DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v15i2.60623

Health-Promoting Lifestyle Behaviors and Their Correlates Among Nursing Students in Saudi Arabia

*Haidee Tablada Pacheco  -  Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Salwa Abd El Gawad Sallam  -  Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail , Saudi Arabia
Richard Dennis Juinio Dayrit  -  Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Dominga Narag Villano  -  Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Marifa Libang Briones  -  Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Heba Kayied Deab Al Morjan  -  Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 by the Authors, Published by Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: University students in Saudi Arabia have demonstrated concerning health-promoting lifestyle behaviors. However, few studies have specifically examined these patterns among nursing students, particularly in regions such as Hail.

Purpose: This study evaluated the health-promoting lifestyle behaviors of nursing students in Hail and their correlations with demographic factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional correlational design was employed. A total of 263 male and female participants provided demographic information and completed the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) questionnaire through convenience sampling. Statistical analyses included frequency, percentage, t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson’s correlation.

Results: The overall level of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors was classified as good (M=142.88, SD=28.77). No significant differences were observed across the six subdomains of the HPLP II when participants were grouped by gender or year level. A significant positive correlation was found between grade point average and health-promoting lifestyle behaviors (p < 0.001, r = 0.34). Conversely, a significant negative correlation was observed between family monthly income and health-promoting lifestyle behaviors (p = 0.01, r = –0.15).

Conclusion: Nursing students demonstrated good levels of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors. Those with better academic performance reported higher levels of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors, while students from families with higher monthly income exhibited lower levels. These findings highlight the need for culturally and contextually tailored interventions to support nursing students in maintaining healthy lifestyles.

Fulltext
Keywords: Health-promoting lifestyle behaviors; nursing students; physical activity
Funding: None

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Development of a Home-Based Holistic Dementia Nursing Intervention Model for Family Caregivers Key Predictors of Medication Adherence Among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Palembang, Indonesia Determinants of Menstrual Hygiene Management Practices Among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study More recent articles
Most cited articles
Nurses’ Patient Safety Competencies in Aceh Province, Indonesia Predicting Factors of Interpersonal and Situational Influences for Performing Stretching Exercises Based on Pender’s Model PENGARUH LATIHAN FISIK; SENAM AEROBIK TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GULA DARAH PADA PENDERITA DM TIPE 2 DI WILAYAH PUSKESMAS BUKATEJA PURBALINGGA The Lived Experiences of the Lombok Earthquake Survivors Cardiac Rehabilitation Enhancing Programs in Patients with Myocardial Infarction: A literature Review More cited articles
  1. Abdou, R.A., & Helal, H. (2018). Health Promoting Lifestyle, Perceived Health Competence, Barriers and Benefits Among Nursing Students in Alexandria. Journal of Education and Practice, 9(16) 50-62
  2. Abuadas, F. (2023). Assessment of Health-promoting Behaviors and Influential Factors in Undergraduate Students in Saudi Arabian Governmental Universities. Available at: https://openpublichealthjournal.com, volume16, article e18749445271320. doi: 10.2174/0118749445271320230922102204
  3. Abuadas, F. (2023). Relationship between health-promoting practices and the health-related quality of life among Saudi university students after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: Cross-sectional study. Available at: https://opennursingjournal.com, volume 17, article e187443462303131. doi: 10.2174/18744346-v17-e230404-2023-10
  4. Adole, A., & Ware, M. (2014). Assessment of Breakfast Eating Habits and its Association with Cognitive Performance of Early Adolescents (11-13 Years) in Shebedino District, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2(4), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20140204.16
  5. Aksoy T., & Uçar, H. (20140. Healthy lifestyle behaviors of nursing students. Hacettepe University Faculty of Nursing Journal, 1(2),53-67
  6. Alanazi, N., & Alnasser, B. (2022). Socioeconomic Status and Health-Related Expenditure in Saudi Arabia: A Descriptive Study. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 12(9):87-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220911
  7. Alasqah, I., Mahmud, I., East, L., & Usher, K. (2021). Patterns of physical activity and dietary habits among adolescents in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review. International journal of health sciences, 15(2), 39–48. PMID: 33708043; PMCID: PMC7934132
  8. AlFlayyeh, S., & Alotaibi R.K. (2023). Assessment of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors among Saudi Arabian university students. Conhecimento & Diversidade, 15(38), 28-52
  9. Al-Matalka, S., Nazzal, M., Jaber, A., Oteir, A., & Abu-alim, M. (2023). Health-promoting behaviors among Jordanian university students. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 77(2). 7711505100p1. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2023.77S2-PO100
  10. Al-Momani M. M. (2021). Health-promoting lifestyle and its association with the academic achievements of medical students in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 37(2), 561–566. https://doi.org/10.Alzahm12669/pjms.37.2.3417
  11. Almutairi, K.M., Alonazi, W.B., Vinluan, J.M., Amigbal, T.H., Batais, M.A., Alodhayani, A.A., Alsadhan, N., Tumala, R.B, Moussa, M., Aboshaiqah, A.E., & Alhoqail, R.I. (2018). Health promoting lifestyle of university students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional assessment. BMC Public Health 18, 1093. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5999-z
  12. Al-Qahtani AM, Elgzar WT, Ibrahim HA, et al. (2021). The Coronavirus Disease Pandemic: Assessment of Perceived Barriers and Threats among Undergraduate University Students in Saudi Arabia. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 15(1):155-163. doi: 10.22207/JPAM.15.1.10
  13. Al-Qahtani M. F. (2019). Comparison of health-promoting lifestyle behaviours between female students majoring in healthcare and non-healthcare fields in KSA. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(6), 508–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.10.004
  14. Alsadoun, A. (2023). Health-Promoting Behaviours among Nursing Students in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(12), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.12.016
  15. Althumiri, N., BinDhim, N., & Alqahtani, S. (2020). Prevalence of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors and associations with obesity among Saudi Adults. Research Square, vol.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-40306
  16. Alzahrani, S. H., Malik, A. A., Bashawri, J., Shaheen, S. A., Shaheen, M. M., Alsaib, A. A., Mubarak, M. A., Adam, Y. S., & Abdulwassi, H. K. (2019). Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university. SAGE open medicine, 7, 2050312119838426. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312119838426
  17. Amiri, M., Chaman, R., & Khosravi, A. (2019). The Relationship Between Health-Promoting Lifestyle and Its Related Factors with Self-Efficacy and Well-Being of Students. Osong public health and research perspectives, 10(4), 221–227. https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.4.04
  18. Amsalem, D., Dixon, L. B., & Neria, Y. (2021). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak and Mental Health: Current Risks and Recommended Actions. JAMA psychiatry, 78(1), 9–10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1730
  19. Austin, D., May, J., Andrade, J., & Nichols, A. (2022). Exploring barriers, motivators and solutions to achieve a healthy lifestyle among undergraduate student nurses. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing), 31(4), 240–246. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2022.31.4.240
  20. Aygar, H., Zencirci, S. A., Emiral, G. O., Alaiye, M., Soysal, A., Onsuz, M. F., Isikli, B., & Metintas, S. (2019). Assessment of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors of adults living in the semi-rural area. Northern Clinics of Istanbul, 6(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2017.19327
  21. Azadbakht, L., Haghighatdoost, F., Feizi, A., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2013). Breakfast eating pattern and its association with dietary quality indices and anthropometric measurements in young women in Isfahan. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 29(2), 420–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.008
  22. Baharoon, H., & King, J. (2022). Arab Health Promoters’ Perspectives on Religious/Cultural Challenges to Adopt Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours among Arab Immigrants in Canada. The Qualitative Report, 27(7), 1130-1150. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.4810
  23. Bakouei, F., Omidvar, S., Seyedi-Andi, S.J., & Bakouei, S. (2019). Are healthy lifestyle behaviors positively associated with the academic achievement of university students?J Adv Med Educ Prof, 7(4):224-229. DOI: 10.30476/jamp.2019.74888
  24. Blake, H., Malik, S., Mo, P. K., & Pisano, C. (2011). 'Do as say, but not as I do': are next generation nurses role models for health? Perspectives in public health. 131(5), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913911402547
  25. Blake, H., Stanulewicz, N., & Griffiths, K. (2017). Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and Health Promotion Attitudes in Preregistered Nurses: A Questionnaire Study. The Journal of nursing education, 56(2), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20170123-06
  26. Boraita, R.J., Ibort, E.G., Torres, J.M.D., & Alsina, D.A. (2020). Gender Differences Relating to Lifestyle Habits and Health-Related Quality of Life of Adolescents. Child Ind Res 13, 1937–1951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-020-09728-6
  27. Cameron, D., Muratore, F., Tower, M., Eades, C., & Evans, J.M.M. (2022). Exploration of health and health behaviors of undergraduate nursing students: a multi-methods study in two countries. Contemporary Nurse, 58:5-6, 473-483. doi: 10.1080/10376178.2022.2085128
  28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2019, June 3). Defining Adult and Overweight Obesity. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/basics/adult defining.html#:~:text=Class%201%3A%20BMI%20of%2030,categorized%20as%20%E2%80%9Csevere%E2%80%9D%20obesity
  29. Cevik, B., Turgay, G., & Kav, S. (2021). Use of mobile health applications and health-promoting behaviors among nursing students: A cross sectional study, Nursing Education and Science, Available at: http://www.nes.fdmz.hr/images/articles/cevik-final.pdf
  30. Chow, S.K.Y., Man, L.K, Hung, L.S, Chun, M.K., Chun, M.K., Man, S.C. & Yip, Y.W. (2018). The relationship between self-rated health and health-promoting behaviors among college nursing students. Journal of Advanced Practices in Nursing, Available at https://www.hilarispublisher.com/proceedings/the-relationship-between-selfrated-health-and-health-promoting-behaviors-among-college-nursing-students-12416.html
  31. Deng, Fei-Fei (2015) Comparison of nursing education among different countries. Chinese Nursing Research, 2 (4): 96-98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnre.2015.11.001
  32. Duran, S., & Cetinbas, A. (2021). The relationship between healthy lifestyle behaviors and body composition in University Students. Ankara Medical Journal, 21(3), 327-338. DOI: 10.5505/amj.2021.92408
  33. Eichorn, L., Bruner, K.S., Short, T., & Abraham, S.P. (2018). Factors that Affect Exercise Habits of College Students. Journal of Education and Development, 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.20849/jed.v2i1.327
  34. El Ansari, W., Stock, C. & Mikolajczyk, R.T. (2012). Relationships between food consumption and living arrangements among university students in four European countries - A cross-sectional study. Nutrition Journal, 11, article no. 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-28
  35. El Sayed, H.H., El-Shafei, M.M. and Toprak, L. (2015). Influence of dietary habits of university students on body mass index (BMI) (a comparative study among Egypt and Saudi Arabia and turkey). Fırat University Journal of Social Science, 25(2): 315-328. https://doi.org.10.18069/fusbed.24732
  36. Evans, J. M., Eades, C. E., & Cameron, D. M. (2019). Health and health behaviours among a cohort of first year nursing students in Scotland: A self-report survey. Nurse education in practice, 36, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.02.019
  37. Excel Medical (2022). Nurses may spend more time with patients than doctors do. Available at: https://www.excel-medical.com/nurses-may-spend-more-time-with-patients-than-doctors-do/
  38. Fashafsheh, I., Al-Ghabeesh, S. H., Ayed, A., Salama, B., Batran, A., & Bawadi, H. (2021). Health-Promoting Behaviors among Nursing Students: Palestinian Perspective. Inquiry: a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing, 58, 1-5 469580211018790. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580211018790
  39. Ghanim, Mustafa; Al-Othman, Nihad; Rabayaa, Maha; and Alqaraleh, Moath (2021) Gender differences in health-promoting behaviors and psychological well-being of Palestinian medical students based on the HPLP II. Palestinian Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal, 7(2), Article 11. Available at: https://doi.org/10.59049/2790-0231.1092
  40. Gilan, B.A, Janatolmakan, M., Ashtarian, H., Rezaei, M., & Khatony, A. (2021). Health-Promoting Lifestyle and Associated Factors among Medical Sciences Students in Kermanshah, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of environmental and public health, 2021, 6691593. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6691593
  41. Gormley, N., & Melby, V. (2020). Nursing students' attitudes towards obese people, knowledge of obesity risk, and self-disclosure of own health behaviours: An exploratory survey. Nurse education today, 84, 104232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104232
  42. Graves BS, Hall ME, Dias-Karch C, Haischer MH, Apter C. (2021). Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students. PLoS ONE, 16(8): e0255634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255634
  43. Gurusamy, J., Amudhan, S., Veerabhadraiah, K. B., & Palaniappan, M. (2022). Health-promoting behaviours, their relationships and correlates in nursing students: Implications for nursing education and practice. Journal of professional nursing: official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 39, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2022.01.001
  44. Hayati Ifroh, R., Imamah, I. N., & Rizal, A. A. F. (2022). The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Assessment Among Nursing Students In East Kalimantan. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 13(2), 168–179. https://doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2022.13.2.168-179
  45. Hwang, Y., & Oh, J. (2020). Factors Affecting Health-Promoting Behaviors among Nursing Students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(17), 6291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176291
  46. Lacerda, M. S., Rossi, M. B., Abuchaim, E. S. V., Barros, A. L. B. L., & Lopes, J. L. (2022). Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and quality of life among first-year nursing students. Revista gaucha de enfermagem, 43, e20210066. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2022.20210066.en
  47. Li, Y., Fan, X., Wei, L., Yang, K., & Jiao, M. (2023). The impact of high-risk lifestyle factors on all-cause mortality in the US non-communicable disease population. BMC public health, 23(1), 422. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15319-1
  48. Makkawy, E., Alrakha, A. M., Al-Mubarak, A. F., Alotaibi, H. T., Alotaibi, N. T., Alasmari, A. A., & Altamimi, T. (2021). Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their associated factors among health sciences college students, Saudi Arabia. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 10(2), 961–967. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1749_20
  49. Malik, S., Blake, H., & Batt, M. (2011). How healthy are our nurses? New and registered nurses compared. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing), 20(8), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2011.20.8.489
  50. Marconcin, P., Matos, M. G., Ihle, A., Ferrari, G., Gouveia, É. R., López-Flores, M., Peralta, M., & Marques, A. (2021). Trends of Healthy Lifestyles Among Adolescents: An Analysis of More Than Half a Million Participants from 32 Countries Between 2006 and 2014. Frontiers in pediatrics, 9, 645074. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.645074
  51. McSharry, P., & Timmins, F. (2017). Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours and well-being among nursing students. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987), 31(24), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e10588
  52. Mollborn, S., Lawrence, E. M., & Hummer, R. A. (2020). A gender framework for understanding health lifestyles. Social science & medicine, (1982), 265, 113182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113182
  53. Montazeri, N., Kianipour, N., Nazari, B., Ziapour, A., & Bakhshi, S. (2017). Health Promoting Behaviors among University Students: A Case-Sectional Study of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. International Journal of Pediatrics, 5(6), 5091-5099. doi: 10.22038/ijp.2017.8631
  54. Musaiger, A. O., Al-Mannai, M., Tayyem, R., Al-Lalla, O., Ali, E. Y., Kalam, F., Benhamed, M. M., Saghir, S., Halahleh, I., Djoudi, Z., & Chirane, M. (2013). Perceived barriers to healthy eating and physical activity among adolescents in seven Arab countries: a cross-cultural study. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 232164. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/232164
  55. Radiah, R., & Nursasi, A.Y. (2018). Knowledge Level and Health Promoting Lifestyle in Nursing Students. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Knowledge-Level-and-Health-Promoting-Lifestyle-in-Radiah-Nursasi/196bc3eefe235a2c44f21fc4a66bb683377067bf DOI: 10.7454/UIPHM.V3I1.194
  56. Resano, J.E.P., Regencia, Z.J.G., Baja, E.S. (2023). Association between smoking and vaping usage and perceived stress levels of undergraduate nursing students in Manila, Philippines. Journal of Public Health & Emergency, 7:6. doi: 10.21037/jphe-22-52
  57. Rew, L., & Horner, S. D. (2003). Youth Resilience Framework for reducing health-risk behaviors in adolescents. Journal of pediatric nursing, 18(6), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0882-5963(03)00162-3
  58. Rodriguez-Gazquez, M., Chaparro-Hernandez, S., & González-López, J. R. (2017). Are first-year nursing students' lifestyles coherent with their future career?. International journal of nursing practice, 23(2), 10.1111/ijn.12511. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12511
  59. Ruiz, V.M.T., Lima, R.B.S., Hernandez, J.R.S., Zuniga, E.A.J., & Barbosa, L.P. (2022). Nursing students’ lifestyle and related factors. Texto Contexto Enferm, V. 31:e20220070. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2022-0070en
  60. Sahu, M., Gandhi, S., Kumar Sharma, M., & Marimuthu, P. (2020). Social media use and health promoting lifestyle: an exploration among Indian nursing students. Investigacion y educacion en enfermeria, 38(2), e12. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v38n2e12
  61. Sharma, S.K., Kaur, J., Kaur, J., Kaur, J., & Kaur, K. (2009). A descriptive study on dietary pattern and biophysical profile among nursing students. Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal, 5 (2) doi: 10.33698/NRF0092
  62. Soh, K.G., Japar, S., Ong, S.L., & Soh, K.L. (2015). Physical activity and health-promoting lifestyle of student nurses in Malaysia. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 3(3),78-87. doi: 10.4236/jbm.2015.33012
  63. Sun Y. (2023). The Relationship Between College Students' Interpersonal Relationship and Mental Health: Multiple Mediating Effect of Safety Awareness and College Planning. Psychol Res Behav Manag., 28; 16: 261-270. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S396301.PMID:36741859;PMCID:PMC9891067
  64. Syed, N. K., Syed, M. H., Meraya, A. M., Albarraq, A. A., Al-Kasim, M. A., Alqahtani, S., Makeen, H. A., Yasmeen, A., Banji, O. J. F., & Elnaem, M. H. (2020). The association of dietary behaviors and practices with overweight and obesity parameters among Saudi university students. PloS one, 15(9), e0238458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238458
  65. Tejoyuwono, A. (2020). Health lecturers and students’ views about healthcare workers as healthy lifestyle role models: A qualitative study. Indonesian Journal of Nursing Practices, 4(1), 28-36. doi: 4.10.18196/ijnp.41105
  66. Theodorakis, Y., Papaioannou, A., & Karastogianidou, K. (2004). Relations between Family Structure and Students’ Health-Related Attitudes and Behaviors. Psychological Reports, 95(3), 851-858. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.3.851-858
  67. Thwaite, T. L., Heidke, P., Williams, S. L., Vandelanotte, C., Rebar, A. L., & Khalesi, S. (2020). Barriers to healthy lifestyle behaviors in Australian nursing students: A qualitative study. Nursing & health sciences, 22(4), 921–928. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12749
  68. Walker, S.N., Sechrist, K.R. and Pender, N.J. (1995). Health promotion model-instruments to measure health promoting lifestyle: Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP II) (Adult version). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Deep Blue. Accessed: 12 December 2022. Available from https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/85349
  69. Walker, S.N., Sechrist, K.R. and Pender, N.J. (1987). The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile: Development and Psychometric Characteristics. Nursing Research; 36, 76-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198703000-00002
  70. Wang, J., & Geng, L. (2019). Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Physical and Psychological Health: Lifestyle as a Mediator. International journal of environmental research and publichealth, 16(2), 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020281
  71. Wengreen, H.J., Moncur, C. (2009). Change in diet, physical activity, and body weight among young-adults during the transition from high school to college. Nutrition Journal,8:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-8-32
  72. World Health Organization [WHO]. (2009). World Health Organization Milestones in health promotion: statements from global conferences. The Organization, Geneva (Switzerland). [cited 2023 Oct 21]. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/70578/WHO_NMH_CHP_09.01_eng.pdf?sequence=1)
  73. Zhenhua, H. & Nan, W. (2022). Empirical analysis based on the related factors of college students’mental health problems. Frontiers in psychology, 13:997910. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.997910

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-08-31 21:33:07

No citation recorded.