and number of the remaining constituents of the elements that exist before the technique are imposed do not change (Sudaryanto, 1993: 37). This technique aims to determine the level of the constituency that is absorbed, and it is helpful to know the specific types of elements absorbed.

Result and Discussion
Based on the results of data analysis of shouryakugo forms on Twitter described, the following research findings are in the following.

Types of Shouryakugo in Japanese
Sixty-three data were collected, and the following are the findings of the types of shouryakugo.
From Table 1, four shouryakugo data have been found, including zenbu shouryakukei. The 32 shouryakugo data belong to the type of gobu shouryakukei. There are five data included in the chuu shouryakukei category. There is one data including zengo shouryaku kei, and 21 data are included in the category of kousei youso tanbun ketsugou kei.

Word Formations of Shouryakugo in Japanese
The following is the result of 63 shouryaugo data on Twitter based on the shouryakugo formation process.

a. The omission of parts or all of the first words
The formation of shouryakugo includes omitting some or all of the first words. The shouryakugo found in the data includes four words, namely baito (from arubaito), shain (from kaishain), netto (from intaanetto), and baiku (from ootobaiku).

b. The omission of parts or all of the second words
The formation of shouryakugo is omitting some or all of the second words. The researchers found two data: eakon (from eaa kondishonaa) and forooba (from foroobakku).

d. The omission of syllables at the end of the first word and all second words
The formation of shouryakugo is omitting syllables at the end of the first and second words. The researchers found two data: basuke (basuketto booru) and konbini (from konbiniensu sutoa).

f. The omission of all second words
The formation of shouryakugo is omitting all the second words. The researchers found three data, namely aisu (from aisu kuriimu), keitai (from keitai denwa), and suupaa (from suupaa maaketto).
h. The omission of the first syllable of the first word and the final syllable of the second word Based on the findings, "the process of forming shouryakugo" removes the first syllable of the first word and the final syllable of the second word. There was only one datum found that is kuubo (from kuukou bokan).

Conclusion
Based on the study results, the forms of shouryakugo on Twitter are dominated by gobu shouryakukei type (32 data). The second type that is the most founded is kousei youso tanbun ketsugoukei (21 data). There were five data belonged to the chuu shouryakukei category, and four data belonged to zenbu shouryakukei. There was one data included to zengo shouryaku kei.
In the process of forming shouryaku, there are four words with the omission of parts or all of the first words, two words with the omission of parts or all of the second words, 25 words with the omission of syllables at the end of words, two words with the omission of syllables at the end of the first word and all second words, 21 words with the omission of syllables at the end of the first word and the second-word element, three words with the omission of all second words, five words with the omission of middle words, one word with the omission of the first syllable of the first word and the final syllable of the second word.