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Isolasi, Karakterisasi, dan Evaluasi Potensi Bioremediasi Bakteri Toleran Timbal (Pb) dari Perairan Batam

Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Riau, Kampus Bina Widya, Jl. HR Soebrantas Km. 12.5, Pekanbaru 28293, Riau, Indonesia, Indonesia

Open Access Copyright 2026 Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

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Abstract

Latar belakang: Pencemaran logam berat timbal (Pb) di perairan pesisir menjadi perhatian serius karena bersifat persisten, terakumulasi dalam rantai makanan, dan berisiko menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan pada manusia. Kota Batam sebagai kawasan industri pesisir diketahui telah terkontaminasi Pb melebihi ambang baku pada berbagai komponen lingkungan, termasuk air, sedimen, dan biota perairan. Penggunaan bakteri toleran logam berat dapat menjadi alternatif bioremediasi yang murah dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi bakteri toleran Pb dari perairan Batam dan mengevaluasi kemampuannya dalam menurunkan konsentrasi Pb.

Metode: Sampel air dan sedimen diambil dari Tanjung Uncang, Pelabuhan Sekupang, dan Pulau Sarang. Isolasi dilakukan menggunakan medium Marine Agar diperkaya Pb 10 ppm, dilanjutkan dengan uji toleransi pada konsentrasi Pb 50–1000 ppm menggunakan metode turbidimetri (OD600). Lima isolat terbaik dikarakterisasi secara morfologi dan biokimia, serta diuji kemampuannya dalam penyisihan (removal) Pb yang diukur menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Seluruh pengujian dilakukan dalam tiga ulangan independen. Data penyisihan Pb dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam (ANOVA) satu arah yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey HSD pada taraf kepercayaan 95% (α = 0,05).

Hasil: Kondisi fisika-kimia perairan pada seluruh lokasi penelitian menunjukkan kisaran suhu 28–29°C, pH 7,5–7,9, salinitas 29–30‰, dan DO 7,8–8,2 mg/L. Sebanyak 32 isolat bakteri toleran Pb berhasil diisolasi, dengan jumlah isolat dari sedimen lebih tinggi dibandingkan isolat dari air. Enam isolat mampu bertahan hingga konsentrasi Pb 800 ppm, sedangkan tidak ada isolat yang tumbuh pada konsentrasi 1000 ppm. Isolat TJS 3.6.2 dan TJS 2.6.3 menunjukkan kemampuan penyisihan Pb tertinggi dengan efisiensi masing-masing sebesar 86,85% dan 84,56%. Karakterisasi menunjukkan dominasi bakteri Gram negatif berbentuk basil dan coccobacillus, serta satu isolat Gram positif berbentuk kokus.

Simpulan: Isolat TJS 3.6.2 dan TJS 2.6.3 menunjukkan potensi tertinggi sebagai agen bioremediasi Pb karena mampu bertahan hingga konsentrasi Pb 800 ppm dengan efisiensi penyisihan masing-masing sebesar 86,85% dan 84,56%. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa sedimen perairan Batam merupakan sumber potensial bakteri indigenus untuk pengembangan teknologi bioremediasi logam berat di lingkungan pesisir. Kedua isolat tersebut direkomendasikan untuk penelitian lanjutan melalui identifikasi molekuler, optimasi kondisi bioremediasi, dan pengujian pada skala lapangan.

ABSTRACT

Title: Isolation, Characterization, and  Assessment of the Bioremediation Potential of Lead (Pb)-Tolerant Bacteria from Batam  Coastal Waters

Background: Lead (Pb) contamination in coastal waters is persistent and accumulative in the food chain, posing serious health hazards (neurological, renal, hematological effects, cancer). Batam City, an industrial coastal area, has reported Pb levels exceeding quality standards in water, sediment, and biota. Heavy-metal-degrading bacteria offer a cost-effective bioremediation approach. This study aimed to isolate Pb-tolerant bacteria from the coastal waters of Batam and evaluate their Pb-removal capability.

Method: Water and sediment samples were collected from Tanjung Uncang, Sekupang Port, and Pulau Sarang. Isolation was conducted using Marine Agar supplemented with 10 ppm Pb, followed by tolerance testing at Pb concentrations ranging from 50–1000 ppm using the turbidimetric method (OD600). The five best isolates were further evaluated for their Pb-removal ability using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and characterized for morphological and biochemical properties. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. Pb removal data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05).

Result: The physicochemical characteristics of the sampling sites showed temperatures of 28–29°C, pH 7.5–7.9, salinity 29–30‰, and dissolved oxygen 7.8–8.2 mg/L. A total of 32 Pb-tolerant bacterial isolates were successfully obtained, with sediment samples yielding more isolates than water samples. Six isolates survived at Pb concentrations up to 800 ppm, whereas none exhibited growth at 1000 ppm. Isolates TJS 3.6.2 and TJS 2.6.3 demonstrated the highest Pb reduction efficiencies, reaching 86,85% and 84,56%, respectively. Characterization results revealed the predominance of Gram-negative bacilli and coccobacilli, along with one Gram-positive coccus isolate.

Conclusion: Isolates TJS 3.6.2 and TJS 2.6.3 exhibited the highest potential as Pb bioremediation agents, as they tolerated Pb concentrations of up to 800 ppm and achieved Pb removal efficiencies of 86.85% and 84.56%, respectively. These findings indicate that sediments from the coastal waters of Batam are a promising source of indigenous bacteria for the development of heavy metal bioremediation technologies in coastal environments. These isolates are recommended for further studies involving molecular identification, optimization of bioremediation conditions, and field-scale applications.

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Keywords: Bioremediasi; Bakteri laut; Logam berat; Penyisihan Pb; Resistensi Pb

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