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Effect of El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Heat Transport in The Indonesia Throughflow Passages and Ocean Heat Content in The Banda Sea

1Earth Science Study Program, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology , Indonesia

2Indonesia Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics, Indonesia

3Earth Science Study Program, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology , Indonesia

4 Oceanography Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

5 Korea-Indonesia Marine Technology Cooperation Research Center, Indonesia

6 Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Indonesia

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Received: 4 Oct 2024; Revised: 11 Nov 2024; Accepted: 4 Dec 2024; Available online: 1 Mar 2024; Published: 8 Mar 2025.

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Abstract

Indonesia Throughflow (ITF) flows water mass from the Northern Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean through Indonesian waters. This research was conducted in the Eastern Indonesia waters in 2009–2019 using Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) reanalysis and World Ocean Database (WOD) to analyze heat transport in ITF passages and ocean heat content in the Banda Sea. The analysis shows that ITF and heat transport have a strong relationship with a correlation of 0.7 during El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Regarding the vertical profile by depth, heat transport in the Makassar Strait during La Niña was detected to be stronger in the Labani Channel and Central Sulawesi water, with values of -1.2 PW and -0.6 PW. Then, in the Lifamatola Strait, it was identified as strengthening in the Lifamatola Channel and Halmahera Strait with a value of -0.5 PW and -0.3 PW. The lag correlation between heat transport and the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) shows a lag time of around 3-4 months, with the ENSO preceding heat transport. Mixed layer depth has an inverse relationship and salinity has a direct relationship with ENSO. Meanwhile, salinity has a relationship that is directly proportional to the ENSO. Another influence is the Rossby (Kelvin) waves when La Niña (El Niño) propagates to the West (Central) Pacific region, which tends to cause higher (lower) sea level elevations so that ITF and heat transport become strong (weak). It causes the ocean heat content (OHC) to increase during La Niña and decrease during El Niño.

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Keywords: ITF; heat transport; ocean heat content; ENSO
Funding: Marine Technology Cooperation Research Center

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