Evidence in Primary Correspondence of Cognate in Indonesian and Madurese Language

Indonesian language formed from Malay has a kinship relationship with the Madurese language. Relationships of these languages will certainly present many similarities. Based on the formulation of the problem, the main objective in this study is to understand the types and characteristics of primary correspondence in Madurese language related to phonological correspondence with Indonesian. Phonological BI (Indonesian Language) with BM (Madurese Language). The method used to analyze the data in this paper is a comparative method, that is comparing the BI (Indonesian Language) sound system and the BM (Madurese Language) sound system. The primary correspondence between the sound system of the Indonesian language and the Madurese language includes: (1) i/Iε, (2) uכ, (3) aâ, (4) wb, (5) t#?, and (6) hΘ. A R T I C L E I N F O Paper type: Research Article Article history: Received: 14 January 2019 Revised: 21 June 2019 Accepted: 28 June 2019


Introduction
Comparative historical linguistics is one of the methods used to find kinship in language. The same thing is also explained by that comparative historical linguistics is a branch of language science that questions language in the field of time as well as changes in language elements that occur in certain fields of time (Keraf, 1996:22;Kridalaksana, 2001:128;Pateda, 1994:48;Subroto, 2007:27;and Chaer, 2007:104). Therefore, it can be concluded that research using the framework of comparative historical linguistic basic theory aims to compare the languages of relatives to determine the ranking of kinship relations between languages in a language family. Comparative historical linguistics is a branch of linguistics (theoretical) that investigates language development from one time to another time, and investigates the comparison of one language with another language (Mahsun, 2007:5).
The object of comparative linguistic study is the comparation between languages (1) phonological systems, (2) morphological systems, (3) phraseological systems, (4) sentence systems, and (5) lexical meaning systems (Pranowo 1996:42). Kridalaksana (2001:11) revealed that contrastive analysis is a synchronous method in language analysis to show similarities and differences between languages or dialects to find principles that can be applied in practical problems, such as language teaching and translation.
The similarity and resemblance of forms accompanied by similarities and resemblances in meaning of two languages can be used as evidence that the two languages are related. Similarities and resemblances of forms accompanied by similarities in meaning, in the present context will still be reflected. Therefore, two languages are said to have a closer kinship than other languages, if the two languages show greater similarity.
We cannot assume that similarities and resemblances between two languages are a coincidence and mutually influential relationship. The same and similar forms must be assumed to be derived from the same proto language. Moreover, similarities and resemblances are found in large amount.
Indonesian (BI) -which is formed from Malay -and Madurese (BM), two languages that have very close kinship will certainly have many similarities and resemblances. Madurese and Indonesian languages are members of the Austronesian language family. As a language which is a member of the Austronesian family, of course the Madurese language has similarities and differences both in phonological, lexicon and grammatical forms. The equation that Madurese has is certain caused by the inheritance and retention of Austronesian protobinguistic elements by Madurese speakers. Difference which is allegedly occurred due to the inclusion of various factors that provide stimulus for variation and development Madura language (Azhar, 2010). Similarities between languages can be analyzed from intralinguistic evidence linguistic evidence (aspect honological, morphological, and syntactic) (Sukesti, 2015). One form of resemblances and similarities of language that needs attention is the similarity and resemblance in the sound system or commonly called phonological correspondence (Soegianto, 1976;Sofyan, 1994;Sariono, Zainuddin, Sutoko, Sukarno, & Subaharianto, 1997;Wibisono, Sofyan, Suyanto, Subiyatningsih, & Yuyun, 2005;Sofyan, 2006). Although it has many similarities, it turns out that the sound system in BM is far more complicated and more complex when compared to the sound system in BI (Sofyan, 2016:21).
Madura is a language areas used by ethnic communities Madura, both who live on the island Madura and outside the island.Madura language usage area covers the islands around the Island Madura, which is the island of Sapudi, Raas,Goat, Kangean and other islands in around it, because of these islands the majority are inhabited by Madurese (Islami, 2017;Ruriana, 2018).
Although the study of phonological correspondence is not something very special, it is still interesting to do (Crowley, 1987). The study of phonological correspondence that occurred at BI and BM has never been done by previous researchers. This study is interesting because it will be very beneficial for BM learners. The study of phonological correspondence that occurs at BI and BM is interesting to do, because it will be very useful for BM learners. Knowing BI phonological correspondence and BM, its learners will be able to "estimate" the meaning of BM words.

Research Methods
The scope of this research is that Madurese language speakers are questioned by Sumenep both on the island of Madura and on Java. In Java, the scope of research is limited to the area of Situbondo Regency, considering that in this area most of the people are speakers of the Madurese language dialect of Sumenep. Sources of data obtained in the form of data from interviews with informants and direct observations in the field, as well as other supporting textual data. The method used to analyze the data in this paper is a comparative method, that is comparing the BI sound system and the BM sound system. According to Keraf (1984), review by comparing the sound system in two languages in the same period is a method in Comparative Linguistic Studies. Genetically language grouping in comparative study can presents information about historical relations in grammatical language special (Wacana, 2013).

Results and Discussion
Correspondence is two or more languages, have appropriate segments and are forms of language in lieu of other forms of language (Hoenigswald, 1963:13). BI and BM phonological correspondence are primary in regular correspondences and some are secondary or sporadic irregular correspondences. The following describes the types of BI and BM phonological correspondence.
Primary correspondence is a type of sound correspondence between two relatively consistent languages; it occurs in almost all vocabularies found in both languages. The primary correspondence between the BI sound system and BM is described in the following section.

Sounds i / I in BI becomes ε in BM
i / I in BI experiences phonological correspondence with ε in BM. Examples of phonological correspondence between i / I in BI with ε in BM can be seen in table 1 below.  [ε] in BM is always at the beginning position of the word (data 1), in the middle of the word (data 2-13) and at the end of the word (data 14, 16, and 16). i / I in BI experiencing phonological correspondence with ε in BM can be seen in the following sentence examples.
Below is an example of the phonological correspondence i or [I] in BI to [ε] in BM in the initial position of the word.
[bәŋk‫כ‬nananiasrεt‫כ‬rcәllәp] Rumahnya Nani asri dan sejuk. In the example above, the words mimpi, lima and asri in Indonesian language change into mèmpè, lèma', and asrè in Madura language. The sound [i] or [I] in BI in the example shows that mimpi, lima, and asri have correspondence with [ε] in BM. These are the example of phonological correspondence [u] or [U] in BI becoming [ᴐ] in BM is at the end of the word.
[bhânarεsattoakhtarŋajhiεlaŋghâr] Setiap hari Sabtu Akhtar mengaji di surau. In the example above, the word batu and kurus in Indonesian language change into bâto and satto in Madurese language. The sound [u] or [U] in BI has phonological correspondence with [ᴐ] in BM.

The sound a in BI becomes â in BM
Sound a in BI has phonological correspondence with â in BM. The example of primary correspondence between [a] and â can be seen in the table below. The examples shown in table 3 above show that [a] in BI are joined by voiced consonants or by semi-vowels, lateral, and vibrations whose previous syllables are voiced consonants will be [â] in BM. Phonological correspondence [a] in BI to [â] in BM is always in the initial position of the word (data 1), in the middle of the word (data 2-14), and the end of the word (data 15-17). The phonological correspondence [a] in BI becomes [â] in BM which is in the initial position of the word and the end of the word is not much.
[a] in BI to be [â] in BM can be seen in the following sentence examples.
These are the example of phonological correspondence [a] in BI becoming [â] in BM. They are at the beginning of the sentence.

The sound w in BI becomes b in BM
Sound w in BI gets phonological correspondence with [b]   Bârnana bendèra jarèya potè.
In the examples above, the words kalah, lumpuh, lurah, putih, rumah, and salah in Indonesian language change into kala, lompo, lora, potè, roma, and sala in Madurese language. The sound [h] in BI has phonological correspondence with Θ in BM at the end of the words.