Prevalence of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome in Adults After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Putra Agina Widyaswara Suwaryo; Fairrul Kadir; Azizan Omar; Sukhbeer Kaur Darsin Singh

doi:10.14710/nmjn.v14i2.56529

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v14i2.56529

Prevalence of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome in Adults After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

*Putra Agina Widyaswara Suwaryo

- Department of Nursing, Universitas Muhammadiyah Gombong, Malaysia

Fairrul Kadir

- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia

Azizan Omar

- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia

Sukhbeer Kaur Darsin Singh

- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

BibTex Citation Data :

@article{NMJN56529,
    author = {Putra Agina Widyaswara Suwaryo and Fairrul Kadir and Azizan Omar and Sukhbeer Singh},
    title = {Prevalence of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome in Adults After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury},
    journal = {Nurse Media Journal of Nursing},
  volume = {14},
    number = {2},
    year = {2024},
    keywords = {Mild traumatic brain injury; post-concussion syndrome; post-traumatic brain injury},
    abstract = {  Background : Although mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) is one of the primary causes of death and disability worldwide, research on the prevalence of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) after mTBI is still extremely limited. Previous studies have shown that approximately 10-15% of mTBI patients experience PCS, yet these studies often have different methodologies and sample sizes.   Purpose : This study aimed to determine and compare the prevalence of persistent PCS (more than one month post-injury) with those without PCS in mTBI patients.   Methods : This study employed a retrospective cohort design and analyzed patient data from hospital records between July and December 2022, yielding a sample of 316 participants with mTBI. Patients with complete medical record data and active health checks for one month after being treated were taken as research subjects. PCS measurement was conducted using the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). Data were analyzed using an independent t-test with a two-tailed distribution to compare variables between groups (groups with PCS and without PCS).   Results : The prevalence of persistent PCS in mTBI patients was 112 (35.4%) patients. The occurrence of persistent PCS was found to be most prevalent in the second month and in motor vehicle accident-related injuries, with 49 (43.7%) patients and 80 (71.4%) patients, respectively. Problems concentrating (37.5%), headache (30.3%), and light sensitivity (32.1%) were the most common symptoms of PCS.   Conclusions : A significant proportion of persistent PCS was found, with the most prevalent occurring in the second month after mTBI and involving motor vehicle-related injuries. These findings warrant better screening guidelines and practices that patients can adopt after mTBI. },
   issn = {2406-8799},   pages = {199--209}  doi = {10.14710/nmjn.v14i2.56529},
    url = {https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/medianers/article/view/56529}
}

Citation Format:

Abstract

Background: Although mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) is one of the primary causes of death and disability worldwide, research on the prevalence of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) after mTBI is still extremely limited. Previous studies have shown that approximately 10-15% of mTBI patients experience PCS, yet these studies often have different methodologies and sample sizes.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine and compare the prevalence of persistent PCS (more than one month post-injury) with those without PCS in mTBI patients.

Methods: This study employed a retrospective cohort design and analyzed patient data from hospital records between July and December 2022, yielding a sample of 316 participants with mTBI. Patients with complete medical record data and active health checks for one month after being treated were taken as research subjects. PCS measurement was conducted using the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). Data were analyzed using an independent t-test with a two-tailed distribution to compare variables between groups (groups with PCS and without PCS).

Results: The prevalence of persistent PCS in mTBI patients was 112 (35.4%) patients. The occurrence of persistent PCS was found to be most prevalent in the second month and in motor vehicle accident-related injuries, with 49 (43.7%) patients and 80 (71.4%) patients, respectively. Problems concentrating (37.5%), headache (30.3%), and light sensitivity (32.1%) were the most common symptoms of PCS.

Conclusions: A significant proportion of persistent PCS was found, with the most prevalent occurring in the second month after mTBI and involving motor vehicle-related injuries. These findings warrant better screening guidelines and practices that patients can adopt after mTBI.

Fulltext View|Download

Keywords: Mild traumatic brain injury; post-concussion syndrome; post-traumatic brain injury

Article Metrics:

Article Info

Section: Articles

Language : EN

In Vol 14, No 2 (2024): (August 2024)

Recent articles

Most cited articles

Ashina, H., Eigenbrodt, A. K., Seifert, T., Sinclair, A. J., Scher, A. I., Schytz, H. W., Lee, M. J., De Icco, R., Finkel, A. G., & Ashina, M. (2021). Post-traumatic headache attributed to traumatic brain injury: Classification, clinical characteristics, and treatment. The Lancet Neurology, 20(6), 460–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00094-6
Auclair-Pilote, J., Lalande, D., Tinawi, S., Feyz, M., & de Guise, E. (2021). Satisfaction of basic psychological needs following a mild traumatic brain injury and relationships with post-concussion symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(4), 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1630858
Balakrishnan, B., Rus, R., Chan, K., Martin, A., & Awang, M. (2019). Prevalence of post-concussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury in young adults from a single neurosurgical center in east coast of Malaysia. Asian Journal of Neurosurgery, 14(1), 201–205. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajns.AJNS_49_18
Barlow, K. M. (2016). Post-concussion syndrome: A review. Journal of Child Neurology, 31(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073814543305
Beauchamp, F., Boucher, V., Neveu, X., Ouellet, V., Archambault, P., Berthelot, S., Chauny, J.-M., de Guise, E., Émond, M., Frenette, J., Lang, E., Lee, J., Mercier, É., Moore, L., Ouellet, M.-C., Perry, J., & Le Sage, N. (2021). Post-concussion symptoms in sports-related mild traumatic brain injury compared to non-sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 23(2), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43678-020-00060-0
Biagianti, B., Stocchetti, N., Brambilla, P., & Van Vleet, T. (2020). Brain dysfunction underlying prolonged post-concussive syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 262, 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.058
Bo, V., & Pearkao, C. (2021). Post-concussion syndrome and factors associated with post- concussion syndrome following mild traumatic brain injury. Medico Legal Update, 21(3), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i3.2970
Cancelliere, C., Verville, L., Stubbs, J. L., Yu, H., Hincapié, C. A., Cassidy, J. D., Wong, J. J., Shearer, H. M., Connell, G., Southerst, D., Howitt, S., Guist, B., & Silverberg, N. D. (2023). Post-concussion symptoms and disability in adults with mild traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neurotrauma, 40(11–12), 1045–1059. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2022.0185
Cnossen, M. C., van der Naalt, J., Spikman, J. M., Nieboer, D., Yue, J. K., Winkler, E. A., Manley, G. T., von Steinbuechel, N., Polinder, S., Steyerberg, E. W., & Lingsma, H. F. (2018). Prediction of persistent post-concussion symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 35(22), 2691–2698. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5486
Cooksley, R., Maguire, E., Lannin, N. A., Unsworth, C. A., Farquhar, M., Galea, C., Mitra, B., & Schmidt, J. (2018). Persistent symptoms and activity changes three months after mild traumatic brain injury. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 65(3), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12457
Dean, P. J. A., O’Neill, D., & Sterr, A. (2012). Post-concussion syndrome: Prevalence after mild traumatic brain injury in comparison with a sample without head injury. Brain Injury, 26(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2011.635354
Haider, A. H., Herrera-Escobar, J. P., Al Rafai, S. S., Harlow, A. F., Apoj, M., Nehra, D., Kasotakis, G., Brasel, K., Kaafarani, H. M. A., Velmahos, G., & Salim, A. (2020). Factors associated with long-term outcomes after injury: Results of the Functional Outcomes and Recovery After Trauma Emergencies (FORTE) multicenter cohort study. Annals of Surgery, 271(6), 1165. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003101
Heslot, C., Cogné, M., Guillouët, E., Perdrieau, V., Lefevre-Dognin, C., Glize, B., Bonan, I., & Azouvi, P. (2021). Management of unfavorable outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: Review of physical and cognitive rehabilitation and of psychological care in post-concussive syndrome. Neurochirurgie, 67(3), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2020.09.001
Lagarde, E., Salmi, L.-R., Holm, L. W., Contrand, B., Masson, F., Ribéreau-Gayon, R., Laborey, M., & Cassidy, J. D. (2014). Association of symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury with post-traumatic stress disorder vs post-concussion syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(9), 1032–1040. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.666
Losoi, H., Silverberg, N. D., Wäljas, M., Turunen, S., Rosti-Otajärvi, E., Helminen, M., Luoto, T. M., Julkunen, J., Öhman, J., & Iverson, G. L. (2016). Recovery from mild traumatic brain injury in previously healthy adults. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33(8), 766–776. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2015.4070
Mayer, C. L., Huber, B. R., & Peskind, E. (2013). Traumatic brain injury, neuroinflammation, and post-traumatic headaches. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 53(9), 1523–1530. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12173
Mercier, E., Tardif, P.-A., Cameron, P. A., Émond, M., Moore, L., Mitra, B., Ouellet, M.-C., Frenette, J., de Guise, E., & Le Sage, N. (2018). Prognostic value of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) for prediction of post-concussion symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Brain Injury, 32(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1385097
Messé, A., Caplain, S., Pélégrini-Issac, M., Blancho, S., Lévy, R., Aghakhani, N., Montreuil, M., Benali, H., & Lehéricy, S. (2013). Specific and evolving resting-state network alterations in post-concussion syndrome following mild traumatic brain injury. PLOS ONE, 8(6), e65470. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065470
Minen, M., Jinich, S., & Vallespir Ellett, G. (2019). Behavioral therapies and mind-body interventions for post-traumatic headache and post-concussive symptoms: A systematic review. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 59(2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13455
Polinder, S., Cnossen, M. C., Real, R. G. L., Covic, A., Gorbunova, A., Voormolen, D. C., Master, C. L., Haagsma, J. A., Diaz-Arrastia, R., & von Steinbuechel, N. (2018). A multidimensional approach to post-concussion symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury. Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 1113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.01113
Rytter, H. M., Westenbaek, K., Henriksen, H., Christiansen, P., & Humle, F. (2019). Specialized interdisciplinary rehabilitation reduces persistent post-concussive symptoms: A randomized clinical trial. Brain Injury, 33(3), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1552022
Starkey, N. J., Jones, K., Case, R., Theadom, A., Barker-Collo, S., & Feigin, V. (2018). Post-concussive symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury during childhood and adolescence. Brain Injury, 32(5), 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1439533
Voormolen, D. C., Cnossen, M. C., Polinder, S., von Steinbuechel, N., Vos, P. E., & Haagsma, J. A. (2018). Divergent classification methods of post-concussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury: Prevalence rates, risk factors, and functional outcome. Journal of Neurotrauma, 35(11), 1233–1241. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5257
Voormolen, D. C., Haagsma, J. A., Polinder, S., Maas, A. I. R., Steyerberg, E. W., Vuleković, P., Sewalt, C. A., Gravesteijn, B. Y., Covic, A., Andelic, N., Plass, A. M., & von Steinbuechel, N. (2019). Post-concussion symptoms in complicated vs. uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury patients at three and six months post-injury: Results from the CENTER-TBI study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(11), 1921. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111921
Yue, J. K., Cnossen, M. C., Winkler, E. A., Deng, H., Phelps, R. R. L., Coss, N. A., Sharma, S., Robinson, C. K., Suen, C. G., Vassar, M. J., Schnyer, D. M., Puccio, A. M., Gardner, R. C., Yuh, E. L., Mukherjee, P., Valadka, A. B., Okonkwo, D. O., Lingsma, H. F., Manley, G. T., … Morabito, D. J. (2019). Pre-injury comorbidities are associated with functional impairment and post-concussive symptoms at 3- and 6-months after mild traumatic brain injury: A TRACK-TBI study. Frontiers in Neurology, 10, 343. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00343
Zeldovich, M., Wu, Y.-J., Gorbunova, A., Mikolic, A., Polinder, S., Plass, A., Covic, A., Asendorf, T., Andelic, N., Voormolen, D., von Steinbüchel, N., & on behalf of the CENTER-TBI Participants and Investigators. (2020). Influence of sociodemographic, premorbid, and injury-related factors on post-concussion symptoms after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(6), 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061931

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-12-20 14:32:50

No citation recorded.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Journal Author(s) Rights

In order for the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro to publish and disseminate research articles, we need non-exclusive publishing rights (transferred from the author(s) to the publisher). This is determined by a publishing agreement between the author(s) and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro. This agreement involves the transfer or licensing of the copyright for publishing to the publisher, while authors still retain significant rights to use and share their own published articles. The Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro supports the need for authors to share, disseminate, and maximize the impact of their research through these rights in any databases.

As the author(s), you have rights to a wide range of uses of your article, including use by your employing institution or company. These author rights can be exercised without the need to obtain specific permission. Authors publishing in the Nurse Media Journal of Nursing have extensive rights to use their works for teaching and scholarly purposes without needing to seek permission, including:

use for classroom teaching by the author or the author’s institution and presentation at a meeting or conference, including distributing copies to attendees;
use for internal training by the author’s company;
distribution to colleagues for their research use;
use in a subsequent compilation of the author’s works;
inclusion in a thesis or dissertation;
reuse of portions or extracts from the article in other works (with full acknowledgment of the final article);
preparation of derivative works (other than for commercial purposes) (with full acknowledgment of the final article);
voluntary posting on open websites operated by the author or the author’s institution for scholarly purposes;

following the open access license of the Creative Commons CC BY-SA License.

Authors, readers, and third parties can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, but they must give appropriate credit (including the name of the creator and attribution parties, detailed information about the authors, a copyright notice, an open access license notice, a disclaimer notice, and a link to the material), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. The publisher will indicate any modification of the material (if any) and retain an indication of previous modifications using a CrossMark Policy and information about Erratum-Corrigendum notifications.

Authors, readers, and third parties can read, print, and download, redistribute or republish the article (e.g., display it in a repository), translate the article, download it for text and data mining purposes, reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works, sell or reuse it for commercial purposes, remix, transform, or build upon the material. They must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA).

Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (Publishing Right)

The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, non-exclusive right for publishing (publishing right) of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Publisher of the Nurse Media Journal of Nursing (Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro).

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP)'. An e-mail will be sent to the Corresponding Author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing' form by online version of this agreement.

Nurse Media Journal of Nursing and Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, the Editors and the Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in the journal. In any way, the contents of the articles and advertisements published in the Nurse Media Journal of Nursing are sole and exclusive responsibility of their respective authors and advertisers.

Please note that even though we ask for a transfer of copyright for publishing (CTAP), our journal Author(s) retain (or are granted back) significant scholarly rights as mentioned before.

The Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP) Form can be downloaded here: [Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP) Form NMJN 2024]

The copyright form should be signed electronically and send to the Editorial Office in the form of original e-mail below:

Dr. Meira Erawati (Editor-in-Chief)
Editorial Office of Nurse Media Journal of Nursing
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro
Jl. Prof. Soedarto, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 50275
Telp.: +62-24-76480919; Fax.: +62-24-76486849
E-mail: media_ners@live.undip.ac.id

(This policy statements has been updated at 24th January 2024)

Prevalence of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome in Adults After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Journal Author(s) Rights

Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (Publishing Right)

OFFICE INFORMATION