skip to main content

Digital media literacy of rural communities after the COVID-19 pandemic

*FX Sri Sadewo  -  State University of Surabaya, Indonesia
Eufrasia Kartika Hanindraputri  -  State University of Surabaya, Indonesia
Diyah Utami  -  State University of Surabaya, Indonesia
Sugeng Harianto  -  State University of Surabaya, Indonesia
Norida Canda Sakti  -  State University of Surabaya, Indonesia
Ellen Emanuela  -  University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Febriandita Tedjomurti  -  State University of Surabaya, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 FX Sri Sadewo, Eufrasia Kartika Hanindraputri, Diyah Utami, Sugeng Harianto, Norida Canda Sakti, Ellen Emanuela, Febriandita Tedjomurti under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract

In Indonesia, digital literacy has become a major concern since the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the use of social media to disseminate information to rural areas. On the other hand, various public service activities have been digitized. These two aspects can only be utilized if you have an adequate level of digital literacy. This study uses quantitative methods to examine digital literacy and its influencing factors in rural areas, with a focus on Bojonegoro Regency. First, the digital literacy levels in most rural communities have shifted from low to high. One of them is digital ethics. Collective experience forces rural communities in Bojonegoro Regency to be cautious. Moreover, through SmartPLS calculations, the distance between residence and the district capital affects the level of digital literacy. The farther from the district capital, the lower the digital literacy. On the other hand, social capital factors, especially social participation, are highly beneficial for improving digital literacy.

Keywords: Rural communities; digital literacy; social participation; COVID-19

Article Metrics:

  1. Abidi, N., El Herradi, M., & Sakha, S. (2023b). Digitalization and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Telecommunications Policy, 47(4), 102522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102522
  2. Ahdiat, A. (2023, March). Penetrasi internet di Indonesia tumbuh pesat dalam 10 tahun terakhir. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/03/09/penetrasi-inte
  3. Akbar, M., & Wijaya, G. (2024). Digital Literacy of Rural Areas in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Science, Humanity and Public Health (ICoSHIP, 2022). https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.1-11-2023.2344347
  4. Alamsyah, F. N. (2021, July 29). Tak sia-sia datang ke Bojonegoro, haters Ayu Ting Ting akhirnya minta maaf dan janji tak akan mengulangi. Tribunnews.Com, 1
  5. Andari, R. N., & Ella, S. (2019). Developing a Smart Rural Model for Rural Area Development in Indonesia. Jurnal Borneo Administrator, 15(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v15i1.394
  6. Ani, S. W., Darwanto, D. H., Waluyati, L. R., & Masyhuri. (2024). Regeneration of Rural Rice Farmers in Central Java Province. Environmental Challenges, 16, 100971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2024.100971
  7. Annur, C. M. (2022, March). Ada 204,7 juta pengguna internet di Indonesia pada awal 2022. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/23/ada-2047-juta
  8. Anwarudin, O., Sumardjo, S., Satria, A., & Fatchiya, A. (2020). Process and Approach to Farmer Regeneration Through Multi-Strategy in Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 39(2), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v39n2.2020.p73-85
  9. Bahagijo, S., Prasetyo, Y. E., Kawuryan, D., Tua, B., & Eridani, A. D. (2022). Closing The Digital Gender Gap In Indonesia Through The Roles And Initiatives Of Civil Society Organizations. JURNAL ILMU SOSIAL, 21(1), 14–38. https://doi.org/10.14710/jis.21.1.2022.14-38
  10. Belshaw, D. A. J. (2012). What is “digital literacy”? A pragmatic investigation [Doctoral thesis, Durham University]. https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3446/
  11. Bourdieu, P. (2013). Outline of a Theory of Practice (R. Nice, Trans.). Cambridge University Press
  12. BPS Jawa Timur. (2023). Persentase Penduduk Berumur 5 Tahun ke Atas di Jawa Timur yang Menggunakan Telepon Seluler (HP) dalam 3 Bulan Terakhir, Dirinci Menurut Kabupaten/Kota dan Jenis Kelamin, 2022. BPS Jawa Timur. https://jatim.bps.go.id/statictable/2023/06/13/2880/persentase-penduduk-berumur-5-tahun-keatas-di-jawa-timur-yang-menggunakan-telepon-seluler-hp-dalam-3-bulan-terakhir-dirinci-menurut-kabupaten-kota-dan-jenis-kelamin-2022.html
  13. Chatterjee, H. (2016). Museums, Health and Well-Being (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315596549
  14. Choung, Y., Chatterjee, S., & Pak, T.-Y. (2023a). Digital financial literacy and financial well-being. Finance Research Letters, 58, 104438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104438
  15. Choung, Y., Chatterjee, S., & Pak, T.-Y. (2023b). Digital Financial Literacy and Financial Well-Being. Finance Research Letters, 58, 104438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104438
  16. Cloke, P. J. (2006). Conceptualizing Rurality. In P. J. Cloke, T. Marsden, & P. H. Mooney (Eds.), Handbook of Rural Studies (pp. 18–28). SAGE
  17. Ford, T. W., Yankoski, M., Facciani, M., & Weninger, T. (2023). An online media literacy intervention in Indonesia reduces the intention to share misinformation. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 15(2), 99–123. https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2023-15-2-8
  18. Geertz, C. (1963). Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2173295?origin=crossref
  19. Gilster, P. (1997). Digital literacy. Wiley
  20. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications, Inc
  21. Hidayah, A. (2022). Membongkar Sisi Gelap Fintech Peer-to-Peer Lending (Pinjaman Online) di Kalangan Mahasiswa di Yogyakarta. Journal of Humanity Studies, 1(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.22202/jhs.2022.v1i1.6189
  22. Julien, C. (2015). Bourdieu, Social Capital and Online Interaction. Sociology, 49(2), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038514535862
  23. Katadata. (2022). Memahami arti konsumtif: indikator, faktor, dan dampaknya. https://katadata.co.id/berita/nasional/61ef7e4f41753/memahami-arti-konsumtif-indikator-faktor-dan-dampaknya
  24. Katadata Insight Center (KIC). (2022). Status Literasi Digital di Indonesia Tahun 2022 [Laporan Survei]. Katadata Insight Center. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/publikasi/2023/02/01/status-literasi-digital-di-indonesia-2022
  25. Kusumah, C. K. (2021). 12-Years Compulsory Education Policy and Education Participation Completeness: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Sustainable Development Planning, 2(2), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.46456/jisdep.v2i2.138
  26. Kusumawardani, E., Tristanti, T., & Kusumawardani, E. (2022). Digital literacy model to empower women using community-based education approach. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 14(1), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v14i1.6714
  27. Lohr, K. D. (2025). Digital Literacy and Access: Equity From a Global and Local Perspective. Adult Learning. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.20559
  28. Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., & Morris, M. H. (2021). Overcoming Barriers to Technology Adoption When Fostering Entrepreneurship Among the Poor: The Role of Technology and Digital Literacy. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 68(6), 1605–1618. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2020.2989740
  29. Nugraha, D. P., Setiawan, B., Nathan, R. J., & Fekete-Farkas, M. (2022). Fintech Adoption Drivers for Innovation for SMEs in Indonesia. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(4), 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8040208
  30. Ozili, P. K. (2023). Determinants of FinTech and BigTech Lending: The Role of Financial Inclusion and Financial Development. Journal of Economic Analysis, 33. https://doi.org/10.58567/jea02030004
  31. Rachmawati. (2021, July 29). Didampingi Polisi, Orangtua Ayu Ting Ting Datangi Rumah Terduga Pelaku Penghinaan Sang Cucu di Bojonegoro. Kompas.Com. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/07/29/193500078/didampingi-polisi
  32. Rahmawati, E., Faubiany, V., Aldha Mauliddina Siregar, N., & Daniarta Sukarno, T. (2021). Village’s Digital Capital: Positioning and Implementation Concept. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, 1(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.14710/jis.1.1.2021.1-23
  33. Rogers, E. M. (2003a). Diffusion of Innovations (5th ed.). Free Press
  34. Rogers, E. M. (2003b). Diffusion of innovations. Free Press
  35. Saputra, I. Y. (2021, October 7). Pernah Dilabrak Orang Tua Ayu Ting Ting, Ini Kabar Warga Bojonegoro. Solopos.Com. https://jatim.solopos.com/pernah-dilabrak-orang-tua-ayu-ting-ting-ini-
  36. Setiawan, B., Nugraha, D. P., Irawan, A., Nathan, R. J., & Zoltan, Z. (2021). User Innovativeness and Fintech Adoption in Indonesia. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3), 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030188
  37. Shah, H. (2011). The Production of Modernization: Daniel Lerner, Mass Media, and The Passing of Traditional Society. Temple University Press
  38. Sirlin, N., Guess, A. M., Winneg, K. M., Tewksbury, D., Cappella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (2021). Digital literacy is associated with more discerning accuracy judgments but not sharing intentions. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-88
  39. Tolinggi, W. K., Salman, D., Rahmadanih, & Iswoyo, H. (2023). Farmer Regeneration and Knowledge Co-Creation in the Sustainability of Coconut Agribusiness in Gorontalo, Indonesia. Open Agriculture, 8(1), 20220162. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0162
  40. Weiber, R., & Mühlhaus, D. (2014). Strukturgleichungsmodellierung: Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung in die Kausalanalyse mit Hilfe von AMOS, SmartPLS und SPSS. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35012-2
  41. Widyastari, D. A., & Isarabhakdi, P. (2016). Suharto’s Population Policy in Contemporary Indonesia: Family Planning Program, Marriage Act or Compulsory Education Has the Greatest Impact to Fertility Decline? Public Health of Indonesia, 2(2), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.36685/phi.v2i2.63
  42. Yuniarti, W., Sumardjo, Widiatmaka, & Wibawa, W. D. (2020). Brain Gain Actors: Farmers’ Regeneration in Indonesia. Journal of Human Ecology, 71(1–3), 140–145. https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2020/71.1-3.3253

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-07-12 11:25:44

No citation recorded.