DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.24.1.%25p

Assesing Urban Heat Island Impact on Environmental Critically Index in Padang City, Indonesia

1Departement of Environmental Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, Jalan Prof. Dr. Hamka, Air Tawar Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia, Indonesia

2Departement of Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, Jalan Prof. Dr. Hamka, Air Tawar Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia, Indonesia

Received: 16 Mar 2025; Revised: 31 May 2026; Accepted: 4 Jun 2026; Available online: 24 May 2026; Published: 11 Jun 2026.
Editor(s): Budi Warsito

Citation Format:
Abstract

Rapid urbanization and vegetation loss significantly intensify the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, escalating ecological vulnerability in tropical coastal cities. This study evaluates the spatial relationship between urban warming and environmental degradation in Padang City, Indonesia—a medium-sized tropical coastal city characterized by rapid development and a sharp topographic transition from coastal lowlands to eastern mountains. Utilizing Landsat 8 satellite imagery (January 2023–January 2024) processed via Google Earth Engine (GEE), this research integrates Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and built-up indices to map UHI intensity and the Environmental Criticality Index (ECI). The results reveal a stark west-east environmental dichotomy: the highly built-up western coastal lowlands act as intensive urban heat hotspots, exhibiting low NDVI values (down to -0.35), maximum LST values of 33.47°C, and high environmental criticality (covering 6.92% of the total area). Conversely, the eastern mountainous zone naturally mitigates thermal stress due to high forest canopy cover and environmental lapse rate benefits. Statistical analysis confirms a strong positive correlation between ECI and LST (r=0.72), demonstrating that urban overheating directly drives broader environmental degradation. Although limited by a single-year dataset and a lack of in-situ validation, this study provides a novel framework for mapping ecological vulnerability. These findings underscore the urgent need for climate-resilient spatial planning in Padang, including mandatory building-scale blue-green infrastructure (green roofs and walls) in the dense western core and strict enforcement of a minimum 30% green open space (RTH) quota in expanding sub-urban zones.

Fulltext View|Download Email colleagues
Keywords: Urban Heat Island; Environmental Criticality Index; Land Surface Temperature; Remote Sensing; Google Earth Engine; Padang City

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : EN
Most cited articles
POTENSI GLISEROL DALAM PEMBUATAN TURUNAN GLISEROL MELALUI PROSES ESTERIFIKASI PENGAMBILAN MINYAK KEDELAI DARI AMPAS TAHU SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL Daya Dukung Jalur Pendakian Bukit Raya Di Taman Nasional Bukit Baka Raya Kalimantan Barat PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH RUMAH TANGGA DI KECAMATAN DAHA SELATAN Analisis Penyebab Masyarakat Tetap Tinggal di Kawasan Rawan Bencana Gunung Merapi (Studi di Lereng Gunung Merapi Kecamatan Cangkringan, Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta) More cited articles
  1. Ahmad, B., Najar, M. B., & Ahmad, S. (2024). Analysis of LST, NDVI, and UHI patterns for urban climate using Landsat-9 satellite data in Delhi. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 265, 106359. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JASTP.2024.106359
  2. Al-Hamdan, M. Z., Oduor, P., Flores, A. I., Kotikot, S. M., Mugo, R., Ababu, J., & Farah, H. (2017). Evaluating land cover changes in Eastern and Southern Africa from 2000 to 2010 using validated Landsat and MODIS data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 62, 8–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAG.2017.04.007
  3. Coseo, P., & Larsen, L. (2014). How factors of land use/land cover, building configuration, and adjacent heat sources and sinks explain Urban Heat Islands in Chicago. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2014.02.019
  4. Darmawan1, S., & Barry2, A. L. (n.d.). ANALISIS FENOMENA URBAN HEAT ISLAND MENGGUNAKAN GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE (Studi kasus: Jawa Barat, Indonesia). In FTSP Series. http://tanahair.indonesia.go.id,
  5. Deilami, K., Kamruzzaman, M., & Liu, Y. (2018). Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 67, 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAG.2017.12.009
  6. Fattah, M. A., Morshed, S. R., & Morshed, S. Y. (2021). Impacts of land use-based carbon emission pattern on surface temperature dynamics: Experience from the urban and suburban areas of Khulna, Bangladesh. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 22, 100508. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSASE.2021.100508
  7. Hulley, G. C., Ghent, D., Göttsche, F. M., Guillevic, P. C., Mildrexler, D. J., & Coll, C. (2019). Land Surface Temperature. Taking the Temperature of the Earth: Steps towards Integrated Understanding of Variability and Change, 57–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814458-9.00003-4
  8. Hussain, S., & Karuppannan, S. (2023). Land use/land cover changes and their impact on land surface temperature using remote sensing technique in district Khanewal, Punjab Pakistan. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 7(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2021.1923272
  9. Irshad, Z., Hassan, M., Akbar, S., Farooq, M., & Chishtie, F. A. (2024). Spatiotemporal changes in LULC and associated impact on urban Heat Islands over Pakistan using geospatial techniques. Urban Climate, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102112
  10. Jia, Q., Zhou, L., Yu, W., Wang, X., Wen, R., & Xie, Y. (2020). Surface Energy Flux Changes and Budget in a Typical Coastal Reed Wetland (Liaohe Delta, China). Journal of Coastal Research, 36(5), 1005–1012. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00156.1
  11. Kabano, P., Lindley, S., & Harris, A. (2021). Evidence of urban heat island impacts on the vegetation growing season length in a tropical city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 206, 103989. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2020.103989
  12. Kafy, A. Al, Dey, N. N., Al Rakib, A., Rahaman, Z. A., Nasher, N. M. R., & Bhatt, A. (2021). Modeling the relationship between land use/land cover and land surface temperature in Dhaka, Bangladesh using CA-ANN algorithm. Environmental Challenges, 4, 100190. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVC.2021.100190
  13. Kolokotroni, M., Ren, X., Davies, M., & Mavrogianni, A. (2012). London’s urban heat island: Impact on current and future energy consumption in office buildings. Energy and Buildings, 47, 302–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2011.12.019
  14. Lai, L. W., & Cheng, W. L. (2009). Air quality influenced by urban heat island coupled with synoptic weather patterns. Science of the Total Environment, 407(8), 2724–2733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.002
  15. Li, L., Manier, H., & Manier, M. A. (2020). Integrated optimization model for hydrogen supply chain network design and hydrogen fueling station planning. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 134, 106683. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPCHEMENG.2019.106683
  16. Manoli, G., Fatichi, S., Schläpfer, M., Yu, K., Crowther, T. W., Meili, N., Burlando, P., Katul, G. G., & Bou-Zeid, E. (2019). Magnitude of urban heat islands largely explained by climate and population. Nature, 573(7772), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1512-9
  17. Roy, S., Pandit, S., Eva, E. A., Bagmar, M. S. H., Papia, M., Banik, L., Dube, T., Rahman, F., & Razi, M. A. (2020). Examining the nexus between land surface temperature and urban growth in Chattogram Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh using long term Landsat series data. Urban Climate, 32, 100593. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UCLIM.2020.100593
  18. Santamouris, M. (2015). Regulating the damaged thermostat of the cities - Status, impacts and mitigation challenges. In Energy and Buildings (Vol. 91, pp. 43–56). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.01.027
  19. Santamouris, M. (2020). Recent progress on urban overheating and heat island research. Integrated assessment of the energy, environmental, vulnerability and health impact. Synergies with the global climate change. Energy and Buildings, 207, 109482. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2019.109482
  20. Senanayake, I. P., Welivitiya, W. D. D. P., & Nadeeka, P. M. (2013). Remote sensing based analysis of urban heat islands with vegetation cover in Colombo city, Sri Lanka using Landsat-7 ETM+ data. Urban Climate, 5, 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UCLIM.2013.07.004
  21. Weng, Q., Lu, D., & Schubring, J. (2004). Estimation of land surface temperature–vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote Sensing of Environment, 89(4), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2003.11.005
  22. Xiang, X., Zhai, Z., Fan, C., Ding, Y., Ye, L., & Li, J. (2024). Modelling future land use land cover changes and their impacts on urban heat island intensity in Guangzhou, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121787
  23. Xu, X., Qiu, W., Li, W., Huang, D., Li, X., Yang, S., Wu, P., Liu, Z., & Blanco, A. (2022). Comparing satellite image and GIS data classified local climate zones to assess urban heat island: A case study of Guangzhou. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1029445
  24. Zhang, W., Li, Y., Zheng, C., & Zhu, Y. (2023). Surface urban heat island effect and its driving factors for all the cities in China: Based on a new batch processing method. Ecological Indicators, 146, 109818. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2022.109818
  25. Zhao, S. X., Guo, N. S., Li, C. L. K., & Smith, C. (2017). Megacities, the World’s Largest Cities Unleashed: Major Trends and Dynamics in Contemporary Global Urban Development. World Development, 98, 257–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WORLDDEV.2017.04.038
  26. Zhong, Y., Li, S., Liang, X., & Guan, Q. (2024). Causal inference of urban heat island effect and its spatial heterogeneity: A case study of Wuhan, China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 115, 105850. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2024.105850
  27. Zhou, D., Xiao, J., Bonafoni, S., Berger, C., Deilami, K., Zhou, Y., Frolking, S., Yao, R., Qiao, Z., & Sobrino, J. A. (2019). Satellite remote sensing of surface urban heat islands: Progress, challenges, and perspectives. In Remote Sensing (Vol. 11, Issue 1). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010048

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-06-11 12:59:50

No citation recorded.