The Past Forms of Japanese Futsuugo and Javanese Ngoko Lugu: 
Contrastive Analysis in Sociolinguistics

Teguh Santoso1 and Sulhiyah2
teguh.santoso@unw.ac.id 
 hiyaroe@gmail.com

Japanese Literature Program, Faculty of Law and Humanities
Ngudi Waluyo University

ABSTRACT
This paper is based on a study how the differences and similarities in the form, structure and usage of past sentences futsuugo-ngoko lugu in Japanese and Javanese. The study combines a qualitative and sociolinguistically informed comparative method. The data were taken from different sources, namely Shin Suikodenand Jin (a Japanese novel and play respectively),Ketoprak Wiswakarman (a traditional Javanese play), and Panjebar Semangat (a Javanese magazine), and were then analyzed from a contrastive linguistic perspective. Theories on Japanese and Javanese descriptive sentences, namely those of Ishii,[1] Masuoka,[2] Poedjosoedarmo,[3] Sasangka,[4] and Wedhawati,[5] were used. In addition, Djadjasudarma and Citraresmana [6] descriptive-qualitative method, Sanada’s,[7] concept of Sociolinguistics, as well as Tarigan’s,[8] Ishiwata and Takahashi’s,[9] theories of contrastive linguistics were also consulted. The study aimed to describe the differences and similarities in the forms, structures and usage of past sentences futsuugo-ngoko lugu in Japanese and Javanese based on the data from the dialogs. The study concludes that the speech levels used by the addressers and addressees in the Japanese dialogs are those of futsuugo and ngoko lugu, which are comparable in the Javanese.
Keywords: futsuugo, Japanese; Javanese; ngoko lugu, past sentences, sociolinguistics. 

INTRODUCTION
Javanese and Japanese are two languages which are not related, have a speech level or language level, but the typology of the language is different, therefore, the author examines the differences in the past verb forms of these languages using the contrastive method. Because in contrastive research is a language analysis that has the aim of showing the similarities and differences between languages or dialects to find principles that can be described in practical problems (Kridalaksana, 1982: 11).
From both language differences, the writer examines the categorization of the two languages by limiting the scope of the research into the past tense category futsuugo in Japanese with ngoko lugu level in Javanese. By examining this comparison of past sentences, the writer wants to provide an overview of the differences and similarities between the two languages, one of which is when viewed from the form of the past sentence. Because both languages have their own uniqueness in terms of changing the form of verbs, nouns, adjectives and others.
Futsuugo is used when talking with familiar people (family, friends, and others) and is a form that does not show respect (informal) (Hirabayashi and Hama, 1988: 207). In Japanese, the regular or informal form only falls under the level of futsuugo. Meanwhile, ngoko level is generally used to talk to parents to children, grandchildren, or to young people, conversations with equals who do not pay attention to position and age, superiors and subordinates, employers and assistants, and others (Sasangka, 2004: 25) . Ngoko according to Sasangka (2004: 17) consists of: 
•	Basa Antya: there are the words krama Inggil, krama, ngoko, added ngoko. Example sentences: Adik arep dipundhutake menda.
•	Antya Basa: there are Krama Inggil words in addition to the Ngoko vocabulary. Example sentences: Adhik arep dipundutake wedhus.
•	Ngoko Alus: there are mixed words between ngoko and krama. Example sentences: Adhik badhe ditukokke wedhus.
•	Ngoko Lugu: there are words and additions of ngoko. Example sentences: Adhik arep ditukokake wedhus. "A goat will be bought for my younger brother." 
The past form of verbs in Japanese is marked by the form も う (adverb) and the suffix ~ た which are added with adverbs of time, such as: kesa, kinou, ototoi, and so on. Whereas the past form of verbs in Javanese is marked by the adverb wis, uwis, dhek wingi (auxiliary), depending on the form ngoko, madya or krama (Wedhawati, et.al. 2006). 
Table 1: Past Sentence Forms of Futsuugo and Ngoko Lugu Level 
Futsuugo's past sentence	Past sentence of ngoko lugu level 	
Data  (1) 弟はもう寝た。
Otouto wa mou neta.
‘My younger brother had slept.	Adhiku wis turu.
My younger brother had slept.
(Ishii, 1984: 34) 	
Data (2) 昨日わたしは勉強した。
Kinou watashi wa benkyou shita.
I had studied yesterday.	Dhek wingi aku wis sinau. 
I had studied yesterday.
 (Ishii, 1984: 34). 	
Notes:
The past sentence form futsuugo in the example table above, is indicated by the suffix ~ ta, there is the adverb mou 'already', kinou 'yesterday.' Meanwhile, the past verb form ngoko level is marked by the adverb form wis, and dhek wingi.
The research theme regarding the comparison of Japanese and Javanese has been previously researched by Kazuko Ishii (1991) with the title "Comparison of Unggah-Ungguh System in Japanese and Javanese". Furthermore, Hartati (2008) with the title '' Undak-usuk Japanese and Javanese: A Comparison '’, Lestari (2009) `` Comparison of Japanese Speech Levels in Futsuu-Teinei and Javanese Ngoko-Krama '' (Thesis), Suherman (2009) with the title `` Speech Level of Japanese and Javanese: Contrastive Analysis. '' Santoso, et. .al (2018) Japanese and Javanese Directive Forms: A Study in Sociolinguistics. Their research focus is on the comparison of formal informal (polite and impolite) forms. In this research focus on past informal forms.  
The data collection technique in this study was the note-taking method, namely: recording the data sources taken from various data sources. Past sentence data in Japanese are taken from novels and drama scripts, while data for past sentences in Javanese are taken from ketoprak manuscripts that had been perfomed. 
RESEARCH METHODS
The research method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative research method. The data in this study were obtained through literature reviewes where the data source was text in which there was a past verb form futsuugo-ngoko lugu in Japanese and Javanese. Research with qualitative methods deals with the following considerations: (1) adjusting qualitative methods is easier than complex reality, (2) this method directly presents the nature of the relationship between the researcher and the respondent; (3) this method is more sensitive and is more adaptable to the sharpening of mutual influence on the value patterns faced (Djadjasudarma and Citraresmana, 2016: 21). 
In the descriptive-qualitative research method, it cannot be separated from the existence of sociolinguistic studies. Sociolinguistics or shakaigengogaku no kenkyuubumon, there are 9 parts, namely: (1) methodology, (2) language variation (age differences, gender in language, special accent etc.), (3) language activities (polite language, communication behavior, and others), (4) language style (reality and language, etc.), (5) language communication (bilingual / bilingual system, etc.), (6) language change, (7) knowledge language (language rules, identity, etc.), (8) acquisition of language (intermediate language, etc.), (9) language for certain purposes (Japanese used in education, etc.) ( Sanada, 2000: 15). 
In this method, contrastive linguistic studies also need to be involved. Contrastive linguistics is a linguistic analysis that examines the striking differences or inequalities that exist in one or more languages, while the similarities are not given much importance or attention. The similarities that exist in the two or more languages are considered as a normal thing, just a general thing. (Tarigan, 1992: 218). 
The data used in this study were obtained by the observation method followed by the note-taking technique, namely by collecting data from various sources, such as: Japanese futsuugo past sentence data were taken from novels, and drama scripts, while ngoko lugu past sentence data were taken from ketoprak manuscripts. The Wiswakarman ketoprak script that has been performed and an online magazine in Javanese language, namely: Panyebar Semangat then matched with the use of the past sentence structure futsuugo-ngoko lugu in Japanese and Javanese. As a follow-up technique, note-taking techniques are used, both for the use of the past sentence form categories futsuugo-ngoko lugu plain Japanese and Javanese to be compared in terms of their usage.
Data is a very determining part of the final result of a study. Data in a language is the language itself which can take the form of sounds, writing or signs. In this study, the authors used library data in the form of books that contain Japanese and Javanese language past sentences futsuugo-ngoko lugu. So, data is the research material and the material in question is not raw material, but finished material. From this material it is hoped that the object of research can be explained, because in that material there is the object of the research material in question. (Sudaryanto, 1993: 22). 
After the data is classified, then the data will be analyzed using a sociolinguistic approach in this study, namely: by combining two levels of sociolinguistics and contrastive linguistics to determine the similarities and differences. Then, the search for the meaning behind the data is based on context to examine the contents of the speech of speakers and speakers, the relationship between the speakers and the meaning of the speech outside the data. (Sudaryanto, 1993: 28). 
In looking for the meaning behind the data, it is based on two kinds of assessment, namely: (1) The internal study of language that is studied from the functional structure related to the formation of linguistic elements, (2) Externally assessment of linguistics is based on a description of differences in linguistic elements that make sense. certain meanings that exist between social groups that use certain languages based on social strata. To interpret this meaning in the past sentence of futsuugo-ngoko lugu level in Japanese and Javanese, then using a descriptive research methodology, namely: a method that is solely based on existing facts or phenomena that are empirically alive in the speakers, so that the resulting, recorded in the form of the role of language commonly used in society.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data analysis process was carried out in several stages, namely describing the use of past sentences in the form of ngoko lugu and futsuu in Japanese and Javanese based on usage in everyday sentences. In practical terms, the results of this study are expected to be useful for the development of Japanese and Javanese teaching patterns as well as learners, especially students majoring in Japanese and Javanese in seeing the comparison of differences and similarities in the use of past sentences futsuugo-ngoko lugu in Japanese and Javanese against language factors that explaining the social phenomenon. 
1.	Structure and Meaning of Past Sentence Forms of Futsuugo and Ngoko Lugu Level in Japanese and Javanese
In the past sentence the forms of futsuugo and ngoko lugu in Japanese and Javanese are also called informal languages. The level in the regular form (informal) in Japanese is known as the level form futsuugo (普通 語), while the regular form (informal) in Javanese is called ngoko. Here are the data findings:
Data  (1) 弟はもう寝た。
Otouto wa mou neta.
‘My younger brother had slept.
Futsuugo 	Adhiku wis turu.
My younger brother had slept.
(Ishii, 1984: 34) 
Ngoko/Ngoko Lugu. 	

2.	Structure and Meaning of Japanese Futsuugo Past Sentences

In the past sentence futsuugo in Japanese consists of the forms suffix~ ta, ~ datta, and ~ katta which are attached to verbs, nouns and adjectives. Look at data (1) neta ‘had slept’ (verb), data (7) suki datta (adjective), data (8) monku atta (noun). Whereas in Javanese, the past sentence in the form of ngoko lugu consists of the adverb wis ~ which is added to the verb and adjective. Look at data (11) wis tuwa ‘‘eld’’ (adjective) and data (13) wis bayar ‘had already paid’ (verb).
The past tense marker of Japanese can be in the form of conjugation or addition of suffix ~ ta (verb), auxiliary ~ datta, and ~ katta (nouns and adjectives). While the past sentence in Javanese is the form wis ~ +adjectives and verbs.
3.	Structure and Meaning of Futsuugo's Past Sentences

Past sentences in the futsuugo level have the following sentence structure: ~ ta, ~ datta and ~ katta. Here are some examples of Japanese past sentence data at the futsuugo level: 
Data (3)
「「開かずの門か」と、洪はずかずか歩き出した。
[Akazu no mon ka] to Kou hazukazuka arukidashita.  
'It is called a gate that never opened. 
Speech situation:
A general spoke with a gatekeeper who was of a lesser position, because he was his subordinate. 
(Shin Suikoden, 2011: 17-18).
In the previous sentence in data (3), it can be seen that the verb arukidashita is derived from the aruku verb 'to walk' and 'to take out' when combined and added to the form of ~ ta to become arukidashita 'to open'. Futsuugo is used when talking with close people (family, friends), people who have a high position to those who have a lower position and others. This is in accordance with the opinion expressed by Sunagawa, et.al. (1999: 251). In the past sentence in data (3), the speaker is a general, while the speaker is a temple guard, whose position is subordinate, so the use of this past sentence is possible to use the futsuugo form. 
Data (4)
「そこで彼はもう一言、俺にもそれを売ってくれ、と喉の辺までは出しかけたが、ぐっと唾をのむ音をさせて。
Soko de kare wa mou hitokoto, ore ni mo sore o utte kure, to nodo no hen made wadashikaketa ga, gutto tsuba o nomu oto o sasete.
  
They can drink deliciously. It sucks. The words 'Please sell this wine to me' were about to reach him throat, but he swallowed them again. Finally he said:’’ Being a pastor is impractical’’. 

Speech situation:
Old priest with young son (wine seller). 
(Shin Suikoden, 2011:28).
In the data (4) above, the past sentence can be seen in the dashikaketa verb 'to swallow back' which comes from the dasu verb 'to take out' and the fukugougo (a combination of several morphemes which are divided into various variations.) kakeru 'to hang.' This ~ ta form is a group of futsuugo levels. The futsuugo level is usually used in narrative among family members: parents to their children and vice versa, close friends, high status versus low status people. This is in line with the opinion of Sunagawa et. al (1999: 251). In data (4) the position of the priest has a high status compared to the arak seller, so the futsuugo level form needs to be used in this situation.

Data (5)
さては、わが目にたがわず、あなたは先ごろまで、禁軍ご師範役として、武林に名の高い林冲どのでおざったか。
Sate wa, waga me ni takawazu, anata wa saki goro made, kingun goshihaneki to shite, 
takebayashi ni mei no takai hayashi fukashi dono de ozatta ka. 

'Thus, finally Rin Chuu entered the gates of the Sai family residence accompanied by the owner of the house. Not only that, there was also a welcoming party at night. Among the family members and guests who were there was an arrogant and arrogant martial arts expert called Guru Kou. He continuously drank wine and because Sai Shin often flattered and praised Rin Chuu's greatness, also because Rin Chuu was provided a higher place than him? 
Speech situation:
A prisoner (Rin Chu) with Priest Flower. 
(Shin Suikoden, 2011: 172-173).
In the data (5) the past sentence, the futsuugo form appears in the verb ozatta, which comes from the verb ozaru 'there'. In this situation it is a prisoner with a priest whose position is familiar, so this past tense uses the futsuugo level form. 
Data (6)
仁	: 佐分利先生、もうそろそろ教えていただけませんか。
どうやってペニシリンを作ったのか。
佐分利 : あのう。。。

Jin 	: Saburi Sensei, mou sorosoro oshiete itadakemasen ka? 
  	  Dou yatte penishirin o tsukutta  no   ka?
Saburi	: anou...
	  
Jin	: dr. Saburi, would you please explain to me right away?
How is penicillin produced?
Saburi	: hmmn ...

Situation of the speech: This conversation occurred between dr. Jin with dr. Saburi (colleague) when he was on his way to deliver penicillin to Doctor Jin's place. 

(Jin, 2011, Episode 7)
In data (6) above, the past sentence can be seen in the verb tsukutta which comes from the verb tsukuru 'to make, to produce'. This conversation took place between the doctor and his subordinates. So, the use of futsuugo may be used in this sentence. 

Data (7)

田中 	：今日、赤を着すぎじゃないの？
	 Kyou, aka wo kisugi janai no?
	Aren't you wearing red mostly today?
マリア：別に、いいじゃん！赤が好きだったからわ。
	 Betsu ni, ii jan! Aka ga suki datta kara.
	So what? Well, I already like red one. 
(Kusmaryani, 2010: 12)
Speech  Situation: 
At the party, Maria was wearing a red dress that caught the attention of other participants. Later, Tanaka came to comment on her.

In data (7) because Tanaka and Maria are close friends, it is necessary to use futsuugo in this situation. The past sentence in data (7) can be seen in the adjective suki + auxiliary ~ datta.

Data (8)
 マリア ：なによ？文句あったの？
	 Nani yo? Monku  atta no?
	Why, anyway? '' Was there a problem?
田中 	：俺、赤きらいんだったよな。
	 Ore, aka kirain datta yo na.
	I hated red.
(Kusmaryani, 2010: 12)
Speech Situation: 
At the party, Maria was wearing a red dress that caught the attention of other participants. Later, Tanaka came to comment on her. 

In data (8) because Tanaka and Maria are close friends, it is necessary to use futsuugo in this situation. The past sentence in data (9) can be seen in the noun monku + auxiliary ~ ta.

Tabel 2: Futsuugo's Past Sentence Structure in Japanese. 
Basic Form
Verbs, Adjektive and Nouns 	Pattern Verbs, Adjectives and Nouns 
Past Forms	Speech level 	
Data (1)
Neru 
To sleep	V+suffix ~ta
Neta 
Slept	Futsuugo 	
Data (2)
Benkyou suru
To study	V+suffix ~ta
Benkyou shita
‘Studied’	Futsuugo 	
Data (3)
Arukidasu 
Open up	V +suffix ~ta 
Arukidashita
Opened up	Futsuugo	
Data (4)
Dashikakeru  
Swallow 	V +suffix ~ta 
Dashikaketa 
Swallowed  	Futsuugo	
Data (5)
Ozaru 
Live 	V +suffix ~ta 
Ozatta 
Lived 	Futsuugo 	
Data (6)
Tsukuru
To make 	V +suffix ~ta 
Tsukutta 
Made 	Futsuugo	
Data (7)
Suki 
Like 
	Adj+auxilary~ta
Suki datta
Liked 	Futsuugo 	
Data (8)
Monku
Trouble  	N+auxiliary~ta
Monku atta
Had a trouble 	Futsuugo 	

4.	Structure and Meaning of Past Sentences Ngoko Lugu level
Past sentence structures in ngoko, ngoko lugu level generally use wis ~ sentence patterns. Wis means already / has been added with verbs and adjectives in Javanese. The following is an example of past sentence data in ngoko lugu level with wis ~ pattern: 
Data (9) 
Wa Sri		: Genah wis dikandhani nomer siji ndhisik dhewe kono kok isih takon.
"Even though I was told you were the first to come, why do you still ask questions." 
		   
Rangkung 	: Wa Sri ki lo.
		 Wa Sri, you know?

Speech situation:
This conversation took place between Rambat (the buyer) and Wa Sri, who wanted to order food at a food stall. Wa Sri (40 years old food stall owner), and Rangkung (beautiful girl aged 20 who helped Wa Sri's work). 
 
 (Rambat Rangkung, 2011: 11-12)
In the data (9) above, the past sentence ngoko lugu can be seen in the verb wis dikandhani which comes from the verb `` kandhani '' get the adverbial wis containing the meaning of the past sentence in ngoko level. Ngoko level is used in familiar situations, such as: friends, parents to children and others. This is in line with the opinions expressed by Poedjosoedarmo (1979: 13) and Wedhawati (2005: 444). The conversation situation in data (8) occurs between Rambat and Rangkung, whose positions are close friends. So, with the familiar situation between the speaker and the speaker in the data (9) it has been well established so that the use of ngoko level should be used in this situation. Then, another example of past sentences in ngoko level is in the following data (10): 
Data (10)
Lodra		 : Ya wis le, sajake iki wis tengah wengi, prayogane gage mapana turu.
 Yes, son, it looks like it's late at night, you better hurry up and go to bed '.
Rusmana	: Yes, sir. 
	  
Situation: Conversation occurs between Lodra (foster father) and Rusmana (Lodra's foster child).
(Nugraha, 2014: 7) 
In data (10) the Javanese language past sentence ngoko lugu is the averb wis, tengah which comes from a combination of the ‘middle’ as noun, wengi as an adjective that mean 'night' which is ngoko lugu level. The form of ngoko level is generally used in situations of speaking by parents to children, grandchildren, or to young children, conversations with equals who do not pay attention to position and age, superiors and subordinates, employers and assistants, and others. This is in line with the opinion expressed by Poedjosoedarmo (1979: 13), Ishii (1984: 63) and Wedhawati, et.al (2005: 444). In this case, the speaker's position with the speaker is familiar, so ngoko level really needs to be used in this situation. Then another example of past sentences in ngoko lugu level is in the following data (11):
Data (11)
Aku ngono nadyana wis tuwa  ngene ananging isih rosa anggone
tumandang gawe….

'Even though I'm old like this but still strong enough to work' ... 
In the data example (11) the past sentence of ngoko lugu level can be seen in the adjective wis tuwa, which comes from the adjective tuwa 'old'. In this case, the situation of speech occurs between a mother and her daughter, so the use of ngoko level really needs to be used. In Javanese, communication between parents and children (younger) is better to use ngoko lugu level.

Data (12)
Nadyana aku iki wis ora isa weruh, nanging ora kok mung isa meneng 
banda tangan ora tumindak apa-apa..
     	
'Even though I can't see now, I can't just stand by to do nothing ...' 
Speech situation:

This conversation took place between Gendhis (Nyi Sapar's daughter) and Nyi Sapar (Gendhis's mother). Gendhis saw his mother who kept working to clean the rice, who seemed not to feel tired, even though her eyesight was no longer good. Seeing this situation, he felt sorry. Then he tried to offer himself to replace his mother's job, but because her daughter was very pregnant, her good intentions were rejected.
 
 (Tegalreja 1825, 2015:6).
In the example of the past sentence, ngoko lugu level in Javanese in data (13) can be seen in the verb wis ora weruh. The verb wis ora weruh comes from the verb ora 'no' and weruh 'know' in front of the two verbs the adverb wis 'already' is added and the negation ora 'no'. This is in accordance with the opinion of Sasangka (2004: 38). In Javanese speech act, the parent (mother / father) to the child when speaking to the child uses the form of ngoko level.
Data (13)

 Lo aku rak wis mbayar.
"Well, I already paid." 

Situation of the speech: The village head talks to a waiter at an entertainment venue. 
(Sang Pembayun, 2014: 65)
The past sentence ngoko lugu level in the data (13) is seen in the verb wis mbayar which comes from the paid verb 'pay'. Because the lurah (village leader) has a higher position than a waitress at an entertainment venue, the use of the past sentence ngoko level, is necessary in this situation. This is in line with the opinion expressed by Poedjosoedarmo (1979: 13) and Wedhawati et.al (2006: 444).
Tabel 3: Javanese Past Sentence Structure
Basic Form
Verbs and Adjectives	Pattern of Verbs and Adjectives
Past Forms	Speech level	
Data (9)
Dikandhani  
Advise 
	Prefix (Adverb) Wis + V
Wis dikandhani 
Had advised 	Ngoko Lugu	
Data (10)
Tengah wengi
Late at night	Prefix (Adverb) Wis + N+N 
Wis tengah wengi
Lated at night 	Ngoko Lugu	
Data (11)
Tuwa   
‘Tua’
Old 	Prefix (Adverb) Wis + Adj
Wis tuwa 
Eld 	Ngoko Lugu 	
Data (12)
Isa 
‘Dapat’
Weruh 
Look 	Prefix (Adverb) Wis + ora (-) V 
Wis ora isa weruh
Had looked 	Ngoko Lugu 	
Data (13)
Mbayar
 Pay 	Prefix (Adverb) Wis + V
Wis mbayar
Had already paid 	Ngoko Lugu 	

5.	The Use of Past Sentence of Futsuugo with Ngoko Lugu Levels 

In the past sentence, Japanese at the futsuugo level can be contrasted with the past sentence in the form of ngoko lugu level in Javanese. The following is an example of the contrast between the two past sentences that the author has found.
a.	Past sentence of  futsuugo
Example: 
Data (6)
仁	: 佐分利先生、もうそろそろ教えていただけませんか。
どうやってペニシリンを作ったのか。佐分利 : あのう。。。
Jin 	: Saburi Sensei, mou sorosoro oshiete itadakemasen ka? 
		 Dou yatte penishirin o tsukutta  no ka?
    	Saburi	: anou...
Jin	: dr. Saburi, would you please explain to me right away?
  How is penicillin produced?
Saburi	: hmmn ...

b.	Past sentence of ngoko lugu level

Example :
 Data (9)
Wa Sri	: Genah wis dikandhani nomer siji ndhisik dhewe kono kok isih takon.  
Rangkung 	: Wa Sri ki lo.
Wa Sri	: Even though you have been told that it was the first time you came, how come you still ask. 
Rangkung	: Wa Sri, you know? 

From these data, it can be concluded that the lexical markers of past sentences in Japanese can be in the form of verbs, nouns and adjectives added with the form ~ ta, ~ datta, and ~ katta. Meanwhile in Javanese, the lexical marker is the adverb form wis ~ which can be added with Javanese verbs and adjectives.

6.	Differences in Meaning of Past Sentences Between Futsuugo-Ngoko Lugu Level

Past sentences in Japanese and Javanese in the form of futsuugo and ngoko lugu level have differences and similarities, including:
a.	Past sentences in Japanese and Javanese in the form of futsuugo and ngoko lugu level have differences and similarities, including: past sentences in Japanese recognize the concepts of uchi uchi 'in' and soto 'outside', whereas in past sentences, Javanese does not. At the same time, uchi also means a house or group of Japanese people always identify themselves, not only as individuals, but as members of a group. This can be seen in the data (4).
b.	The past sentence in Japanese in non-formal situations recognizes the variety of male and female languages (danseigo-joseigo), whereas in the past sentence the Javanese language is not the case. In the example data (7) the first sentence generally used by male, the second sentence used for female, because the wa-form is added at the end of the sentence as a marker for female language.
c.	Past sentences in Japanese in the family context (father-mother) generally use the futsuugo form (usual) while in the past sentence Javanese uses the krama (polite) form, on the contrary when parents (father-mother) speak to their children the past sentence generally use the form ngoko level (regular). Look at data (9) and data (10). In data (9) and data (10) in Japanese the use of this sentence is used for familiar people such as a close friends, and so on, while in Javanese it is used by parents to younger people (parents to children).
d.	The Japanese past sentence is formed from the composition of the form suffix~ ta, the auxiliary ~datta, and ~katta in front of the form which can be added with verbs, nouns and adjectives. Whereas in the past sentence, ngoko lugu in Javanese uses the wis ~ form which can also be added to the form of verbs and adjectives. Look at data (1) neta ‘had slept’ (verb), data (7) suki datta (adjective), data (8) monku atta (noun). Whereas in Javanese, the past sentence in the form of ngoko lugu consists of the adverb wis ~ which is added to the verbs and adjectives. Look at data (11) wis tuwa ‘‘eld’’ (adjective) and data (13) wis bayar ‘had already paid’ (verb). 

7.	Differences and Similarities in Japanese and Javanese Futsuugo-Ngoko Lugu Past Sentences
	
The past sentence in Japanese recognizes the existence of keigo, while the past sentence in Javanese recognizes the speech act system. In Japanese, there are uchi and soto systems, seniority (senior and junior), the relationship between superiors and subordinates, the relationship between service providers and service recipients (doctors and patients, guests with servants, teachers and students and others). At the same time, uchi also means a house or group of Japanese people always identify themselves, not only as individuals, but as members of a group. Attitudes, speech and even the vocabulary used will be different for people in the group and for outsiders.
Likewise with the past sentence in Javanese which uses the Javanese speech levels system which recognizes relationships related to social status in society which are divided into two types, namely: first, asymmetrical relationships such as: the relationship between children and parents, servants and employers, children. Fruit with the boss, common people with the king and so on. Second, symmetrical relationships such as: priyayi (people who have a certain position / position in society, for example: a priyayi (leader, king, village head, etc.) with the people, parents and children, people who do not know each other (not yet familiar), etc. The difference is, in this case, Ngoko levels in Javanese does not recognize the existence of the uchi and soto system as in Japanese. 

CONCLUSION
The Japanese and Javanese language futsuugo-ngoko lugu past sentences have differences and similarities, including:
a.	The past sentence futsuugo in Japanese recognizes the concept of uchi and soto, while in the past sentence the Javanese language ngoko lugu level is not. At the same time, uchi also means a house or group of Japanese people always identify themselves, not only as individuals, but as members of a group.
b.	The past sentence futsuugo in Japanese recognizes the variety of languages ​​for male and female, whereas in the previous sentence, ngoko lugu level is not;
c.	The past sentence futsuugo in Japanese in the family (father-mother) generally uses the futsuugo form (usual) while in the past sentence, ngoko level in Javanese is used by parents (father-mother) to their children, while children to their parents use the polite form (krama), used by people who have a high position towards their subordinates, such as: the king with his subordinates, the teacher with the students, and so on;
d.	Past sentences futsuugo past verbs, adjectives and noun in Japanese are indicated by the form も う ~ た which is added with adverbs of time, such as: kesa, kinou, ototoi, and so on. Meanwhile, the past form of verbs and adjectives in Javanese is marked by the adverb wis, uwis, dhek wingi and so on.
e.	The past tense verbs, adjectives of futsuugo in Japanese have an inflection; while in Javanese ngoko lugu have not an inflection. 

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Thesis

Lestari, Imelda Indah. 2009. Perbandingan Tingkat Tutur Bahasa Jepang Futsu-Teinei dan Bahasa Jawa Ngoko-Krama. Tesis. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret  Surakarta.
Rahayu, Triasih Ely. 2014. Perbandingan Unggah-ungguhing Basa Jawa dan Keigo Bahasa Jepang: Purwokerto: Seminar Konferensi Pers Bahasa Jepang, Universitas Jendral Soedirman.

Journal

Ishii, Kazuko. 1991. Perbandingan Sistem Unggah-ungguh dalam Bahasa Jepang dan Bahasa Jawa. Jurnal. Konggres Bahasa Jawa: Vol C: 443-469. 

Suherman, Eman. 2009. Tingkat Tutur Bahasa Jepang dan Bahasa Jawa: Analisis Kontrastif. Jurnal. Humaniora: Vol 21: 213-222.

https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/culturalistics/article/view/3248/1944 accesed on August 29th 2020.