DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.24.5.1066-1076

Mapping the Estimation of Blue Carbon Stock in Mangrove Areas on the Banyuasin Coast, South Sumatra

Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

Received: 7 Feb 2026; Revised: 29 Aug 2026; Accepted: 30 Aug 2026; Available online: 29 Sep 2026; Published: 30 Sep 2026.
Editor(s): Budi Warsito

Citation Format:
Abstract

Mangrove ecosystems are vital coastal habitats that sequester blue carbon, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation efforts. This study aims to map the spatial distribution of mangroves and estimate blue carbon stocks—both above-ground carbon (AGC) and below-ground carbon (BGC)—along the Banyuasin Coast in South Sumatra using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Sentinel-2 MSI Level-2A imagery from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2023, and soil organic carbon content data were analyzed using the Random Forest algorithm along with vegetation indices, including NDVI, IRECI, and TRVI. Field validation was conducted by measuring tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and by sediment sampling. The classification identified a mangrove area of 4,068 ha with an overall accuracy of 86.67% and a kappa coefficient of 0.70. Above-ground carbon (AGC) derived from Sentinel‑2 and vegetation indices (NDVI, IRECI, TRVI) ranged from 54.3 to 246 Mg C ha⁻¹, with a total stock of approximately 463,600 Mg. Below-ground carbon (BGC) estimated from soil organic carbon (SOC) data ranged dominantly from 29 to 39 Mg C ha⁻¹, totaling around 144,500 Mg C. Overall, the Banyuasin mangroves store about 608,100 Mg C of blue carbon, underscoring their substantial contribution to regional climate change mitigation.

Fulltext View|Download Email colleagues
Keywords: Mangrove,;Blue carbon; Google Earth Engine; Sentinel-2; Random Forest

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : EN
Most cited articles
STUDI DAMPAK EL NINO DAN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE (IOD) TERHADAP CURAH HUJAN DI PANGKALPINANG KEARIFAN LOKAL DALAM MELESTARIKAN MATA AIR (Studi Kasus di Desa Purwogondo, Kecamatan Boja, Kabupaten Kendal) ANALISIS PEMANFAATAN RUANG YANG BERWAWASAN LINGKUNGAN DI KAWASAN PESISIR KOTA TEGAL Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat sebagai Upaya Konservasi Hutan Pelawan di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah, Bangka Belitung Strategi Pembangunan Pertanian Berkelanjutan di Pedesaan Berbasis Citra Drone (Studi Kasus Desa Sukadamai Kabupaten Bogor) More cited articles
  1. Adame, M. F., Connolly, R. M., Turschwell, M. P., Lovelock, C. E., Fatoyinbo, T., Lagomasino, D., Goldberg, L. A., Holdorf, J., Friess, D. A., Sasmito, S. D., Sanderman, J., Sievers, M., Buelow, C., Kauffman, J. B., Bryan-Brown, D., & Brown, C. J. (2021). Future carbon emissions from global mangrove forest loss. Global Change Biology, 27(12). https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15571
  2. Adame, M. F., Kelleway, J., Krauss, K. W., Lovelock, C. E., Adams, J. B., Trevathan-Tackett, S. M., Noe, G., Jeffrey, L., Ronan, M., Zann, M., Carnell, P. E., Iram, N., Maher, D. T., Murdiyarso, D., Sasmito, S., Tran, D. B., Dargusch, P., Kauffman, J. B., & Brophy, L. (2024). All tidal wetlands are blue carbon ecosystems. BioScience, 74(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biae007
  3. Alongi, D. M. (2012). Blue Carbon Coastal Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation 2
  4. Alongi, D. M. (2020). Global Significance of Mangrove Blue Carbon in Climate Change Mitigation. Sci, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/sci2030067
  5. Alongi, D. M. (2023). Current status and emerging perspectives of coastal blue carbon ecosystems. Carbon Footprints, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.20517/cf.2023.04
  6. Alongi, D. M., Mukhopadhyay, & K., S. (2015). Contribution of mangroves to coastal carbon cycling in low latitude seas. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 213, 266–272. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.005
  7. Alviana, D., Anggraini, R., Hidayati, J. R., Karlina, I., Lestari, F., Apdillah, D., Syakti, A. D., & Sihite, D. (2023). Estimasi Cadangan Karbon Pada Ekosistem Mangrove Di Desa Pengudang Kecamatan Teluk Sebong Kabupaten Bintan. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v26i3.18326
  8. APHA. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. In Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences: Second Edition. American Public Health Association,
  9. Banuwa, I. S., Afriliyanti, R., Utomo, M., Yusnaini, S., Riniarti, M., Sanjaya, P., Suroso, E., & Hidayat, W. (2019). Short communication: Estimation of the above-and below-ground carbon stocks in university of lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200309
  10. Breiman, L. (2001). Random Forests. Machine Learning, 45(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010933404324
  11. Choudhary, B., Dhar, V., & Pawase, Anil S. (2024). Blue carbon and the role of mangroves in carbon sequestration: Its mechanisms, estimation, human impacts and conservation strategies for economic incentives. Journal of Sea Research, 199, 102504. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEARES.2024.102504
  12. Choudhary, B., Dhar, V., & Pawase, Anil S. (2024). Blue carbon and the role of mangroves in carbon sequestration: Its mechanisms, estimation, human impacts and conservation strategies for economic incentives. Journal of Sea Research, 199, 102504. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2024.102504
  13. Cinar, M., Hilmi, N., Arruda, G., Elsler, L., Safa, A., & van de Water, J. A. J. M. (2024). Blue Carbon as a Nature-Based Mitigation Solution in Temperate Zones. Sustainability, 16(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177446
  14. Dutta Roy, A., Pitumpe Arachchige, P. S., Watt, M. S., Kale, A., Davies, M., Heng, J. E., Daneil, R., Galgamuwa, G. A. P., Moussa, L. G., Timsina, K., Ewane, E. B., Rogers, K., Hendy, I., Edwards-Jones, A., de-Miguel, S., Burt, J. A., Ali, T., Sidik, F., Abdullah, M., … Mohan, M. (2024). Remote sensing-based mangrove blue carbon assessment in the Asia-Pacific: A systematic review. Science of The Total Environment, 938, 173270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173270
  15. Fakhrurrozi, F., Yuniar, Z., Harun, M., Lestariningsih, W. A., & Rahman, I. (2023). Community Structure and Health Conditions of Mangrove in Sabu Raijua. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i2.4626
  16. Fariz, T. R., Permana, P. I., Daeni, F., & Putra, A. C. P. (2021). Pemetaan Ekosistem Mangrove di Kabupaten Kubu Raya Menggunakan Machine Learning pada Google Earth Engine. Jurnal Geografi : Media Informasi Pengembangan Dan Profesi Kegeografian, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.15294/jg.v18i2.30231
  17. Friedlingstein, P., O’Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Sitch, S., Le Quéré, C., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., … Zaehle, S. (2020). Global Carbon Budget 2020. Earth System Science Data, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020
  18. Friess, D. A., Chen, L., Cormier, N., Krauss, K. W., Lovelock, C. E., Raw, J. L., Rogers, K., Saintilan, N., & Sidik, F. (2023). Mangrove Forests and Climate Change Impacts and Interactions. In Climate Change and Estuaries. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003126096-22
  19. Friess, D. A., Rogers, K., Lovelock, C. E., Krauss, K. W., Hamilton, S. E., Lee, S. Y., Lucas, R., Primavera, J., Rajkaran, A., & Shi, S. (2019). The State of the World’s Mangrove Forests: Past, Present, and Future. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 44. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033302
  20. Gattuso, J. P., Magnan, A. K., Bopp, L., Cheung, W. W. L., Duarte, C. M., Hinkel, J., Mcleod, E., Micheli, F., Oschlies, A., Williamson, P., Billé, R., Chalastani, V. I., Gates, R. D., Irisson, J. O., Middelburg, J. J., Pörtner, H. O., & Rau, G. H. (2018). Ocean solutions to address climate change and its effects on marine ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5(OCT). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00337
  21. Giri, C. (2023). Remote Sensing in Mangroves II. In MDPI (Ed.), Remote Sensing in Mangroves II (II). Academic Open Access Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-8887-2
  22. Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., & Moore, R. (2017). Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
  23. Hallegatte, S. (2014). Natural disasters and climate change: An economic perspective. In Natural Disasters and Climate Change: An Economic Perspective. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08933-1
  24. Hengl, T., De Jesus, J. M., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Gonzalez, M. R., Kilibarda, M., Blagotić, A., Shangguan, W., Wright, M. N., Geng, X., Bauer-Marschallinger, B., Guevara, M. A., Vargas, R., MacMillan, R. A., Batjes, N. H., Leenaars, J. G. B., Ribeiro, E., Wheeler, I., Mantel, S., & Kempen, B. (2017). SoilGrids250m: Global gridded soil information based on machine learning. PLoS ONE, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169748
  25. Jordan, P., & Fröhle, P. (2022). Bridging the gap between coastal engineering and nature conservation? Journal of Coastal Conservation, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-021-00848-x
  26. Kamal, M., Farda, N. M., Jamaluddin, I., Parela, A., Wikantika, K., Prasetyo, L. B., & Irawan, B. (2020). A preliminary study on machine learning and google earth engine for mangrove mapping. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 500(1), 12038
  27. Kulesza, A. L., Johnson, B. J., & Dostie, P. T. (2018). ASSESSING THE AMOUNT OF CARBON STORED IN MAINE SALT MARSHES. https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018ne-311318
  28. Laignel, B., Vignudelli, S., Almar, R., Becker, M., Bentamy, A., Benveniste, J., Birol, F., Frappart, F., Idier, D., Salameh, E., Passaro, M., Menende, M., Simard, M., Turki, E. I., & Verpoorter, C. (2023). Observation of the Coastal Areas, Estuaries and Deltas from Space. In Surveys in Geophysics (Vol. 44, Number 5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-022-09757-6
  29. Lovelock, C. E., Cahoon, D. R., Friess, D. A., Guntenspergen, G. R., Krauss, K. W., Reef, R., Rogers, K., Saunders, M. L., Sidik, F., Swales, A., Saintilan, N., Thuyen, L. X., & Triet, T. (2015). The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. Nature, 526(7574). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15538
  30. Meena, R. S., & Datta, R. (2021). Soil Moisture Importance. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82898
  31. Melki, M., & Isnaini, I. (2014). Carbon Stocks in Mangrove Ecosystems of Musi and Banyuasin Estuarine, South Sumatra Province (Stok Karbon Ekosistem Mangrove di Estuarin Musi dan Banyuasin, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan). ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.19.3.131-138
  32. Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J. B., Warren, M. W., Sasmito, S. D., Donato, D. C., Manuri, S., Krisnawati, H., Taberima, S., & Kurnianto, S. (2015). The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 5(12), 1089–1092
  33. Ndhlovu, A., Adams, J. B., & von der Heyden, S. (2024). Large-scale environmental signals in seagrass blue carbon stocks are hidden by high variability at local scales. Science of the Total Environment, 921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170917
  34. Neogi, S. B., Dey, M., Kabir, S. L., Masum, S. J. H., Kopprio, G., Yamasaki, S., & Lara, R. (2017). Sundarban mangroves: diversity, ecosystem services and climate change impacts. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i4.30988
  35. Pham, T. D., Ha, N. T., Saintilan, N., Skidmore, A., Phan, D. C., Le, N. N., Viet, H. L., Takeuchi, W., & Friess, D. A. (2023). Advances in Earth observation and machine learning for quantifying blue carbon. In Earth-Science Reviews (Vol. 243). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104501
  36. Rotter, A., Barbier, M., Bertoni, F., Bones, A. M., Cancela, M. L., Carlsson, J., Carvalho, M. F., Cegłowska, M., Chirivella-Martorell, J., Conk Dalay, M., Cueto, M., Dailianis, T., Deniz, I., Díaz-Marrero, A. R., Drakulovic, D., Dubnika, A., Edwards, C., Einarsson, H., Erdoǧan, A., … Vasquez, M. I. (2021). The Essentials of Marine Biotechnology. In Frontiers in Marine Science (Vol. 8). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.629629
  37. Salomidi, M., Katsanevakis, S., Borja, Á., Braeckman, U., Damalas, D., Galparsoro, I., Mifsud, R., Mirto, S., Pascual, M., Pipitone, C., Rabaut, M., Todorova, V., Vassilopoulou, V., & Fernández, T. V. (2012). Assessment of goods and services, vulnerability, and conservation status of European seabed biotopes: A stepping stone towards ecosystem-based marine spatial management. In Mediterranean Marine Science (Vol. 13, Number 1). https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.23
  38. Sarkar, S. K., Ahmed, M. K., & Satpathy, K. K. (2019). Chapter 7 - The Sundarban Delta Complex. In C. Sheppard (Ed.), World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) (Second Edition, pp. 145–168). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100853-9.00009-9
  39. Sidik, F., Lawrence, A., Wagey, T., Zamzani, F., & Lovelock, C. E. (2023). Blue carbon: A new paradigm of mangrove conservation and management in Indonesia. Marine Policy, 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105388
  40. Song, S., Ding, Y., Li, W., Meng, Y., Zhou, J., Gou, R., Zhang, C., Ye, S., Saintilan, N., Krauss, K. W., Crooks, S., Lv, S., & Lin, G. (2023). Mangrove reforestation provides greater blue carbon benefit than afforestation for mitigating global climate change. Nature Communications, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36477-1
  41. Song, S., Zhang, X., Wang, S., & Gong, Y. (2025). Ecological Management Zoning Identification by Coupling Blue-Green and Gray Infrastructure Networks: A Case Study of Guizhou Province, China. Land, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010204
  42. Suardana, A. A. M. A. P., Anggraini, N., Nandika, M. R., Aziz, K., As-Syakur, A. R., Ulfa, A., Wijaya, A. D., Prasetio, W., Winarso, G., & Dimyati, R. D. (2023). Estimation and Mapping Above-Ground Mangrove Carbon Stock Using Sentinel-2 Data Derived Vegetation Indices in Benoa Bay of Bali Province, Indonesia. Forest and Society, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v7i1.22062
  43. Sutton-Grier, A. E., Wowk, K., & Bamford, H. (2015). Future of our coasts: The potential for natural and hybrid infrastructure to enhance the resilience of our coastal communities, economies and ecosystems. In Environmental Science and Policy (Vol. 51). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.04.006
  44. T. Vashum, K. (2012). Methods to Estimate Above-Ground Biomass and Carbon Stock in Natural Forests - A Review. Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography, 02(04). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000116
  45. Tran, T. V., Reef, R., & Zhu, X. (2022). A Review of Spectral Indices for Mangrove Remote Sensing. In Remote Sensing (Vol. 14, Number 19). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194868
  46. Wang, L., Jia, M., Yin, D., & Tian, J. (2019). A review of remote sensing for mangrove forests: 1956–2018. Remote Sensing of Environment, 231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111223
  47. Yanuar, F., Samadi, S., & Muzani, M. (2023). Penyerapan Blue Carbon di Ekosistem Mangrove Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta Berbasis Environment Equity. JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v6i12.2884
  48. Yaqin, N., Rizkiyah, M., Putra, E. A., Suryanti, S., & Febrianto, S. (2022). Estimasi Serapan Karbon pada Kawasan Mangrove Tapak di Desa Tugurejo Semarang. Buletin Oseanografi Marina, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v11i1.38256
  49. Yu, C., Xie, S., Song, Z., Xia, S., & Åström, M. E. (2021). Biogeochemical cycling of iron (hydr-)oxides and its impact on organic carbon turnover in coastal wetlands: A global synthesis and perspective. In Earth-Science Reviews (Vol. 218). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103658
  50. Zhou, Y., Dai, Z., Liang, X., & Cheng, J. (2024). Machine learning-based monitoring of mangrove ecosystem dynamics in the Indus Delta. Forest Ecology and Management, 571, 122231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122231

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-09-30 17:12:49

No citation recorded.