slot depo 1k

slot gacor

demo slot

slot

slot gacor

slot gacor

sbobet

mahjong ways

slot depo 5k

sbobet


DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jhp.13.1.158-189

HARMONISING RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN THE INDONESIAN LEGAL SYSTEM: INTEGRATING PANCASILA VALUES AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION

*Zentoni Zentoni  -  Zentoni & Partners Law Firm, Indonesia

Citation Format:
Abstract

The harmonisation of the concept of restorative justice in Indonesia is a significant step towards developing a judicial system that prioritises recovery and reconciliation, rather than the traditional approach that emphasises punishment. With the increasing integration of restorative justice principles into legal regulations, such as Attorney General Regulation No. 15 of 2020, National Police Chief Regulation No. 8 of 2021, and the inclusion of this concept in the 2023 Criminal Code, Indonesia is making substantial progress towards a more humane and effective legal system. This study employs a doctrinal legal approach, analysing various regulations and their application within the Indonesian legal system. The findings demonstrate that the application of restorative justice in Indonesia is strongly rooted in the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, which highlight the principles of social justice, humanity, and respect for human rights. By involving perpetrators, victims, and the community in the conflict resolution process, restorative justice provides space for the restoration of social relationships damaged by criminal acts, strengthens social cohesion, and minimises the negative impacts of the retributive justice system. However, the primary challenge lies in ensuring that the application of these principles does not lead to imbalance or injustice, particularly in more serious cases. Therefore, harmonising constitutional values with the implementation of restorative justice must be undertaken with great care to preserve the integrity of the Indonesian legal system and ensure the protection of human rights, while achieving a more comprehensive and sustainable form of justice.

Fulltext View|Download Email colleagues
Keywords: Harmonisation; Restorative Justice; Legal System; Pancasila; Human Rights

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Most cited articles
Hukum Progresif: Hukum yang Membebaskan Arsenal Hukum Progresif Pembangunan Hukum Negara dalam Masyarakat Multikultural: Perspektif Hukum Progresif More cited articles
  1. Agustina, Vinda, H. S. Tisnanta, and Muhtadi. ‘Restorative Justice as an Effort to Fulfill the Constitutional Rights of Citizens: Restorative Justice Sebagai Upaya Pemenuhan Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara’. Jurnal Konstitusi 21, no. 2 (2024): 244–57. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk2125
  2. Amarini, Indriati, Gamalel Rifqi Samhudi, Safitri Mukarromah, Noorfajri Ismail, and Yusuf Saefudin. ‘Social Reintegration After the Implementation of Restorative Justice in the Indonesian Criminal Code’. Media Hukum 31, no. 1 (2024): 115–33. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v31i1.20655
  3. Artinopoulou, Vasso, and Theo Gavrielides. ‘Aristotle on Restorative Justice: Where the Restorative Justice and Human Rights Movements Meet (Κοινοί Τόποι)’. In Reconstructing Restorative Justice Philosophy. Routledge, 2016
  4. Barzilai, Gad. Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. University of Michigan Press, 2010
  5. Bauman, Zygmunt. ‘Social Issues of Law and Order’. The British Journal of Criminology 40, no. 2 (2000): 205–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.2.205
  6. Black, Donald J. The Behavior of Law. Academic Press, 1976
  7. Boyes-Watson, Carolyn, and Susan T. Krumholz. Crime and Justice: Learning through Cases. Learning through Cases. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018
  8. Braithwaite, John. ‘Principles of Restorative Justice’. In Sociology: Introductory Readings. Polity, 2010
  9. Braithwaite, John. ‘Restorative Justice and a Better Future’. In Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, vol. 3. Sage Publications London, 2003
  10. Braithwaite, John. ‘Setting Standards for Restorative Justice’. The British Journal of Criminology 42, no. 3 (2002): 563–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/42.3.563
  11. Briskey, Mark. ‘Restorative Justice: Drawing from the Old to Develop New Justice Alternatives’. In The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology, 2nd edn, edited by Jennifer M. Brown and Miranda A. H. Horvath. Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology. Cambridge University Press, 2021. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108848916.032
  12. Carvalho, Salo de, and André Giamberardino. ‘Restorative Justice’. In Elgar Encyclopedia of Crime and Criminal Justice. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789902990.restorative.justice
  13. Chambliss, William J., and Robert B. Seidman. Law, Order, and Power. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co, 1971
  14. Clark, Janine Natalya. ‘The Three Rs: Retributive Justice, Restorative Justice, and Reconciliation’. Contemporary Justice Review 11, no. 4 (2008): 331–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580802482603
  15. Cotterrell, Roger. ‘Transnational Communities and the Concept of Law’. In The Methodology of Legal Theory. Routledge, 2017
  16. Daly, Kathleen. ‘The Punishment Debate in Restorative Justice’. In The Sage Handbook of Punishment and Society. Sage, 2012
  17. Dandurand, Yvon, and Curt Taylor Griffiths. Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes. Criminal Justice Handbook Series. United Nations Publication, 2006
  18. Danu, Aris. Kasus Emak-Emak Curi Susu Di Blitar Dihentikan, Polisi Tegaskan Bukan Karena Hotman Paris. 9 September 2021. https://suaraindonesia.co.id/news/kriminal/6139743843a54/kasus-emakemak-curi-susu-di-blitar-dihentikan-polisi-tegaskan-bukan-karena-hotman-paris
  19. Dimyati, Khudzaifah, Haedar Nashir, Elviandri Elviandri, Absori Absori, Kelik Wardiono, and Arief Budiono. ‘Indonesia as a Legal Welfare State: A Prophetic-Transcendental Basis’. Heliyon 7, no. 8 (2021): e07865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07865
  20. Dzur, Albert W., and Susan M. Olson. ‘The Value of Community Participation in Restorative Justice’. Journal of Social Philosophy 35, no. 1 (2004): 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.2004.00218.x
  21. Firdaus, Muhammad, Chryshnanda Dwilaksana, and Muhammad Daffa Auliarizky Onielda. ‘Shifting Polri’s Law Enforcement Strategy: Restorative Justice for Public Trust’. Media Hukum 30, no. 2 (2023): 153–70. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v30i2.18628
  22. Firmansyah, M. Julnis. Jokowi Dorong MA Utamakan Mediasi Dan Restorative Justice Selesaikan Perkara. 22 February 2022. https://www.tempo.co/hukum/jokowi-dorong-ma-utamakan-mediasi-dan-restorative-justice-selesaikan-perkara-423498
  23. Friedman, Lawrence M. The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective. Russell Sage Foundation, 1975
  24. Gani, Ruslan Abdul, and Retno Kusuma Wardani. ‘Restorative Justice for Settlement of Minor Maltreatment in the Legal Area of the Merangin Police, Jambi Province’. Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 23, no. 1 (2023): 93–107. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v23i1.1333
  25. Garcia, Virginia, Hari Sutra Disemadi, and Barda Nawawi Arief. ‘The Enforcement of Restorative Justice in Indonesia Criminal Law’. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 28, no. 1 (2020): 22–35. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v28i1.10680
  26. Gavrielides, Theo. Restorative Justice Theory and Practice: Addressing the Discrepancy. RJ4All Publications, 2020
  27. Gavrielides, Theo, and Vasso Artinopoulou. Reconstructing Restorative Justice Philosophy. Routledge, 2016
  28. Gerkin, Patrick M. ‘Who Owns This Conflict? The Challenge of Community Involvement in Restorative Justice’. Contemporary Justice Review 15, no. 3 (2012): 277–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2012.707423
  29. Hamzani, Achmad Irwan, Sami’an Sami’an, and Nur Khasanah. ‘Restorative Justice and Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Implications for Atrocity Crimes and Global Criminal Justice Reform’. International Criminal Law Review (Leiden, The Netherlands), 13 January 2026, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-bja10257
  30. Harper, Erica. ‘The Enduring Utility of Customary Justice in Fragile and Post-Conflict States: Why Development Actors Need to Stop Searching for Magic Bullets and Solve the Political Economy and Human Rights Challenges Associated with Justice Programming’. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 53, no. 3 (2021): 342–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2021.2004845
  31. Hasan, and Priska Sari Pratiwi. ‘Restorative Justice, Kejari Hentikan Kasus Kakak Aniaya Adik Di Jembrana’. Kompas.Com, 23 February 2022. https://denpasar.kompas.com/read/2022/02/23/160558478/restorative-justice-kejari-hentikan-kasus-kakak-aniaya-adik-di-jembrana
  32. Herman, Judith Lewis. ‘Justice From the Victim’s Perspective’. Violence Against Women 11, no. 5 (2005): 571–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205274450
  33. Hoyle, Carolyn, and Fernanda Fonseca Rosenblatt. ‘Looking Back to the Future: Threats to the Success of Restorative Justice in the United Kingdom’. Victims & Offenders 11, no. 1 (2016): 30–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2015.1095830
  34. Ismail, Dian Ekawaty, Yusna Arsyad, Ahmad Ahmad, Novendri M. Nggilu, and Yassine Chami. ‘Collocation of Restorative Justice with Human Rights in Indonesia’. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 32, no. 2 (2024): 394–417. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v32i2.35374
  35. Jiang, Jize, and Zhifeng Chen. ‘Victim Welfare, Social Harmony, and State Interests: Implementing Restorative Justice in Chinese Environmental Criminal Justice’. Asian Journal of Criminology 18, no. 2 (2023): 171–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-022-09376-5
  36. Johnstone, Gerry. Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates. Routledge, 2013
  37. King, Rachel. ‘Restorative Justice: How Law Schools Can Help Heal Their Communities’. Fordham Urban Law Journal 34, no. 4 (2007): 1285–302. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol34/iss4/5/
  38. Kirkwood, Steve. ‘A Practice Framework for Restorative Justice’. Practice Frameworks in the Criminal Justice System 63 (March 2022): 101688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101688
  39. Kiyala, Jean Chrysostome K. ‘Restorative Justice in Theory’. In Child Soldiers and Restorative Justice: Participatory Action Research in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, edited by Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala. Springer International Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90071-1_6
  40. Kosti, Nir, David Levi-Faur, and Guy Mor. ‘Legislation and Regulation: Three Analytical Distinctions’. The Theory and Practice of Legislation 7, no. 3 (2019): 169–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2019.1736369
  41. Kusworo, Daffa Ladro, Abdulrazaq Owolabi Abdulkadir, and Maghfira Nur Khaliza Fauzi. ‘Reflections on the Dismissal of Theft Charges Through Prosecutor’s Restorative Justice House in Lampung’. Jurnal Media Hukum 30, no. 2 (2023): 136–52. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v30i2.18384
  42. Levesque, Roger J. R. ‘Restorative Justice’. In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, edited by Roger J. R. Levesque. Springer International Publishing, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_689
  43. Licht, Amir N. ‘Social Norms and the Law: Why Peoples Obey the Law’. Review of Law & Economics 4, no. 3 (n.d.): 715–50. https://doi.org/10.2202/1555-5879.1232
  44. Liebmann, Marian. Restorative Justice: How It Works. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2007
  45. Llewellyn, Jennifer J., and Daniel Philpott. Restorative Justice, Reconciliation, and Peacebuilding. Oxford University Press, 2014
  46. Mackay, Robert E. ‘The Institutionalization of Principles in Restorative Justice–a Case Study from the UK’. In Institutionalizing Restorative Justice. Willan, 2013
  47. Madjid, Abdul, and Milda Istiqomah. ‘Restorative Justice: A Suitable Response to Environmental Crime in Indonesia?’ Krytyka Prawa 15, no. 3 (2023): 86–100. https://doi.org/10.7206/kp.2080-1084.622
  48. Manning, John F. ‘Clear Statement Rules and the Constitution’. Columbia Law Review 110, no. 2 (2010): 399–451. https://dash.harvard.edu/entities/publication/73120378-b988-6bd4-e053-0100007fdf3b
  49. Mousourakis, George. ‘Understanding and Implementing Restorative Justice’. Tilburg Law Review (Leiden, The Netherlands) 11, no. 3 (2003): 626–52. https://doi.org/10.1163/22112596-01103002
  50. Ness, Daniel W. Van. ‘Justice That Restores: From Impersonal to Personal Justice’. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought 23, nos 1–2 (2004): 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1300/J377v23n01_06
  51. Ness, Daniel W. Van. ‘Restorative Justice and International Human Rights’. In Restorative Justice. Routledge, 2017
  52. Nur, Efa, Zainudin Hasan, and Harapandi Dahri. ‘Restorative Justice in Settling Criminal Case: A Normative-Empirical Study of the Law’. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi 8, no. 2 (2025): 539–52. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v8i2.13017
  53. Oberdiek, Hans. ‘The Role of Sanctions and Coercion in Understanding Law and Legal Systems’. The American Journal of Jurisprudence 21, no. 1 (1976): 71–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajj/21.1.71
  54. Oktobrian, Dwiki, Rani Hendriana, Dwi Hapsari Retnaningrum, and Muhammad Lukman Nurhuda. ‘Pengawasan Pelaksanaan Kesepakatan Mediasi Penal Dalam Penerapan Restorative Justice Pada Tahapan Penyidikan’. Litigasi 24, no. 1 (2023): 14–39. https://doi.org/10.23969/litigasi.v24i1.6208
  55. Olson, Susan M., and Albert W. Dzur. ‘Revisiting Informal Justice: Restorative Justice and Democratic Professionalism’. Law & Society Review 38, no. 1 (2004): 139–76. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-9216.2004.03801005.x
  56. Pavlacic, Jeffrey M., Karen Kate Kellum, and Stefan E. Schulenberg. ‘Advocating for the Use of Restorative Justice Practices: Examining the Overlap between Restorative Justice and Behavior Analysis’. Behavior Analysis in Practice 15, no. 4 (2022): 1237–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00632-1
  57. Peters, Anne. ‘Compensatory Constitutionalism: The Function and Potential of Fundamental International Norms and Structures’. Leiden Journal of International Law 19, no. 3 (2006): 579–610. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156506003487
  58. Philona, Rinda, and Awaludin. ‘Constitutional Values and Restorative Justice: A Critical Analysis in the Indonesian Context’. KARSA 33, no. 1 (2025): 241–71. https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v33i1.20264
  59. Rachmawati. ‘Restorative Justice: Pria Yang Curi Motor Untuk Biaya Persalinan Istri’. Kompas.Com, 20 February 2022. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/02/20/110100878/restorative-justice-pria-yang-curi-motor-untuk-biaya-persalinan-istri?page=all
  60. Rahardjo, Satjipto. Ilmu Hukum. PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, 2000
  61. Rahayu, Lisye Sri. ‘Restorative Justice, Jaksa Hentikan Kasus Kecelakaan Hingga Penganiayaan’. detikNews, 20 February 2022. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5950913/restorative-justice-jaksa-hentikan-kasus-kecelakaan-hingga-penganiayaan
  62. Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition. Harvard University Press, 1971
  63. Rusdiana, Emmilia, Qristin Violinda, Aji Mulyana, et al. ‘The Adverse Effects of Incentives on Parties Engaged in Theft Within the Context of Indonesian Local Wisdom’. Cogent Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (2024): 2400608. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2400608
  64. Santoso, Topo. Principles of Indonesian Criminal Law. Studies in International and Comparative Criminal Law. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2023
  65. Schweigert, Francis J. ‘Learning the Common Good: Principles of Community-Based Moral Education in Restorative Justice’. Journal of Moral Education 28, no. 2 (1999): 163–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/030572499103197
  66. Setiyono, Joko, and Aga Natalis. ‘Universal Values of Pancasila in Managing the Crime of Terrorism’. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 15, no. 2 (2023): 48–63. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v15.i2.8084
  67. Skelton, Ann, and Makubetse Sekhonyane. ‘Human Rights and Restorative Justice’. In Handbook of Restorative Justice. Willan, 2013
  68. Sriwidodo, Joko. ‘The Efforts to Resolve Criminal Cases Based on the Restorative Justice Concept by Attorney Offices’. Substantive Justice International Journal of Law 4, no. 1 (2021): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.33096/substantivejustice.v4i1.121
  69. Subyakto, Kukuh. ‘Azas Ultimum Remedium Ataukah Azas Primum Remedium Yang Dianut Dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana Pada Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Hidup Pada Uu Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan Dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup’. Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 2, no. 2 (2015): 201–13
  70. Sukardi, and Hadi Rahmat Purnama. ‘Restorative Justice Principles in Law Enforcement and Democracy in Indonesia’. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 7, no. 1 (2022): 155–90. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i1.53057
  71. Sulistiani, Lies, and Efa Fakhriah. ‘The Effect of Extra Judicial Settlement in Criminal Cases Based on the Principle of Ultimum Remedium’. PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 10, no. 3 (2023): 300–320. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v10n3.a1
  72. Sutanti, Rahmi Dwi, Pujiyono, Nur Rochaeti, and Arsyad Rifki Damora. ‘Customary Law as an Instrument of Restorative Justice: An Alternative Approach to Criminal Conflict Resolution in Plural Legal Systems’. Clío. Revista de Historia, Ciencias Humanas y Pensamiento Crítico., no. 10 (2025): 1348–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15453907
  73. Suzuki, Masahiro, and Tamera Jenkins. ‘Redefining Forgiveness in Restorative Justice’. Criminal Justice Studies 37, no. 3 (2024): 273–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2024.2349586
  74. Tamanaha, Brian Z. ‘Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global’. In Legal Theory and the Social Sciences. Routledge, 2017
  75. Tarr, G. Alan. Understanding State Constitutions. Princeton University Press, 1998
  76. Toews, Barb. ‘Prioritizing Accountability and Reparations: Restorative Justice Design and Infrastructure’. In The Palgrave Handbook of Prison Design, edited by Dominique Moran, Yvonne Jewkes, Kwan-Lamar Blount-Hill, and Victor St. John. Springer International Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11972-9_25
  77. Tomasek, Jan, Eva Krulichova, and Petra Masopust Sachova. ‘Restorative Justice Programs in Czech Prisons: The Role of Perceived Usefulness and Familiarity with the Program’. The Prison Journal 102, no. 6 (2022): 694–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/00328855221136198
  78. Trialfhianty, Tyas Ismi, Claire Helen Quinn, and Maria Beger. ‘Engaging Customary Law to Improve the Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia’. Ocean & Coastal Management 261 (February 2025): 107543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107543
  79. Tyler, Tom R. ‘Restorative Justice and Procedural Justice: Dealing with Rule Breaking’. Journal of Social Issues 62, no. 2 (2006): 307–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00452.x
  80. Umbreit, Mark, and Marilyn Peterson Armour. Restorative Justice Dialogue: An Essential Guide for Research and Practice. Springer publishing company, 2010
  81. Unger, Roberto Mangabeira. Law in Modern Society. Simon and Schuster, 1977
  82. Vago, Steven, and Steven E. Barkan. Law and Society. Routledge, 2017
  83. Wardhani, Lita Tyesta Addy Listya, Muhammad Dzikirullah H. Noho, and Aga Natalis. ‘The Adoption of Various Legal Systems in Indonesia: An Effort to Initiate the Prismatic Mixed Legal Systems’. Cogent Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2022): 2104710. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2104710
  84. Wulandari, Cahya, Lutvi Tri Cahyanto, Winarsih, Derita Prapti Rahayu, and Muhamad Sayuti Hassan. ‘Restorative Justice-Based Criminal Case Resolution: A Study at Restorative Justice Houses in Yogyakarta’. Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies 10, no. 1 (2025): 239–66. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v10i1.24071

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-03-05 11:54:19

No citation recorded.