DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v16i2.72559

Predictive Factors Influencing the Psychological Well-Being of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Cross-Sectional Study

Umi Shalihatun  -  Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia
*Nina Setiawati orcid scopus  -  Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia
Lutfatul Latifah  -  Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) face a wide range of physical, psychological, and social challenges that may negatively affect their psychological well-being. Previous studies have identified various psychosocial and demographic factors associated with psychological well-being among women with PCOS; however, findings regarding these factors remain inconsistent.

Purpose: This study examined the associations of modifiable factors, including religiosity, social support, and body mass index (BMI), with psychological well-being among women with PCOS.

Methods: This study employed an analytical cross-sectional design. A total of 106 participants were recruited using convenience sampling from the “PCOS Fighter Indonesia” Instagram community. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, a religiosity scale, a multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and a psychological well-being questionnaire. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test due to small expected cell counts. Variables with p values < .25 were included in the multivariable logistic regression model.

Results: Social support was significantly associated with psychological well-being (p = .029), whereas BMI (p = .076) and religiosity (p = .815) were not. Multivariable analysis showed that social support was the dominant factor associated with psychological well-being. Participants with low social support were more likely to have poor psychological well-being than those with high social support.

Conclusion: Social support was the dominant modifiable factor associated with psychological well-being among women with PCOS. Nurses should provide supportive and community-based interventions that focus on strengthening social support to improve psychological well-being among women with PCOS.

Fulltext Email colleagues
Keywords: Body mass index; polycystic ovary syndrome; psychological well-being; religiosity; social support

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Most cited articles
Family Experiences of Mental Illness: A Meta-Synthesis Case Study: Evidence-Based Interventions Enhancing Diabetic Foot Care Behaviors among Hospitalized DM Patients Relationships between Triage Knowledge, Training, Working Experiences and Triage Skills among Emergency Nurses in East Java, Indonesia Back-matter The Quality of Life of Women with Cervical Cancer in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study More cited articles
  1. Aba, Y. A., & Şik, B. A. (2022). Body image and sexual function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study. Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira, 68(9), 1264–1269. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.20220367
  2. Acoba, E. F. (2024). Social support and mental health: The mediating role of perceived stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 15 Article 1330720. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330720
  3. Alsumri, H., Szatkowski, L., Gibson, J., Fiaschi, L., & Bains, M. (2023). Psychosocial impacts of infertility among Omani women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A qualitative study. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility, 17(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.22074/IJFS.2022.550111.1310
  4. Amraeni, Y., Kadir B.A., Ode I.W., & Mandala W.U. (2023). The impact of sexually transmitted infections on male and female infertility: Literature review. Miracle Journal of Public Health (MJPH), 6(1). https://doi.org/10.36566/mjph/Vol6.Iss1/311
  5. Arisandi, W., Al Gazali, M., Lama, B., & Ilir Bar, K. I. (2023). Risk factors for endocrine diseases in human reproduction causes of infertility (a literature review). Science Midwifery, 11(1), 2721–9453. https://doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v11i1.1188
  6. Bursac, Z., Gauss, C. H., Williams, D. K., & Hosmer, D. W. (2008). Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code for Biology and Medicine, 3, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0473-3-17
  7. Carmina, E., Azziz, R., Bergfeld, W., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Futterweit, W., Huddleston, H., Lobo, R., & Olsen, E. (2019). Female pattern hair loss and androgen excess: A report from the multidisciplinary androgen excess and PCOS committee. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 104(7), 2875–2891. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-02548
  8. Conejero, A. M., & García, M. A. (2023). Analytical observational studies. Angiologia, 75(6), 385–390. https://doi.org/10.20960/angiologia.00544
  9. Conroy, R. (2016). Sample size: A rough guide. Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/samplesizecalculation.pdf
  10. Doust, J., Baneshi, M., & Mishra, G. (2022). The trajectory of body mass index in women with PCOS in two cohorts of Australian women. Research Square, 3(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1706022/v1
  11. Glock, C. Y. (1962). On the study of religious commitment. Religious Education, 57(4), S98–S110. https://doi.org/10.1080/003440862057S407
  12. Ekpor, E., Brobbey, S. S., Kumah, C. Y., & Akyirem, S. (2025). Experience of infertility-related stigma in Africa: a systematic review and mixed methods meta-synthesis. International health, 17(6), 903–913. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaf060
  13. Hartarini, Y. M., Khayatun, S., & Selviana, T. (2023). The contribution of women workers to the family economy. Journal CAPITAL, 5(1), 50-65. https://doi.org/10.33747/capital.v5i1.163
  14. Hasan, M., Sultana, S., Sohan, M., Parvin, S., Ashrafur Rahman, M., Jamal Hossain, M., Rahman, M. S., & Rabiul Islam, M. (2022). Prevalence and associated risk factors for mental health problems among patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 17(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270102
  15. Hillman, S. C., Bryce, C., Caleyachetty, R., & Dale, J. (2020). Women’s experiences of diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: A mixed-methods study in general practice. Cancer Prevention Research, 13(5), E322–E329. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X708881
  16. Honarvar, N., & Taghavi, M. (2022). Relation of religious coping and depression levels in infertile women. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 15(2), 134–142. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v15i2.2685
  17. Istiqomah, N. Q., Abidin, Z., & Candoruk, A. (2023). Quality of life in the community of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A phenomenology study. Psympathic : Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 10(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v10i2.28829
  18. Joshanloo, M. (2024). No evidence of longitudinal association between religiosity and psychological well-being: Challenging prevailing assumptions. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909241262209
  19. Juniastira, S. (2018). Hubungan antara dukungan sosial dan kualitas hidup pada pasien stroke [The relationship between social support and quality of life in stroke patients] [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. Program Studi Psikologi, Universitas Islam Indonesia
  20. Jurić Vukelić, D., Kušević, Z., & Vuksan-Ćusa, B. (2021). The role of religiosity in coping with infertility treatment. Psychiatria Danubina, 33(4), 960–964. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35026828/
  21. Kartikasari. (2014). Hubungan antara religiusitas dengan kesejahteraan psikologis pada penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2. [The relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients] [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Muhammdiyah Surakarta
  22. Kataoka, J., Olsson, M., Lindgren, E., Larsson, I., Schmidt, J., Benrick, A., & Stener-Victorin, E. (2024). Effects of weight loss intervention on anxiety, depression and quality of life in women with severe obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63166-w
  23. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2019). Tabel batas ambang indeks massa tubuh (IMT) [Body mass index (BMI) threshold table]. http://p2ptm.kemkes.go.id/infographic-p2ptm/obesitas/tabel-batas-ambang-indeks-massa-tubuh-imt
  24. Khan, F., Govender, N., & Thandar, Y. (2025). The current landscape of mental health challenges in women with PCOS: a narrative review. Current Psychology, 44(6), 4679–4691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07435-5
  25. Lagowska, K., Bajerska, J., & Pieczyńska, J. M. (2024). Dietary factors and the risk of depression among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Nutrients, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060763
  26. Lyons, N., Cooper, C., & Lloyd-Evans, B. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of group peer support interventions for people experiencing mental health conditions. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 315. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03321-z
  27. Mishra, A. J., & Sharma, S. (2022). I have lost my identity: Disease management challenges of the women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Journal of Health Management, 24(4), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/09720634221112136
  28. Moridi, A., Roozbeh, N., Yaghoobi, H., Soltani, S., Dashti, S., Shahrahmani, N., & Banaei, M. (2019). Etiology and risk factors associated with infertility. International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences, 7(3), 346–353. https://doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2019.57
  29. Nemoon, R. E., Behrozi-Lak, T., Mohaddesi, H., Khalkhali, H. R., Rasouii, J., & Ghasemzadeh, S. (2022). Correlation between marital satisfaction and mental health in infertile couples referred to Kosar infertility clinic in Urmia: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Cancer Research, 7(4), 341–347. https://doi.org/10.30699/jogcr.7.4.341
  30. Neven, A. C. H., Forslund, M., Ranasinha, S., Sethi, P., Dhungana, R. R., Mousa, A., Tay, C. T., Teede, H., & Boyle, J. A. (2026). Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a global and regional systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 32(3), 277–312. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaf030
  31. Nik Hazlina, N. H., Norhayati, M. N., Shaiful Bahari, I., & Nik Muhammad Arif, N. A. (2022). Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057132
  32. Nurlita, S., Setiawati, N., and Pratiwi, H. M. (2023). Psychological well-being of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on the instagram community ‘PCOS Fighter Indonesia’[Unpublished undergraduate thesis].Fakultas Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
  33. Pal, S. (2024). Impact of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on mental well-being and self-esteem among women in India. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 12(2), 1985-1998. https://doi.org/10.25215/1202.172
  34. Rachmayani, D., & Ramdhani, N. (2014). Adaptasi bahasa dan budaya skala psychological well-being [Language and cultural adaptation of the psychological well-being scale]. Seminar Nasional Psikometri. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
  35. Rista, M., Ati, S., Matulessy, A., & Farid, M. (2018). The relationship between gratitude and social support with the stress of mother who have children in special needs. Journal of Child Development Studies E, 3(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jcds.3.1.44-58
  36. Romeiro, J., Caldeira, S., Brady, V., Hall, J., & Timmins, F. (2017). The spiritual journey of infertile couples: Discussing the opportunity for spiritual care. Religions, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8040076
  37. Rushinaidu, T., Eswari, G., Achari Kumar, L. S., Jnapika, M., & Krishnapriya, L. (2023). A review article on PCOS and its impact on quality of life in women correlation with age basal metabolic index and various factors. International Journal of Health Care and Biological Sciences, 4(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.46795/ijhcbs.v4i1.404
  38. Ryff, C. D. & S. B. (2008). Know they self and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Psychology, 9(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
  39. Safara, M., Haghighi, H., Heidari, A., Saeedi, Z., Doudaran, P. J., & Rad, A. T. (2025). The role of spirituality in the psychological well-being of infertile women through the mediation of emotion regulation: A predictive correlational study. In Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health. 13(1). 4611–4621. https://doi.org/10.22038/JMRH.2023.74664.2193
  40. Saqib, T., & Rizvi, T. (2024). Social support as the predictor of psychological well-being among PCOS women in Kashmir. Indian Journal of Psychology, 1, 94–105
  41. Sarwar, F., Rafiq, N., Gull, N., Khalid, H., Ibrahim, A., Hanan, A., & Usman, M. (2024). Socio-cultural perspective on polycystic ovary syndrome patients: From lived experience to treatment. Migration Letters, 21(10), 1037–1058. www.migrationletters.com
  42. Sesillia, L. (2020). Kesejahteraan psikologis pada masyarakat miskin [Psychological well-being among impoverished communities] [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
  43. Shirin Dason, E., Koshkina, O., Chan, C., & Sobel, M. (2024). Diagnosis and management of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 196(3), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.231251
  44. Sioma-Markowska, U. & Milena, O. (2021). Polycystic ovary syndrome and the perception of body image by women. Ginekologia Poloznictwo, 59(1), 28–34. https://www.ginekologiaipoloznictwo.com/articles/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-and-the-perception-of-body-image-by-women-81618.html#ai
  45. Sohbati, F., Hasanpoor-Azghady, S. B., Jafarabadi, M., Amiri-Farahani, L., & Mohebbi, M. (2021). Psychological well-being of infertile women and its relationship with demographic factors and fertility history: A cross-sectional study. BMC Women’s Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01167-3
  46. Stepto, N. K., Patten, R. K., Tassone, E. C., Misso, M. L., Brennan, L., Boyle, J., Boyle, R. A., Harrison, C. L., Hirschberg, A. L., Marsh, K., Moreno-Asso, A., Redman, L., Thondan, M., Wijeyaratne, C., Teede, H. J., & Moran, L. J. (2019). Exercise recommendations for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Is the evidence enough? Sports Medicine, 49(8), 1143–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01133-6
  47. Tabassum, F., Sinha, H. H., Dhar, K., Jyoti, C., Akhtar, M. S., & Chopra, V. S. (2020). Assessment of psycho-emotional distress due to age, body mass index, and marital status in polycystic ovary syndrome in North Indian population. International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences, 8(4), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2020.59
  48. Villani, D., Sorgente, A., Iannello, P., & Antonietti, A. (2019). The role of spirituality and religiosity in subjective well-being of individuals with different religious status. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01525
  49. Wai, S., Chan, C., Rahnejat, A., Wogie, G., & Gheshlagh, R. G. (2022). Marital satisfaction in Iranian infertile women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1027005
  50. Wang, G., Liu, X., Zhu, S., & Lei, J. (2023). Experience of mental health in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A descriptive phenomenological study. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 44(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2023.2218987
  51. Wang, X., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest, 158(1), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
  52. Wasata, R., R. A. Chertok, I., Kingori, C., & T. Haile, Z. (2020). Exploratory study of knowledge and experience of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among PCOS-diagnosed Bangladeshi women. Women Health Care and Issues, 3(1), 01–09. https://doi.org/10.31579/2642-9756/021
  53. Xie, Y., Ren, Y., Niu, C., Zheng, Y., Yu, P., & Li, L. (2023). The impact of stigma on mental health and quality of life of infertile women: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 1093459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1093459
  54. Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1). 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
  55. Zurlo, M. C., Cattaneo Della Volta, M. F., & Vallone, F. (2018). Predictors of quality of life and psychological health in infertile couples: The moderating role of duration of infertility. Quality of Life Research, 27(4), 945–954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1781-4

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-08-31 23:03:26

No citation recorded.