DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v12i1.44769

Coronaphobia and Coping among the Bereaved: The Mediating Role of Gardening during the Covid-19 Pandemic

*Janet Alexis A. De los Santos orcid scopus  -  College of Nursing, Visayas State University, Philippines
Bryan G. Daiz  -  College of Nursing, Visayas State University, Philippines
Ezequiel L. Rosales  -  College of Nursing, Visayas State University, Philippines
Open Access Copyright (c) 2022 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: There are growing reports on the benefits of gardening on physical and mental health especially during lockdowns, but very limited studies presented how this affects a person’s fear of COVID-19 and coping from grief and loss.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the mediating effects of gardening on coronaphobia and bereavement coping.

Methods: This study utilised a cross-sectional design using self-report scales. A total of 200 participants were selected through referral sampling following a set of criteria. Both researcher-made and standardized questionnaires were utilized in the collection of data. Multiple linear regression was utilized to analyse association between the study variables

Results: Results revealed that gardening has significant partial mediating effects in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and coping (B=-0.078, z=-3.55, p=0.001). Fear of COVID-19 negatively affects gardening (β=-0.157, p=0.001), while gardening positively affects coping (β=0.497, p=0.001). Nevertheless, the results also indicate that even accounting for the mediating role of gardening, fear of COVID-19 still has a negative impact to coping (β=0.148, p=0.001).

Conclusion: Gardening is an adaptive practice in ameliorating stress and improving a person’s resilience and bereavement coping. This study adds to the body of knowledge on the benefits of gardening particularly on its mediating role between fear of COVID-19 and bereavement coping. Gardening activities as a complementary intervention may be recommended to bereaved individuals to help them improve coping and grief.
Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Bereavement coping; Coronaphobia; gardening; mediation analysis; Philippines

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Breast Cancer Education through Two Virtual Methods for Increasing Knowledge in Nurses The Role of Organizational Culture in Moderating Effect of Emotional Labor Strategies on Nursing Professionalism Discovering Elements and Developing Strategies to Implement the Tailored Care Education for Patients with Diabetes through A Systematic Review Editorial Front Matter Editorial Back Matter More recent articles
Most cited articles
The Effect of A Self-Management Support Program on The Achievement of Goals in Diabetic Foot Care Behaviors in Indonesian Diabetic Patients PENGARUH LATIHAN FISIK; SENAM AEROBIK TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GULA DARAH PADA PENDERITA DM TIPE 2 DI WILAYAH PUSKESMAS BUKATEJA PURBALINGGA Emergency Training, Education And Perceived Clinical Skills For Tsunami Care Among Nurses In Banda Aceh, Indonesia Spirituality Intervention and Outcomes: Corner stone of Holistic Nursing Practice Caring Science within Islamic Contexts: A Literature Review More cited articles
  1. Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  2. Baron, R.M., Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6),1173-1182
  3. Cacciatore, J., Gorman, R., & Thieleman, K. (2019). Evaluating care farming as a means to care for those in trauma and grief. Health & Place, 62, e102281. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102281
  4. Carr, D., Boerner, K., & Moorman, S. (2020). Bereavement in the time of Coronavirus: unprecedented challenges demand novel interventions. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 32(4-5), 425–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1764320
  5. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385- 396
  6. Corley, J., Okley, J. A., Taylor, A. M., Page, D., Welstead, M., Skrabela, B., Redmond, P., Cox, S.R. & Russ, T. C. (2021). Home garden use during COVID-19: Associations with physical and mental well-being in older adults. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 73, 101545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101545
  7. Crunk, A. (2004). The coping assessment for bereavement and loss experiences (CABLE): development and validation (Publication No. 5658) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Central Florida]. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5658
  8. Currie, E.R., Christian, B.J., Hinds, P.S., Perna, S.J., Robinson C., Day, S., Bakitas, M. & Meneses K. (2018). Life after loss: Parent bereavement and coping experiences after infant death in the neonatal intensive care unit. Death Studies, 43(5). https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1474285
  9. Daiz, B.G., Rosales, E.L, Diago, P., & De los Santos, J.A.A. (2022). Health and well-being benefits of gardening: A comparative study among gardeners and non-gardeners in the Philippines. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing, 13(4). https://ejournal.lucp.net/index.php/mjn/article/view/1582
  10. De los Santos, J. A. A., & Labrague, L. J. (2021). The impact of fear of COVID-19 on job stress, and turnover intentions of frontline nurses in the community: A cross-sectional study in the Philippines. Traumatology, 27(1), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000294
  11. Fisher, J. E., Zhou, J., Zuleta, R. F., Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Cozza, S. J. (2020). Coping strategies and considering the possibility of death in those bereaved by sudden and violent deaths: Grief severity, depression, and posttraumatic growth. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 749. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00749
  12. Howarth, M., Brettle, A., Hardman, M., & Maden, M. (2020). What is the evidence for the impact of gardens and gardening on health and well-being: A scoping review and evidence-based logic model to guide healthcare strategy decision making on the use of gardening approacges as a social prescription. BMJ Open, 10(7). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036923
  13. Huh, H. J., Kim, K. H., Lee, H. K., & Chae, J. H. (2018). Attachment styles, grief responses, and the moderating role of coping strategies in parents bereaved by the Sewol ferry accident. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup6), 1424446. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1424446
  14. Johnson, L.M., Torres, C., Sykes, A., Gibson, D.V. & Baker, J.N. (2017). The bereavement experience of adolescents and early young adults with cancer: Peer and parental loss due to death is associated with increased risk of adverse psychological outcomes. PLOS ONE,12(8): e0181024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181024
  15. Kamp, K. S., O'Connor, M., Spindler, H., & Moskowitz, A. (2019). Bereavement hallucinations after the loss of a spouse: Associations with psychopathological measures, personality and coping style. Death Studies, 43(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1458759
  16. Koay, W.I. & Dillion, D. (2020). Community gardening: Stress, well-being and resilience potentials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6740; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186740
  17. Kochen, E. M., Jenken, F., Boelen, P.A., Deben, L. M. A., Fahner, J.C. van den Hoogen, A., Teunissem S.C.C.M. Geleijns, K. & Kars, M.C. (2020). When a child dies: A systematic review of well-defined parent-focused bereavement interventions and their alignment with grief and loss theories. BMC Palliative Care, 19, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-020-0529-z
  18. Kou, H., Zhang, S., Li, W. & Liu, Y. (2021). Participatory action research on the impact of community hardening in the context of COVID-19 pandemic: Investigating the seeding plan in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(2), 6243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126243
  19. Labrague, L. J., & De los Santos, J. A. A. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of coronaphobia among frontline hospital and public health nurses. Public Health Nursing, 38(3), 382-389. http://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12841
  20. Lades, L. K., Laffan, K., Daly, M. & Delaney, L. (2020). Daily emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(4), https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12450
  21. Lin, Y. J., Lin, C. Y. & Li, Y. C. (2014). Planting hope in loss and grief: Self-care applications of horticultural therapy for grief caregivers in Taiwan. Death Studies, 38(9). https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2013.820231
  22. Lundberg, T., Forinder, U., Olsson, M., Furst, C.J., Arestedt, K., & Alvarizza, A. (2018). Bereavement stressors and psychological well-being of young adults following the loss of a parent-a cross sectional survey. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 35, 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2018.05.004
  23. Lundorff, M., Thomsen, D. K., Damkier, A., & O’connor M. (2018). How do loss-and restoration-oriented coping change across time? A prospeective study on adjustment following spousal bereavement. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2019.1587751
  24. Machado, M. M. & Swank, J. M. (2017). Therapeutic gardening: A counseling approach for bereavement from suicide. Death Studies, 43(10). https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1509908
  25. Moore, K. A. & Lucas, J. J. (2020). COVID-10 distress and worries: The role of attitudes, social support and positive coping during social isolation. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 94(2), 365-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12308
  26. Orgura, A., Izawa, K.P., Tawa, H., Kureha, F., Wada, M., Harada, N., Ikeda, Y. Kimura, K., Kondo, N., Kanai, M., Kubo, I., Yoshikawa, R. & Matsuda, Y. (2021). Older phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation patients engaged in gardening maintained physical function during the COVIC-19 pandemic. Heart and Vessels, 37, 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-021-01892-1
  27. Park, R.M., Royal, K.D. & Gruen, M.E. (2021). A Literature review: Pet bereavement and coping mechanisms. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 6, 1-15 Advance Online. http://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.1934839
  28. Rahman, M., Hoque, N., Alif, S.M., Salehin, M., Islam, S.M.S., Banik, B., Sharif, A., Nazim, N.B. Sultana, F. & Cross, W. (2020). Factors associated with psychological distress, fear and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Global Health, 16, 95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00624-w
  29. Sarfika, R., Malini, H., Putri, D.E., Buanasari, A., Abdullahm K.L. & Freska, W. (2021) Factors influencing depression among Indonesians during the COVID-19 outbreak. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 11(3), 380-388. http://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v11i3.36783
  30. Saricali, M., Satici, S. A., Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, mindfulness, humor, and hopelessness: A multiple mediation analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–14. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00419-5
  31. Serino, M.N. & Ratilla, M.T. (2021). Local response and coping mechanisms adopted to disruptions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic at a Filipino State University. Human Behavior, Development and Society, 22(1), 42-52. https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hbds/article/view/244575
  32. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
  33. Snell, W. E., Jr., Johnson, G., Lloyd, P. J., & Hoover, W. (1991). The development and validation of the Health Orientation Scale: A measure of psychological tendencies associated with health. European Journal of Personality, 5, 169-183
  34. Theodorou, A.., Panno, A., Carrus, G., Carbone, G.A., Massulo, C., & Imperatori, C. (2021). Stay home, stay safe, stay green: The role of gardening activities on mental health during the COVID-19 home confinement. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 61, 127091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127091
  35. Thieleman, K., Cacciatore, J. & Gorman, R. (2021). “Perhaps something of beauty can grow:” Experiences of care farming for grief. Death Studies. Advance Online Publication. http://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1964108
  36. Usher, K., Durkin, J., & Bhullar, N. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health impacts. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 315–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12726
  37. Weerakoon, R., Wehigaldeniya, D. S. & Charikawickramarathne. (2021). The effect of home gardening towards the mental well-being of men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Advances in Research, 10(2), 1-8. http://mbimph.com/index.php/AJOAIR/article/view/2395
  38. WHO. (2021, September 2). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
  39. Wicker, P. & Orlowski, J. (2020). Coping with adversity: Physical activity as a moderator in adaption to bereavement. Journal of Public Health, 43(2), e196-e203. http://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa059

Last update:

  1. Scoping review of nature-based interventions in bereavement care: What are the implications for perinatal loss?

    Julie Dean, Anne Cleary, Tianyi Ma, Lisa McDaid, Danielle Pollock, Frances Boyle. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8 (1), 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100690

  2. Foreign Experience in the Prevention of the COVID-19 Pandemic Stress

    Y.A. Kochetova, M.V. Klimakova. Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology, 12 (2), 2023. doi: 10.17759/jmfp.2023120208

Last update: 2024-12-26 15:30:41

No citation recorded.