Waseda Boys’ Phonological Interference of Indonesian Food Names in Nihongo Mantappu Vlogs

Interference is a mistake generally made by second language learners because they are influenced by their first language ability. Meanwhile, phonological interference is a mistake that occurs at the sound level due to changes in phonemes influenced by knowledge of the sound system in the first language. This paper discusses the errors of second language learners in understanding the sound changes that occur in the language they are learning. This study aims to describe the forms and factors that cause phonological interference committed by “Tes Wasedaboys Tulis Nama Makanan Indonesia! Ngakak Banget!”. The method used in the research is descriptive qualitative method with the theory referring to Weinrich's interference theory (1953). The data collection method used is the listening method with free listening technique. Based on the analysis that has been done, the form of phonological interference that occurs in the YouTube video on the Nihongo Mantappu channel entitled “Tes Wasedaboys Tulis Nama Makanan Indonesia! Ngakak Banget!” is divided into 2 classifications, namely 9 data of vowel phoneme interference and 8 data of consonant phoneme interference. Each interference is divided based on the addition of phonemes as much as 3 data, based on phoneme changes as much as 7 data, and based on phoneme reduction as much as 7 data. The factors that cause phonological interference are (1) bilingualism of speech participants which amounted to 3 data, (2) differences in vowel sounds and writing methods which amounted to 11 data, (3) carrying the mother tongue which amounted to 3 data.


Introduction
Humans are social creatures who often interact with other people to fulfill their needs as social creatures, one form of interaction is communication. The most critical communication tool is language. According to Kridalaksana and Djoko Kentjono in Chaer (2014), language is an arbitrary system of sound symbols used by members of social groups to cooperate, communicate, and identify themselves. There is something called the mother tongue and the second language; the mother tongue is the daily language used since childhood, while the second language is the language learned. Humans can master various languages, also known as bilingualism.
The development of technology and the increasing use of social media, especially YouTube, in the world of learning is one of the backgrounds why the author examines this study. According to Bovee in Simamora (2009), learning media is a tool used in the learning process. Learning a language using YouTube media is familiar to students, especially language learners. YouTube is one of the most IZUMI, Volume 11 No 2, 2022 [Page | 209] e-ISSN: 2502-3535, p-ISSN: 2338-249X Available online at: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/izumi popular video-sharing services today (Snelson, 2011). In addition to the absence of fees, learning languages through YouTube can be easily accessed anywhere, anytime. There are many options for learning languages, both with experienced tutors and who share their knowledge for free.
Language learners can also learn a language by watching vlogs where they can learn a language with a more relaxed impression depending on how language learners can understand the language they are learning more efficiently. Seeing the lack of discussion and explanation of Indonesian for language learners, especially native Japanese speakers, the author hopes that this research can provide more or less an explanation of the mistakes that often occur in learning Indonesian, especially those related to phonemes or language sounds in Indonesian. This is due to the difference in sound systems owned by Indonesian and Japanese, so many cause errors in the pronunciation or writing of these phonemes. This study discusses the phonological interference of native Japanese speakers, namely Wasedaboys, in writing the names of Indonesian food in the Nihongo Mantappu vlog. Interference is a mistake that occurs due to bringing the speech habits of the mother tongue or dialect into the second language or dialect (Nababan, 1984).
Similarly, Chaer and Agustina (1995) argue that interference is an event of norm deviation from one or more languages. Chaer (1998) also explains that interference occurs due to bringing the speech habits of the mother tongue or dialect into the second language or dialect. Aslinda and Leni (2007) in Weinrich divide interference into three, among others, phonological, lexical, and grammatical interference. Phonological interference is a mistake that occurs at the sound level due to changes in phonemes influenced by knowledge of the sound system in the first language. Phonological interference is difficult to eliminate because language learners are accustomed to the phonological system of their first language, so the language has dominated. The term interference was first used by (Weinrich, 1953) in "Languages in Contact" to refer to changes in the system of a language due to the contact of the language with elements of another language by bilinguals. One example of phonological interference committed by native Japanese speakers in a vlog on the Nihongo Mantappu youtube channel entitled "Tes Wasedaboys Tulis Nama Makanan Indonesia! Ngakak Banget!" is the writing of the word /gudeg/ into /gudug/, this is because in Japanese the [u] sound is not pronounced clearly with rounded lips but with non-rounded lips and for Japanese people the /e/ phoneme sounds like the /u/ phoneme, so for native Japanese speakers in writing the /e/ phoneme sound they think it is like the /u/ phoneme. The interference that occurs is caused by the Japanese language, which is rich in letters but poor in sounds; Japanese has five vowel sounds, namely a, i, u, e, and o. with limited sounds like this, it is difficult for Japanese speakers to learn other languages. In addition, in Japanese, double consonants and extended vowel sounds (two beats) function as a differentiator of meaning (Sutedi, 2003). Vowels and consonants in Japanese have similarities and differences from vowels and consonants in Indonesian (Winingsih, 2010).
The author is interested in studying the phonological interference that occurs in the Nihongo Mantappu vlog entitled "Tes Wasedaboys Tulis Nama Makanan Indonesia! Ngakak Banget!" because there are many phoneme errors in the names of Indonesian food written by Wasedaboys because they are fooled by the pronunciation of Indonesian sounds spoken by Jerome Polin as an Indonesian speaker and youtube account owner. This is influenced by the similarity of sounds owned by Japanese and Indonesian but different in writing phonemes. Interference IZUMI, Volume 11 No 2, 2022 [Page | 210] e-ISSN: 2502-3535, p-ISSN: 2338-249X Available online at: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/izumi that occurs in this study is in the form of phoneme changes, phoneme additions, and phoneme subtractions due to the ability of the mother tongue, namely Japanese, which still dominates. Based on the explanation above, the author feels interested in raising research on the form of phonological interference and the factors that cause phonological interference carried out by Wasedaboys on Indonesian food names in the Nihongo Mantappu vlog.
Research on phonological interference has previously been conducted by Sukoyo (2011) with the research title "Indonesian Language Interference in Javanese News Program "Interference Bahasa Indonesia Dalam Acara Berita Berbahasa Jawa "Kuthane Dhewe" di Tv Borobudur Semarang" which discusses phonological level interference, lexical level interference which is grouped into primary forms and affixed forms, morphological level interference, and syntactic level interference. The factors that cause interference are a) the speakers' bilingualism, b) the thin loyalty of the speakers to use Javanese, c) the insufficient vocabulary of Javanese in the face of progress and renewal and d) the speakers' limited ability to speak Javanese. The author also collected data with listening techniques through Javanese-language Borobudur TV broadcasts. Similar research has also been conducted by Muslihah (2018) with the research title "Proses Penyerapan Bahasa Inggris ke Dalam Bahasa Jepang: (Kajian Fonologi Generatif Transformational)" which discusses the process of absorption of English into Japanese, namely eight phonological rules consisting of (1) the process of adding /u/ segments at the end of words, (2) addition of /o/ segment at the end of the word, (3) addition of /u/ segment in the middle of the word, (4) addition of /o/ segment in the middle of the word, (5) substitution of /l/ phoneme into /r/, (6) substitution of /v/ phoneme into /b/, (7) addition of /i/ segment, (8) substitution of /t/ phoneme into /c/ phoneme. The phonological changes in the absorption of English into Japanese is based on internal differences, namely the phonological system contained in English and Japanese. The Japanese phonological system does not recognize the open syllable system, so almost all of the words absorbed from English into Japanese will be adjusted to the phonological system that exists in Japanese. This research uses the literature study method because the data was studied in words obtained from written sources, namely from the dictionary of Japanese absorption words by Bachtiar Harahap.
Speaker's language and the source of data taken by the author. In previous studies, the speaker's language used was Javanese and English; for this study, the authors used objects with the speaker's language, namely Japanese. The data sources in previous studies used television media and written sources in the form of dictionaries, while this study used YouTube media as a data source. The author examines the phonological interference that occurs by Japanese speakers in writing the names of Indonesian food. The author uses vlogs from the Nihongo Mantappu youtube channel for the data source itself. In this era of rapid globalization, it is not difficult for language learners to learn through any media, such as YouTube. YouTube is a new media in the learning process that can meet the demands of the digital generation. YouTube can also increase interest and support the learning style of the digital generation.

Methods
The data source used in this research comes from the Nihongo Mantappu youtube channel vlog titled "Tes Wasedaboys Tulis Nama Makanan Indonesia! Ngakak Banget!" with several phonological interference data found as many as seventeen data. The method used in the research is a descriptive qualitative IZUMI, Volume 11 No 2, 2022 [Page | 211] e-ISSN: 2502-3535, p-ISSN: 2338-249X Available online at: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/izumi method that tries to describe the Indonesian language interference in the vlog entitled "Tes Wasedaboys Tulis Nama Makanan Indonesia! Ngakak Banget!" on the Nihongo Mantappu youtube channel. The description includes the level of phonology and the factors behind the interference. The approach used is qualitative because this research is by several characteristics of qualitative design, namely, 1) natural setting, 2) human as a tool (instrument), 3) qualitative methods, 4) inductive data analysis, 5) theory from the base, and 6) descriptive (Moleong, 2004). The theory refers to Weinrich's interference theory (1953) because the data studied is in the form of words that experience phonological processes or changes in the sounds of the first language (B1), namely Japanese, into the second language (B2), namely Indonesian.
The data collection method used is the listening method with the free listening technique. The listening method is used by listening to videos from the Nihongo Mantappu youtube channel. The listening method is used by examining the language by listening to the use of language on the object to be studied (Sudaryanto, 1993). The author records the research data to be classified.
The data analysis method uses the interlingual pairing method. The author performs the stages of data analysis, starting from describing the context of each data found and then analyzing the form of interference according to Weinrich's theory (1953). There are several steps that the author takes to get the data. First, the data that has been obtained is re-analyzed in order to be adjusted to the qualifications, namely vowel phoneme interference and consonant phoneme interference. Second, from these qualifications, the forms of interference were sought again, namely changes in vowel phonemes and changes in consonant phonemes, the addition of vowel phonemes and the addition of consonant phonemes, then the reduction of vowel phonemes and the reduction of consonant phonemes.
The data presentation method used in this research is informal with a sampling technique. This sampling technique is used to present the data because the data collected is not fully presented. However, the data displayed represents all the data collected by the author. Various sampling techniques are used to determine the sample to be used in research. The sampling technique used by the author is Non-Probability Sampling. Sugiyono in Mujiono (2021) defines Non-Probability Sampling as "A technique that does not provide equal opportunities for each element or member of the population to be selected as a sample."

Result and Discussion
In the following, the author describes the forms of phonological interference that occur in Nihongo Mantappu vlogs which are classified into vowel phoneme interference and consonant phoneme interference, and each classification consists of 3 types, namely phonological interference based on the addition of phonemes, phonological interference based on phoneme changes, and phonological interference based on phoneme reduction.

Vowel Phoneme Interference
This discussion on vowel phoneme interference includes phoneme subtraction, phoneme addition, and phoneme change.
(1) Yusuke: /ketupat/ → /ktupat/ (00:01:57-00:02:53) Exposure analysis: The type of phonological interference that occurs in data (1) is the reduction of the phoneme /e/ in writing the word /ketupat/ to /ktupat/. The loss of phoneme /e/ is due to the faint sound produced by the vowel phoneme /e/. This is caused by the phoneme /k/ meeting with the phoneme /t/ which faintly sounds the phoneme [e] when pronounced. The factor IZUMI, Volume 11 No 2, 2022 [Page | 212] e-ISSN: 2502-3535, p-ISSN: 2338-249X Available online at: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/izumi causing interference with vowel phoneme interference is because Japanese is still very dominant so Yusuke thinks that the Indonesian writing system is in accordance with what he hears.
(2) Tomohiro: /martabak/ → /martabuk/ (00:07:13-00:09:31) Exposure analysis: The type of phonological interference that occurs in data (2) is phoneme change. This occurs because Tomohiro's foreign language skills, namely English, can affect him. In English, the phoneme /u/ often has the sound of the phoneme /a/, which causes phonological interference in the word /martabak/ written by Tomohiro. The factor that causes phonological interference is because the speaker's ability to use a foreign language, namely English and it affects the speaker, so that the speaker finds it difficult to distinguish how to write in Indonesian and English.
(3) Yusuke: /ayam geprek/→/ayam guprek/ (00:12:04-00:14:00) Exposure analysis: The phonological interference that occurs in data (3) is a phoneme change. This phoneme change is caused because the phoneme /e/ in Japanese itself is different from the phoneme /e/ in Indonesian. Native Japanese speakers who are not used to hearing and also writing the phoneme /e/ in Indonesian due to the dominating mother tongue are one of the triggers for phonological interference. The factor causing phonological interference here is due to Japanese pronunciation in pronouncing the phoneme /u/ usually sounds like the phoneme /e/, where Japanese people do not pronounce the phoneme /u/ with a round lip shape, the phoneme /u/ is pronounced in a state of lip shape not round and pronounced faintly.
(4) Yusuke: /kerupuk/ →/kerpuk/ (00:14:03-00:15:26) Exposure analysis: The phonological interference that occurs in data (4) is phoneme reduction. This is because Yusuke, who is a native Japanese speaker, is still heavily influenced by his mother tongue. In Japanese the phoneme /u/ has the sound [ɯ] in contrast to Indonesian where the phoneme /u/ is pronounced with rounded lips while the shape of the phoneme /e/ sound in Japanese is faint and the shape of the lips is not rounded. The factor causing phonological interference here is due to Japanese pronunciation in pronouncing the phoneme /u/, Japanese people do not pronounce the phoneme /u/ with a round lip shape, the phoneme /u/ is pronounced in a state of lip shape is not round and pronounced faintly.

Consonan Phoneme Interference
The discussion on consonant phoneme interference is divided into phoneme omission, phoneme change, and phoneme addition.

(5)
Otsuka: /pempek/ → /pempe/ (6) Yusuke: /pempek/ →/penpe/ (00:02:55-00:05:04) Exposure analysis: The phonological interference that occurs in data (5) is phoneme reduction. The form of phoneme deletion can be seen from the loss of the letter /k/ in the word /pempek/. This is because the phoneme /k/ at the end of the word is often not written by language learners because the sound at the end is often not realized. In addition, the phoneme /k/ is a group of inhibited Velar where the pronunciation is silent. The articulator completely closes the airflow so that the air is compressed behind the place of closure. Then the closure is opened abruptly, causing a pop. The reason for the phonological interference is that the Japanese do not have words with consonant endings, or the nature of the word is open syllabic. Therefore, the phoneme /k/ in data (5) is heard to be omitted by Otsuka. In addition, the phonological interference in the word /pempek/ is Yusuke's change of phoneme /m/ to phoneme /n/. It can be seen from data (6) that the phonemes /m/ and /n/ have in common, namely being in the nasal group. The articulator inhibits all airflow through the mouth. However, let it escape freely through the nasal cavity. The sounds are [m], [n], and [ƞ]. The factor that causes phonological interference is that language learner who is native speakers of Japanese are not familiar with the consonant phoneme /m/ because the Japanese language itself does not have consonant phonemes /m/ and /n/.

(7)
Yusuku: /odading/ → /odadin/ (00:05:05-00:07:11) Exposure analysis: The phonological interference that occurs in data (7) is phoneme reduction. The word /odading/ should be written with the phoneme /ŋ/ at the end of the word, but here there is a phoneme deletion where the phoneme /ŋ/ is only written with the phoneme /n/. The factor causing this phonological interference is because in Japanese, the phoneme /n/ is usually pronounced as phoneme /ŋ/ especially at the end of words, so for native Japanese speakers in writing letters with phoneme /ŋ/ sound, they only write it with phoneme /n/. In this case, it is clear that Yusuke as a language learner, Indonesian (B2), is still influenced by his mother tongue, Japanese (B1).

(8)
Yusuke: /seblak/→/serblak/ (00:09:34-00:10:29) Exposure analysis: The phonological interference in data (8)  Yusuke: /gudeg/→/gudek/ (00:10:30-00:12:02) Exposure analysis: The phonological interference that occurs in data (9) is phoneme change. This can be caused by language learners who cannot distinguish the phonemes /g/ and /k/ when they are at the end of a word; this is also because the phoneme /k/ and the phoneme /g/ are both in the Dersovelar Inhibition group which is the articulator completely closing the airflow so that the air is congested behind the place of closure. Then the closure is opened abruptly, causing pops and consonants at the base of the tongue and velum or soft palate. The sounds are k and g. The factor that causes phonological interference is that language learner who is native Japanese speakers cannot distinguish the phonemes /g/ and /k/ at the end of words because there are no consonant sounds /k/ and /g/ in Japanese.

Conclusion
Based on the analysis that has been done, the form of phonological interference that occurs in the YouTube video on the Nihongo Mantappu channel entitled "Wasedaboys Test Write the Name of Indonesian Food! Ngakak Banget!" is divided into 2 classifications, namely vowel phoneme interference and consonant phoneme interference. Out of 17 data found, there are 9 data of vowel phoneme interference and 8 data of consonant phoneme interference. For the types of interference that occurred, the addition of IZUMI, Volume 11 No 2, 2022 [Page | 214] e-ISSN: 2502-3535, p-ISSN: 2338-249X Available online at: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/izumi phonemes amounted to 3 data which were divided into the addition of consonant phonemes amounted to 3 data and there was no addition of vowel phonemes, phonological interference based on phoneme changes amounted to 7 data which were divided into changes in vowel phonemes 6 data and changes in consonant phonemes 1 data, and phonological interference based on phoneme deletion amounted to 7 data, namely the deletion of vowel phonemes 3 data and the deletion of consonant phonemes 4 data. The factors causing phonological interference are (1) bilingualism of speech participants which amounted to 3 data, (2) differences in vowel sounds and writing methods which amounted to 11 data, (3) the carrying of the mother tongue which amounted to 3 data.