DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.24.3.%25p

Meta Analisis Hubungan Ketersediaan Air Bersih, Kepemilikan Jamban dan Personal Hygiene Terhadap Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita (2018-2023)

1Magister of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, Indonesia

2Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia

3Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas AirlanggaUniversitas Airlangga, Indonesia

4 Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, Indonesia

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Received: 30 Apr 2025; Revised: 20 Jun 2025; Accepted: 1 Aug 2025; Available online: 1 Sep 2025; Published: 24 Feb 2026.
Editor(s): Suci Amalia, S.Gz., M.Gz
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 MEDIA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Latar belakang: Stunting adalah masalah kurang gizi kronis yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya asupan gizi dalam waktu yang cukup lama. Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa faktor lingkungan berperan terhadap kejadian stunting. Terdapat penelitian yang berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian stunting, sementara penelitian lain tidak menemukan hubungan yang bermakna. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor risiko lingkugan yang paling dominan pada variabel artikel ilmiah yang meliputi ketersediaan air bersih, kepemilikan jamban, dan personal hygiene.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan meta-analisis yaitu menggunakan software JASP versi 0.18.0.0. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini berasal dari Google Scholar dan Publish atau Perish kemudian dilakukan pemilahan sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi dan diperoleh 40 artikel penelitian pada periode 2018–2023.

Hasil: Meta-analisis menunjukkan bahwa ketersediaan air bersih memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan penurunan risiko kejadian stunting pada balita (PR = 0,52; 95% CI: 0,38–0,93; p < 0,05) yang berarti balita yang memiliki akses terhadap air bersih memiliki risiko stunting hanya sebesar 52% dibandingkan anak yang tidak memiliki akses air bersih. Kepemilikan jamban juga berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian stunting (PR = 0,48; 95% CI: 0,41–1,06; p < 0,05) yang artinya balita dari keluarga yang memiliki jamban memiliki risiko stunting 48% dibandingkan keluarga tanpa jamban. Sedangkan personal hygiene menunjukkan hubungan yang protektif namun tetap signifikan PR = 0,65 (95% CI: 0,13–0,73; p < 0,05) yang berarti perilaku kebersihan diri yang baik dapat menurunkan risiko stunting sebesar 35%.

Simpulan: Berdasarkan dari hasil meta-analisis yang dilakukan bahwa variabel kepemilikan jamban pada balita stunting sebagai faktor tertinggi. Diikuti oleh variabel ketersediaan air bersih sebagai faktor risiko kedua, sementara variabel personal hygiene menunjukkan pengaruh terendah.

 

ABSTRACT

Title: Meta-Analysis Relationship Between Clean Water Availability, Latrine Ownership, and Personal Hygiene on Stunting Incidence in Toddlers (2018-2023)

Background: Stunting was a chronic malnutrition problem caused by insufficient nutrient intake over a prolonged period. Previous studies showed that environmental factors played a role in the incidence of stunting. Some research found a significant association with stunting, while other studies did not find a meaningful relationship. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the most dominant environmental risk factors, which included the variables of clean water availability, toilet ownership, and personal hygiene.

Methods: This study employed a meta-analysis using JASP software version 0.18.0.0. The data were sourced from Google Scholar and Publish or Perish. The articles were then selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 40 research articles from the period of 2018–2023.

Results: The meta-analysis showed that clean water availability had a significant association with a reduced risk of stunting in toddlers (PR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.38–0.93; p < 0.05). This indicated that toddlers with access to clean water had only a 52% risk of stunting compared to those without access. Toilet ownership was also significantly associated with stunting (PR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.41–1.06; p < 0.05), meaning that toddlers from families with a toilet had a 48% risk of stunting compared to families without one. Meanwhile, personal hygiene showed a protective yet still significant relationship with a PR = 0.65 (95% CI: 0.13–0.73; p < 0.05), which meant that good personal hygiene practices could reduce the risk of stunting by 35%.

Conclusion: Based on the results of the conducted meta-analysis, the variable of toilet ownership was identified as the highest contributing factor to stunting in toddlers. This was followed by the variable of clean water availability as the second risk factor, while the variable of personal hygiene demonstrated the lowest influence.

 

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Keywords: kepemilikan jamban; ketersediaan air bersih; meta analisis; sanitasi; stunting

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