Hubungan Kondisi Fisik Rumah dengan Keberadaan Jentik Nyamuk Aedes spp. pada Rumah Penderita Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kelurahan Pinang Kencana Kota Tanjungpinang

Abstract

Latar belakang: Sampai saat ini, Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang serius yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor lingkungan, khususnya kualitas sanitasi rumah. Angka kejadian DBD di Kota Tanjungpinang menunjukkan tren peningkatan, dengan Kelurahan Pinang Kencana menjadi wilayah dengan kasus tertinggi. Lingkungan permukiman yang tidak memenuhi standar kesehatan berpotensi meningkatkan tempat perindukan Aedes aegypti.

Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross-sectional dilakukan di rumah-rumah penderita demam berdarah dengue (DBD) yang berlokasi di Kelurahan Pinang Kencana pada periode Juni 2025. Sebanyak 43 rumah yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi untuk sampel penelitian adalah rumah penderita DBD. Metode pengambilan sampel berulang dilakukan (consecutive sampling) pada setiap rumah yang memenuhi persyaratan selama periode penelitian. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi langsung menggunakan instrumen thermometer, hygrometer, lux meter, dan lembar observasi kualitas air. Analisis hubungan antara variabel bebas (suhu, kelembaban, pencahayaan, ventilasi, dan kualitas air) dengan keberadaan jentik dianalisis melalui uji Chi-Square.

Hasil: Hasil studi memaparkan bahwa 53,48% rumah positif terdapat jentik, dengan Angka Bebas Jentik (ABJ) hanya 46,51%, jauh di bawah standar 95%, menandakan risiko tinggi penularan DBD. Tidak ada korelasi signifikan antara keberadaan jentik dengan suhu (p 0,451), kelembaban (p 0,954), pencahayaan (p 0,526), dan ventilasi (p 0,692). Sebaliknya, kualitas air memiliki hubungan sangat signifikan dengan keberadaan jentik (p = 0,002), di mana seluruh jentik ditemukan pada wadah air yang memenuhi kriteria ideal bagi perkembangan Aedes aegypti (jernih, tidak mengalir, tidak tertutup).

Simpulan: Kualitas air merupakan determinan utama keberadaan jentik dan faktor paling berpengaruh dalam risiko penularan DBD di wilayah penelitian. Faktor fisik rumah lainnya—suhu, kelembaban, pencahayaan, dan ventilasi—tidak menunjukkan hubungan signifikan, meskipun tetap berperan dalam menciptakan lingkungan hunian sehat.

ABSTRACT

Title: Association Between Residential Physical Conditions and the Presence of Aedes spp. Larvae in the Homes of Dengue Fever Patients in Pinang Kencana Subdistrict, Tanjungpinang City

Background: Dengue fever (DF) remains a significant public health concern influenced by various environmental factors, particularly the quality of household sanitation. The incidence of dengue fever in Tanjungpinang City has shown an increasing trend, with Pinang Kencana Subdistrict reporting the highest number of cases. Residential environments that fail to meet established public health standards may provide favorable breeding habitats for Aedes aegypti, thereby increasing the risk of dengue transmission.

Method: This study employed an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach and was conducted in the homes of dengue fever patients in Pinang Kencana Subdistrict during June 2025. The study sample consisted of 43 households of dengue fever patients that met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. A consecutive sampling technique was applied to recruit all eligible households throughout the study period. Data were collected through direct field observations using a thermometer, hygrometer, lux meter, and a standardized water quality observation checklist. The associations between the independent variables (temperature, relative humidity, lighting intensity, ventilation area, and water quality) and the presence of Aedes spp. larvae were analyzed using the Chi-square test.

Result: The results revealed that 53.48% of the surveyed households were positive for Aedes spp. larvae, while the Larvae-Free Index (LFI) was only 46.51%, substantially below the recommended threshold of 95%, indicating a high risk of dengue transmission. No statistically significant associations were observed between temperature (p = 0.451), relative humidity (p = 0.954), lighting intensity (p = 0.526), or ventilation area (p = 0.692) and the presence of Aedes spp. larvae. In contrast, water quality was significantly associated with larval presence (p = 0.002). All larvae were detected in water-holding containers that exhibited environmental conditions favorable for Aedes aegypti breeding, namely clear, stagnant, and uncovered water.

Conclusion: The findings indicated that water quality constituted the primary determinant of Aedes spp. larval occurrence and represented the most influential factor contributing to dengue transmission risk within the study area.. In contrast, other residential physical characteristics—including temperature, relative humidity, lighting intensity, and ventilation area—were not significantly associated with larval presence, although they remain important components of a healthy residential environment.