Factors Associated with Genital Hygiene Behaviors in Cervical Cancer Patients in Surakarta, Indonesia

Afriza Umami; Sudalhar Sudalhar; Anita Lufianti; Edit Paulik; Regina Molnár

doi:10.14710/nmjn.v11i1.35829

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v11i1.35829

Factors Associated with Genital Hygiene Behaviors in Cervical Cancer Patients in Surakarta, Indonesia

*Afriza Umami

- University of Szeged, Hungary

Sudalhar Sudalhar - Stikes Muhammadiyah Bojonegoro, Indonesia

Anita Lufianti - Universitas An Nuur, Indonesia

Edit Paulik - University of Szeged, Hungary

Regina Molnár - University of Szeged, Hungary

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

BibTex Citation Data :

@article{NMJN35829,
    author = {Afriza Umami and Sudalhar Sudalhar and Anita Lufianti and Edit Paulik and Regina Molnár},
    title = {Factors Associated with Genital Hygiene Behaviors in Cervical Cancer Patients in Surakarta, Indonesia},
    journal = {Nurse Media Journal of Nursing},
  volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    year = {2021},
    keywords = {Genital hygiene behavior; social media; environmental sanitation; stress; husband’s education; husband's support},
    abstract = {  Background:  Maintaining genital cleanliness is essential for women since intimate organ problems can cause female tract infections. Poor genital hygiene can affect sexually transmitted infections, and therefore, it is prominent to investigate factors related to genital hygiene behaviors in women to reduce this type of infection.  Purpose:  This study aimed to find out the factors associated with genital hygiene behaviors in cervical cancer patients.  Methods:  A case-control study was conducted on cervical cancer patients in Surakarta, Indonesia, from December 2017 to February 2018. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 178 subjects using a fixed disease sampling technique that consisted of 56 cases of poor genital hygiene behaviors and 122 controls of good genital hygiene behaviors with a comparison of 1:2. The dependent variable was genital hygiene behaviors, while the independent variables were stress, exposure to social media regarding genital hygiene, environmental sanitation, husband’s education, and support. Logistic regression was employed for data analysis.  Results:  Genital hygiene behaviors increased with exposure to social media related to genital hygiene (OR=9.20; 95% CI=3.87 to 21.87, p<0.001), good environmental sanitation (OR=5.16; 95% CI=2.19 to 12.14, p<0.001), high husband’s education (OR=6.49; 95% CI=2.23 to 18.91, p=0.001) and support (OR=2.88; 95% CI=1.24 to 6.67, p=0.013). Women who experienced psychological problems such as stress showed decreased genital hygiene behaviors (OR=0.25; 95% CI=0.94 to 0.71, p=0.009).  Conclusions:  Genital hygiene behaviors in women increased with exposure to social media related to genital hygiene, adequate environmental sanitation, high husbands’ education, and support. In contrast, stress decreased women’s behaviors in practicing genital hygiene. These findings emphasize the need for women to improve genital hygiene behaviors as well as for nurses to explain how to increase women's genital hygiene behaviors. },
   issn = {2406-8799},   pages = {94--103}  doi = {10.14710/nmjn.v11i1.35829},
    url = {https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/medianers/article/view/35829}
}

Citation Format:

Abstract

Background: Maintaining genital cleanliness is essential for women since intimate organ problems can cause female tract infections. Poor genital hygiene can affect sexually transmitted infections, and therefore, it is prominent to investigate factors related to genital hygiene behaviors in women to reduce this type of infection.
Purpose: This study aimed to find out the factors associated with genital hygiene behaviors in cervical cancer patients.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted on cervical cancer patients in Surakarta, Indonesia, from December 2017 to February 2018. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 178 subjects using a fixed disease sampling technique that consisted of 56 cases of poor genital hygiene behaviors and 122 controls of good genital hygiene behaviors with a comparison of 1:2. The dependent variable was genital hygiene behaviors, while the independent variables were stress, exposure to social media regarding genital hygiene, environmental sanitation, husband’s education, and support. Logistic regression was employed for data analysis.
Results: Genital hygiene behaviors increased with exposure to social media related to genital hygiene (OR=9.20; 95% CI=3.87 to 21.87, p<0.001), good environmental sanitation (OR=5.16; 95% CI=2.19 to 12.14, p<0.001), high husband’s education (OR=6.49; 95% CI=2.23 to 18.91, p=0.001) and support (OR=2.88; 95% CI=1.24 to 6.67, p=0.013). Women who experienced psychological problems such as stress showed decreased genital hygiene behaviors (OR=0.25; 95% CI=0.94 to 0.71, p=0.009).
Conclusions: Genital hygiene behaviors in women increased with exposure to social media related to genital hygiene, adequate environmental sanitation, high husbands’ education, and support. In contrast, stress decreased women’s behaviors in practicing genital hygiene. These findings emphasize the need for women to improve genital hygiene behaviors as well as for nurses to explain how to increase women's genital hygiene behaviors.

Fulltext View|Download

Keywords: Genital hygiene behavior; social media; environmental sanitation; stress; husband’s education; husband's support

Article Metrics:

Article Info

Section: Articles

Language : EN

In Vol 11, No 1 (2021): (April 2021)

Recent articles

A Qualitative Study on the Breastfeeding Experiences of Young Mothers Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice toward COVID-19 among Healthy Population in the Philippines The Experiences and Meanings of Nurses’ Smiles to Patients in the Emergency Department Editorial Front Matter Editorial Back Matter More recent articles

Most cited articles

Correlation between Coping Strategies and Quality of Life among Myocardial Infarction Patients in Nepal The Effect of A Self-Management Support Program on The Achievement of Goals in Diabetic Foot Care Behaviors in Indonesian Diabetic Patients Review: Factors Relating to Nurses’ Caring Behaviors for Dying Patients Teaching Pain Management to Student Nurses: A Literature Review Decision Making towards Maternal Health Services in Central Java, Indonesia More cited articles

Adibelli, D., Kilinç, N. Ö., Akpak, Y. K., & Kiliç. D. (2014). Genital hygiene behaviors and associated factors in women living in rural areas of Turkey. El Mednifico Journal, 2(3), 210-214. https://doi.org/10.18035/emj.v2i3.163
Alemu, A. K., Hailemariam, Z., Kumie, A., & Tefera, A. W. (2012). Hygiene and environmental health, part 1. The Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) and the Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs). https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/pluginfile.php-/71966/mod_-resour-ce/content/2/Hyg_Env_Part_1.lo.pdf
Amabebe, E., & Anumba, A. O. C. (2018). Psychosocial stress, cortisol levels, and maintenance of vaginal health. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9(568). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00568
American Psychological Association. (2015). How does stress influence behavior? https://www.apa.org/pubs/highlights/peeps/issue-40#:~:text=Stress%20can%20contribute%20to%20health,that%20can%20influence%20brain%20functioning
Anand, E., Singh, J., & Unisa, S. (2015). Menstrual hygiene practices and its association with reproductive tract infections and abnormal vaginal discharge among women in India. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 6, 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2015.06.001
Attieh, E., Maalouf, S., Roumieh, D., Abdayem, P., AbiTayeh, G., & Kesrouani, A. (2016). Feminine hygiene practices among female patients and nurses in Lebanon. Reproductive Health, 13(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-016-0182-4
Beutel, T. F., Zwerenz, R., & Michal, M. (2018). Psychosocial stress impairs health behavior in patients with mental disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 18, 375. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1956-8
Bulut, A. (2020). Genital hygiene behaviors of midwives and nurses working in primary healthcare services and the associated factors. ACU Sağlık Bil Derg, 11(1), 72-77
Calik, Y. K., Erkaya, R., Ince, G., & Yildiz, N. K. (2020). Genital hygiene behaviors of women and their effect on vaginal infections. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 10(3), 210-216
Çankaya, S., & Yilmaz, S. (2015). Factors associated with genital hygiene behaviours in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Turkey. International Journal of Human Sciences, 12(1), 920-932. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v12i1.3126
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Bacterial vaginosis (BV) statistics https://www.cdc.gov/std/bv/stats.htm
Chen, Y., Bruning, E., Rubino, J., & Eder, S. E. (2017). Role of female intimate hygiene in vulvovaginal health: Global hygiene practices and product usage. Women’s Health, 13, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745505717731011
Cohen, S. (1994). Perceived stress scale. Mind Garden, Inc. www.mindgarden.com
Hailemariam, Z., Kumie, A., & Tefera, A. W. (2012). Hygiene and environmental health, part 2. The Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) and the Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs). https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/-pluginfile.php/-71967/mod_-resou-r-ce/content/2/Hyg_Env_Part_2.lo.pdf
Hamed, A. G. (2015). The impact of genital hygiene practices on the occurrence of vaginal infection and the development of a nursing fact sheet as prevention massage for vulnerable women. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 4(6), 55-64. https://doi.org/0.9790/1959-04655564
Jang, J., Hessel, H., Dworkin, J., (2017). Parent ICT use, social capital, and parenting efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 395–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.025
Karadeniz, H., Öztürk, R., & Ertem, G. (2019) Analysis of genital hygiene behaviors of women who applied to women’s illnesses and birth policlinic. Erciyes Medical Journal, 41(4), 402–408. https://doi.org/10.14744/etd.2019.37132
Karahan, N. (2017). Development of a genital hygiene behavior scale: Validity and reliability study. İstanbul Medical Journal, 18, 157-162. https://doi.org/10.5152/imj.2017.82957
Larasati, A. (2012). Kepuasan perkawinan pada istri ditinjau dari keterlibatan suami dalam menghadapi tuntutan ekonomi dan pembagian peran dalam rumah tangga [Marriage satisfaction in wives in terms of husband’s involvement in facing economic demands and division of roles in the household]. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan dan Perkembangan, 1(3), 1-6
Leonita, E., & Jalinus, N. (2018). The role of social media in health promotion efforts: A literature review. INVOTEK Jurnal Inovasi Vokasional dan Teknologi. 18(2), 25-34
Lufiati, D. E., Wijayanti, A. C., & Nugroho, F. S. (2015). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku personal hygiene organ genitalia pada pelajar putri di SMK N 7 Surakarta [Factors related to personal hygiene behavior of genital organs in female students at SMKN 7 Surakarta] [Thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta]. http://eprints.ums.ac.id/38624/
Maje, L. (2019). Association of vaginal practice to bacterial vaginosis among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: A risk for HIV acquisition [Dissertation, Simon Fraser University]. https://ir.lib.sfu.ca/item/19823
Mubarak, W. I. (2012).Ilmu kesehatan masyarakat [Public health science]. Salemba Medika
Murthy, L., Fernandes, M., Gawade, V., Chanam, U., Chandra, V., Ramavat, K., Tandon, S., Zacharia, V., Mishra, V., & Patkar, A. (2013). WASH and health for menstrual hygiene management: Training of trainers manual. The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) and the Government of India (GOI). https://www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/migrated/2016/07/Training-of-Trainers-Manual-WASH-and-Health-for-Menstrual-Hygiene-Management.pdf
Murti, H., & Lutfiyati, A. (2017). Hubungan perilaku menjaga kebersihan genetalia dengan kejadian keputihan pada siswi SMA N 1 Galur [The relationship between genital hygiene behavior and leucorrhoea among female students in SMA N 1 Galur] [Thesis, STIKES Jenderal Achmad Yani Yogyakarta]. http://repository.unjaya.ac.id/2465/1/ HATI%20MURTI%20%282213010%29nonfull.pdf
Musyriqoh, S. (2016). Hubungan dukungan suami dengan perilaku pencegahan terhadap kanker serviks pada wanita dewasa awal di Desa Balung Lor Kecamatan Balung Kabupaten Jember [The relationship between husband support and cervical cancer prevention behavior among women in Balung Lor village, Balung district, Jember district] [Thesis, Universitas Jember]. http://repository.unej.ac.id/handle/123456789/78503
National Population and Family Planning Board (BKKBN). (2018). Indonesia demographic and health survey 2017. Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Ministry of Health (Kemenkes), USAID. https://e-koren.bkkbn.go.id/wp-content¬/uploads¬/2018¬/10¬/¬Laporan-SDKI-2017-WUS.pdf
Özyazıcıoğlu, N., Ünsal, A., & Sezgin, S. (2011). The effects of toilet and genital hygiene education on high school students’ behavior. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 4(3), 120-125
Park, C. L, & Iacocca, M. O. (2014). A stress and coping perspective on health behaviors: Theoretical and methodological considerations. Anxiety Stress Coping, 27(2), 123-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.860969
Pete, P. M. N., Biguioh, R. M., Izacar, A. G. B., Adogaye, S. B. B., Nguemo, C. (2019). Genital hygiene behaviors, and practices: A cross-sectional descriptive study among antenatal care attendees. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 10(1), 746. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2019.746
Rahmah, H., Afiyanti, Y., Rachmawati, I. N., Ungsianik, T., Budiati, T., & Wiwit. (2020). Sexuality concerns: A thematic analysis of indonesian nurses’ experiences in discussing sexuality with patients. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 23(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v23i1.1173
Sari, H. E, Mudigdo, A., & Dermatoto, A. (2016). Multilevel analysis on the social determinants of cervical cancer in Yogyakarta. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1(2), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.02.03
Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005). Stress and health: Psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 607–628. https://doi.org/10.1146/¬annurev.clinpsy.¬1.102803.¬144¬14¬1
Sevil, S., Kevser, O., Aleattin, U., Dilek, A., & Tijen, N. (2013). An evaluation of the relationship between genital hygiene practices, genital infection. Gynecology & Obstetrics, 3(6), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0932.1000187
Shah, S. K, Shrestha, S., Maharjan, P. L., Karki, K., Upadhayay, A., Subedi, S., & Milan, G. (2019). Knowledge and practice of genital health and hygiene among adolescent girls of Lalitpur metropolitan city, Nepal. American Journal of Public Health Research, 7(4), 151-156. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-7-4-4
Song, H., Saito, E., Sawada, N., Abe, S. K., Hidaka, A., Shimazu, T., Yamaji, T., Goto, A., Iwasaki, M., Sasazuk, S., Ye, W., Inoue, M., & Tsugane, S. (2017). Perceived stress level and risk of cancer incidence in a Japanese population: The Japan Public Health Center (JPHC)-based prospective study. Scientific Reports, 7, 12964. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13362-8
Torondel, B., Sinha, S., Mohanty, J. R., Swain, T., Sahoo, P., Panda, B., Nayak, A., Bara, M., Bilung, B., Cumming, O., Panigrahi, P., & Das, P. (2018). Association between unhygienic menstrual management practices and prevalence of lower reproductive tract infections: A hospital-based cross-sectional study in Odisha, India. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 473. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3384-2
Tsigos, C., Kyrou, I., Kassi, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (2000). Stress: Endocrine physiology and pathophysiology. Endotext. MDText.com, Inc. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25905226
Umami, A., Rahardjo, S. S., & Murti, B. (2018). Path analysis on the biopsychosocial determinants and genital hygiene on cervical cancer at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 3(2), 277-291. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.02.07
World Health Organization. (2015). Progress report of the implementation of the global strategy for prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/183117/1/9789241508841_eng.pdf
World Health Organization. (2016). Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016–2021. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/ghss-stis/en/
Yasya, W., Muljono, P., Seminar, K. B., & Hardinsyah. (2019). Effects of facebook social media use and online social support on breastfeeding behavior. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi dan Media. 23(1), 71–86
Yusuf, D. F.., & Budiono, I. (2016). Factors related to the practice of menstrual hygiene genitalia in mentally retarded junior high school students. Journal of Health Education, 1(1), 56-61

Last update:

Women’s Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Telafer City, Iraq
Mohmmed Qassim Baktash, Abdul-Aziz Ahmed Aziz. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 13 (1), 2023. doi: 10.14710/nmjn.v13i1.48924
Contextual Factors, Health History, and Daily Living Activities for Ovarian Cancer Risks: A Case-Control Study in Indonesia
Restuning Widiasih, Windy Natasha, Tosin Popoola, Katherine Nelson. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 13 (2), 2023. doi: 10.14710/nmjn.v13i2.53640
The relationship between genital hygiene behaviors and genital infections among women: A systematic review
Afriza Umami, Edit Paulik, Regina Molnár, Bhisma Murti. Jurnal Ners, 17 (1), 2022. doi: 10.20473/jn.v17i1.34402
Relationship between Demographic Factors, Knowledge, and Injection Contraceptive Acceptors’ Visit Compliance
Muhammad Anas, Khofifah Dwi Oktaviana, Era Catur Prasetya, Afriza Umami. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10 (B), 2022. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9531

Last update: 2024-11-04 20:24:54

No citation recorded.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Journal Author(s) Rights

In order for the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro to publish and disseminate research articles, we need non-exclusive publishing rights (transferred from the author(s) to the publisher). This is determined by a publishing agreement between the author(s) and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro. This agreement involves the transfer or licensing of the copyright for publishing to the publisher, while authors still retain significant rights to use and share their own published articles. The Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro supports the need for authors to share, disseminate, and maximize the impact of their research through these rights in any databases.

As the author(s), you have rights to a wide range of uses of your article, including use by your employing institution or company. These author rights can be exercised without the need to obtain specific permission. Authors publishing in the Nurse Media Journal of Nursing have extensive rights to use their works for teaching and scholarly purposes without needing to seek permission, including:

use for classroom teaching by the author or the author’s institution and presentation at a meeting or conference, including distributing copies to attendees;
use for internal training by the author’s company;
distribution to colleagues for their research use;
use in a subsequent compilation of the author’s works;
inclusion in a thesis or dissertation;
reuse of portions or extracts from the article in other works (with full acknowledgment of the final article);
preparation of derivative works (other than for commercial purposes) (with full acknowledgment of the final article);
voluntary posting on open websites operated by the author or the author’s institution for scholarly purposes;

following the open access license of the Creative Commons CC BY-SA License.

Authors, readers, and third parties can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, but they must give appropriate credit (including the name of the creator and attribution parties, detailed information about the authors, a copyright notice, an open access license notice, a disclaimer notice, and a link to the material), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. The publisher will indicate any modification of the material (if any) and retain an indication of previous modifications using a CrossMark Policy and information about Erratum-Corrigendum notifications.

Authors, readers, and third parties can read, print, and download, redistribute or republish the article (e.g., display it in a repository), translate the article, download it for text and data mining purposes, reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works, sell or reuse it for commercial purposes, remix, transform, or build upon the material. They must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA).

Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (Publishing Right)

The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, non-exclusive right for publishing (publishing right) of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Publisher of the Nurse Media Journal of Nursing (Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro).

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP)'. An e-mail will be sent to the Corresponding Author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing' form by online version of this agreement.

Nurse Media Journal of Nursing and Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, the Editors and the Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in the journal. In any way, the contents of the articles and advertisements published in the Nurse Media Journal of Nursing are sole and exclusive responsibility of their respective authors and advertisers.

Please note that even though we ask for a transfer of copyright for publishing (CTAP), our journal Author(s) retain (or are granted back) significant scholarly rights as mentioned before.

The Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP) Form can be downloaded here: [Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP) Form NMJN 2024]

The copyright form should be signed electronically and send to the Editorial Office in the form of original e-mail below:

Dr. Meira Erawati (Editor-in-Chief)
Editorial Office of Nurse Media Journal of Nursing
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro
Jl. Prof. Soedarto, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 50275
Telp.: +62-24-76480919; Fax.: +62-24-76486849
E-mail: media_ners@live.undip.ac.id

(This policy statements has been updated at 24th January 2024)

Factors Associated with Genital Hygiene Behaviors in Cervical Cancer Patients in Surakarta, Indonesia

Journal Author(s) Rights

Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (Publishing Right)

OFFICE INFORMATION