Identifikasi Sistem Sosial Ekologis Waduk Gesek, Pulau Bintan, Kepulauan Riau

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Ketersediaan air bersih, baik dari kualitas maupun kuantitas, menjadi salah satu permasalahan di Pulau Bintan, Kepulauan Riau. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, Waduk Gesek sebagai salah satu waduk sumber air baku di Pulau Bintan mengalami ledakan populasi gulma air, penurunan volume air, serta penurunan kualitas air yang ditandai beberapa parameter kualitas air tidak memenuhi baku mutu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sistem sosial-ekologis (SSE) Waduk Gesek sebagai dasar pengelolaan waduk di Pulau Bintan. Data sosial diperoleh dari wawancara dengan masyarakat serta diskusi kelompok terpimpin dengan pemangku kepentingan. Data ekologi bersumber dari hasil penelitian dalam kurun waktu 2018-2022. Data sosial-ekologis yang diperoleh dianalisis melalui identifikasi model konseptual dasar sistem sosial-ekologis menggunakan Frame Ostrom yang dimodifikasi dari McGinnis dan Ostrom. Berdasarkan analisis sistem sosial-ekologis (SSE), di Waduk Gesek terdapat enam komponen penyusun yaitu internal waduk, vegetasi hutan, gulma air, pemerintah, masyarakat, serta LSM. Kuantitas air memiliki nilai paling penting dalam SSE Waduk Gesek diikuti dengan kualitas air. Kuantitas dan kualitas yang ada di Waduk Gesek sangat dipengaruhi oleh tutupan vegetasi serta keberadaan gulma air. PDAM Tirta Kepri menjadi institusi yang paling berkaitan erat dengan kuantitas dan kualitas air di Waduk Gesek.

ABSTRACT

The availability of clean water, both in quality and quantity, remains a critical concern on Bintan Island, Riau Islands. The Gesek Reservoir, one of the island’s main raw water sources, has experienced ecological degradation in recent years, including rapid expansion of aquatic weeds, declining water volume, and deteriorating water quality, with several parameters falling below established standards. This study aims to analyze the socio-ecological system (SES) of the Gesek Reservoir as foundation for improving reservoir management on Bintan Island. Social data were collected trought community interviews and focus group discussions involving relevant stakeholders, while ecological data were derived from research conducted etween 2018 and 2022. The SES analysis was carried out using the Ostrom Framework, modified by McGinnis and Ostrom, to identify the fundamental conceptual structure of the system. Six key components of Gesek Reservoir SES were identified: the internal reservoir system, forest vegetation, aquatic weeds, government institutions, community groups, and non-governmental organizations. Water quantity emerged as the most critical attribute within the system, followe by water quality, both of which are strongly influenced by vegetation cover and the proliferation of acuatic weeds. Among institutional stakeholders, PDAM Tirta Kepri is most directly associated with the management of water quantity and quality in the reservoir. These findings highlight the need for integrated, multi-stakeholder management strategies to ensure the sustainability of the Gesek Reservoir as a vital water resources for Bintan Island.