Socioeconomic Roles in Cesarean Section Delivery in the Philippines: A Secondary Analysis of the 2022 National Demographic and Health Survey

Diah Yunitawati; Agung Dwi Laksono; Ratna Dwi Wulandari; Leny Latifah; Diyan Ermawan Effendi; Taufiq Hidayat; Wahyu Pudji Nugraheni; Dennis B. Batangan

doi:10.14710/nmjn.v15i2.70559

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v15i2.70559

Socioeconomic Roles in Cesarean Section Delivery in the Philippines: A Secondary Analysis of the 2022 National Demographic and Health Survey

*Diah Yunitawati

- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

Agung Dwi Laksono - Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

Ratna Dwi Wulandari - Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia

Leny Latifah - Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

Diyan Ermawan Effendi - Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

Taufiq Hidayat - Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

Wahyu Pudji Nugraheni - Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

Dennis B. Batangan - Institute of Philippine Culture, School of Social Sciences Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

BibTex Citation Data :

@article{NMJN70559,
    author = {Diah Yunitawati and Agung Dwi Laksono and Ratna Dwi Wulandari and Leny Latifah and Diyan Ermawan Effendi and Taufiq Hidayat and Wahyu Pudji Nugraheni and Dennis B. Batangan},
    title = {Socioeconomic Roles in Cesarean Section Delivery in the Philippines: A Secondary Analysis of the 2022 National Demographic and Health Survey},
    journal = {Nurse Media Journal of Nursing},
  volume = {15},
    number = {2},
    year = {2025},
    keywords = {Big data; cesarean section; maternal health; public health; reproductive health},
    abstract = {  Background:  Cesarean section (CS) delivery should only be performed with medical indications. It is important to analyze the socioeconomic role in CS and determine how to address socioeconomic-related factors in optimizing CS coverage in the Philippines using the latest national data.   Purpose:  This study analyzed the socioeconomic roles in CS delivery in the Philippines.   Methods:  This study used secondary data from the 2022 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The cross-sectional study included 4,452 women aged 15–49 who had given birth within the previous three years. Seven control factors were examined: employment, antenatal care (ANC), age, education, marital status, residence, and parity. The mode of delivery was considered the outcome variable, while socioeconomic status was the exposure variable. Binary logistic regression was used for the final data analysis.   Results:  Cesarean section was performed in 18.45% of deliveries in the Philippines. Analysis of socioeconomic status showed that women in the “poorer” group were 1.758 times more likely than the poorest to undergo CS (AOR 1.758; 95% CI 1.757–1.758). Women in the middle-income group were 2.164 times more likely than the poorest to have a CS (AOR 2.164; 95% CI 2.163–2.165). Those in the richer group were 2.718 times more likely (AOR 2.718; 95% CI 2.717–2.719), and the richest were 4.787 times more likely to deliver by CS compared to the poorest (AOR 4.787; 95% CI 4.785–4.789).   Conclusion:  Socioeconomic disparities are strongly associated with CS delivery in the Philippines. The wealthier the mother, the more likely she is to have a CS. Efforts should focus on reducing unnecessary CS in the rich and richest groups. Optimizing ANC education should include addressing psychological needs, promoting positive values, and providing a sense of security and comfort in normal childbirth. At the same time, equitable access to CS should be ensured for the poorest groups through education and insurance coverage. },
   issn = {2406-8799},  doi = {10.14710/nmjn.v15i2.70559},
    url = {https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/medianers/article/view/70559}
}

Citation Format:

Abstract

Background: Cesarean section (CS) delivery should only be performed with medical indications. It is important to analyze the socioeconomic role in CS and determine how to address socioeconomic-related factors in optimizing CS coverage in the Philippines using the latest national data.

Purpose: This study analyzed the socioeconomic roles in CS delivery in the Philippines.

Methods: This study used secondary data from the 2022 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The cross-sectional study included 4,452 women aged 15–49 who had given birth within the previous three years. Seven control factors were examined: employment, antenatal care (ANC), age, education, marital status, residence, and parity. The mode of delivery was considered the outcome variable, while socioeconomic status was the exposure variable. Binary logistic regression was used for the final data analysis.

Results: Cesarean section was performed in 18.45% of deliveries in the Philippines. Analysis of socioeconomic status showed that women in the “poorer” group were 1.758 times more likely than the poorest to undergo CS (AOR 1.758; 95% CI 1.757–1.758). Women in the middle-income group were 2.164 times more likely than the poorest to have a CS (AOR 2.164; 95% CI 2.163–2.165). Those in the richer group were 2.718 times more likely (AOR 2.718; 95% CI 2.717–2.719), and the richest were 4.787 times more likely to deliver by CS compared to the poorest (AOR 4.787; 95% CI 4.785–4.789).

Conclusion: Socioeconomic disparities are strongly associated with CS delivery in the Philippines. The wealthier the mother, the more likely she is to have a CS. Efforts should focus on reducing unnecessary CS in the rich and richest groups. Optimizing ANC education should include addressing psychological needs, promoting positive values, and providing a sense of security and comfort in normal childbirth. At the same time, equitable access to CS should be ensured for the poorest groups through education and insurance coverage.

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Keywords: Big data; cesarean section; maternal health; public health; reproductive health

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Nurse Media Journal of Nursing and Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, the Editors and the Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in the journal. In any way, the contents of the articles and advertisements published in the Nurse Media Journal of Nursing are sole and exclusive responsibility of their respective authors and advertisers.

Please note that even though we ask for a transfer of copyright for publishing (CTAP), our journal Author(s) retain (or are granted back) significant scholarly rights as mentioned before.

The Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP) Form can be downloaded here: [Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP) Form NMJN 2024]

The copyright form should be signed electronically and send to the Editorial Office in the form of original e-mail below:

Dr. Sri Padma Sari (Editor-in-Chief)
Editorial Office of Nurse Media Journal of Nursing
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro
Jl. Prof. Soedarto, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 50275
Telp.: +62-24-76480919; Fax.: +62-24-76486849
E-mail: media_ners@live.undip.ac.id

(This policy statements has been updated at 24th January 2024)

Socioeconomic Roles in Cesarean Section Delivery in the Philippines: A Secondary Analysis of the 2022 National Demographic and Health Survey

Journal Author(s) Rights

Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (Publishing Right)

OFFICE INFORMATION