ERGONOMIC RISK FACTOR’S SAFETY SIGN: A REVIEW

One of the risks in the workplace today is the risk of ergonomic hazards, apart from the risks of hazards that often occur such as risks of physical hazards and risks of hazards from the work environment. If the risk of physical hazards and the risk of environmental hazards already have many safety signs that are widely accepted, this is not the case with the risk of ergonomic hazards that do not yet have a validated and widely used safety sign. More fundamentally, awareness of the risks of ergonomic hazards is not fully understood by both workers and employer institutions. The method used in reviewing this paper is to enter the keywords safety sign, safety sign design, and ergonomic risk factors on google scholar and science direct.


Introduction
Occupational disease is any disease caused by work or work environment (Nienhaus et al., 2005). Talking about work risks, there are many studies that examine the risk factors of physical work, among others according to Alves (2007), that exposure to physical risk is in the form of potential hazards which include heat stress, gases and harmful particles in the air (CO, NO2, H2S, PCB, free silica, Pb, ZnCl and others), vib ration in machines, exposure to bacteria and parasites, potential accidents, namely falling, falling materials, electric shock, being scratched or stabbed by sharp objects and other physical work accidents, while the ergonomic risks caused by wrong posture at work. There are discrepancies that occur in the office or on the production floor that can caused ergonomic risks to workers (Keyserling et al., 1991). These risk factors are awkward position, manual handling, frequent (frequency bending) and twisting, as well as forward movement are ergonomic risk factors that can affect the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) (Nelson and Baptiste, 1995). The sources of ergonomic risk factors are workplace, equipment, devices, work methods, personal characteristics of workers, metabolic applications, physical stress and emotional stress (Drinkaus et al., 2003). Safety signs or what are often referred to as safety signs are visuals and numbers with specific meanings that are used to reduce accidents and injuries in industrial businesses and public areas (Chan and Ng, 2010b). Example safety sign in Figure 1.

Methods
The approach used in this study is a literature review approach or literature study. Literature search by

Results and Discussion
Results Table 1 is a depiction of the safety sign with physical work risk factors that already exist in offices and on the production floor based on ISO and ANSI standards, while Table 2 is a depiction of the safety sign design with physical work risk factors based on the understanding of workers in the office and on the production floor and Table 3 is a depiction of ergonomic risk factors so that safety signs, especially ergonomic risk safety signs can be realized. This research is qualitative research, which is intended to see the suitability of the application of administrative control, in the form of a safety sign according to standards at PT. Indonesian Aerospace.
The data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews (with key informants, supporters, and keys), observation and document review.
The results of hazard identification and risk assessment have results that vary from low risk to high risk. Most of the presence and need for safety signs are not appropriate based on the results of existing hazard identification (Lestari, 2014 The method used is observational with a cross sectional design, data collection through direct observation using the ANSI Z535 safety sign checklist at a certain time. There are 5 types of safety signs based on the ANSI Z535 standard studied, including the danger sign, warning sign, caution sign, notice sign and safety condition sign.
The method used is observational with a cross sectional design, data collection through direct observation using the ANSI Z535 safety sign checklist at a certain time. There are 5 types of safety signs based on the ANSI Z535 standard studied, including the danger sign, warning sign, caution sign, notice sign and safety condition sign (Saputra, 2017). The results obtained in this study is to get an average understanding score that is tested 65% with a standard deviation of 28%. Easy-tounderstand safety signs are "Using hearing protection" and "biological hazards" (Zamanian et al., 2013 A group of workers in Hong Kong construction were asked to draw references to safety signs that often occur in construction then share their drawings and redesign ideas and then analyze based on user factors such as age group, education level, work experience in the construction industry, visual image clarity, object image reference, special image reference and reference characteristics such as familiarity, concreteness, ease of visualization and inventory context. Construction workers with lower education levels are less understood than those with higher education levels. People with higher reference to special images (i.e., references to using images to represent image relationships that represent special relationships between objects schematically for perform complex special transformations) (Ng and Chan, 2015 the dependent variable in this study is the actions of workers. Data processing consists of editing, scoring and tabulation. The technique of presenting data in this study is in the form of text (textular) and tables. Data analysis consisted of univariable analysis and bivariable analysis using Spearman with α=0,05.
The results of the study using the Spearman test showed that the relationship between the level of knowledge and the attitude of workers obtained a pvalue of 0.501 (p > α), the relationship between the level of knowledge and the actions of workers obtained a p-value of 0.002 (p < α), while the relationship between attitudes and actions of workers obtained p-value of 0.006 (p < α) (Afianto, 2016 Analyzing the level of compliance and knowledge of employees with the installation of safety signs and analyzing the influence on the level of awareness of workers on occupational safety hazards at PT Geoservices Balikpapan.
The method used in this research is a method with a quantitative approach through a questionnaire and then viewed from a qualitative approach through observation and interviews which aims to get a full picture of the effect of compliance and knowledge on work safety.
For every one unit increase in worker compliance with safety signs, work safety will increase by 1,000. For every increase in workers' knowledge of safety signs by one unit, work safety will increase by 1,000 (Hardiyono, 2019). questionnaire, and participated in a focus group to discuss potential risk factors for ergonomic OR.
ankle/ shoulder pain. In addition, lower back pain, followed by ankle/knee pain was found to be the main cause of absenteeism from work (Sheikhzadeh et al., 2009) observation and observation using a cross sectional research design to see risk factors in a certain place and at a certain time.
a p value of 0.51, there is no significant relationship between physical activity and MSDs complaints with a p value of 1,000, There is no significant relationship between repetitive movements and complaints of MSDs with a p value of 0.483 (Jusman, 2018).

Discussion
Ergonomics risk factor is a problem that is often done by workers in the office or in the production floor, this problem is often considered trivial by workers because the symptoms that arise cannot be directly felt but become work-related diseases, unlike other factors. physical risks that we can feel directly, with the safety sign of ergonomic risk factors that can be understood by workers, ergonomics risks can be reduced. Therefore, this paper discusses the design in terms of physical risk safety signs based on ISO and ANSI standards in Table  1, the design in terms of safety signs with physical work risk factors based on the understanding of workers in Table 2 and conceptual understanding of ergonomic risk factors in Table 3.

Conclusion
The results of the review from various existing journals, can be concluded that the design of safety sign designs, especially ergonomic risk factors, must consider the standards that have been set in ISO and ANSI and safety sign ergonomic risk factors are certainly easy for workers to understand.