DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.24.5.1049-1058

Iron (Fe) Removal from Peat Water using TiO₂-Decorated Hydroxyapatite (HAp): Effects of HAp Synthesis Temperature and Removal Kinetics

Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia

Received: 6 Nov 2025; Revised: 25 Aug 2026; Accepted: 27 Aug 2026; Available online: 29 Sep 2026; Published: 30 Sep 2026.
Editor(s): Budi Warsito

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Abstract

Peat water, commonly found in tropical regions such as Indonesia, often contains high concentrations of iron (Fe) and organic compounds that contribute to its dark color, acidity, and turbidity. The excessive Fe content not only affects the aesthetic quality of water but also poses environmental and health concerns. This study aims to reduce the Fe level in peat water using hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide (HAp/TiO2) composite. HAp was synthesized from Sulcospira testudinaria shells via the precipitation method with various temperature reactions (30℃, 50℃, 70℃, and 90℃), followed by the synthesis of HAp/TiO2 composite using the hydrothermal method. The material characterizations were conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy to examine the surface morphology and elemental composition of HAp and its composite. SEM-EDX and mapping analyses confirmed the successful incorporation and distribution of TiO₂ particles on the HAp surface. In its application, the HAp/TiO₂ composites were evaluated for Fe removal from peat water at different synthesis temperatures and treatment times. The experimental results showed that HAp/TiO₂ prepared using HAp synthesized at 90°C exhibited the best performance, achieving up to 82.4% Fe removal within 240 minutes. The Fe removal kinetics were evaluated using zero-, first-, and second-order kinetic models, with the second-order model providing the best fit to the experimental data (R² = 0.98), with a rate constant (K) of 3.8 × 10⁻³ L mg-1 min-1. These results indicate that HAp/TiO₂, particularly the composite prepared using HAp synthesized at 90°C, is a promising candidate material for Fe removal from peat water.

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Keywords: Iron (Fe), Peat water, Adsorption, Photocatalytic, HAp/TiO2

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Section: Research Article
Language : EN
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