Body fat percentage, not dietary inflammatory index, is associated with type 2 diabetes in reproductive-aged women: a case-control study

Debby Endayani Safitri; Rimbawan Rimbawan; Cesilia Meti Dwiriani; Ali Khomsan; Vetnizah Juniantito; Nur Setiawati Rahayu

doi:10.14710/jgi.14.2.138-144

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.14.2.138-144

Body fat percentage, not dietary inflammatory index, is associated with type 2 diabetes in reproductive-aged women: a case-control study

Debby Endayani Safitri¹

, Rimbawan Rimbawan², Cesilia Meti Dwiriani², Ali Khomsan², Vetnizah Juniantito³, Nur Setiawati Rahayu¹

¹Nutrition Science Study Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof DR Hamka, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia

²Departement of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

³School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedicine, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

Received: 31 Jul 2025; Revised: 10 Oct 2025; Accepted: 2 Jan 2026; Available online: 30 Jun 2026; Published: 30 Jun 2026.

BibTex Citation Data :

@article{JGI75636,
    author = {Debby Safitri and Rimbawan Rimbawan and Cesilia Dwiriani and Ali Khomsan and Vetnizah Juniantito and Nur Rahayu},
    title = {Body fat percentage, not dietary inflammatory index, is associated with type 2 diabetes in reproductive-aged women: a case-control study},
    journal = {Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition)},
  volume = {14},
    number = {2},
    year = {2026},
    keywords = {BMI; body fat percentage; dietary inflammatory index; reproductive-aged women; type 2 diabetes mellitus},
    abstract = {  ABSTRACT    Background : Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in reproductive-aged women is a growing public health concern. While both adiposity and dietary factors are known to influence diabetes risk, their independent contributions remain unclear.   Objectives : This study aimed to assess the association between body fat percentage, Body Mass Index (BMI), and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) with T2DM risk in reproductive-aged women.   Materials and Methods : A case-control study was conducted among 70 women aged 30–50 years. Cases were women with diagnosed T2DM, and controls were non-diabetic women matched by residential area. BMI, body fat percentage, and DII were assessed and categorized: BMI (≤27 vs >27 kg/m²) and body fat percentage (≤32% vs >32%) were measured using a digital scale with bioelectrical impedance function and height assessed with a microtoise, while DII (low, medium, high tertiles) was calculated based on dietary data collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney test for group comparisons and logistic regression (bivariate and multivariate) to examine associations.   Results : Body fat percentage and BMI were significantly higher in the T2DM group (p = 0.006 and p = 0.014, respectively). In bivariate logistic regression, high body fat percentage was significantly associated with T2DM (p = 0.007), BMI and DII were not (p = 0.095 and p = 0.662). In the multivariate model, only body fat percentage remained significant (OR = 5.58; 95%CI = 1.39-22.39; p = 0.015), while BMI (OR = 1.04; 95%CI = 0.32-3.41; p = 0.951) and DII (OR = 0.66; 95%CI = 0.34-1.28; p = 0.219) were not.   Conclusion : Body fat percentage was an independent risk factor for T2DM in reproductive-aged women, whereas BMI and DII were not. These findings emphasize the need for precise body composition assessment and suggest adiposity may play a greater role than dietary inflammatory potential.    Keywords   : BMI; body fat percentage; dietary inflammatory index; reproductive-aged women; type 2 diabetes mellitus  },
   issn = {2338-3119},   pages = {138--144}  doi = {10.14710/jgi.14.2.138-144},
    url = {https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/jgi/article/view/75636}
}

Citation Format:

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in reproductive-aged women is a growing public health concern. While both adiposity and dietary factors are known to influence diabetes risk, their independent contributions remain unclear.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the association between body fat percentage, Body Mass Index (BMI), and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) with T2DM risk in reproductive-aged women.

Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted among 70 women aged 30–50 years. Cases were women with diagnosed T2DM, and controls were non-diabetic women matched by residential area. BMI, body fat percentage, and DII were assessed and categorized: BMI (≤27 vs >27 kg/m²) and body fat percentage (≤32% vs >32%) were measured using a digital scale with bioelectrical impedance function and height assessed with a microtoise, while DII (low, medium, high tertiles) was calculated based on dietary data collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney test for group comparisons and logistic regression (bivariate and multivariate) to examine associations.

Results: Body fat percentage and BMI were significantly higher in the T2DM group (p = 0.006 and p = 0.014, respectively). In bivariate logistic regression, high body fat percentage was significantly associated with T2DM (p = 0.007), BMI and DII were not (p = 0.095 and p = 0.662). In the multivariate model, only body fat percentage remained significant (OR = 5.58; 95%CI = 1.39-22.39; p = 0.015), while BMI (OR = 1.04; 95%CI = 0.32-3.41; p = 0.951) and DII (OR = 0.66; 95%CI = 0.34-1.28; p = 0.219) were not.

Conclusion: Body fat percentage was an independent risk factor for T2DM in reproductive-aged women, whereas BMI and DII were not. These findings emphasize the need for precise body composition assessment and suggest adiposity may play a greater role than dietary inflammatory potential.

Keywords: BMI; body fat percentage; dietary inflammatory index; reproductive-aged women; type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Keywords: BMI; body fat percentage; dietary inflammatory index; reproductive-aged women; type 2 diabetes mellitus

Funding: Majelis Diktilitbang Muhammadiyah

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Language : EN

In Vol 14, No 2 (2026): June

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