slot depo 1k

slot gacor

demo slot

slot

slot gacor

slot gacor

sbobet

mahjong ways

slot depo 5k

sbobet

mariatogel88

gaspol777

Kongbet268

HKG999

menara88

kongbet268

777w

rp55

888R

SL999

GG999

SL88

8II

RP99

RK88

KONGBET268

slot depo 5k

spaceman

mahjong ways 2

pg soft

sbobet


DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jhp.14.1.201-240

WHEN MEN ARE VICTIMS: POWER, HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY, AND THE EPISTEMIC LIMITS OF JUSTICE IN INDONESIAN SEXUAL VIOLENCE LAW

Mohammad Shandy Nugroho  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
*Marzellina Hardiyanti  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Jean Claude Geofrey Mahoro  -  Faculty of Law, University of Pécs, Hungary

Citation Format:
Abstract

This study critically examines the treatment of sexual violence against men within the framework of Indonesian criminal law, highlighting the persistent influence of hegemonic masculinity on legal culture and courtroom practices. Historically, Indonesian law has constructed sexual violence through a gendered lens that positions men as active perpetrators and women as passive victims, thereby marginalising male victims and limiting societal and institutional recognition. Despite normative reforms, including the Sexual Violence Criminal Law and the New Criminal Code, which adopt gender-neutral definitions and acknowledge coercion, power dynamics, and non-physical forms of violence, the implementation of these laws remains constrained by patriarchal legal culture. Using a Foucauldian feminist approach, the study demonstrates that courts often privilege physical evidence and linear narratives of trauma, thereby subordinating the psychological and relational dimensions of male victimisation. Empirical cases, including sexual violence against a male student in Batu City and the victimisation of 43 boys in a religious educational institution in Agam Regency, illustrate how judicial masculinity operates to standardise rationality, depoliticise power relations, and symbolically protect patriarchal norms. Male victims are compelled to negotiate their masculinity, conform to societal expectations, and substantiate trauma within a framework biased toward physical proof. The study further contextualises these dynamics internationally, comparing the recognition of male rape in jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and the International Criminal Court, underscoring the global persistence of gendered assumptions that impede legal acknowledgment and social support for male victims. The analysis concludes that achieving substantive gender justice requires a transformation of the epistemology of legal practice: courts must reconceptualise sexual violence as a mechanism of domination and social control rather than an anomaly, and recognise male vulnerability without pathologisation. Only through integrating legal cultural analysis, trauma-informed evidence evaluation, and awareness of hegemonic masculinity can the law substantively protect male victims and dismantle the structural biases that perpetuate the marginalisation of men within sexual violence discourse.

Fulltext View|Download Email colleagues
Keywords: Sexual Violence against Men; Indonesian Criminal Law; Hegemonic Masculinity; Gender Justice and Power Relations; Legal Culture

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Most cited articles
Pembangunan Hukum Negara dalam Masyarakat Multikultural: Perspektif Hukum Progresif Hukum Progresif: Hukum yang Membebaskan Arsenal Hukum Progresif More cited articles
  1. Abdullah-Khan, Noreen. Male Rape: The Emergence of a Social and Legal Issue. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008
  2. Adriany, Vina. Gender and Power in Early Childhood Education in Indonesia. Taylor & Francis, 2024
  3. Alcano, Matteo Carlo. Masculine Identities and Male Sex Work between East Java and Bali: An Ethnography of Youth, Bodies, and Violence. Critical Studies in Gender, Sexuality, and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016
  4. Aqil, A. Muh. Ibnu. KPI in Hot Water After Allegations of Harassment in the Workplace. September 5, 2021. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/09/05/kpi-in-hot-water-after-allegations-of-harassment-in-the-workplace.html
  5. Ashila, Bestha Inatsan, and Naomi Rehulina Barus. Kekerasan Seksual Pada Laki-Laki: Diabaikan Dan Belum Ditangani Serius. November 30, 2023. https://ijrs.or.id/2023/11/30/kekerasan-seksual-pada-laki-laki-diabaikan-dan-belum-ditangani-serius-2/
  6. Asmara, Teddy. Budaya Ekonomi Hukum Hakim. Fasindo, 2011
  7. Atılgan, Eylem Ümit. “Complicit Masculinity of Judges: Unjust Provocation Mitigation in Femicide in Turkey.” Oñati Socio-Legal Series 14, no. 5 (2024): 1497–523. https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.2088
  8. Barzilai, Gad. “Culture of Patriarchy in Law: Violence from Antiquity to Modernity.” Law & Society Review 38, no. 4 (2004): 867–84. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-9216.2004.00073.x
  9. Batu, Safrin La. “Saiful Case Intensifies LGBT Debate.” The Jakarta Post, February 20, 2016. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/20/saiful-case-intensifies-lgbt-debate.html
  10. Benton-Greig, Paulette. “Hearing All That Is Expressed: A Feminist Listening to the Silencing of Rape Complainants While Giving Evidence.” Social & Legal Studies, July 21, 2025, 09646639251357420. https://doi.org/10.1177/09646639251357420
  11. Bonny-Noach, Hagit, Osnat Roth-Cohen, and Vered Ne’eman-Haviv. “Gender Differences in the Experience of Sexual Harassment and Assault, and Attitudes toward the #metoo Campaign.” Smith College Studies in Social Work 92, no. 3 (2022): 185–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377317.2022.2111398
  12. Bullock, Clayton M., and Mace Beckson. “Male Victims of Sexual Assault: Phenomenology, Psychology, Physiology.” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 39, no. 2 (2011): 197–205. https://jaapl.org/content/39/2/197
  13. Butt, Simon, and Tim Lindsey. “The Criminal Code.” In Crime and Punishment in Indonesia. Routledge, 2020
  14. Cahill, Ann J. “Foucault, Rape, and the Construction of the Feminine Body.” Hypatia 15, no. 1 (2000): 43–63. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2000.tb01079.x
  15. Caniago, Halbert. “Pelecehan Seksual Santri Di Pesantren Sumbar: Bagaimana Bisa Terjadi Pada 40 Korban.” BBC News Indonesia, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/c0xjx7nd4vxo
  16. Carlisle, Zachary T., and Rachel M. Schmitz. “‘“I Am a Man. How Could I Possibly Have Been Raped?” Men Making Sense of Their Experiences With Sexual Violence.’” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38, nos. 19–20 (2023): 10514–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231174500
  17. Cohen, Claire. Male Rape Is a Feminist Issue: Feminism, Governmentality and Male Rape. Springer, 2014
  18. Connell, Raewyn. Masculinities. Polity Press, 2005
  19. Cossins, Anne. Masculinities, Sexualities and Child Sexual Abuse. Brill | Nijhoff, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004478640
  20. Cusmano, Danielle. “Rape Culture Rooted in Patriarchy, Media Portrayal, and Victim Blaming.” Writing Across the Curriculum 30 (2018): 1–10. https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/wac_prize/30
  21. Das, Sarbopriya, Soma Pramanik, Deepshikha Ray, and Debanjan Banerjee. “‘The Unheard Voices’: Lived Experiences of Sexual Abuse in Male Survivors.” Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 44, no. 5 (2022): 474–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620972912
  22. Davies, Michelle. “Male Sexual Assault Victims: A Selective Review of the Literature and Implications for Support Services.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 7, no. 3 (2002): 203–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(00)00043-4
  23. Davies, Michelle, Paul Pollard, and John Archer. “Effects of Perpetrator Gender and Victim Sexuality on Blame Toward Male Victims of Sexual Assault.” The Journal of Social Psychology 146, no. 3 (2006): 275–91. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.146.3.275-291
  24. Dim, Eugene Emeka, and Alexandra Lysova. “Male Victims’ Experiences With and Perceptions of the Criminal Justice Response to Intimate Partner Abuse.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37, nos. 15–16 (2022): NP13067–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211001476
  25. Dimyati, Khudzaifah, and Angkasa Angkasa. “Victimological Approaches to Crime of Rape in Indonesian Criminal Justice System.” Hasanuddin Law Review 4, no. 3 (2018): 366–76. https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i3.1292
  26. Donne, Martina Delle, Joseph DeLuca, Pavel Pleskach, et al. “Barriers to and Facilitators of Help-Seeking Behavior Among Men Who Experience Sexual Violence.” American Journal of Men’s Health 12, no. 2 (2018): 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988317740665
  27. Drumond, Paula. “What About Men? Towards a Critical Interrogation of Sexual Violence Against Men in Global Politics.” International Affairs 95, no. 6 (2019): 1271–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz178
  28. Dworkin, Andrea. Woman Hating. Penguin Books Limited, 2025
  29. Fadli, Muhammad, and I. Gusti Ayu Stefani Ratna Maharani. “Urgensi Perlindungan Dan Penegakan Hukum Dalam Mengatasi Problematika Sexual Hardness Terhadap Laki-Laki Di Indonesia.” Ethics and Law Journal: Business and Notary 2, no. 3 (2024): 183–92. https://doi.org/10.61292/eljbn.230
  30. Figueroa, Eva Bermúdez, Valerija Dabetić, Raquel Pastor Yuste, and Zara Saeidzadeh. “Gender and Structural Inequalities from a Socio-Legal Perspective.” In Gender-Competent Legal Education, edited by Dragica Vujadinović, Mareike Fröhlich, and Thomas Giegerich. Springer International Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_4
  31. Fleming, Paul J., Clare Barrington, Suzanne Maman, Leonel Lerebours, Yeycy Donastorg, and Maximo O. Brito. “Competition and Humiliation: How Masculine Norms Shape Men’s Sexual and Violent Behaviors.” Men and Masculinities 22, no. 2 (2019): 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17715493
  32. Foucault, Michel. “Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison.” In Social Theory Re-Wired. Routledge, 2023
  33. Foucault, Michel. Power: The Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984. Penguin Modern Classics. Penguin Books Limited, 2019
  34. Foucault, Michel. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972 - 1977. Edited by Colin Gordon. Pantheon Books, 1981
  35. Friedman, L. M. The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective. Russell Sage Foundation, 1975
  36. Fuchs, Siegmund Fred. “Male Sexual Assault: Issues of Arousal and Consent.” Cleveland State Law Review 51, no. 1 (2004): 93–121. https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev/vol51/iss1/5/
  37. Gaskins, Richard, ed. “The Trial of Jean-Pierre Bemba.” In The Congo Trials in the International Criminal Court, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2022. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009208772.010
  38. Gordon, Harriet. “A Foucauldian-Feminist Understanding of Patterns of Sexual Violence in Conflict.” The Philosophical Journal of Conflict and Violence 2, no. 1 (2018): 22–40. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=911756
  39. Graham, Ruth. “Male Rape and the Careful Construction of the Male Victim.” Social & Legal Studies 15, no. 2 (2006): 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663906063571
  40. Gröndal, Hedvig, Maritha Jacobsson, and Valentin Öckinger. “Resisting Rape Myths and Doing Feminism in Legal Processes of Rape Cases.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 32, no. 4 (2025): 1130–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaf016
  41. Hayati, Elli N., Maria Emmelin, and Malin Eriksson. “‘We No Longer Live in the Old Days’: A Qualitative Study on the Role of Masculinity and Religion for Men’s Views on Violence Within Marriage in Rural Java, Indonesia.” BMC Women’s Health 14, no. 1 (2014): 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-14-58
  42. Heberle, Renée J., and Victoria Grace. Theorizing Sexual Violence. Vol. 21. Routledge, 2009
  43. Henderson, Holly. “Feminism, Foucault, and Rape: A Theory and Politics of Rape Prevention.” Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 22 (2007): 225–53. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38M90226M
  44. Henderson, Lynne. “Law’s Patriarchy.” Law & Society Review 25, no. 2 (1991): 411–44. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053805
  45. Hogan, Kevin F., Victoria Clarke, and Tony Ward. “The Impact of Masculine Ideologies on Heterosexual Men’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence: A Qualitative Exploration.” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 33, no. 1 (2024): 123–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2022.2061881
  46. Hogg, Charu Lata. “Male Victims: A Blind Spot in Law.” In Sexual Violence Against Men in Global Politics. Routledge, 2018
  47. Ibrahim, M. Bagus. “Mahasiswa Malang Jadi Korban Kekerasan Seksual Pria Gay Di Vila Kota Batu.” detikJatim (Detik.Com), December 17, 2025. https://www.detik.com/jatim/hukum-dan-kriminal/d-8264537/mahasiswa-malang-jadi-korban-kekerasan-seksual-pria-gay-di-vila-kota-batu
  48. Javaid, Aliraza. “Feminism, Masculinity and Male Rape: Bringing Male Rape ‘Out of the Closet.’” Journal of Gender Studies 25, no. 3 (2016): 283–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2014.959479
  49. Javaid, Aliraza. “Male Rape in Law and the Courtroom.” Web Journal of Current Legal Issues 20, no. 2 (2014): 1–15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273574378_Male_Rape_in_Law_and_the_Courtroom
  50. Javaid, Aliraza. “Male Rape, Masculinities, and Sexualities.” International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 52 (March 2018): 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.12.003
  51. Javaid, Aliraza. Male Rape, Masculinities, and Sexualities: Understanding, Policing, and Overcoming Male Sexual Victimisation. Palgrave Hate Studies. Springer International Publishing, 2018
  52. Javaid, Aliraza. “The Unknown Victims: Hegemonic Masculinity, Masculinities, and Male Sexual Victimisation.” Sociological Research Online 22, no. 1 (2017): 28–47. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.4155
  53. Jensen, Robert. The End of Patriarchy: Radical Feminism for Men. Spinifex Press, 2017
  54. Kambashi, Ngosa, Joanne Rechdan, Elizabeth Noon, and Amanda D. Wilson. “Adult Male Rape Myths in England Since 1994: A Systemic Mixed Methods Review.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law (US) 29, no. 4 (2023): 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000402
  55. Killean, Rachel, Eithne Dowds, and Anne-Marie McAlinden. Sexual Violence on Trial: Local and Comparative Perspectives. Routledge, 2021
  56. Kiss, Ligia, Meaghen Quinlan-Davidson, Laura Pasquero, et al. “Male and LGBT Survivors of Sexual Violence in Conflict Situations: A Realist Review of Health Interventions in Low-and Middle-Income Countries.” Conflict and Health 14, no. 1 (2020): 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-020-0254-5
  57. Kreft, Anne-Kathrin. “‘This Patriarchal, Machista and Unequal Culture of Ours’: Obstacles to Confronting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 30, no. 2 (2023): 654–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxac018
  58. Kwak, Jaeeun, Jamie Taber, and Christopher B. Stults. “Hegemonic Masculinity, Intersectional Stigma, and Intimate Partner Violence Among Young Sexual Minority Men: A Qualitative Study.” Psychology of Men & Masculinities (US) 26, no. 2 (2025): 254–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000513
  59. Langdridge, Darren, Paul Flowers, and Dan Carney. “Male Survivors’ Experience of Sexual Assault and Support: A Scoping Review.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 70 (May 2023): 101838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2023.101838
  60. Liakopoulos, Dimitris. “Male Rape and Sexual Crimes in International Criminal Law Jurisprudence: A Critical Appraisal.” Revista Estudios Jurídicos. Segunda Época, no. 18 (2018): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.17561/rej.n18.a4
  61. López, Daniel Jacobson, and Antonio García. “‘Cuz They Straight and Everything’: Barriers to Reporting Among Gay Latino Male Sexual Assault Survivors.” American Journal of Men’s Health 18, no. 6 (2024): 15579883241288979. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883241288979
  62. MacKinnon, Catharine A. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Emersion: Emergent Village Resources for Communities of Faith Series. Harvard University Press, 1987
  63. Ma’shumiyyah, Maryamul Chumairo’Al. “Unveiling the Issues: Feminist Legal Theory’s Critique on Rape Formulation in Indonesia.” Walisongo Law Review (Walrev) 5, no. 2 (2023): 221–44. https://doi.org/10.21580/walrev.2023.5.2.13555
  64. Matthews, Abigail A., and Rachael K. Hinkle. “Judicial Influence and the Importance of Intersecting Identities.” Research & Politics 12, no. 3 (2025): 20531680251353143. https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251353143
  65. Maxwell, Louise, and Graham Scott. “A Review of the Role of Radical Feminist Theories in the Understanding of Rape Myth Acceptance.” Journal of Sexual Aggression 20, no. 1 (2014): 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2013.773384
  66. Meyer, Sarah R., Selina Hardt, Rebecca Brambilla, Shruti Shukla, and Heidi Stöckl. “Sociological Theories to Explain Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 25, no. 3 (2024): 2316–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231210939
  67. Millar, Madeleine, Siobhan Weare, and Dominic Willmott. “Mock Jurors’ Determinations of Guilt in Sexual Offences Involving Male Victims: A Systematic Review.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, September 16, 2025, 15248380251366264. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380251366264
  68. Mukai, Tomoya. “Traditional Male Gender Roles and Negative Social Reactions to Male Victims of Sexual Violence in Japan.” Sexuality & Culture, ahead of print, January 14, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-025-10522-1
  69. Murphy, April. “When, Why and How Male Victim-Survivors of Sexual Violence Seek Help: Sexual Violence Practitioner Experiences of Support Provision.” The British Journal of Criminology, December 2, 2025, azaf110. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf110
  70. Muthiariny, Dewi Elvia. KPI Launches Internal Investigation into Alleged Sexual Violence. September 1, 2021. https://en.tempo.co/read/1501318/kpi-launches-internal-investigation-into-alleged-sexual-violence
  71. Narwaya, Tri Guntur. “The Hegemony of Masculinity and Victim Bias in Sexual Violence Norms at Yogyakarta Colleges.” Journal Communication Spectrum: Capturing New Perspectives in Communication 15, no. 1 (2025): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.36782/jcs.v15i1.2635
  72. Niko, Nikodemus, and Jakkrit Sangkhamanee. “Beyond Gender Norms: Unveiling Myths and Taboos of Male Rape in Indonesia.” Sexuality, Gender & Policy 8, no. 4 (2025): e70035. https://doi.org/10.1002/sgp2.70035
  73. Nilan, Pam. “Contemporary Masculinities and Young Men in Indonesia.” Indonesia and the Malay World 37, no. 109 (2009): 327–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810903269318
  74. Nilan, Pam, Argyo Demartoto, and Agung Wibowo. “Youthful Warrior Masculinities in Indonesia.” In Masculinities in a Global Era, edited by Joseph Gelfer. Springer New York, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6931-5_4
  75. Nurliyantika, Rizka, and Aisyah Wardatul Jannah. “The Implementation Challenges of the Law Concerning Sexual Violence in Indonesia.” Simbur Cahaya 30, no. 1 (2023): 14–31. https://doi.org/10.28946/sc.v30i1.2775
  76. Parekh, Vanita R., Janine McMinn, Anna Brkic, Ash Byron, Katelyn Pomroy, and Mick Woodburn. “Men After the Sexual Assault: The Journey from Medical Service to Court.” Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 103 (April 2024): 102676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102676
  77. Petersson, Charlotte C., and Lars Plantin. “Breaking with Norms of Masculinity: Men Making Sense of Their Experience of Sexual Assault.” Clinical Social Work Journal 47, no. 4 (2019): 372–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00699-y
  78. Pierik, Bob. “Patriarchal Power as a Conceptual Tool for Gender History.” Rethinking History 26, no. 1 (2022): 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642529.2022.2037864
  79. Powderly, Joseph. “Prosecutor V. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo: Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo Against Trial Chamber III’s ‘Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute’ (Int’l Crim. Ct.).” International Legal Materials 57, no. 6 (2018): 1031–79. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2018.50
  80. Pretorius, Gertie. “The Male Rape Survivor: Possible Meanings in the Context of Feminism and Patriarchy.” Journal of Psychology in Africa 19, no. 4 (2009): 575–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2009.10820332
  81. Prianti, Desi Dwi. “The Identity Politics of Masculinity as a Colonial Legacy.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 40, no. 6 (2019): 700–719. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2019.1675612
  82. Raatevaara-Cameron, K., and H. Louhela. “Discourses of (Dis)Trust and Hegemonic Masculinity: Service Providers’ Perspectives on the Disclosure Process of Men Who Have Experienced Sexual Violence in Childhood.” Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 33, no. 8 (2024): 1025–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2024.2428286
  83. Rasul, Rabia. Comparing Sexual Violence Frameworks in Indonesia and Australia. June 27, 2025. https://ijrs.or.id/2025/06/27/comparing-sexual-violence-frameworks-in-indonesia-and-australia/
  84. Rechenberg, Theresia, Toni Fleischer, Christian Sander, and Georg Schomerus. “Gender-Related Stigma Toward Individuals with a History of Sexual or Physical Violence in Childhood.” BMC Public Health 24, no. 1 (2024): 2396. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19913-9
  85. Ridho, Muhammad Rosyid, Moh Riza Taufiqul Hakim, and Uswatul Khasanah. “Diskriminasi Laki-Laki Sebagai Korban Kekerasan Seksual Perspektif Kesetaraan Gender.” ADLIYA: Jurnal Hukum Dan Kemanusiaan 16, no. 1 (2022): 21–42. https://jdih.dprd.bandung.go.id/artikel/detail/927
  86. Rizzo, Andrew J., Victoria L. Banyard, and Katie M. Edwards. “Unpacking Adolescent Masculinity: Relations between Boys’ Sexual Harassment Victimization, Perpetration, and Gender Role Beliefs.” Journal of Family Violence 36, no. 7 (2021): 825–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00187-9
  87. Rodrigues, Andreia de Castro, Ana Rita Cruz, Olga Cunha, Niamh Maguire, and Ana Sacau-Fontenla. “Judges Looking into Themselves: What Makes a Good Judge?” Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, May 19, 2025, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2025.2470640
  88. Rorisang, Matlala. “Rape Myths and the Language of the Law: The Need for a Feminist Jurisprudential Approach.” Constitutional Court Review 14, no. 1 (2024): 137–52. https://doi.org/10.2989/CCR.2024.0006
  89. Rose, Sofie. “Stigmatization and Social Death of Survivors of Wartime Sexual Violence.” Global Studies Quarterly 3, no. 2 (2023): ksad021. https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksad021
  90. Salsabila, Annisa, and Maria Alyssia. “Men: The Silenced Survivors of Sexual Assault.” Seribu Tujuan (Atrium), November 12, 2021. https://www.seributujuan.id/atrium/men-the-silenced-survivors-of-sexual-assault
  91. Santos, Edmilson Ozorio dos, Andrey Wellington Moscardini, and Ivan Dieb Miziara. “Characterization of Male Sexual Assault in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: An Epidemiological Study from 2014 to 2017.” International Journal of Legal Medicine 138, no. 2 (2024): 571–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-023-03104-z
  92. Scarce, Michae. Male on Male Rape: The Hidden Toll of Stigma and Shame. Basic Books, 2008
  93. Selviani, Tri Melisa, and Sunarto Sunarto. “News Framing Analysis About Sexual Harassment on Men in the Work Environment KPI on Online Media (Detik. Com and Tribunnews. Com).” Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) 5, no. 1 (2022): 7389–400. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i1.4473
  94. Severs, George J. “Male Rape: Survivors, Support and the Law in Late Twentieth-Century England and Wales.” History Workshop Journal 97 (April 2024): 196–220. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbae002
  95. Sikumbang, Wahyu. “Cabuli 50 Santri, Dua Guru Pesantren Di Agam RA Dan AA Divonis 17 Dan 16 Tahun Penjara.” iNews Indonesia, 2024. https://padang.inews.id/read/599979/cabuli-50-santri-dua-guru-pesantren-di-agam-ra-dan-aa-divonis-17-dan-16-tahun-penjara
  96. Siregar, Wahidah Zein Br, and Ella Syafputri Prihatini. “Passing the Sexual Violence Crime Law in Indonesia: Reflection of a Gender-Sensitive Parliament?” Politics and Governance 12 (August 2024): 8245. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.8245
  97. Sivakumaran, Sandesh. “Male/Male Rape and the ‘Taint’ of Homosexuality.” Human Rights Quarterly 27, no. 4 (2005): 1274–306. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2005.0053
  98. Sivakumaran, Sandesh. “Sexual Violence Against Men in Armed Conflict.” European Journal of International Law 18, no. 2 (2007): 253–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chm013
  99. Smart, Carol. Feminism and the Power of Law. Sociology of Law and Crime. Routledge, 1989
  100. Smith, Olivia, and Tina Skinner. “Observing Court Responses to Victims of Rape and Sexual Assault.” Feminist Criminology 7, no. 4 (2012): 298–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085112437875
  101. Suteki. Desain Hukum Di Ruang Sosial. Thafa Media, 2013
  102. Temkin, Jennifer, and Barbara Krahé. Sexual Assault and the Justice Gap: A Question of Attitude. Vol. 5. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008
  103. Thomas, John C., and Jonathan Kopel. “Male Victims of Sexual Assault: A Review of the Literature.” Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 4 (2023): 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040304
  104. Toit, Louise du, and Elisabet le Roux. “A Feminist Reflection on Male Victims of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence.” European Journal of Women’s Studies 28, no. 2 (2021): 115–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506820904982
  105. Tshoane, Sabelinah, Paul Oluwatosin Bello, Jacob Tseko Mofokeng, and Adewale Adisa Olutola. “The Inadequacies of the South African Criminal Justice System Against Male Victims of Domestic Abuse.” OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 16, no. 6 (2023): 21–34. https://oidaijsd.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/16-06-2-020-SPA-23-AO.pdf
  106. Tshoane, Sabelinah, Adewale A. Olutola, Paul O. Bello, and Jacob T. Mofokeng. “Domestic Violence Against Men: Unmuting the Reality of the Forgotten Gender.” Cogent Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (2024): 2304990. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2304990
  107. Turchik, Jessica A., and Katie M. Edwards. “Myths About Male Rape: A Literature Review.” Psychology of Men & Masculinity (US) 13, no. 2 (2012): 211–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023207
  108. Vojdik, Valorie K. “Sexual Violence Against Men and Women in War: A Masculinities Approach.” Nevada Law Journal 14 (2013): 923–52. https://ir.law.utk.edu/utklaw_facpubs/274/
  109. Walby, Sylvia. Theorizing Patriarchy. Wiley, 1991
  110. Walfield, Scott M. “‘Men Cannot Be Raped’: Correlates of Male Rape Myth Acceptance.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36, nos. 13–14 (2021): 6391–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518817777
  111. Wegner, Rhiana, and Kelly Cue Davis. “How Men’s Sexual Assault Victimization Experiences Differ Based on Their Sexual History.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence (US) 35, nos. 13–14 (2020): 2624–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517703374
  112. Wichelen, Sonja van. Religion, Politics and Gender in Indonesia: Disputing the Muslim Body. Routledge Research on Gender in Asia Series. Taylor & Francis, 2010
  113. Wicky, Lucie. “Sexual Violence Against Men Is Committed by Other Males, Mainly During Childhood.” Population & Societies 633, no. 5 (2025): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3917/popsoc.633.0001
  114. Widanaralalage, B. Kennath, Benjamin A. Hine, Anthony D. Murphy, and Karim Murji. “‘I Didn’t Feel I Was A Victim’: A Phenomenological Analysis of the Experiences of Male-on-Male Survivors of Rape and Sexual Abuse.” Victims & Offenders 17, no. 8 (2022): 1147–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2069898

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-05-12 19:37:24

No citation recorded.