Conversational Implicature Of Women’s Language By Shin Tanokura In Drama Series Of Oshin

This study aims to describe the conversational implicature of women’s language by Shin Tanokura in the drama series of Oshin. Research-based on a theory of  Azuma (2009) for implicature as women’s language and Yule (2006) for conversational implicature. It is a kind of qualitative research. The data collection technique used is the observing method. The method used in this research is the descriptive analysis with Connect and Compare Equation Technique and Connect and Distinguishing Technique. The result showed that the conversational implicature of women’s language by Shin Tanokura in the drama series of Oshin is generalized conversational implicature, particularized conversational implicature, and scalar implicature. These three implicatures present markers that confirm the utterances belong to the variety of women’s language. In conclusion, the use of the implicature with high intensity is a marker of the utterance that belongs to the variety of women’s language. The variety of women’s language with the use of implicature gives an impression and an image about the characteristic of women and the variety of women’s language.


Introduction
In order to create a reciprocal relationship with others, an individual requires to communicate. So as for the communication to run correctly, the language used needs to be understood by those involved in the communication. Therefore, those who communicate are required to interpret the meaning of the language in the form of an idea, information, notion, or feeling (Al Ma'ruf: 2009). The meaning in the form of an idea, information, notion, or feeling conveyed in communication can be delivered directly so that the interpretation can be understood directly through utterances or speech. However, meaning sometimes can be conveyed indirectly for a particular reason. In other words, the meaning conveyed could not be found, or it is different from what is uttered. It is an additional meaning of the information that is conveyed called implicature (Yule, 2006). Implicature is often used in a variety of women's languages. Azuma (2009) stated that the variety of women's language is concerned with the way information is conveyed, the technique, and the knowledge. However, it is emphasized more on the psychological connection so that the understanding between the speaker and the addressee can be achieved. In order to achieve the connection between the speaker and the addressee, women attempt to convey information or idea by using polite language and implicature. It occurs because men are considered higher in the hierarchy than women, they can maintain their position as women from a social perspective.
Here is an example of the variety of women's language in a conversation between a husband and a wife: Wife :どこかで止まって、なにか飲 みたい？ Dokokade tomatte, nanika nomitai? 'Do you want to stop by to drink something?' Husband: いや。 Iya. 'No'. (Azuma, 2009) From the example above, the wife conveys her meaning to her husband indirectly, and the sentence is in the form of interrogative. The wife applies it because she is not concerned about how information is conveyed, which shows her desire to stop drinking something. However, there is an attempt to feel connected psychologically to be thoughtful and agree between her and the husband. In other words, the interrogative sentence conveyed by the wife has additional meaning or implicature. The wife gives a leeway or space to the addressee, the husband, to choose whether he accepts his wife's offer or turns it down. As the example above, implicature is frequently used in a conversation and as a marker of the variety of women's language. It is essential to learn and comprehend the variety of women's language and the implicatures to communicate and interact with women appropriately.
A study by Kurniawan (2018) entitled "Politeness of women's language (joseigo) by Shin Tanokura in Drama Series of Oshin" in Japan-Edu journal (Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang) Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Volume 3 No.1 page 60-75 is a relevant study for this research.
In the study, there are three varieties of women's language by Shin Tanokura in the drama series of Oshin, based on Kindaichi (1988): 1) Goi level, Tougo level, and Danwa level. 1) Goi level consists of using shuujoshi (wa, kashira, mono and no), kantanshi (maa and ara), ninshoudaimeishi (atakushi, atashi and anata), koshou (~san, ~sama and anata), keigo (teineigo, kenjougo and sonkeigo) and wago (tsuite iku). Tougo level consists of using iikirenai hyougen and kurikaeshi hyougen. Danwa level consists of using youkyuu hyougen, aizuchi and aisatsu, kimari monku. Principles of politeness Leech (2011) on the variety of women's language by Shin Tanokura in drama series entitled Oshin consist of 1) Tact maxim, 2) Generosity maxim, 3) Approbation maxim, 4) Modesty maxim, 5) Agreement maxim and 6) Sympathy maxim. According to on theory of Leech (2011), there are three politeness scales, 1) profit and loss scale, 2) indirect scale, and 3) which like scale. The second relevant study in this research is a research by Mineko Masamune in 1998 entitled Nihongo ni okeru joseigo-danseigo (日本 語における女性語・男性語) in Kitariku journal Daigaku volume 22 page 157-163. In the study, the variety of women's and men's language consist of shuujoshi, kantanshi, koshou, meirei-iraihyougen, taigendome, da no shouryaku, wago, o no shiyou. The third relevant study to this research is a research by Junko Nakamura in 2000 in the journal Shinshuu Daigaku Ryuugakusei Sentaa Kiyou the first edition with a title Shuujoshi ni okeru danseigo to joseigo (終助詞における男性語と女性 語). The study studied the use of shuujoshi' ending particle' in a sentence used in its base form and the form of desu-masu.
The study's relevance until the third study with this research lies in the similarity of the theme. This research discusses the use of various Japanese women's language. The first and second study, discusses the use of a variety of Japanese women's language observed from the utterance markers of various women's language. The first research also discusses the principles and scales of politeness in the variety of women's language. The third study only examines the ending particles as the marker of utterances of the variety of women's language used in its base form and the form of desu-masu. However, this research examines the utterances of various women's language observed from the use of implicature as the marker.

Methods
This research is descriptive. Descriptive research analyzes linguistics phenomenons that occur in daily lives. Similarly, Sudaryanto (1993) stated that descriptive research is done based on linguistics facts or phenomenons that empirically exist within the speaker. In addition, the approach used in this research is qualitative because the data is in the form of descriptive data, which are the utterances of a variety of women's language. The data source taken for this research is derived from the drama series entitled Oshin by Sugako Hashida, episode 70 until episode 120.
The data collected in this research uses the observation method. The observation method is a method of collecting data by observing the use of a language. Mahsun (2005)  implicatures and relevant information that support this research. Here are the steps in collecting the data: 1) Watching the drama series of Oshin many times to understand its context and using implicature; 2) Identifying and classifying the dialogue of women's language, which belongs to implicature type; 3) The researcher noted the episodes and the time in which the utterance of various women's language that contained implicatures in the Oshin series was presented; 4) The researcher added some contexts in every utterance of the variety of women's language; 5) The researcher applied codes in order to classify the data easily in the next step. For example, the researcher applied code (O70:10.12/10.30), code O70, meaning the utterance of the variety of women's language that contained an implicature presented in the Oshin series occurs in episode 70. Code 10.12/10.30 showed the time of the utterance presented in minute 10 in second 12, and it ended in minute10, in second 30, and 6). The researcher transferred the data taken to the note.
After the data collecting is finished, all of the data taken are classified and analyzed by the researcher using a comparison method that consists of the intra-lingual comparison method and the extra-lingual comparison method. Mahsun (2005) described that the intra-lingual comparison method is used to compare aspects within a language. Besides, the extra-lingual comparison method is used to compare aspects between languages. The intra-lingual comparison method and the extra-lingual comparison method are applied in this research using equalizing appeal and differential hulling. The technique of equalizing appeal is applied to compare the aspects in both intra-lingual and extra-lingual to obtain the data which have similarities. Meanwhile, differential hulling compares the aspects in both intralingual and extra-lingual to obtain the data with differentials (Mahsun, 2005). The data analysis technique in this research uses a theory proposed by Miles and Huberman (2009), which consist of: 1) Reduction Reduction means simplifying, sorting, and choosing the important things to obtain the theme and pattern. (Sugiyono, 2012). In this step, the researcher sorts relevant information and irrelevant information with the research. After it is reduced, the data will be narrowed down. The lesser the data, the more focused it is on the research problem to give a clear image of the research object. The next step is classifying the data based on the function, background, and politeness of the utterance of the variety of women's language used by Shin Tanokura in the Oshin drama series.

2)
Data Display After data reduction is made, the next step is to display the data. The Japanese characters display the data in the form of various women's language used by Shin Tanokura in the Oshin drama series (Hiragana, Katakana dan Kanji) to read those characters and Indonesian translations. Furthermore, a descriptive explanation that is related to the theory is given.

3)
Conclusion It is the final step in the data analysis technique. After all of the data are displayed, the problem that becomes the research object can be understood and is given a conclusion as the result of this research.

Women's Language
Every language in the world has its variety due to the diversity of its speakers. One example can be found in Japanese, which has various languages determined by its speaker's sociolect or the social dialect. The gender of its speaker can determine the variety in Japanese, which is sociolect. The variety of men's language ( 男 性 語 ; danseigo) and the variety of women's language (女性語; joseigo) Danseigo and joseigo have their characteristics that can be considered as their respective identity. Danseigo and joseigo are observed from the morpheme (types of prefixes and suffixes), pronouns, part of speech (nouns and adjective), and phrase contained in Japanese (Subandi, 2008).
The variety of women's language is frequently used and is distinct from the variety of men's language. The variety of women's language is often used in daily conversation to show the feminine characteristics and maintain women's existence. The variety of women's language is marked with polite language, the pronoun, or indirect speech. Kindaichi (1988) in Nihongo Hyakka Daijiten stated that the variety of women's language is the expression of language that is only used by women as its user and can be seen from: 1). Sound (音; Oto) The variety of women's language can be identified from two aspects of sound: the intonation and the presence or absence of phoneme impingement (Kindaichi).
In terms of intonation (イントネー ション; Intoneesion), women have more diverse intonations than men. One example that women frequently use is a rising intonation at the end of an interrogative sentence.
On'in ( 音韻) is a phoneme impingement or the sound in a vocabulary. Men than women frequently use On'in. It is due to the consideration that women tend to use standard pronunciation. The example of On'in that men often use is き た な い (kitanai) becomes きたねー (kitane~). 2). Form (形態; Keitai) In terms of form, ( 形態; Keitai), the utterance of the variety of women's language can be identified by observing the presence of 終助詞 (shuujoshi; ending particle) gender. The ending particle, which becomes the markers of the variety of women's language, consists of shuujoshi wa, kashiira, koto, tteba, mono dan no Chino (2004). The utterance in the variety IZUMI, Volume 10 No 1, 2021, [Page | 188] e-ISSN: 2502-3535, p-ISSN: 2338-249X Available online at: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/izumi of women's language can be seen from the use of 敬語(keigo).

4). Sentence (統語; Tougo)
In the tougo (統語) level or sentence, the variety of the women's language can be observed from the use of iikiranai hyougen (言い切らない表現). It is an expression or sentence which is not complete, kurikaeshi hyougen (繰り返し表現) is an expression that is applied to show one's feeling with a repetition of adjective and adverb in a sentence, for example, わたしはうれしく て、うれしくて (watashi wa ureshikute, ureshikute; I am happy, happy...) dan touchikoubun (倒置構文) is an inversion sentence or a sentence which the word order is reversed. Kindaichi, 1988).
The marker in the form of iikiranai hyougen in a sentence level determines that a part of the sentence is not complete also provides evidence that there is information or meaning that the speaker does not convey. Similarly, Azuma (2009) stated that women tend to say something implicitly. In other words, women conceal the meaning or information they want to convey through a sentence using an implicature or a sentence with additional meaning.

Implicature
The research findings are Generalized Conversational Implicature, Particularized Conversational Implicature, and Scalar Implicature of women's language by Shin Tanokura in drama series. Implicature in a conversation has a purpose that the addressee grasps the additional meaning with the existing context. Women frequently use implicature to add additional meaning to their utterances. Hence, it becomes the marker of the variety of women's language.
Implicature is an additional meaning contained in a sentence or utterance. Levinson (1983) said that what the speaker says is not the same as the addressee meaning. Besides, Yule (2006) explained that implicature is an additional meaning. The speaker conveys the sentence with an implicature in a conversation with a purpose that the addressee grasps the additional meaning with the existing context. Additionally, Yule described the types of implicatures in a conversation: Generalized Conversational Implicature and Particularized Conversational Implicature.
One example that can be found in an English article is a. The article is interpreted using generalized conversational implicature: an x> is not x speaker.
Thus, implicature in the sentence above means that the garden and the child mentioned above do not belong to the speaker. (+>Not speaker's garden, not speaker's child).
Here is an example of using the generalized conversational implicature as a marker of the variety of women's language by Shin Tanokura in the drama series of Oshin.
( From the utterance said by Oshin above, the variety of women's language is shown using the subject atakushi 'I' and the polite language is itashimasu 'do'. Furthermore, the variety of women's language is shown by using an implicature, Oshin said atakushi ga itashimasu 'I will do it'. In the sentence, atakushi ga itashimasu 'I will do it' has generalized conversational implicature you do not have to do it (+>you do not have to do it). Conversational implicature shown by the example above is possible to occur in general conversation in both men and women. However, the conversational implicature you do not have to do it (+>you do not have to do it) appears in the sentence atakushi ga itashimasu is a 'marker of the variety of women's language.
Oshin said atakushi ga itashimasu has a meaning that Genemon does not have to do the house chores. The house chores will be taken care of by Oshin because she is now the host's wife. In other words, she is the one who is in charge of taking care of the house. Oshin is not explicitly conveying her meaning, but she uses a conversational implicature. Contrast with men who prefer to convey their meaning through sentences directly. Their meaning is clear and straightforward, such as in the imperative sentence sonna koto o shinaide kudasai 'do not do it'. 2).
Particularized Conversational Implicature It is defined as a particularized conversational implicature because understanding the meaning contained in conversation-specific information is required. In other words, the addressee can grasp the additional meaning because he already has the specific information related to what the speaker conveys, or there is an understanding between the speaker and the addressee about the subject. Example 1: "They are sometimes very interesting." (+>not always, not often) One distinct characteristic found in scalar implicature is that he cancelled one of the scalar implicatures if the speaker corrects some details. Example 2: "I bought some of these pieces of jewellery in Hongkong, um... I mean I bought these pieces of jewellery mostly in there." The initial implicature is (+>not all) or (+>not many). However, after the speaker corrects himself by mainly saying, the initial implicature is cancelled and becomes (+>not all).
( Utterance (2) and (3) above show the use of various women's language. In the utterances (2), it is shown the use of keigo' polite language'. The polite language that is used is Hontou ni sekkaku kite itadakimashita no ni. The use of polite language is commonplace in daily lives. However, it is often used by women as their identity. The use of polite language added with a polite apology as Moushi wake gozaimasen Hontou ni sekkaku kite itadakimashita no ni resulted in a more polite impression. The polite impression is associated with the characteristic of Japanese women. The use of Hontou ni sekkaku kite itadakimashita no ni creates a particularized implicature because the prior specific knowledge is required so that the addressee can grasp the additional meaning conveyed by the speaker. The particularized implicature that the speaker intends is 'please treat me favourably' (+>please treat me favourably). In the prior information, Oshin asks Tachihara's help to teach her to use a sewing machine. The use of particularized implicature is associated with the characteristic of Japanese women. In the utterance, it reflects upon the indirect language characteristic. There is an attempt to conceal the gratitude of her arrival; in turn, she replaces it with an apology to Tachihara In the utterances (3), the utterances of various women's language are shown with iikiranai hyougen 'the incomplete utterance' by the sentence hidoku demo nattara... 'If it becomes worse...' The Japanese, especially the women, often use the utterance above. As a result, the utterance is related to the variety of women's language. Women use iikiranai hyougen so that the addressee can grasp the speaker's meaning even though the sentence is not complete until the end. The incomplete sentence is applied due to embarrassment, scared, or not being a burden. The feeling felt by the speaker is reached to the addressee. The utterance hidoku demo nattara... 'If it becomes worse...' has a particularized implicature 'I will be in trouble' (+>I will be in trouble). If the utterance hidoku demo nattara... 'If it becomes worse...' is completed, then it will be as follows hidoku demo nattara, meiwaku wo kaketa 'if it becomes worse, it will be a trouble'. If the speaker conveys the utterance with a complete sentence, the speaker explicitly expresses its meaning and the feeling that makes it impolite. It can be concluded that the speaker uses the expression hidoku demo nattara...'If it becomes worse...' that is an incomplete sentence, and the speaker conceals her feeling, which shows the characteristic of Japanese women. The utterance (3) is also the variety of women's language.

Scalar Implicature
A scalar implicature is an additional meaning conveyed through a word that states a value with a certain scale. Example: Roy: Hey, will you come to a wild party tonight?
Toni: My parents are visiting.
Toni's answer does not fulfil the maxim of relevance, but Roy must know Toni. Toni will spend the night with his parents. The implicature will be (+>Tom cannot attend the noisy party).
Here is an example of the use of scalar implicature as a marker of the variety of women's language by Shin Tanokura in the drama series of Oshin. The utterance (4), (5), and (6) above is a variety of women's language. In utterance (4), the utterance of the variety of women's language is shown using the ending particle kashira. The ending particle kashira gives an impression of doubt or plausibility. The impression of doubt is associated with the characteristic of women. Meanwhile, the use of kashira creates a scalar implicature of uncertainty (+>uncertainty). It can be concluded that the additional meaning in the use of specific implicature with the ending particle kashira, besides represents as a marker of a variety of women's language, enhances the character of the variety of women's language. In utterance (4), the variety of women's language represents the word choudai. The use of the word choudai gives the impression of gentle in an imperative sentence. It supports using the word that shows value using the scalar of dondon 'hasty or quick'. The word dondon creates a scalar implicature that contains the meaning 'not slowly' (+>not slowly). Thus, using the word dondon mi ni kite choudai yo has a scalar implicature that is not slow. The implicature that is conveyed with a hopeful and imperative word confirms the variety of women's language.
In utterance (6), the variety of women's language denotes using the ending particle mon. The ending particle mon gives a spoiled impression. The variety of women's language is confirmed with the additional word that shows scalar of value dandan 'bit by bit'. The word dandan 'bit by bit' creates a scalar implicature that is 'gradually', 'progressively', 'slowly' (+>gradually, progressively, slowly). The scalar implicature from using the word dandan is commonplace in a conversation that both men and women can use. However, the words that create a scalar implicature with a frequent intensity will confirm the impression of the variety of women's language.

Conclusion
The additional meaning in a conversation or conversational implicature is commonplace and frequently used. It differs from Japanese that has clear and straightforward characteristics. However, Japanese also has aimai or ambiguous trait. The aimai trait creates a different or additional meaning. In a conversation with the use of a variety of women's language by Japanese women, it is found that the extensive use of additional meaning or implicature. Conversational implicature in the variety of women's language can be in the form of generalized conversational implicature, particularized conversational implicature, and scalar implicature. These three implicatures present markers that confirm the utterances belong to the variety of women's language.
In conclusion, using the implicature with high intensity is a marker of the utterance that belongs to the variety of women's language. The variety of women's language with the use of implicature gives an impression and an image about women's characteristics and the variety of women's language.