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The Effect of Cash Holding and Financial Regulation on Bankruptcy Risk: Evidence from Cross-Country Banking Industry

1State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia

Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 Prasojo Prasojo, Tettet Fitrijanti, Nunuy Nur Afiah
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

This paper studies the determinants of bank financial distress using a 2012–2018 multi-country panel (73,124 bank-year observations; 10,562 banks; 32 countries). Fixed-effects estimates show that higher capital (Tier-1/RWA) and better asset quality (lower NPL) are associated with higher Z-scores (lower distress). Intangible intensity is positively related to distress. Cash-holding proxies load negatively in the Z-score equation, indicating that larger cash balances coincide with lower Z-scores in this sample. One interpretation is that excess cash reflects under-deployment or precautionary hoarding during adverse conditions, which does not translate into stronger stability. Results are robust to alternative specifications. Policy implications highlight calibrating core capital, strengthening credit risk management, and optimizing not hoarding liquidity.

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Keywords: Cash Holding; Financial Distress; Global Banking; Intangible Asset; Capital Adequacy Ratio
Funding: Padjadjaran University under contract Research Grant No. 1549/UN6.3.1/PT.00/2023

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Last update: 2025-12-14 22:47:32

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