DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.10.2.167-178

Illustration of Rapid Urban Growth in Surkhet Valley of Nepal via Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics

*Padam Bahadur Budha orcid scopus  -  Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP), Dehradun, India, Nepal
Ashutosh Bhardwaj orcid scopus  -  Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, India, India
Rajesh Bahadur Thapa orcid scopus  -  International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Lalitpur, Nepal, Nepal

Citation Format:
Abstract

Surkhet Valley hosts Birendranagar City which is the capital of Karnali Province of Nepal and there is a rapid change in the landscape of this valley. This change can be attributed to its designation as an administrative capital and the leading economic center of the province. Thus, this study aimed to observe the changing land use and land cover (LULC) patterns of Surkhet Valley. Object-based image analysis was carried out for image classification for Landsat images of years 1989, 1999, 2009, and 2019. Key findings, for the area of 103.15 km2 Surkhet Valley, showed decreasing area of cultivated lands and increasing spatial coverage of built-up areas. The cultivated lands that measured 42 km2 for the year 1989 had plummeted to just 28.23 km2 in 2019. On the other side, the area covered by built-up class was only 1.16 km2 in 1989 which rose to 15.41 km2 in 2019. The changes in LULC coverage of other classes such as forests, shrub/grassland, sand, and water were negligible. The rate of change in the area of LULC classes built-up and cultivation was near but in the opposite direction. Built-up had an increasing rate of 0.49 km2year-1 while cultivation area had a decreasing rate of -0.46 km2year-1. When the built-up area of 2019 was compared to the base area of 1989 it had a gain of 1270.46% indicating its rapid growth in the past three decades. These reflected an increasing trend in spatial coverage of built-up areas indicating rapid urban growth.    

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Birendranagar Municipality; GIS; Karnali Province; Object-based image analysis; Urbanization

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research
Language : EN
Recent articles
Illustration of Rapid Urban Growth in Surkhet Valley of Nepal via Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics Comparative Study for Understanding the Spatial Growth Pattern of Pune and Jaipur City from 1990 to 2020 Modelling Groundwater Vulnerability to Contamination using DRASTIC Model through Geospatial Techniques over Northern Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa Sonic Justice and Tree Equity: Exploring Spatial Correlations between Aviation-Related Noise, Demographics, and Tree Canopy More recent articles
Most cited articles
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING AND ITS APPLICATION FOR FLOATING FISH NET CULTURE A SPATIAL ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSING THE SUITABILITY OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AS SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT SCALE IN SUPPORTING CHILD-FRIENDLY SURAKARTA MAPPING AND ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION ON MAJOR ROADS IN MINNA (CASE STUDY OF CHANCHAGA L.G.A) GIS-BASED LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY ASSESSMENT AND FACTOR EFFECT ANALYSIS BY CERTAINTY FACTOR IN UPSTREAM OF JENEBERANG RIVER, INDONESIA Evaluation of MODIS-Derived LST Products with Air Temperature Measurements in Cyprus More cited articles

  1. Bhandari, G. (2013). Trends In Seasonal Precipitation And Temperature – A Review In Doti And Surkhet Districts Of Nepal. International Journal of Environment, 2(1), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.3126/ije.v2i1.9227">[Crossref] 

  2. Bhattarai, K., Adhikari, A. P., & Gautam, S. P. (2023). State of urbanization in Nepal: The official definition and reality. Environmental Challenges, 13(October), 100776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100776">[Crossref] 

  3. Chaolin, G. (2020). Urbanization. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Vol. 12, pp. 141–153). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10355-5">[Crossref] 

  4. Chatterjee, U., & Majumdar, S. (2022). Impact of land use change and rapid urbanization on urban heat island in Kolkata city: A remote sensing based perspective. Journal of Urban Management, 11(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2021.09.002">[Crossref]

  5. Cheng, G., & Han, J. (2016). A survey on object detection in optical remote sensing images. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 117, 11–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.014">[Crossref]

  6. Devkota, P., Dhakal, S., Shrestha, S., & Shrestha, U. B. (2023). Land use land cover changes in the major cities of Nepal from 1990 to 2020. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 17, 100227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2023.100227">[Crossref] 

  7. Drǎguţ, L., Tiede, D., & Levick, S. R. (2010). ESP: A Tool to Estimate Scale Parameter for Multiresolution Image Segmentation of Remotely Sensed Data. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 24(6), 859–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810903174803">[Crossref]

  8. Foody, G. M. (2002). Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment, 80(1), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00295-4">[Crossref]

  9. Hay, G. J., & Castilla, G. (2006). Object-Based Image Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT). International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, XXXVIII(4/C42), 8–10. Retrieved from http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/4-C42/Papers/01_Opening Session/OBIA2006_Hay_Castilla.pdf

  10. Feng, Y., He, S., & Li, G. (2021). Interaction between urbanization and the eco-environment in the Pan-Third Pole region. Science of The Total Environment, 789, 148011https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148011">.[Crossref]

  11. Ishtiaque, A., Shrestha, M., & Chhetri, N. (2017). Rapid Urban Growth in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Monitoring Land Use Land Cover Dynamics of a Himalayan City with Landsat Imageries. Environments, 4(4), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4040072">[Crossref] 

  12. Karna, B. K., Mandal, U. K., & Bhardwaj, A. (2013). Urban Sprawl Modeling using RS and GIS Technique in Kirtipur Municipality. Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal, 12, 50–56. https://doi.org/10.3126/njg.v12i0.9073">[Crossref] 

  13.  

  14. Khan, M. S., Ullah, S., Sun, T., Rehman, A. U., & Chen, L. (2020). Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes and Its Contribution to Urban Heat Island: A Case Study of Islamabad, Pakistan. Sustainability, 12(9), 3861. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093861">[Crossref] 

  15. Mallick, S. K., Rudra, S., & Maity, B. (2023). Unplanned urban built-up growth creates problem in human adaptability: Evidence from a growing up city in eastern Himalayan foothills. Applied Geography, 150, 102842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102842">[Crossref]

  16. Menashe‐Oren, A., & Bocquier, P. (2021). Urbanization Is No Longer Driven by Migration in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries (1985–2015). Population and Development Review, 47(3), 639–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12407">[Crossref] 

  17. MoUD. (2017). National Urban Development Strategy, Part B Detailed Document. Retrieved from Government of Nepal, Ministry of Urban Development website: https://www.moud.gov.np/storage/listies/July2019/NUDS_PART_B.pdf

  18. Ning, C., Subedi, R., & Hao, L. (2023). Land Use/Cover Change, Fragmentation, and Driving Factors in Nepal in the Last 25 Years. Sustainability, 15(8), 6957. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086957">[Crossref] 

  19. Pokharel, R., Bertolini, L., te Brömmelstroet, M., & Acharya, S. R. (2021). Spatio-temporal evolution of cities and regional economic development in Nepal: Does transport infrastructure matter? Journal of Transport Geography, 90, 102904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102904">[Crossref] 

  20. Qayyum, U., Sabir, S., & Anjum, S. (2021). Urbanization, informal economy, and ecological footprint quality in South Asia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(47), 67011–67021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15111-x">[Crossref] 

  21. Rai, R., Yili, Z., Paudel, B., Khanal, N. R., & Acharya, B. K. (2020). Satellite Image-Based Monitoring of Urban Land Use Change and Assessing the Driving Factors in Pokhara and Bharatpur Metropolitan Cities, Gandaki Basin, Nepal. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 11(1), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2020.01.009">[Crossref] 

  22. Rijal, S., Rimal, B., & Sloan, S. (2018). Flood Hazard Mapping of a Rapidly Urbanizing City in the Foothills (Birendranagar, Surkhet) of Nepal. Land, 7(2), 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7020060">[Crossref] 

  23. Rimal, B., Zhang, L., Fu, D., Kunwar, R., & Zhai, Y. (2017). Monitoring Urban Growth and the Nepal Earthquake 2015 for Sustainability of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Land, 6(2), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/land6020042">[Crossref] 

  24. Rimal, B., Zhang, L., Stork, N., Sloan, S., & Rijal, S. (2018). Urban expansion occurred at the expense of agricultural lands in the Tarai region of Nepal from 1989 to 2016. Sustainability, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051341">[Crossref] 

  25. Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018). Urbanization - Our World in Data. Retrieved July 16, 2021, from https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization#citation

  26. Roy, P. S., Roy, A., Joshi, P. K., Kale, M. P., Srivastava, V. K., Srivastava, S. K., … Kushwaha, D. (2015). Development of decadal (1985-1995-2005) land use and land cover database for India. Remote Sensing, 7(3), 2401–2430. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70302401">[Crossref] 

  27. Sarker, B., N. Keya, K., I. Mahir, F., M. Nahiun, K., Shahida, S., & A. Khan, R. (2021). Surface and Ground Water Pollution: Causes and Effects of Urbanization and Industrialization in South Asia. Scientific Review, 7(73), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.32861/sr.73.32.41">[Crossref] 

  28. Shrestha, B., Zhang, L., Sharma, S., Shrestha, S., & Khadka, N. (2022). Effects on ecosystem services value due to land use and land cover change (1990–2020) in the transboundary Karnali River Basin, Central Himalayas. SN Applied Sciences, 4(5), 137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-022-05022-y">[Crossref] 

  29. Shrestha, C. B., & Rijal, S. P. (2017). Revisit to functional classification of towns in Nepal. Geographical Journal of Nepal, 10, 15–27. https://doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v10i0.17387">[Crossref]

  30. Shrestha, M., & Acharya, S. C. (2021). Assessment of historical and future land‐use–land‐cover changes and their impact on valuation of ecosystem services in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Land Degradation & Development, 32(13), 3731–3742. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3837">[Crossref]

  31. Thapa, R. B., & Murayama, Y. (2009). Examining spatiotemporal urbanization patterns in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Remote sensing and spatial metrics approaches. Remote Sensing, 1(3), 534–556. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1030534">[Crossref]

  32. Twayana, R., Bhandari, S., & Shrestha, R. (2020). Analyzing Urban Growth Pattern and Driving Factors Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Banepa Municipality, Nepal. Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal, 20(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.3126/njg.v20i1.39471">[Crossref]

  33. United Nations DESA. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. Retrieved July 16, 2021, from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division website: https://population.un.org/wup/

  34. Wang, R., Murayama, Y., & Morimoto, T. (2021). Scenario simulation studies of urban development using remote sensing and GIS: review. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 22, 100474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100474">[Crossref]

  35. Zhang, L., Yang, L., Zohner, C. M., Crowther, T. W., Li, M., Shen, F., … Zhou, C. (2022). Direct and indirect impacts of urbanization on vegetation growth across the world’s cities. Science Advances, 8(27), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo0095">[Crossref]

  36.  

  37.  


Last update:

  1. More developed means dangerous: spatial evidence of multi-decadal urbanising watershed and its impact to flash flood in metropolitan Semarang-Indonesia

    Anang W. Sejati, Novida Waskitaningsih, Dian P. Sukmawati, Imam Buchori, Savira N. A. K. Putri, Ahmad J. Muzaki, Yayan Sugiyantoro. Environmental Hazards, 2024. doi: 10.1080/17477891.2024.2341720

  2. Garment industry-led urbanization and women workers: factory- and home-based work in Indonesia

    Imam Buchori, Abdurrahman Zaki, Pangi Pangi, Anang Wahyu Sejati, Angrenggani Pramitasari. International Review of Sociology, 34 (2), 2024. doi: 10.1080/03906701.2024.2366348

Last update: 2024-11-20 13:23:11

No citation recorded.