DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jkli.84807

Interaksi Pajanan Timbal dan Nutrisi terhadap Kejadian Anemia pada Remaja Putri di Wilayah Industri Logam, Kabupaten Tegal

1Program Doktor Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

2Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Bhamada Slawi, Tegal, Indonesia

Open Access Copyright 2026 Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

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Abstract

Latar belakang: Anemia pada remaja putri masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat, terutama di kawasan industri logam. Selain defisiensi zat besi, paparan timbal (Pb) diduga berkontribusi terhadap anemia melalui gangguan sintesis hemoglobin. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan asupan zat besi dan kadar timbal darah dengan kejadian anemia pada remaja putri di Kabupaten Tegal.

Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross-sectional ini melibatkan 83 remaja putri yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Kadar hemoglobin diperiksa menggunakan hematology analyzer (Mindray BC-5000) dengan metode Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), sedangkan kadar timbal (Pb) darah dianalisis menggunakan Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (AAS) (Shimadzu AA-7000). Asupan zat gizi diukur melalui 24-hour food recall dan dianalisis menggunakan NutriSurvey. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Chi-Square dan regresi logistik.

Hasil: Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara asupan zat besi (p = 0,0001) dan kadar timbal dalam darah (p=0,002) dengan kejadian anemia. Berdasarkan analisis multivariat, asupan zat besi merupakan faktor dominan terhadap kejadian anemia (OR = 0,015; IK95% 0,002–0,088; p<0,001). Selain itu, kadar timbal dalam darah juga berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kejadian anemia (OR = 0,260; IK 95%: 0,112–0,600; p = 0,002). Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa kadar timbal yang rendah memberikan efek protektif, sehingga remaja dengan paparan timbal tinggi menanggung risiko anemia yang secara substansial lebih besar. Sebaliknya, variabel usia tidak menunjukkan korelasi yang bermakna terhadap kejadian anemia (p > 0,05).

Simpulan: Asupan zat besi dan kadar timbal darah berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian anemia, dengan asupan zat besi sebagai faktor dominan. Oleh karena itu, pencegahan anemia perlu dilakukan melalui peningkatan asupan zat besi dan pengendalian paparan timbal.

ABSTRACT

Title: The Interaction Between Lead Exposure and Nutritional Status on the Incidence of Anemia Among Adolescent Girls in a Metal Industrial Area of Tegal Regency

Background: Anemia among adolescent girls remains a public health issue, particularly in industrial metal-processing areas. In addition to iron deficiency, lead (Pb) exposure contributes to anemia by disrupting hemoglobin synthesis. This study aimed to analyze the associations of iron intake and blood lead levels with the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in Tegal Regency

Method: This observational, cross-sectional study involved 83 adolescent girls selected through purposive sampling. Hemoglobin levels were measured using a hematology analyzer (Mindray BC-5000) employing the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) method, while blood lead levels were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (Shimadzu AA-7000). Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour recall and analyzed with NutriSurvey software. Data were evaluated using chi-square tests and logistic regression.

Result: Bivariate analysis revealed that both iron intake (p < 0.001) and blood lead levels (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with the prevalence of anemia. Multivariate analysis identified iron intake as the primary determinant of anemia (OR = 0.015; 95% CI: 0.002–0.088; p < 0.001). Furthermore, blood lead levels remained significantly associated with the prevalence of anemia (OR = 0.260; 95% CI: 0.112–0.600; p = 0.002). These findings suggest that lower lead levels exert a protective effect, indicating that adolescents with elevated lead exposure face a substantially greater risk of developing anemia. Conversely, age was not significantly associated with the prevalence of anemia (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Both iron intake and blood lead levels are significantly associated with the prevalence of anemia, with iron intake serving as the primary determinant. Consequently, anemia prevention strategies should focus on improving iron intake and controlling environmental lead exposure.

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Keywords: Pajanan; Timbal; Nutrisi;Anemia; Remaja Putri

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Section: Research Articles
Language : ID
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