DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v15i2.56936

The Risk of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Urban and Rural Areas

Arina Qona'ah orcid scopus publons  -  Department of Advanced Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
*Ika Nur Pratiwi  -  Fundamental of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Zulfayandi Pawanis  -  Airlangga University Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Laura Navika Yamani  -  Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Eskarani Tri Pratiwi  -  Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Mataram, Indonesia
Nursalam Nursalam  -  Department of Advanced Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Vimala Ramoo  -  Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 by the Authors, Published by Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Background: Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is closely linked to poor glycemic control. However, little is known about how environmental and lifestyle differences between urban and rural settings affect the risk of DPN.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify and compare the risk factors of DPN among T2DM patients living in rural and urban areas.

Methods: A comparative cross-sectional design with purposive sampling was used to recruit 156 T2DM patients from both urban (Surabaya) and rural (Lamongan) areas of East Java, Indonesia. Data were collected using the Vascular Quality of Life-6 (VQ-6), Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom (DNS), Diabetic Neuropathy Examination (DNE), and Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI). Logistic regression was performed, with a significance level set at p<0.05.

Results: The mean age of rural participants was 55.8 years, slightly younger than that of urban participants. Urban residents had higher levels of education (37.7%) but engaged less in regular physical activity (51.9%). The risk of DPN differed significantly between rural and urban participants. Vascular function (ABI, OR = 4.526, range = 0.7–4.00), peripheral nerve symptoms (DNS, OR = 2.838, range = 0–2), neurological deficits (DNE, OR = 1.571, range = 0–5), and neuropathy-related quality of life (VQ-6, OR = 0.663, range = 0–24, p=0.020) were more pronounced among rural participants.

Conclusion: Rural T2DM patients are at greater risk of DPN due to vascular and neuropathic complications, combined with sociodemographic disadvantages. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and tailored education programs for rural communities to prevent and manage DPN.

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Keywords: Diabetic neuropathy; health care delivery; rural population; type 2 diabetes mellitus; urban population
Funding: Universitas Airlangga

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