Penilaian Risiko Pajanan Sulfur Dioksida (SO₂), dan Nitrogen Dioksida (NO₂) pada Pedagang Kaki Lima di Pasar Raya Kota Padang

Abstract

Latar belakang: Aktivitas transportasi di kawasan Pasar Raya Kota Padang berpotensi menyebabkan pajanan SO₂, dan NO₂ pada pedagang kaki lima. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi konsentrasi ketiga gas, hubungan dengan parameter lingkungan, serta estimasi risiko inhalasi individual dan gabungan.

Metode: Penelitian observasional dilakukan di tiga titik lokasi Pasar Raya selama Mei–Juni 2025. Pengambilan sampel gas dilakukan menggunakan impinger selama 8 jam, dianalisis dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Data meteorologi, jumlah kendaraan, serta wawancara terhadap 33 pedagang di setiap titik digunakan sebagai data pendukung. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif dan korelasi menggunakan uji Spearman.

Hasil: Konsentrasi SO₂(8,84–14,94 µg/m³), dan NO₂ (16,28–29,38 µg/m³) masih memenuhi baku mutu PP No. 22 Tahun 2021. Faktor jumlah kendaraan berhubungan positif konsentrasi polutan, sementara suhu, kelembapan, tekanan, dan kecepatan angin menunjukkan korelasi negatif. Nilai Hazard Quotient (HQ) SO₂ dan NO₂baik realtime maupun lifetime menunjukkan nilai < 1. Sementara untuk nilai Hazard Index (HI) lifetime >1 untuk titik 1 dan 2.

Simpulan: Pajanan tunggal SO₂ dan NO₂relatif aman dan tersebut belum berpotensi membahayakan kesehatan para pedagang kaki lima di lokasi studi baik ketika penelitian ini dilakukan maupun jangka panjang. Akan tetapi pajanan secara simultan (NO₂ dan SO₂) berpotensi menimbulkan gangguan fungsi kesehatan dalam jangka panjang untuk 2 titik lokasi sampling.

ABSTRACT

Title: Inhalation Risk Assessment of Carbon Monoxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrogen Dioxide among Street Vendors in Padang City

Background: Transportation activities in the Pasar Raya area of Padang City may expose street vendors to SO₂ and NO₂. This study evaluates the concentrations of CO, SO₂, and NO₂, their relationships with environmental parameters, and the individual and combined risks associated with inhalation exposure.

Methods: An observational study was conducted at three locations in Pasar Raya, Padang City, from May to June 2025. Gas samples were collected using impingers over an 8-hour period and analyzed using UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Meteorological data, vehicle counts, and interviews with 33 street vendors at each location were used as supporting data. Descriptive and correlation analyses were performed using Spearman’s rank correlation test.

Results: SO₂ concentrations (8.84–14.94 µg/m³) and NO₂ concentrations (16.28–29.38 µg/m³) remained below the ambient air quality standards stipulated in Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021. Vehicle counts were positively correlated with pollutant concentrations, whereas temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed showed negative correlations. The hazard quotients (HQs) for SO₂ and NO₂ were below 1 for both real-time and lifetime exposure scenarios. However, the lifetime hazard index (HI) exceeded 1 at Sites 1 and 2.

Conclusion: Individual exposure to SO₂ and NO₂ was associated with hazard quotient (HQ) values below 1, indicating no potential non-carcinogenic risk from either pollutant alone under the assessed real-time and lifetime exposure scenarios. However, combined exposure to SO₂ and NO₂ resulted in lifetime hazard index (HI) values exceeding 1 at two sampling sites, indicating the potential for adverse non-carcinogenic health effects from long-term exposure.