Word-Formation Process on COVID-19 Related Terms as Japanese Language Variation

This research aims to identify the types of vocabulary in Japanese, to explore the word-formation process, and to analyse the function of COVID-19 related terms that conveyed by various content creators on YouTube channels, from Japan and Indonesia. The seven YouTube channel accounts are Aki no Sora (Indonesia), po.n.go_id or Pocket Nihongo (Indonesia), Sakura Pinku (Indonesia), Wagomu (Indonesia), Omoshiroi Nihongo (Japan), Japanese Ammo with Misa (Japan), and Coto Academy (Japan) that used as data source. Data were collected using the observation method and analysed by the distribution method. The results showed that the COVID-19 related terms are dominated by kango as the type of vocabulary that is most widely used in matching the COVID-19 related term. Among all word-formation process, the COVID-19 terms in Japanese identified as borrowing, compounding, and multiple processes. However, the multiple word-formation processes are dominated on COVID-19 related terms in Japanese. It related to the domination of kango used. From that, there are multiple function that included in COVID-19 terms in Japanese, namely disease information, preventive action, symptom, and announcement. Therefore, this research can be contributed to data analysis, which used morphological analysis in Japanese terms.


Introduction
Since the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world, various preventive measures have been implemented to reduce the increasingly high transmission.Along with various research and actions to deal with COVID-19 that have been carried out, various new terms have emerged.The terms related to the phenomenon of the emergence of COVID-19 are until now understood and used by the wider community, not only used by scientists.The new terms were issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) which were then matched in various languages around the world.The matching of these terms is heavily influenced by foreign languages, especially English, such as lockdown, social distancing, work from home (WFH), and so on.These terms also affect the Japanese vocabulary in its equivalent.Various COVID-19 related terms in English have been absorbed into Japanese, but some have been adapted to the original Japanese vocabulary that uses kanji.
The emergence of the linguistic phenomenon of COVID-19 related new terms in can be studied in sociolinguistics.One of the objects of study in sociolinguistics is the language variation.Language variation when viewed from the media used to produce language can be IZUMI, Volume 10 No 2, 2021, [Page | 305] e-ISSN: 2502-3535, p-ISSN: 2338-249X Available online at: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/izumi Copyright@2021, IZUMI, e-ISSN: 2502-3535, p-ISSN: 2338-249x divided into two, namely the variation of spoken language and the variation of written language.If the variation of spoken language is related to the variation of languages issued by the speech apparatus, then the variation of written language is the variation of languages produced by writing in the form of letters or characters.Likewise, the variation of written Japanese language has three forms or types of vocabulary, namely 1) wago is a type of vocabulary derived from Japanese itself and written in hiragana letters; 2) kango is a type of vocabulary originating from China which is written in kanji; and 3) gairago is a type of absorption vocabulary from foreign language vocabulary written in katakana letters.These three types of Japanese vocabulary have formed various COVID-19 related new terms.
Several previous studies related to this research have been carried out since the COVID-19 pandemic hit globally, including research conducted by Abdulloh, et.al. (2020), Alfarisy (2020), Sarif S. & Suganda (2020), Takao (2020), Fitria (2021), Foster & Welsh (2021), O'Neill (2021), andLim (2021).Alfarisy (2020) discussed government policies in dealing with various foreign terms that enter Indonesia to find out their application by the public in the digital world.Almost similar with Alfarisy (2020)'s research, Takao (2020) explored the meanings and concepts of COVID-19 related new words in Indonesian and Japanese, and examined how these new words are born and spread.However, both research have not studied the use of the COVID-19 related terms in detail.It only explained and described the meaning of COVID-19 related terms.Different from both research, Abdulloh, et.al. (2020) explored the process of borrowing word from English to Indonesian.Although Abdulloh, et.al. (2020)'s research is more focused than the two previous studies, the results of Abdulloh's research also have not been studied in detail.It does not describe the borrowing process, but only provided data that most words are absorbed more from foreign languages.Similar with Abdulloh, et.al. (2020)'s research, Fitria (2021) tended to explore the type and examples of the word-formation process of the terms of COVID-19 pandemic.
Furthermore, different from Abdulloh, et.al. (2020)'s research, Fitria (2021)'s research has been studied in detail.It explained and described the wordformation process, not only from borrowing word process, but also compounding, blending, clipping, acronym, and other multiple wordformation process.Similar with Abdulloh, et.al. (2020)

Methods
The qualitative research method was used.As Moleong (2017) has stated that qualitative method is used to describe data naturally according to the facts that appear as they are related to phenomena or issues about situations and realities faced in a society.This statement is related to this research which COVID-19 pandemic issue that happened globally has made various conditions appear, not only in the fields of medicine and health, but it also appear in the field of language, especially COVID-19 related new terms in Japanese.
Data provision is taken from the online sources of YouTube channel.YouTube is an American online video sharing and social media platform owned by Google.It was launched in February 2005 by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim.It is the second most visited website, with more than one billion monthly users (Semrush, 2021), who collectively watch more than one billion hours of videos each day (Goodrow, 2017).As of May 2019, videos were being uploaded at a rate of more than 500 hours of content per minute (Loke Hale, 2019).YouTube become so popular because the sheer number of videos many people can find (GCF Global, 2021).YouTube can be used by various groups of people, including young people or teens.YouTube is a free to use service and a can be a great space for teens to discover things they like.For many young people, YouTube is used to watch music videos, comedy shows, how to guides, recipes, hacks and more.Teens also use the video-sharing service to follow their favourite vloggers (video blogger), subscribe to other YouTubers and celebrities they are interested in.That's why the data provision for this research were taken from seven YouTube channel accounts from Indonesia and Japan, namely Aki no Sora (Indonesia), po.n.go_id or Pocket Nihongo (Indonesia), Sakura Pinku (Indonesia), Wagomu (Indonesia), Omoshiroi Nihongo (Japan), Japanese Ammo with Misa (Japan), and Coto Academy (Japan).
This stage of data collection is done by referring to the observation method and the distribution method (Lenci, 2008).The observation method is done by reading and understanding the discourse, then followed by a note-taking technique to the COVID-19 related terms from the sources as the research subject (Sudaryanto, 1998).The  distribution method is used to sort the data based on the criteria in the structure which refer to research question focused on types of vocabulary, word-formation process, and function of COVID-19 related terms in Japanese.After collected the data, there are 124 data of COVID-19 related terms in total from seven YouTube channel accounts that already mentioned.The detail of 124 data will be show in Figure 1.Not all of 124 data will be explain and discuss in Result and Discussion part, but only the highest number of COVID-19 related terms that used by seven YouTube channel accounts, which it also will be show in Table 1.Furthermore, the data is grouped based on the type of vocabulary found in Japanese, namely wago, kango, and gairaigo, identified the wordformation process, and reveal the function of COVID-19 related terms.At the data analysis stage, the analytical method used in this research are morphological analysis The data analysed came from a corpus related to the type of Japanese vocabulary, namely wago, kango, and gairaigo, wordformation process, and function of COVID-19 related terms in Japanese.

Result and Discussion
The search results for YouTube channel accounts that introduce COVID-19 related terms, can be seen in the number of COVID-19 related terms introduced from the seven YouTube channel accounts that have been found as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 showed that from the seven YouTube channel accounts, Wagomu (Indonesia) and Japanese Ammo with Misa (Japan) accounts introduce more COVID-19 related terms than the other five YouTube channel accounts.
It can be understood that Misa who fills the Japanese Ammo with Misa's YouTube channel is a native Japanese, so it can be considered that Misa has known and understood the development of the COVID-19 pandemic condition in her country as shown in Figure 2.Meanwhile, Wagomu is Japanese class where base in Bandung, Indonesia.It provides effective & fun method, professional mentor, focus on learning, and use illustration & mindmapping to explain COVID-19 related terms in Indonesian language for Indonesian learner who learn Japanese language as shown in Figure 3 (Wagomu, 2021).
However, from 124 collected data, this study explores the terms that are widely chosen and alluded to by the seven YouTube channels to introduce COVID-19 related terms.It found that there are 20 data that has highest number used from the seven YouTube channels as shown in Table 1.In addition, from twenty terms, the first term that is mentioned the most is shingata corona uirusu (coronavirus) which has been mentioned four times each by four YouTube channel accounts, namely Aki no Sora (Indonesia), po.n.go_id (Pocket Nihongo) (Indonesia), Wagamu (Indonesia), and Japanese Ammo with Misa (Japan).Next, the terms that are mentioned the second most are tearai (handwash), masuku (mask), and hatsunetsu (fever), each of which has been mentioned three times.The rests are terms that are alluded to the third most, each of which has been mentioned twice.The words of tearai (handwash), masuku (mask), and hatsunetsu (fever), are also widely mentioned as COVID-19 related terms in Japanese.Furthermore, from the twenty terms, the type of vocabulary in Japanese can be seen as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 showed that the COVID-19 related terms are dominated by kango as the type of vocabulary that is most widely used in matching the COVID-19 related term than the type of vocabulary gairaigo and wago which are used more minimally.It can be understood that Japanese characters emerged starting with adopting kanji letters from China, then hiragana  Based on the findings of terms, some word-formation processes in the terms identified are borrowing, compounding, and multiple processes.Borrowing is the usual term for the process by which a language (or variety) takes from another language or variety new linguistic material (Durkin, 2011).While Hickey ( 2013) states that borrowing is the transfer of linguistic materials.From Table 2, the terms that include as borrowing are korona uirusu (corona virus) and masuku (mask).Both terms are not formed through the word formation process.This is because they are originally English borrowed words in Japanese words.These borrowed words have experienced changes in writing, Japanese used both terms based on how English pronounciation said it.So, "corona" became korona, "virus" became uirusu, and "mask" became masuku.Therefore, these method is transferring a word from one language to be used in another, which called lexical borrowing method, and the borrowed word is called a borrowing term, or a loan term (Nordquist, 2019).
Compounding is the combination of two distinct words to produce a single form (Yule, 2006).Compounding is also known as a composition; it is from the Latin language for "putting together."Compounds often can be written as a single word, hyphenated terms, and separated terms.From Table 2, the terms that include as compounding can be seen in Table 3. Table 3 showed that all terms is including as compounding, because they have two distinct morphemes in kanji became one word in single form.However, the word formation process came from different types of Japanese vocabulary.Half of terms in Table 3 namely shoudoku, shoujou, hatsunetsu, and ken'eki is including as kango, but the other half of terms namely te wo arau, te arai, hanamizu, and nodo no itami is including as wago.
The word shoudoku, shoujou, hatsunetsu, and ken'eki is known to be a word consist of two morphemes as shown in Table 3.The two are the bound morpheme.Although the meaning can be known from each morpheme from kanji, but when the two morphemes combine to single form as one word, it became one meaningful word.The word shoudoku consist of morpheme shou means "extinguish" and morpheme doku means "poison", so the word shoudoku means "disinfectant".The word shoujou consist of morpheme shou means "disease" and morpheme jou means "condition", so the word shoujou means "symptom".The word hatsunetsu consist of morpheme hatsu means "beginning" and morpheme netsu means "heat", so the word hatsunetsu means "fever".The word ken'eki consist of morpheme ken means "inspection" and morpheme eki mean  "epidemic", so the word ken'eki means "quarantine".Furthermore, the word te arai and hanamizu is also known to be a word consist of two morphemes, and the two are free morphemes.Otherwise, the word te wo arau and nodo no itami consist of three morphemes with free morpheme, but only morpheme no and morpheme wo are known as bound morpheme.It because morpheme no and morpheme wo are domiciled as particle in Japanese.This word-formation happens when playing free morpheme, it is always stated as a word, merging with the derivative maker and forming a new words.The word hanamizu consist of morpheme hana means "nose" and morpheme mizu means "water", so the word shoudoku means "snot".The word nodo no itami consist of morpheme nodo means "throat", morpheme no as particle that combine two noun, and morpheme itami means "pain", so the word nodo no itami means "throat pain".The word te arai consist of morpheme te means "hand" and morpheme arai means "wash", so the word te arai means "hand-wash".The word te wo arau consist of morpheme te means "hand", morpheme wo as particle that combine noun and verb, and morpheme arau mean "washing", so the word te wo arau means "washing hand".The word te arai and te wo arau have similar meaning, but have different structure.The different are morpheme arai is a noun, so the word te arai is a noun also.
Otherwise, because of morpheme arau is a verb, it needs a bound morpheme which are particle wo to attach morpheme te as a noun.
Multiple processes occurs when the formation of a new word involves some types of word-formation processes.From Table 2, the terms that have multiple processes can be seen in Table 4. Table 4 showed that all terms have multiple processes to form one single word.Data (2), (3), (4), and (5) use the same word, kansen means "infection".The word kansen can be added with other morphemes, such as morpheme sha in the word kansensha means "infected person", morpheme shou in the word kansenshou means "infection diseases", and morpheme bou and shi in the word kansen boushi means "infection prevention".Similar with the word kansen boushi with four morphemes, the word zaitaku kinmu in data (6) means "work from home", the word fuyou fukyuu in data (7) means "unnecessary non-urgent", and the word kinkyuu jitai in data (8) means "emergency" also have four morphemes to form one single word.In Japanese, the word can form more than four morphemes, such as  Generally, the word in Japanese formed using kanji or hiragana.When adopted some word from foreign language, it was using katakana, such as the word korona uirusu in data ( 1), (4), and (5).In fact, it can added with other word to accompany the word korona uirusu, such as the word shingata means "new strain" in data ( 1), (4), and (5), the word kansenshou in data (4), and the word kansen boushi in data (5).This addition is intended to provide various functions as a word.The function means that the word can be function as action, information, or announcement, which can be seen in Table 5.
Table 5 showed that among twenty COVID-19 related terms, the function of disease information included in eight terms which related to coronavirus disease information.As shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, the phrase of shingata corona uirusu (coronavirus) is more popular or is widely alluded as a COVID-19 related term in Japanese, which is understandable because COVID-19 is the name of the infection caused by a new strain of the highly contagious coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) which was first identified in end of 2019 (WebMD, 2020).Next, the function of preventive action included in five terms which related to how to prevent contracting the coronavirus disease.As shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7, it can be understood because tearai (handwash) and masuku (mask) are the two terms that are most often used as preventive measures against the spread of the coronavirus, not only for Japan but also for other countries in the world affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Then, the function of symptom included in four terms which related to the symptoms felt when infected by coronavirus disease.
Likewise, as shown in Figure 8, the word of hatsunetsu (fever) is the term that most often appears as the most visible symptom for people affected by the coronavirus in Japan.
Lastly, the function of announcement included in three terms which related to the information that announced by government authority.As shown in Figure 9, the terms of kinkyuu jitai sengen (fever) is government has given an announcement that Japan is in a state of emergency COVID-19 because of the many victims who fell due to being infected with COVID-19.Therefore, the Japan government has developed various prevention strategies so that the public is protected and not infected with the corona virus as shown in Figure 10.

Conclusion
From the results and discussions that have been described, it can be concluded that the COVID-19 related terms are dominated by kango as the type of vocabulary that is most widely used in matching the COVID-19 related terms.Among all word-formation process, the COVID-19 terms in Japanese identified as borrowing, compounding, and multiple processes.However, the multiple wordformation processes are dominated on COVID-19 terms in Japanese.It related to the domination of kango used.From that, there are multiple function that included in COVID-19 terms in Japanese, namely disease information, preventive action, symptom, and announcement.Therefore, this research can be contributed to data analysis, which used morphological analysis in Japanese terms.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Total of COVID-19 Related Terms from Each YouTube Channel Account

Figure
Figure 2 Misa explained one of COVID-19 terms in Japanese and English

Table 3 Word Formation Process of Compounding on COVID-19 Related Terms characters
were created which became the original characteristics of Japanese writing, and finally, katakana was born as a form of script used to absorb foreign languages.

Table 5 Function of COVID-19 Related Terms Used by Seven YouTube Content Creator the
word kinkyuu jitai sengen in data (9) means "state of emergency".