DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.12.2.126-135

Determinant factors of obesity in urban and rural studies on adolescents in Banten Province, Indonesia

1Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

2Department of Public Health Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

3Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

Received: 15 May 2024; Revised: 5 Jun 2024; Accepted: 7 Jun 2024; Available online: 28 Jun 2024; Published: 28 Jun 2024.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: The prevalence of obesity which continues to grow in children and adolescents is a concern since it increases degenerative disease risk. Obesity is not only a problem in urban areas, but it is also growing in rural areas.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the determinants of obesity in adolescents in rural and urban areas in Banten Province.

Materials and Methods: This research design used a case-control method with a purposive sampling technique. The sample in the study consisted of 160 adolescent subjects from 2 different schools. Each school representing 40 case samples that were adolescents with obesity and control adolescents with a normal body mass index. This study was conducted at one school in Cilegon City to represent the urban sample and one school in Pandeglang Regency to represent the rural sample. For each sample, body weight and height were measured, filling out the SQ-FFQ, International Physical Activity Questioner (IPAQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and DASS-42 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale) questionnaires. Data regarding the results of air quality monitoring which includes data (PM10, SO2 O3 and NO2) was obtained from the Environmental Service. Meanwhile, data were analyzed by using Chi-Square and logistic regression.

Results: The determinants of obesity in adolescents in rural were protein intake more than RDA (p=0.003 OR=9.948), low physical activity (P=0.005 OR=22.094), high of  SO2 exposure (P=0.005 OR=19.817) and bad sleep quality (P=0.007 OR=8.901) while adolescents in urban were protein intake more than RDA  (p=0.001 OR=21.570), bad sleep quality (p=0.002 OR=16.550), high stress level (p=0.006 OR=15.922) and carbohydrate intake more than RDA  (p=0.072 OR=5.044).

Conclusion: Protein intake is the biggest determinant of the incidence of obesity in adolescents both in rural and urban areas.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Obesity; Rural and Urban Areas; Adolescents

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
The effect of rosella tea on weight loss among overweight women in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: An interventional pilot study The effect of soy milk on haemoglobin levels in pregnant women with anaemia Evaluation of the implementation stimulation, detection, and early intervention for toddlers growth and development in Nanggalo Health Center More recent articles
Most cited articles
Back Matter Pengetahuan ibu, pola makan dan status gizi pada anak stunting usia 1-5 tahun di Kelurahan Bangetayu, Kecamatan Genuk, Semarang Back-Matter Determinan kejadian stunting pada bayi usia 6 bulan di Kota Semarang Front Matter More cited articles
  1. Lobstein T, Hannah B. Atlas of Childhood and Obesity [Internet]. World Obesi. London: World Obesity Federation; 2019. 271–281 p. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023
  2. Badan Penelitian Dan Keshatan RI. Riskesdas 2018. 2018;
  3. WHO. Obesity and Overweight [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
  4. Canavan CR, Fawzi WW. Addressing knowledge gaps in adolescent nutrition: Toward advancing public health and sustainable development. Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;3(7):4–6
  5. Kansra AR, Lakkunarajah S, Jay MS. Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: A Review. Vol. 8, Frontiers in Pediatrics. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2021
  6. Bahreynian M, Qorbani M, Khaniabadi BM, Motlagh ME, Safari O, Asayesh H, et al. Association between obesity and parental weight status in children and adolescents. JCRPE Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2017;9(2):111–7
  7. Zheng X, Wang H, Wu H. Association between diet quality scores and risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2023 Dec 1;23(1):169
  8. Mahumud RA, Sahle BW, Owusu-Addo E, Chen W, Morton RL, Renzaho AMN. Association of dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviours with overweight and obesity among 282,213 adolescents in 89 low and middle income to high-income countries. Int J Obes. 2021 Nov 1;45(11):2404–18
  9. McFarlane SI. Obstructive sleep apnea and obesity: implications for public health. Sleep Med Disord. 2017;1(4)
  10. Chen H, Wang LJ, Xin F, Liang G, Chen Y. Associations between sleep duration, sleep quality, and weight status in Chinese children and adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2022 Dec 1;22(1)
  11. Afriani AE, Margawati A, Fithra Dieny F. Tingkat Stres, Durasi dan Kualitas Tidur, Serta Sindrom Makan Malam Pada Mahasiswi Obesitas Dan Non Obesitas Fakultas Kedokteran. Sport and Nutrition Journal [Internet]. 2019;1(2):63–73. Available from: https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/spnj/
  12. Lee GY, Um YJ. Factors affecting obesity in urban and rural adolescents: Demographic, socioeconomic characteristics, health behavior and health education. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(5)
  13. Seo MY, Kim SH, Park MJ. Air pollution and childhood obesity. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020 Oct 1;63(10):382–8
  14. Zhang Z, Dong B, Chen G, Song Y, Li S, Yang Z, et al. Ambient air pollution and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents: A multicenter study in China. Science of the Total Environment. 2021 Jun 1;771
  15. Sari AN, Musfirotin AU, Agustin KD, Arief RQ. Rural-Urban Differencese in Overweight and Obesity of Adolescent: A Review Article. In ternational Conference on Halal Food and Health Nutrition. 2023;1(1):61–6
  16. Nurwanti E, Hadi H, Chang JS, Chao JCJ, Paramashanti BA, Gittelsohn J, et al. Rural–urban differences in dietary behavior and obesity: Results of the riskesdas study in 10–18-year-old Indonesian children and adolescents. Nutrients. 2019 Nov 1;11(11)
  17. Yang Z, Song Q, Li J, Zhang Y. Air pollution as a cause of obesity: Micro-level evidence from Chinese cities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21)
  18. Anhäuser AA, Farrow A. Pengukuran Satelit Mengungkapkan, Polusi Udara Beracun NO2 di Sejumlah Kota Besar di Indonesia Meningkat Pada Tahun 2021. 2021;1:7–8
  19. Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No 2 Tahun 2020. Jakarta; 2020
  20. Ji JS, Liu L, Zhang J (Jim), Kan H, Zhao B, Burkart KG, et al. NO2 and PM2.5 air pollution co-exposure and temperature effect modification on pre-mature mortality in advanced age: a longitudinal cohort study in China. Environ Health. 2022 Dec 1;21(1)
  21. Dubey M, Nongkynrih B, Gupta S, Kalaivani M, Goswami A, Salve H. Sleep quality assessment of adolescents residing in an urban resettlement colony, New Delhi, India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2019 Jul 1;44(3):271–6
  22. Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, PM
  23. . National sleep foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015 Mar 1;1(1):40–3
  24. Nicholaus C, Martin HD, Kassim N, Matemu AO, Kimiywe J. Dietary Practices, Nutrient Adequacy, and Nutrition Status among Adolescents in Boarding High Schools in the Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. J Nutr Metab. 2020;2020
  25. Dharmansyah D, Budiana D. Indonesian Adaptation of The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): Psychometric Properties. Jurnal Pendidikan Keperawatan Indonesia. 2021;7(2)
  26. Marsidi SR. Identification of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Level of Students in Preparation for The Next Exit Exam Competency Test. Journal of Vocational Health Studies. 2021 Nov 8;5(2):87
  27. Karki A, Shrestha A, Subedi N. Prevalence and associated factors of childhood overweight/obesity among primary school children in urban Nepal. BMC Public Health. 2019 Aug 6;19(1)
  28. Riany P, Ahmad A, Ismail N. Faktor Risiko Obesitas Pada Remaja: Studi Case-Control. Nasuwakes Jurnal Kesehatan Ilmiah [Internet]. 2021;14(1):80–6. Available from: http://ejournal.poltekkesaceh.ac.id/index.php/jn
  29. Dong GH, Qian Z, Liu MM, Wang D, Ren WH, Flick LH, et al. Ambient air pollution and the prevalence of obesity in chinese children: The seven northeastern cities study. Obesity. 2014;22(3)
  30. de Bont J, Díaz Y, de Castro M, Cirach M, Basagaña X, Nieuwenhuijsen M, et al. Ambient air pollution and the development of overweight and obesity in children: a large longitudinal study. Int J Obes. 2021 May 1;45(5):1124–32
  31. Wei Y, Zhang J, Li Z, Gow A, Chung KF, Hu M, et al. Chronic exposure to air pollution particles increases the risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome: Findings from a natural experiment in Beijing. FASEB Journal. 2016;30(6)
  32. Shi X, Zheng Y, Cui H, Zhang Y, Jiang M. Exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution and risk of overweight and obesity across different life periods: A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. 2022;242(April):113893. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113893
  33. Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD, Biswal S, Rajagopalan S. Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease: lessons learned from air pollution. Vol. 17, Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2020
  34. Gupta P, Srivastava N, Gupta V, Tiwari S, Banerjee M. Association of sleep duration and sleep quality with body mass index among young adults. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(6):3251
  35. Wu Y, Gong Q, Zou Z, Li H, Zhang X. Short sleep duration and obesity among children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2017;11(2)
  36. Anam MR, Akter S, Hossain F, Bonny SQ, Akter J, Zhang C, et al. Association of sleep duration and sleep quality with overweight/obesity among adolescents of Bangladesh: a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health. 2022 Dec 1;22(1)
  37. Agita VV, Widyastuti N, Nissa C. Asupan Energi Cemilan, Durasi dan Kualitas Tidur pada Remaja Obesitas dan Non Obesitas. Journal of Nutrition College. 2018;7(3):147–54
  38. Hafid W, Hanapi S. Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dan Konsumsi Fast Food dengan Kejadian Obesitas Pada Remaja. Kampurui Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat [Internet]. 2019;1(1):6–10. Available from: https://www.ejournal.lppmunidayan.ac.id/inde
  39. Hanani R, Badrah S, Noviasty R. Pola Makan, Aktivitas Fisik dan Genetik Mempengaruhi Kejadian Obesitas pada Remaja. Jurnal Kesehatan Metro Sai Wawai [Internet]. 2021;14(2):120–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26630/jkm.v14i2.2665
  40. Sembiring BA, Rosdewi NN, Yuningrum H. Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Kejadian Obesitas pada Remaja di SMA Swasta Cerdas Bangsa, Kecamatan Deli Tua, kabupaten Deli Serdang Medan. Jurnal Formil (Forum Ilmiah) KesMas Respati [Internet]. 2022;7(1):87–95. Available from: http://formilkesmas.respati.ac.id
  41. Chao AM, Jastreboff AM, White MA, Grilo CM, Sinha R. Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related hormones: Prospective prediction of 6-month changes in food cravings and weight. Obesity. 2017 Apr 1;25(4):713–20
  42. Bouillon-Minois JB, Trousselard M, Thivel D, Gordon BA, Schmidt J, Moustafa F, et al. Ghrelin as a biomarker of stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 1;13(3):1–15
  43. Mayataqillah F, Nugraheni F, Zulkarnain O. Hubungan Tingkat Stres dengan Kejadian Obesitas pada Remaja SMA Negeri 1 Bintan Timur. Jurnal Info Kesehatan. 2023;13(1):571–6
  44. Firmanurochim W, Romadhon YA, Novita I, Mahmuda N, Dasuki MS. Hubungan Kebiasaan Makan Malam dan Tingkat Stres dengan Kejadian Obesitas pada Remaja PutriH. Proceeding Book National Symposium and Workshop Continung Medical Education XIV. 2021;
  45. Febriani RT, Soesetidjo A, Tiyas FW. Consumption of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrate Among Adolescent with Overweight / Obesity. Journal of Maternal and Child Health [Internet]. 2019;4(2):70–6. Available from: http://thejmch.com/index.php?journal=thejmch&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=136&path%5B%5D=129
  46. Zou Y, Huang L, Zhao D, He M, Han D, Su D, et al. Food and Nutrient Intake in Children and Adolescents with or without Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients. 2023 Oct 1;15(20)
  47. Liu M, Tang W, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Baima kangzhuo, Li Y, et al. Urban-rural differences in the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and obesity in China. Environ Res. 2021 Oct 1;201
  48. Segovia-Siapco G, Khayef G, Pribis P, Oda K, Haddad E, Sabaté J. Animal protein intake is associated with general adiposity in adolescents: The teen food and development study. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 1;12(1)
  49. Harlim A, Bontong SI, Rahfiludin MZ. Relationship between Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Consumption with Obesity Incidence in 2014 UKI Faculty of Medicine Students. Amerta Nutrition [Internet]. 2022;6(4):385–91. Available from: 10.20473/amnt.v6i4.2022.385-391
  50. Del Mar Bibiloni M, Tur JA, Morandi A, Tommasi M, Tomasselli F, Maffeis C. Protein intake as a risk factor of overweight/obesity in 8-to 12-year-old children. Medicine (United States). 2015;94(52)

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-11-14 22:16:55

No citation recorded.