DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jkli.81293

Model Bisnis Biogas Sirkular sebagai Solusi Pengelolaan Limbah Buah di Indonesia: Studi Kasus Proyek Biogas Gamping-Sleman

1Politeknik AKA Bogor, Jl. Pangeran Sogiri No.283, RT.05/RW.11, Tanah Baru, Kec. Bogor Utara, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat 16154, Indonesia

2Advanced Research Center for Agroindusrial waste, Net-zero emission, and Alternative energy (ARCANA), Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

3Waste Refinery Center, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Open Access Copyright 2026 Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

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Abstract

Latar belakang: Pasar Induk Buah Gemah Ripah, Gamping Sleman menghasilkan 3.650 ton limbah buah per tahun yang apabila tidak dikelola dengan baik berpotensi menimbulkan permasalahan lingkungan dan kesehatan masyarakat akibat timbulan bau, peningkatan populasi vektor, dan penurunan kualitas lingkungan di sekitar lokasi. Sebagian limbah tersebut dikelola menggunakan teknologi anaerobic digestion melalui program Biogas Gamping-Sleman (BGS), sehingga mampu menerapkan model bisnis sirkular. Studi ini bertujuan mengevaluasi performa teknis, lingkungan, dan ekonomi dari BGS sebagai model bisnis sirkular yang mengonversi limbah buah menjadi energi terbarukan dan pupuk organik.

Metode:wPenelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus dengan analisis kuantitatif berbasis Material Flow Analysis (MFA), performa energi, dan aspek ekonomi. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi lapangan, pengukuran operasional biodigester, wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan 160 responden yang meliputi pengelola BGS, pengelola pasar, operator biodigester, dan pengguna biogas, serta kajian dokumen selama tahun 2023–2024. Pemilihan informan pengelola dilakukan secara purposive, sementara pengguna biogas ditetapkan melalui total sampling. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan komputasional guna menilai efisiensi material, potensi pengurangan emisi, serta kelayakan finansial sistem.

Hasil: MFA menunjukkan bahwa setiap 1.000 kg limbah buah menghasilkan 40,7 kg biogas dan sekitar 2.885 kg digestat. Sistem BGS mampu menyuplai listrik kepada 155 kios pasar serta menggantikan sebagian konsumsi LPG pada kantin pasar. Analisis teknis menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan biogas berkontribusi pada pengurangan emisi sebesar 89,7 kg CO₂-eq per ton sampah organik yang diolah. Secara ekonomi, BGS menghasilkan keuntungan bersih sekitar Rp116 juta per tahun dengan periode pengembalian investasi 14,24 tahun. Penjualan listrik, pupuk organik, serta penghematan energi menjadi sumber utama nilai ekonomi, sedangkan manfaat sosial muncul melalui peningkatan kebersihan pasar dan kemandirian energi lokal.

Simpulan: Sistem BGS efektif sebagai model bisnis sirkular yang mengubah limbah buah menjadi energi dan pupuk organik sehingga meningkatkan efisiensi sumber daya, mengurangi emisi, dan menciptakan manfaat ekonomi. Optimalisasi pemanfaatan digestat sebagai produk bernilai tambah direkomendasikan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan mempercepat pengembalian investasi sistem.

ABSTRACT

Circular Biogas Business Model as a Solution  for Fruit Waste Management in Indonesia: A Case Study of the Gamping-Sleman Biogas  Project

Background: Gemah Ripah Fruit Wholesale Market in Gamping, Sleman, generates approximately 3,650 tons of fruit waste annually, a portion of which is managed through anaerobic digestion technology under the Biogas Gamping–Sleman (BGS) program, enabling the implementation of a circular business model. This study aimed to evaluate the technical, environmental, and economic performance of BGS as a circular business model that converts fruit waste into renewable energy and organic fertilizer.

Method: This study employed a case-study approach using quantitative analyses based on Material Flow Analysis (MFA), energy performance assessment, and economic evaluation. Data were collected through field observations, biodigester operational measurements, semi-structured interviews with 160 respondents, including BGS managers, market administrators, biodigester operators, and biogas users, as well as document reviews conducted during 2023–2024. Key informants were selected using purposive sampling, while biogas users were included through total sampling. The collected data were analyzed descriptively and computationally to assess material efficiency, emission reduction potential, and the financial feasibility of the system.

Result: The MFA revealed that every 1,000 kg of fruit waste generated 40.7 kg of biogas and approximately 2,885 kg of digestate. The BGS system supplied electricity to 155 market stalls and partially substituted liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consumption in the market canteen. Technical analysis indicated that biogas utilization reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 89.7 kg CO₂-eq per ton of organic waste treated. Economically, the system generated a net annual profit of approximately IDR 116 million, with a payback period of 14.24 years. Electricity sales, organic fertilizer production, and energy cost savings constituted the primary sources of economic value, while social benefits included improved market cleanliness and enhanced local energy self-sufficiency.

Conclusion: The BGS system is proven effective as a circular business model that enhances material efficiency, reduces emissions, lowers energy costs, and creates new value streams for market management. These findings highlight that integrating biogas and fertilizer production from fruit waste is a strategic solution for urban organic waste management and holds strong potential for replication in other traditional markets across Indonesia.

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Keywords: Ekonomi sirkular; Biogas komunitas; limbah buah pasar; Material flow analysis, model bisnis terbarukan

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