slot depo 1k

slot gacor

demo slot

slot

slot gacor

slot gacor

sbobet

mahjong ways

slot depo 5k

sbobet

mariatogel88

gaspol777

Kongbet268

HKG999

menara88

kongbet268

777w

rp55

888R

SL999

GG999

SL88

8II

RP99

RK88

KONGBET268

slot depo 5k

spaceman

mahjong ways 2

pg soft

sbobet


DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jhp.14.1.122-166

TOWARD AN INCLUSIVE PAPUA: HARMONIZATION OF INDIGENOUS LEGAL VALUES AND GENDER EQUILITY PRINCIPLES IN WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT

*Heru Andryana Suherman  -  Institut Agama Islam Negeri Fattahul Muluk Papua, Indonesia
Fadillah Wulansari  -  Universitas Doktor Husni Ingratubun Papua, Indonesia
Bambang Heryanto  -  Institut Miftahul Huda Subang, Indonesia
Hera Fauziah Lubis  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia

Citation Format:
Abstract

Papua, a region rich in cultural heritage and indigenous legal systems, faces persistent challenges in achieving gender equality and empowering women. Despite their significant contributions to socio-economic life, particularly in agriculture, natural resource management, and local trade, Papuan women remain marginalized within customary decision-making structures and formal political institutions. This study explores the intersection of indigenous legal values and gender equality principles in Papua, focusing on the need for legal harmonization to promote women’s empowerment. Gender inequality in Papua is rooted in entrenched patriarchal values that place women in subordinate roles, limiting their access to education, economic resources, and decision-making opportunities. Legal pluralism, where customary law coexists with national laws, often reflects conflicting norms that hinder women’s rights and participation. The research advocates for a dialogical, participatory approach to legal reform, where customary values are interpreted in ways that support gender equality, without undermining local wisdom. Empowerment strategies, including legal education, economic development programs, and policy reforms, are essential to ensure that Papuan women can actively participate in societal transformation. The study emphasizes the importance of inclusive policy-making, gender-sensitive legal frameworks, and community involvement in achieving sustainable development and social justice. By integrating gender equality principles into Papua’s legal systems, both customary and state law, the region can move towards a more inclusive and just society. Women’s empowerment is not only crucial for gender justice but also serves as a key driver of economic growth and sustainable development. This study ultimately calls for a comprehensive approach to harmonizing indigenous legal systems with national principles of gender equality, ensuring that Papuan women are not only recognized for their contributions but also given the opportunity to shape their futures.

Fulltext View|Download Email colleagues
Keywords: Gender Equality; Customary Law; Women’s Empowerment; Legal Reform; Social Justice

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Most cited articles
Pembangunan Hukum Negara dalam Masyarakat Multikultural: Perspektif Hukum Progresif Arsenal Hukum Progresif Hukum Progresif: Hukum yang Membebaskan More cited articles
  1. Abra, Emy Hajar, and Rofi Wahanisa. ‘The Constitutional Court Ultra Petita as a Protection Form of Economic Rights in Pancasila Justice’. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 5, no. 1 (2020): 187–224. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v5i1.35965
  2. Adongo, Awinaba Amoah, and Vincent de Paul Kanwetuu. ‘The Lived Experiences of Women’s Identities and Intersections in Accessing Social Justice Within the Ghanaian Informal Legal System: A Phenomenological Investigation’. Women’s Studies International Forum 107 (November 2024): 103005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2024.103005
  3. Afrendi, Baselius, and Sri Widayanti. ‘Collaborative Governance Pemerintah Desa, Lembaga Adat Dan Masyarakat Dalam Melestarikan Gawai Dayak’. Journal of Indonesian Rural and Regional Government 9, no. 2 (2025): 306–15. https://doi.org/10.47431/jirreg.v9i2.720
  4. Agrawal, Reena, Priti Bakhshi, Arti Chandani, Ramona Birau, and Suhan Mendon. ‘Challenges Faced by Women Entrepreneurs in South Asian Countries Using Interpretive Structural Modeling’. Cogent Business & Management 10, no. 2 (2023): 2244755. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2244755
  5. Allen, Louisa. ‘Hegemonic Masculinity and Addressing Gender Inequality’. The Journal of Men’s Studies 33, no. 3 (2025): 575–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/10608265251329561
  6. Al-Sharmani, Mulki. Feminist Activism, Women’s Rights, and Legal Reform. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013
  7. Alsop, Ruth, Mette Frost Bertelsen, and Jeremy Holland. Empowerment in Practice: From Analysis to Implementation. World Bank Publications, 2006
  8. Archibong, Uduak, and Kingsley Udie Utam. ‘Affirmative Action Measures and Gender Equality: Review of Evidence, Policies, and Practices’. In Gender Equality, edited by Walter Leal Filho, Anabela Marisa Azul, Luciana Brandli, Amanda Lange Salvia, and Tony Wall. Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95687-9_52
  9. Arya, AS, and Rahul Shukla. ‘Connecting Women’s Empowerment and Environmental Sustainability: A Review’. Multidisciplinary Reviews 8, no. 9 (2025): 2025298. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2025298
  10. Aslichati, Lilik. ‘Organisasi Pemberdayaan Dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Sebagai Sarana Pemberdayaan Perempuan’. Jurnal Organisasi Dan Manajemen 7, no. 1 (2011): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.33830/jom.v7i1.77.2011
  11. Beever, Allan. ‘Aristotle on Equity, Law, and Justice’. Legal Theory 10, no. 1 (2004): 33–50. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352325204000163
  12. Borren, Marieke. ‘Feminism as Revolutionary Practice: From Justice and the Politics of Recognition to Freedom’. Hypatia 28, no. 1 (2013): 197–214. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01260.x
  13. Breitkreuz, Rhonda, and Marian Baird. ‘Women’s Economic Empowerment: A Global Pathway to Gender Equality?’ The Economic and Labour Relations Review 36, no. 2 (2025): 318–36. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/elr.2025.10027
  14. Butt, Simon, and Tim Lindsey. ‘Who Owns the Economy? Property Rights, Privatization, and the Indonesian Constitution: The Electricity Law Case’. In Property and the Law in Energy and Natural Resources, edited by Aileen McHarg, Barry Barton, Adrian Bradbrook, and Lee Godden. Oxford University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579853.003.0013
  15. Chala, Dejene Gemechu, and Nega Jibat Gemede. ‘Legal Pluralism, Gender and Justice: Women’s Rights to Property Under Marriage Dissolution Among the Oromo in Jimma, Ethiopia’. Legal Pluralism and Critical Social Analysis 54, nos 2–3 (2022): 278–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/27706869.2022.2115222
  16. Chaudhuri, Ajit. ‘Understanding “Empowerment”’. Journal of Development Policy and Practice 1, no. 2 (2016): 121–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455133315612298
  17. Chopra, Tanja, and Deborah Isser. ‘Access to Justice and Legal Pluralism in Fragile States: The Case of Women’s Rights’. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 4, no. 2 (2012): 337–58. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/S187640451200019X
  18. Chowdhury, Elora Halim. ‘Rethinking Patriarchy, Culture and Masculinity: Transnational Narratives of Gender Violence and Human Rights Advocacy’. Hawwa (Leiden, The Netherlands) 12, no. 1 (2014): 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341253
  19. Christens, Brian D. ‘Targeting Empowerment in Community Development: A Community Psychology Approach to Enhancing Local Power and Well-Being’. Community Development Journal 47, no. 4 (2012): 538–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bss031
  20. Chroust, Anton-Hermann, and David L. Osborn. ‘Aristotle’s Conception of Justice’. Notre Dame Law Review 17, no. 2 (1942): 129–43. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol17/iss2/2/
  21. Clarke, Susan E. ‘Context-Sensitive Policy Methods’. In Handbook of Public Policy Analysis. Routledge, 2017
  22. Clayton, Susan D., and Faye J. Crosby. Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action. University of Michigan Press, 2025
  23. Cookson, Tara Patricia, Lorena Fuentes, Maria Klara Kuss, and Jennifer Bitterly. Social Norms, Gender and Development: A Review of Research and Practice. No. 25216112. UN-Women, 2023. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2023/10/discussion-paper-social-norms-gender-and-development-a-review-of-research-and-practice
  24. Cornwall, Andrea, and Althea-Maria Rivas. ‘From ‘Gender Equality and “Women’s Empowerment” to Global Justice: Reclaiming a Transformative Agenda for Gender and Development’. Third World Quarterly 36, no. 2 (2015): 396–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1013341
  25. Crenshaw, Kimberle. ‘Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics’. The University of Chicago Legal Forum 140 (1989): 139–68. https://philpapers.org/rec/CREDTI
  26. Crenshaw, Kimberle. ‘Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color’. Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (1991): 1241–99. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
  27. Deda, Andreas Jefri, and Suriel Semuel Mofu. ‘Masyarakat Hukum Adat Dan Hak Ulayat Di Provinsi Papua Barat Sebagai Orang Asli Papua Ditinjau Dari Sisi Adat Dan Budaya: Sebuah Kajian Etnografi Kekinian’. Jurnal Administrasi Publik 11, no. 2 (2014): 11–22. https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/JAP/article/view/1495
  28. Dehrashid, Parsa Ahmadi, Hossein Mansourian, and Ayyoob Sharifi. ‘Healthy Cities as Catalysts for Sustainable Development: A Systematic Review of Co-Benefits, Trade-Offs, and Solutions to the SDGs’. Progress in Planning 203, no. 1 (2026): 101032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2025.101032
  29. Duflo, Esther. ‘Women Empowerment and Economic Development’. Journal of Economic Literature 50, no. 4 (2012): 1051–79. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.4.1051
  30. Dushkova, Diana, and Olga Ivlieva. ‘Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience’. Sustainability 16, no. 19 (2024): 8700. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198700
  31. Eastin, Joshua, and Aseem Prakash. ‘Economic Development and Gender Equality: Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve?’ World Politics 65, no. 1 (2013): 156–86. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887112000275
  32. Egede, Leonard E., Rebekah J. Walker, and Joni S. Williams. ‘Addressing Structural Inequalities, Structural Racism, and Social Determinants of Health: A Vision for the Future’. Journal of General Internal Medicine 39, no. 3 (2024): 487–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-023-08426-7
  33. Espada, Ana Luiza Violato, and Karen A. Kainer. ‘Women and Timber Management: From Assigned Cook to Strategic Decision-Maker of Community Land Use’. Land Use Policy 127 (April 2023): 106560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106560
  34. Farias, Mariana Gonçalves, Mariana Costa Biermann, Leticia Ferreira de Melo Maia, and Glysa de Oliveira Meneses. ‘Structural Patriarchy and Male Dominance Hierarchies’. In Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence, edited by Todd K. Shackelford. Springer International Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85493-5_2152-1
  35. Fergusson, Ross, and John Muncie. ‘Conflict Resolution, Restoration and Informal Justice’. In Criminal Justice: Local and Global. Willan, 2012
  36. Filho, Walter Leal, Marina Kovaleva, Stella Tsani, et al. ‘Promoting Gender Equality Across the Sustainable Development Goals’. Environment, Development and Sustainability 25, no. 12 (2023): 14177–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02656-1
  37. Fredrick, L. A., C. Lucian, and J. Urassa. ‘Women and Land Rights: The Impact of Formalization in Tanzania’s Coastal Region’. Research in Globalization 10 (June 2025): 100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2025.100288
  38. Hadiprayitno, Irene I. ‘The Limit of Narratives: Ethnicity and Indigenous Rights in Papua, Indonesia’. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 24, no. 1 (2017): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02401004
  39. Hans, Emmanuel, and Anjali Hans. ‘Comprehensive Overview of the Role of Women in Leadership Positions for Fostering a Future Sustainable Society’. In Managing for Sustainability, Volume 3. World Scientific?Economic Growth Centre Contemporary Series in Modern Economy, Volume 3. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789819807215_0008
  40. Hermawan, Adi Iwan, Maman Suryaman, Kastam Syamsi, Ismail Marzuki, and Ho Ngoc Hieu. ‘Inclusive Education and Papuan Literature for Diversity and Equality’. EDUKASIA Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran 6, no. 2 (2025): 903–14. https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v6i2.1527
  41. International Development Law Organization. Issue Brief: Women and Customary and Informal Justice Systems. International Development Law Organization, 2020. https://www.idlo.int/publications/issue-brief-women-and-customary-and-informal-justice-systems
  42. Jackson, Ruth, Abinet Shiferaw, Befikadu Melesse Taye, and Zegeye Woldemariam. ‘Landscape Multifunctionality in (and Around) the Kafa Biosphere Reserve: A Sociocultural and Gender Perspective’. Landscape Research 46, no. 1 (2021): 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2020.1831460
  43. Jansson, Peter M. ‘An Explorative Integration of Factors Causing Men’s Violence Against Women’. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry 8, no. 2 (2017): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.15406/jpcpy.2017.08.00475
  44. Jayachandran, Seema. ‘The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries’. In Annual Review of Economics, vol. 7. no. Volume 7, 2015. Annual Reviews, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115404
  45. Jenbise, Diana Binkor. ‘Suara “Sang Cenderawasih” Yang Membisu: Perjuangan Para Perempuan Papua Dalam Menggapai Keadilan’. Jurnal Perempuan 26, no. 3 (2021): 185–94. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v26i3.627
  46. Jones, Adam. ‘Does “Gender” Make the World Go Round? Feminist Critiques of International Relations’. Review of International Studies 22, no. 4 (1996): 405–29. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210500118649
  47. Kabeer, Naila. ‘Gender Equality, Economic Growth, and Women’s Agency: The “Endless Variety” and “Monotonous Similarity” of Patriarchal Constraints’. Feminist Economics 22, no. 1 (2016): 295–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1090009
  48. Kabeer, Naila. ‘Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment’. Development and Change 30, no. 3 (1999): 435–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
  49. Kabeer, Naila, and Luisa Natali. ‘Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is There a Win-Win?’ IDS Working Papers 2013, no. 417 (2013): 1–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00417.x
  50. Kardam, Nüket. ‘The Emergence of a Global Gender Equity Regime’. International Journal 57, no. 3 (2002): 411–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070200205700307
  51. Karim, Rabiul, Lene Lindberg, Sarah Wamala, and Maria Emmelin. ‘Men’s Perceptions of Women’s Participation in Development Initiatives in Rural Bangladesh’. American Journal of Men’s Health 12, no. 2 (2018): 398–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988317735394
  52. Katiyatiya, Chenaimoyo Lufutuko Faith, and Thobeka Ncanywa. ‘Women’s Empowerment as a Driver to Household Food Security in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: A Structural Equation Model Approach’. Frontiers in Sociology 11 (2026): 1758912. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1758912
  53. Khan, Sania. ‘Women Empowerment as a Mediator Between Environmental Conservation and Climate Intervention.’ International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning 19, no. 5 (2024): 1855–64. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.190523
  54. Killen, Melanie, Kathryn M. Yee, and Martin D. Ruck. ‘Social and Racial Justice as Fundamental Goals for the Field of Human Development’. Human Development 65, nos 5–6 (2021): 257–69. https://doi.org/10.1159/000519698
  55. Kim, Seh Young. ‘Analyzing the Impacts of Informal Institutional Factors Affecting Gender Inequality: Evidence from 43 Countries’. World Development Perspectives 28 (December 2022): 100470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2022.100470
  56. Kirihio, Melania Pasifika, Sornica Ester Lily, and Morentalisa Hutapea. Perempuan Menjaga Tanah Dan Hutan: Bahan Diskusi Bagi Perempuan Adat Papua. Asia Justice and Rights (AJAR), 2021
  57. Klasen, Stephan. ‘The Impact of Gender Inequality on Economic Performance in Developing Countries’. In Annual Review of Resource Economics, vol. 10. no. Volume 10, 2018. Annual Reviews, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100517-023429
  58. Kleinbooi, Karin. ‘Reshaping Women’s Land Rights on Communal Rangeland’. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 30, nos 1–2 (2013): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2013.797027
  59. Klemparskyi, Mykola M., Helena V. Pavlichenko, Roman Ye Prokopiev, Leonid V. Mohilevskyi, and Yuliia M. Burniagina. ‘Gender Inequality in the Labour Market of Ukraine’. Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation 16, no. 2 (2022): 140–57. https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.16.2.0140
  60. Knoblock, Jacquelyn. ‘Gender and Violence: A Reflective Sociology of How Gender Ideologies and Practices Contribute to Gender Based Violence’. Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge 6, no. 2 (2008): 91–102. https://www.okcir.com/product/journal-article-gender-and-violence-a-re%ef%ac%82ective-sociology-of-how-gender-ideologies-and-practices-contribute-to-gender-based-violence-by-jacquelyn-knoblock-2/
  61. Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan. Suara Perempuan Dalam Kebijakan: Riset Kebijakan Ekstremisme Kekerasan Dan Gender Indonesia. Komnas Perempuan, 2024. https://komnasperempuan.go.id/pengembangan-pengetahuan-detail/suara-perempuan-dalam-kebijakan-riset-kebijakan-ekstremisme-kekerasan-dan-gender-indonesia
  62. Korompot, Moh Iqra Syabani, Sholahuddin Al-Fatih, and David Pradhan. ‘The Principle of Equality Before the Law in Indonesian Corruption Case: Is It Relevant?’ Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1, no. 3 (2021): 135–46. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v1i3.13
  63. Kowarin, Lena Ratu Ningsih, Fitriana, and Rachmat Agus Santoso. ‘Pemberdayaan Perempuan Papua Untuk Kemajuan Ekonomi Lokal’. Jurnal Bina Bangsa Ekonomika 17, no. 2 (2024): 1882–98. https://doi.org/10.46306/jbbe.v17i2.625
  64. Kumar, Sunil Mitra, Lucio Esposito, Adrián Villaseñor, and Sandra Macedo. ‘Gender, Race and Their Interplay with Economic Status: Intersectionality and Asymmetric Jeopardies in Brazilian Education’. World Development 199 (March 2026): 107232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107232
  65. Lee, Joo-Young. ‘Distributive Justice, and Economic and Social Rights’. In Human Rights and Economic Inequalities, edited by Gillian MacNaughton, Diane Frey, and Catherine Porter. Globalization and Human Rights. Cambridge University Press, 2021. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009006545.010
  66. Lenz, Ilse. ‘Equality, Difference and Participation: The Women’s Movements in Global Perspective’. In The History of Social Movements in Global Perspective: A Survey, edited by Stefan Berger and Holger Nehring. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-30427-8_16
  67. Lima, Raquel, and Graça Guedes. ‘Sustainable Development Goals and Gender Equality: A Social Design Approach on Gender-Based Violence’. Sustainability 16, no. 2 (2024): 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020914
  68. Lorber, Judith. ‘The Social Construction of Gender’. In Inequality in the 21st Century. Routledge, 2018
  69. Lwamba, Etienne, Shannon Shisler, Will Ridlehoover, et al. ‘Strengthening Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality in Fragile Contexts towards Peaceful and Inclusive Societies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. Campbell Systematic Reviews 18, no. 1 (2022): e1214. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1214
  70. Manhas, Sarika. ‘Structural and Cultural Barriers to the Economic Empowerment of Women’. In Women and Empowerment: Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 5, edited by Rekha Koul, Renu Gupta, Bharti Tandon, and Rupa Gupta. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2759-2_8
  71. Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea, and Adya Paramita Prabandari. ‘Indonesian Constitutional Guarantees Against Discriminatory Treatment: An Empirical Study’. Diponegoro Law Review 9, no. 2 (2024): 332–52. https://doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.9.2.2024.332-352
  72. Martin, Patricia Yancey. ‘Gender As Social Institution’. Social Forces 82, no. 4 (2004): 1249–73. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2004.0081
  73. Maswati, Rani, and Luth Luth. ‘Papuan Women in Sustainable Development: A Thematic Analysis and Policy Recommendations’. Citizen and Government Review 1, no. 1 (2024): 32–41. https://cjrjournal.com/index.php/cgr/article/view/4
  74. Mhembwe, Smart. ‘Gendered Challenges Faced by Rural Women Self-Help Groups in Shurugwi District, Zimbabwe’. The Dyke 18, no. 1 (2024): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.10520/ejc-dyke_v18_n1_a9
  75. Moghadam, Valentine M., and Lucie Senftova. ‘Measuring Women’s Empowerment: Participation and Rights in Civil, Political, Social, Economic, and Cultural Domains’. International Social Science Journal 57, no. 184 (2005): 389–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2451.2005.00557.x
  76. Munro, Jenny. ‘Gender Struggles of Educated Men in the Papuan Highlands’. In Transformations of Gender in Melanesia. ANU Press, 2017
  77. Munro, Jenny, and Yohana Baransano. ‘From Saving to Survivance: Rethinking Indigenous Papuan Women’s Vulnerabilities in Jayapura, Indonesia’. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 64, no. 2 (2023): 209–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12367
  78. Naafs, Suzanne, and Ben White. ‘Intermediate Generations: Reflections on Indonesian Youth Studies’. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 13, no. 1 (2012): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2012.645796
  79. Nahumury, Amanda Putri, and Rian Antony. ‘Semi-Online Learning as a Solution to the Digital Divide in Education in Frontier, Outermost, and Disadvantaged Regions’. Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Dan Kajian Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran, Dan Pembelajaran 8, no. 2 (2022): 331–40. https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v8i2.4960
  80. Natalis, Aga. ‘From Feminist Debates to Feminist Policy: Toward a Polymorphous Discourse in Prostitution Regulation’. Revista Direito e Sexualidade 6, no. 2 (2025): 1–41. https://doi.org/10.9771/rds.v6i2.66251
  81. Natalis, Aga, Shannon Lorelei Wibowo, Marzellina Hardiyanti, and Aju Putrijanti. ‘Exploring Intersectionality: The Legal Challenges Faced by Indigenous Women in Palm Oil Land Conflicts’. Diponegoro Law Review 10, no. 2 (2025): 173–97. https://doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.10.2.2025.173-198
  82. Nikjoo, Adel, Siamak Seyfi, and Jarkko Saarinen. ‘Promoting Gender Inclusivity Through Community-Based Tourism’. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights 6, no. 1 (2025): 100181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2025.100181
  83. Nurinaya, Nurinaya, and Etik Siswatiningrum. ‘Signifikansi Peran Perempuan Adat Papua Dalam Upaya Iklim Berkelanjutan’. Josh: Journal of Sharia 4, no. 2 (2025): 21–37. https://doi.org/10.55352/josh.v4i02.1894
  84. Odera, Josephine A., and Judy Mulusa. ‘SDGs, Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: What Prospects for Delivery?’ In Sustainable Development Goals and Human Rights, edited by Markus Kaltenborn, Markus Krajewski, and Heike Kuhn. Springer International Publishing, 2020
  85. Oktarina, Tri Nurmega, and Anisa Yulianti. ‘The Role of Women in Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection: A Discourse of Ecofeminisme in Indonesia’. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development 1, no. 2 (2022): 107–38. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v1i2.58137
  86. Omojemite, Matthew, Elphina Nomabandla Cishe, and Mpongwana Zibongiwe. ‘Gender Stereotyping and Social Norms: Exploring Theoretical Perspectives and Educational Implications’. Research in Social Sciences and Technology 9, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2024.48
  87. Omojemite, Matthew Damilola. ‘Unpacking Gender Inequality in Education: A Theoretical Exploration’. Journal of Culture and Values in Education 7, no. 4 (2024): 103–16. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.2024.43
  88. Pelupessy, Eddy. ‘The Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Revaluation of Papua Special Autonomy’. Hasanuddin Law Review 3, no. 1 (2017): 77–90. https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v3i1.1047
  89. Peralta-Jaramillo, Kiara G. ‘Challenges and Advances in Gender Equity: Analysis of Policies, Labor Practices, and Social Movements’. Social Sciences 14, no. 7 (2025): 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070401
  90. Permanyer, Iñaki. ‘The Measurement of Multidimensional Gender Inequality: Continuing the Debate’. Social Indicators Research 95, no. 2 (2010): 181–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9463-4
  91. Perry, Robin. ‘Balancing Rights or Building Rights?: Reconciling the Right to Use Customary Systems of Law with Competing Human Rights in Pursuit of Indigenous Sovereignty’. Harvard Human Rights Journal 24 (June 2011): 71–114. Informit.T2025013000019700904681262. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.T2025013000019700904681262
  92. Pleck, Joseph H. ‘Masculinity—Femininity’. Sex Roles 1, no. 2 (1975): 161–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288009
  93. Pratiwi, Andi Misbahul, Katie McQuaid, and Robert M. Vanderbeck. ‘Gender, Vulnerability, and Power in Indonesia’s Climate Policies’. Climate Policy, 20 March 2026, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2026.2645652
  94. Prihatini, Ella S. ‘Substantive Representation of Women in Indonesia’. In Substantive Representation of Women in Asian Parliaments. Routledge, 2022
  95. Pugu, Melyana R., Dhea T. Lumentut, and Yan G. Pelamonia. ‘Perempuan Pedesaan Dan Disabilitas Di Provinsi Papua Dan Papua Barat (Suatu Analisa Hubungan Internasional Dalam Pelaksanaan Otsus Papua)’. Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 7, no. 4 (2022): 3464–82. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v7i4.6653
  96. Purwanti, Ani, Zahroh Shaluhiyah, Bagoes Widjanarko, and Aga Natalis. ‘Empowering Women: A Reflection on Protecting Against Dating Violence In the Indonesian Context’. Articles. Qubahan Academic Journal 4, no. 1 (2024): 38–52. https://doi.org/10.58429/qaj.v4n1a245
  97. Rahardjo, Satjipto. ‘Hukum Progresif: Hukum Yang Membebaskan’. Jurnal Hukum Progresif 1, no. 1 (2011): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.14710/hp.1.1.1-24
  98. Rahardjo, Satjipto. Penegakan Hukum Progresif. Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2010
  99. Rajput, Priya, and Jagdish Jadhav. ‘Conflicts Over Natural Resources and Gender-Based Violence at Sialsui, India’. The International Journal of Community and Social Development 5, no. 4 (2023): 375–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026231214853
  100. Razavi, Shahra. ‘The 2030 Agenda: Challenges of Implementation to Attain Gender Equality and Women’s Rights’. Gender & Development 24, no. 1 (2016): 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2016.1142229
  101. Reba, Yansen Alberth, Yovian Yustiko Prasetya, and M. Zaenul Muttaqin. ‘Movie Review “Hana,” Resilience and Empowerment of Papuan Women in the Face of Systemic Injustice’. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy 37, nos 1–2 (2025): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952833.2024.2424630
  102. Rendall, Michelle. ‘Structural Change in Developing Countries: Has It Decreased Gender Inequality?’ World Development 45 (May 2013): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005
  103. Ridgeway, Cecilia L. ‘Framed Before We Know It: How Gender Shapes Social Relations’. Gender & Society 23, no. 2 (2009): 145–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243208330313
  104. Rodiyah, Isnaini, and Arum Choirun Nisa. ‘Government Action on Violence Against Women: Enhancing Good Governance in Regional Units’. Indonesian Journal of Public Policy Review 24 (2023). https://doi.org/10.21070/ijppr.v24i0.1340
  105. Rubio-Guzmán, Eva M., and Miguel Urra-Canales. ‘Critical Analysis of Aggressive Masculinity and Protective Femininity in Adolescents and Young Adults’. Masculinities & Social Change 13, no. 2 (2024): 100–129. https://doi.org/10.17583/mcs.12582
  106. Rudman, Laurie A., Peter Glick, and Peter Samuel Glick. The Social Psychology of Gender: How Power and Intimacy Shape Gender Relations. Guilford Publications, 2021
  107. Sahrakorpi, Tiia, and Venkata Bandi. ‘Empowerment or Employment? Uncovering the Paradoxes of Social Entrepreneurship for Women Via Husk Power Systems in Rural North India’. Energy Research & Social Science 79 (September 2021): 102153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102153
  108. Santoso, Widjajanti M. ‘Hubungan Gender Dan Etnisitas: Beberapa Kasus Di Dunia Ketiga’. Jurnal Masyarakat Dan Budaya 5, no. 2 (2015): 93–108. https://doi.org/10.14203/jmb.v5i2.253
  109. Saraswati, Rika. ‘Indigenous Women in the Draft Law of Indigenous Peoples: An Approach Based on Legal Neutrality and Pancasila Values’. Masalah-Masalah Hukum 54, no. 3 (2025): 409–30. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.54.3.2025.409-430
  110. Sarri, G., M. S. Soriano Gabarró, R. F. Cheng, and J. Jhutti-Johal. ‘Intersectoral Action to Transform Health Equity for Women and Girls Globally’. Communications Medicine 6, no. 1 (2025): 40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-025-01290-y
  111. Sawir, Muhammad, Muhammad Younus, Eliza Meiyani, and Rindi Kosasi. ‘Local Wisdom as the Basis for Environmental Policy Innovation with the Practice of Sea Sasi and Sago Hamlets in Papua’s Ecological Governance’. Discover Environment 4, no. 1 (2026): 72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-026-00601-x
  112. Seguino, Stephanie. ‘Gender, Distribution, and Balance of Payments Constrained Growth in Developing Countries’. Review of Political Economy 22, no. 3 (2010): 373–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2010.491285
  113. Sertyesilisik, Begum. ‘Women Empowerment as a Key to Support Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and Global Sustainable Development’. In Gender Inequality and Its Implications on Education and Health: A Global Perspective, edited by Chandrima Chakraborty and Dipyaman Pal. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83753-180-620231014
  114. Shebubakar, Arina Novizas, and Marie Remfan Raniah. ‘Hukum Tanah Adat/Ulayat’. Jurnal Magister Ilmu Hukum: Hukum Dan Kesejahteraan 4, no. 1 (2023): 14–22. https://doi.org/10.36722/jmih.v4i1.758
  115. Sieder, Rachel, and John-Andrew McNeish. Gender Justice and Legal Pluralities. Routledge, 2013
  116. Sihotang, Amri Panahatan, Zaenal Arifin, and Mac Thi Hoai Thuong. ‘The Philosophy and Essence of Ustomary Law in Southeast Asia: A Comparison of Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand’. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan 13, no. 1 (2025): 55–74. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v13i1.1647
  117. Silitonga, Jenia, Lestari Br Tohang, Rio Manuel Matthew Siregar, et al. ‘All Eyes on Papua: Potret Ketidakadilan, Krisis Identitas, Dan Disintegrasi Di Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia’. Jurnal Review Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran 8, no. 2 (2025): 5099–113. https://doi.org/10.31004/jrpp.v8i2.45720
  118. Sokani, Andile. ‘Lack Support Systems and Women’s Political Participation in South Africa’. Social Sciences 14, no. 12 (2025): 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14120693
  119. Spadazzi, Federica, Dalila Tripi, Miriam Ottaviani, Paola Frati, Mauro Arcangeli, and Gianpietro Volonnino. ‘Gender-Based Violence and Femicide: A Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of International and Italian Legislation to Identify Appropriate Clinical and Judicial Management of Victims of Abuse—The “Pink Code” Pathway and Its Medico-Legal Implications’. Forensic Sciences 6, no. 1 (2026): 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6010026
  120. Staples, Lee H. ‘Powerful Ideas About Empowerment’. Administration in Social Work 14, no. 2 (1990): 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1300/J147v14n02_03
  121. Steans, Jill, Lloyd Pettiford, Thomas Diez, and Imad El-Anis. An Introduction to International Relations Theory: Perspectives and Themes. Routledge, 2013
  122. Steytler, Nico. ‘Constitutional Approaches to Diversity and Non-Discrimination in Multi-Level States: Indonesian and South African Jurisprudential Perspectives’. In Courts and Diversity: Twenty Years of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. Brill Nijhoff, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691698_011
  123. Sudirman, Faturachman Alputra, and Rahim Rifai. ‘Private Sector Contribution in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 in Kendari, Indonesia’. International Journal of Qualitative Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.47540/ijqr.v1i1.319
  124. Suhariyanto, Budi, Lilik Mulyadi, Fachrizal Afandi, and Sri Gilang Muhammad S.R.P. ‘Reconstruction of Intersection the Customary Court and State Criminal Court for Indigenous Communities in Papua’. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 9, no. 2 (2024): 1107–36. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v9i2.19155
  125. Suteki, and Aga Natalis. ‘Mainstreaming Progressive Law: Toward an Emancipatory Paradigm in Legal Higher Education’. Cadernos de Dereito Actual, no. 27 (2025): 160–83. https://cadernosdedereitoactual.es/index.php/cadernos/article/view/1339
  126. Syalviana, Evie, and Syahrul. ‘Gender Dan Ekonomi Di Papua Barat: Telaah Atas Peran Perempuan Kokoda Dalam Membantu Kebutuhan Keluarga Di Kota Sorong, Papua Barat’. Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam 13, no. 1 (2021): 69–82. https://doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v13i1.358
  127. Syed, Jawad. ‘Reconstructing Gender Empowerment’. Women’s Studies International Forum 33, no. 3 (2010): 283–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.03.002
  128. Tambaip, Beatus, Paul Adryani Moento, and Alexander Phuk Tjilen. ‘Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan’. Societas: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Dan Sosial 12, no. 1 (2023): 121–28. https://doi.org/10.35724/sjias.v12i1.5096
  129. Tebay, Neles. ‘“Papua, the Land of Peace”: The Interfaith Vision and Commitment for West Papua’. Exchange 36, no. 4 (2007): 337–58. https://doi.org/10.1163/157254307X225025
  130. Thontowi, Jawahir. ‘Perlindungan Dan Pengakuan Masyarakat Adat Dan Tantangannya Dalam Hukum Indonesia’. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 20, no. 1 (2013): 21–36. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol20.iss1.art2
  131. Tickner, J. Ann. ‘Gendering a Discipline: Some Feminist Methodological Contributions to International Relations’. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30, no. 4 (2005): 2173–88. https://doi.org/10.1086/428416
  132. Tiessen, Rebecca. ‘What’s New about Gender Mainstreaming? Three Decades of Policy Creation and Development Strategies’. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue Canadienne d’études Du Développement 26, no. sup1 (2005): 705–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2005.9669108
  133. Tjilen, Alexander Phuk. Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat Lokal Dan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan (Local Community Economic Empowerment And Corporate Social Respon Si Bility)(Teori, Konsep, Dan Implementasi Kebijakan Publik). Deepublish, 2020
  134. True, Jacqui. ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Global Public Policy’. International Feminist Journal of Politics 5, no. 3 (2003): 368–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461674032000122740
  135. Unterhalter, Elaine. ‘Global Inequality, Capabilities, Social Justice: The Millennium Development Goal for Gender Equality in Education’. Measurement and Learning: Achievement Beyond the Mainstream 25, no. 2 (2005): 111–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2004.11.015
  136. Urbaningrum, Luhjingga Panasari. ‘“Kontestasi” Perempuan Dalam Pembangunan Manusia Berbasis Gender Di Provinsi Papua Barat Tahun 2022’. Jurnal El-Hamra: Kependidikan Dan Kemasyarakatan 8, no. 3 (2023): 144–52. https://doi.org/10.62630/elhamra.v8i3.259
  137. Vasandani, Malika Rajan, Dwi Putra Nugraha, and Susi Susantijo. ‘Affirmative Action Study on the Political Rights of Women in the Indonesian Constitution’. Constitutional Review 8, no. 1 (2022): 62–86. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev813
  138. Vickers, Jill. ‘Territorial Pluralism and Family-Law Reform: Conflicts between Gender and Culture Rights in Federations, North and South’. Politikon 40, no. 1 (2013): 57–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2013.765675
  139. Wardhani, Lita Tyesta Addy Listya, and Aga Natalis. ‘Assessing State Commitment to Gender Equality: A Feminist Legal Perspective on Legislative Processes in Indonesia and Beyond’. Multidisciplinary Reviews 7, no. 6 (2024): 2024120. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024120
  140. Wartner-Attarzadeh, Talieh. ‘Female Leadership in Iranian-Arab Shiʻa Rituals from Khorramshahr, South-Western Iran’. In Women’s Leadership in Music: Modes, Legacies, Alliances, edited by Iva Nenic and Linda Cimardi. Transcript Verlag, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839465462-007
  141. Widiastuti, Tika, Samer Ali Al-shami, Imron Mawardi, et al. ‘Capturing the Barriers and Strategic Solutions for Women Empowerment: Delphy Analytical Network Process’. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 10, no. 3 (2024): 100345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100345
  142. Wiranata, I. Made Anom. ‘The Dynamics of International Norms Diffusion: The Study of Women Activists in Bali Dinamika Difusi Norma Internasional: Studi Tentang Aktivis Perempuan Di Bali’. Global Strategis 15, no. 2 (2021): 353–74. https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.15.2.2021.353-374
  143. Yuliantri, Elmas, Faisal Akbar Nasution, Mirza Nasution, and Sutiarnoto Sutiarnoto. ‘Affirmative Action HAM Dalam Pemberdayaan Perempuan Di Papua’. Iuris Studia: Jurnal Kajian Hukum 2, no. 3 (2021): 513–21. https://doi.org/10.55357/is.v2i3.168

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-05-12 19:37:24

No citation recorded.