DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.13.2.162-169

Comparative analysis of macronutrient, vitamin, and mineral intake between stunted and non-stunted children in cirebon

1Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2Faculty of Pharmacy, YPIB Majalengka University, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia

3Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, DI Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Received: 20 Sep 2023; Revised: 20 Dec 2024; Accepted: 21 May 2025; Available online: 4 Jun 2025; Published: 4 Jun 2025.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: The food consumed by children greatly affects how they will live in the future. The amount of nutrition that enters a child's body affects their health and intelligence. Macronutrients, vitamins and minerals are vital components in the body for the processes of growth and development, endurance, and other important functions. Low nutritional intake in children will cause them to experience growth failure, resulting in stunting.

Objectives: This study was to compare the intake of macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate), vitamins (A, E, B1, B2, B6, C, folate), and minerals (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc) between stunted and non-stunted children

Materials and Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The population of the study was toddlers living in the Tegalwangi area, a sample of 100 children, ages 2 to 5, who were willing to sign a consent form as research subjects was split into 50 stunting and 50 non-stunting children. The time for the study began in January-May 2023. Data was collected using the 3x24 hour nutritional recall questionnaire method, followed by converting nutritional intake through the Nutrisurvey software

Results: Nutritional intake for stunted children, shows that there are 12 intake criteria below the nutritional adequacy rate, while 5 intake criteria meet the standard. While for children who are not stunted, 12 criteria meet and 5 criteria do not meet the nutritional adequacy standard.

Conclusion: Analysis of differences in the intake of the two groups found that there were no significant differences in the intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates), vitamins (E, B2) and minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorum) with p>0.05, and significant differences in the intake of macronutrients (protein, fat). vitamins (A, B1, B6, C, folate), and minerals (magnesium, iron, zinc) with p<0.05.

 

Note: This article has supplementary file(s).

Fulltext View|Download |  Research Instrument
Untitled
Subject
Type Research Instrument
  Download (298KB)    Indexing metadata
 Research Instrument
Untitled
Subject
Type Research Instrument
  Download (386KB)    Indexing metadata
Keywords: macronutrients; minerals; vitamins; stunting; non-stunting
Funding: YPIB Majalengka University campus

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Eating behavior, phytoestrogen intake and chronotype in relation with premenstrual syndrome among female college students Identification of lactic acid bacteria from lemea's to lower blood sugar levels in mice's diabetes mellitus Exploring rice varietal effects on triglyceride/high density lipoprotein ratio in hyperlipidemia-induced wistar rats More recent articles
Most cited articles
Pengaruh pemberian asi eksklusif dan non eksklusif terhadap mental emosional anak usia 3-4 tahun Determinan kejadian stunting pada bayi usia 6 bulan di Kota Semarang Faktor determinan produktivitas kerja pada pekerja wanita Back-Matter Prevalensi dan jenis masalah emosional dan perilaku pada anak usia 9-11 tahun dengan perawakan pendek di Kabupaten Brebes More cited articles
  1. Marcum JA. Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Personalized Nutrition, and Precision Healthcare. Curr Nutr Rep. 2020 Dec;9(4):338–45. DOI ; 10.1007/s.13668-020-00327-z
  2. Soraya D, Sukandar D, Sinaga T. The relationship between nutrition knowledge, nutrient adequacy level, and physical activity with nutritional status in junior high school teachers. The Indones J Nutr. 2017;6(1):29-36. DOI : https://doi.org/10.10147/jgi.6.1.29-36
  3. Luh, N., & Purnama, A. Parental behavior in feeding and nutritional status of children aged 2-5 years. Indonesian Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2015;11(03):97–104. DOI : https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.19281
  4. Sulistianingsih, A., & Yanti, D. A. M. Lack of Food Intake as a Cause of Stunting in Toddlers. World Health Journal. 2015;5(1):72–75
  5. Hardinsyah, H., Riyadi, H., & Napitupulu, D. Adequate Energy, Protein, Fat And Carbohydrates. 2013; Research gate
  6. Otis B. Department of Nutrition at the Harvard Chan School of Public Health, T. T. Healthy Living Guide. 2022
  7. Phillips JA. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025. Vol. 69, Workplace Health and Safety. 2021. p. 395. DOI : 10.1177/21650799211026980
  8. Khatun, F., Toth, I., & Stephenson, R. J. Immunology of carbohydrate-based vaccines. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2020; 165–166, 117–126. DOI : 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.006
  9. Chawla, J., & Kvarnberg, D. Hydrosoluble vitamins. Handbook of Clinical Neurology.2014; 120; 891–914. DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00059-0
  10. Sanif, R., & Nurwany, R. 2017. Vitamin A and its role in the cell cycle Rizal Sanif, Raissa Nurwany. Journal of Medicine and Health 4(2), 83–88
  11. Brigelius-Flohé, R. Vitamin E research: Past, now and future. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2021 Dec;177; 381–390. DOI : 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.029
  12. Guilland J-C. [What is a vitamin?]. Rev Prat. 2013 Oct;63(8):1060–9
  13. El Soury M, Fornasari BE, Carta G, Zen F, Haastert-Talini K, Ronchi G. The Role of Dietary Nutrients in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul;22(14). DOI : 10.3390/ijms.22147417
  14. Bertazzo S. Biomineralization. Vol. 46, Seminars in cell & developmental biology. England; 2015. p. 1. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.11.010
  15. El-Missiry MA, Fekri A, Kesar LA, Othman AI. Polyphenols are potential nutritional adjuvants for targeting COVID-19. Phytother Res. 2021 Jun;35(6):2879–89. DOI : 10.1002/ptr.6992
  16. Alfionita N, Sulistyorini L, Septiyono EA. Relationship between Sedentary Lifestyle and Nutritional Status of Adolescents during the Covid-19 Pandemic at SMPN 14 Jember ). Health Library Journal 2023;11(2):92-101. DOI : 10.19184/pk.v11i2.37128
  17. Adani FY, Nindya TS. Differences in Energy, Protein, Zinc, and Development Intake in Stunted and Non-Stunted Toddlers. Amerta Nutr. 2017;1(2):46. DOI : 10.20473/amnt.v1i2.2017.46-51
  18. Margawati A, Astuti AM. Pengetahuan ibu, pola makan dan status gizi pada anak stunting usia 1-5 tahun di Kelurahan Bangetayu, Kecamatan Genuk, Semarang. J Gizi Indones (The Indones J Nutr. 2018;6(2):82–9
  19. Adelina, fariza aqmar. The Relationship between Maternal Nutrition Knowledge, Nutrition Consumption Level, Family Food Security Status with Toddler Stunting (Study on Toddlers Aged 24-59 Months in the Working Area of Puskesmas Duren Semarang Regency). Journal of Public Health (e-Journal). 2018;6(5), 361–369. DOI : https:/doi.oig/10.20473/amnt.v7i3SP.2023.71-85
  20. Sankar R, Ravisankar P, Reddy AA, Nagalakshmi B, Koushik OS, Vijaya Kumar B, et al. The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitamins. IOSR J Pharm [Internet]. 2015;5(11):12–28. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340871885
  21. Ulfa, N. L., Dewi, M. U. K., & Istiana, S. Literatur Review: Factors Associated with Vitamin A Administration in Toddlers. Proceedings of UNIMUS National Seminar. 2021; 4;1525–1535
  22. Aritonang, E. A., Margawati, A., & Dieny, F. F. Analysis of Food Expenditure, Food Security and Nutrient Intake of Under-Two-Year-Olds as Risk Factors for Stunting. Journal of Nutrition College, 2020;9(1):71–80
  23. Kemnic, T. R., & Coleman, M. 2023. Vitamin E Deficiency. DOI : https://doi.orig/10.14710/jnc.v9i1.26584
  24. Smith TJ, Johnson CR, Koshy R, Hess SY, Qureshi UA, Mynak ML, et al. Thiamine deficiency disorders: a clinical perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2021 Aug;1498(1):9–28. DOI : 10.1111/nyas.14536
  25. Sari EM, Juffrie M, Nurani N, Sitaresmi MN. Nutrient and Food Intake of Indonesian Children Under 5 Years. 2016;12(4). DOI : https://10.1177/10105395211041001
  26. Sudiarmanto, A. R., & Sumarmi, S. The Relationship between Calcium and Zinc Intake with the Incidence of Stunting in Students of Bina Insani Superior Junior High School Surabaya. Public Health Nutrition Media. 2020;9(1); 1. DOI : https;//doi.org/10.20743/mgk.v9i1.2020.1-9
  27. Martony, O., Lestrina, D., & Amri, Z. Empowering Mothers to Improve Fish Consumption Patterns to Increase Protein, Calcium, Zinc Intake and Height-for-Age Z-Score in Stunted Children. Silampari Nursing Journal 2020;3(2):672–86. DOI ; 10.31539/jks.v312.1188
  28. Dwi Sinta Maharani S, Retno Wulandari S, Melina F, Yogyakarta Health Science High S. Relationship Between Stunting Events and Development in Toddlers Aged 3-5 Years in Yogyakarta Kricak Posyandu. 37_Journal of Health Science. 2018;7(1):37-46
  29. Wulan, D. N., Sari, N. P., Dewi, P. I. Y., Hantana, P. K. D., Khazanah, S. N., & Sarudji, D. 2022. The Relationship of Child Nutrition Intake to Stunting in Toddlers 3-5 Years.CoMPHI Journal: CoMPHI J Community Med Public Heal Indonesia J. 2022;2(3):95–100. DOI : https://doi.org/10.37148/comphijournal.v2i3.89
  30. Minister of Health Regulation. Nutrient Adequacy Rate. Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2019;561(3):156–7
  31. Pramono, A., Panunggal, B., Anggraeni, N., & Rahfiludin, M. Z. Zinc intake, serum zinc levels, and stunting among school children in coastal Semarang. J Gizi Pangan. 2016;11(1):19–26
  32. Dewi EK, Nindya TS. The Relationship of Iron and Zinc Adequacy Levels with the Incidence of Stunting in Toddlers 6-23 Months. Amerta Nutr. 2017;1(4):361. DOI :10.2473/amnt.v1i4.2017.361-368
  33. Anindita P. Relationship between mother's education level, family income, protein and zinc sufficiency with stunting in toddlers aged 6-35 months in Tembalang sub-district, Semarang city. J Kesehat Masy. 2018;1(2):617-26
  34. Hidayati MN, Perdani RRW, Karima N. The role of zinc in child growth. Majority [Internet]. 2019;8:168-71. Available from: https://juke.kedokteran.unila.ac.id/index.php/majority/article/view/2314/2281
  35. Rahayu, A., Yulidasari, F., Putri, A. O., & Anggraini, L. Study Guide - Stunting and its Prevention. In The book of stunting and its prevention. 2018. 88p
  36. Nugroho, M. R., Sasongko, R. N., & Kristiawan, M. Factors Affecting the Incidence of Stunting in Early Childhood in Indonesia. J Obs J Pendidik Anak Usia Dini. 2021;5(2). DOI : 10.31004/OBSESI.v512.1169
  37. Dewi Indriawati. The Relationship Between Nutritional Status and Emotional Intelligence to Early Childhood Learning Difficulties. Early Childhood Education. 2013;7:133–54. DOI : 10.33322/juara.v713.2240

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-06-28 09:42:34

No citation recorded.