skip to main content

LEGAL RECONSTRUCTION FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE USE IN INDONESIA: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

*Naufal Hasanuddin Djohan orcid  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Erlyn Indarti  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Muhammad Fahad Malik  -  Department of Law, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Pakistan
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 Masalah-Masalah Hukum under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract

This research explores the urgent need for a legal framework governing the use of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in Indonesia, focusing on the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in transportation. With traffic accidents accounting for a significant portion of global fatalities, the adoption of AVs powered by AI is seen as a potential solution to reduce human errors and enhance road safety. However, Indonesia’s existing traffic laws, primarily focused on conventional vehicles, lack provisions for AVs, creating a legal vacuum. This study compares the legal structures of AVs in the United Kingdom and Indonesia, highlighting the differences in recognition, liability, and regulation. Drawing on the concept of "Law as Integrity" by Ronald Dworkin, this paper argues for the construction of a new legal framework that integrates the evolving needs of society, technology, and legal principles. By applying a multi-disciplinary approach, the research emphasizes the importance of collaborative legal construction, involving government, academia, civil society, and manufacturers, to ensure safe, just, and efficient integration of AVs in Indonesia’s road systems. The study concludes with recommendations for regulatory reforms, including the establishment of specialized supervisory agencies and the mapping of AV operational areas.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Autonomous Vehicles (AV); Artificial Intelligence (AI); Legal Reconstruction; Traffic Regulations; Road Safety

Article Metrics:

  1. Ahmed, S. K., Mohammed, M. G., Abdulqadir, S. O., El-Kader, R. G. A., El-Shall, N. A., Chandran, D., Rehman, M. E. U., & Dhama, K. (2023). Road Traffic Accidental Injuries and Deaths: A Neglected Global Health Issue. Health Science Reports, 6(5), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1240
  2. Aitken, M. (2023). AI , Children’s Rights, & Wellbeing : Transnational Frameworks. The Alan Turing Institute, 1(November), 1
  3. Augsberg, I. (2021). Realidades jurídicas em que vivemos: Novo realismo jurídico e a necessidade de uma epistemologia jurídica. Revista de Direito, 13, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.32361/2021130111700
  4. Black, J., & Murray, A. (2019). Regulating AI and machine learning: setting the regulatory agenda (complementar). European Journal of Law and Technology, 10(3), 1–17
  5. Bridgelall, R., & Tolliver, D. (2024). Deciphering Autonomous Vehicle Regulations with Machine Learning. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 14(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041396
  6. Chen, S., Zong, S., Chen, T., Huang, Z., Chen, Y., & Labi, S. (2023). A Taxonomy for Autonomous Vehicles Considering Ambient Road Infrastructure. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411258
  7. Creutzfeldt, N., Mason, M., & Mc Connachie, K. (2020). Routledge Handbook of Socio-Legal Theory and Methods. In Routledge. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429952814-1
  8. Cueni, D. (2024). Constructing liberty and equality–political, not juridical. Jurisprudence, 0(0), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/20403313.2023.2296816
  9. The Highway Code, United Kingdom Government (2022)
  10. Floridi, L. (2023). Ethics, Governance, and Policies in Artificial Intelligence. Springer Cham. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81907-1
  11. Global Road Safety Facility. (2024). Indonesia’s Road Safety Country Profile
  12. Harari, Y. N. (2024). Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks from the Stone Age to AI. Penguin Random House
  13. Hershock, P. D. (2020). Humane Artificial Intelligence: Inequality, Social Cohesion and the Post Pandemic Acceleration of Intelligent Technology. Humane Artificial Intelligence: Working Paper Series, 1(1)
  14. Hong, D. K., Kloosterman, J., Jin, Y., Cao, Y., Chen, Q. A., Mahlke, S., & Mao, Z. M. (2020). AVGuardian: Detecting and Mitigating Publish-Subscribe Overprivilege for Autonomous Vehicle Systems. Proceedings - 5th IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy, Euro S and P 2020, 445–459. https://doi.org/10.1109/EuroSP48549.2020.00035
  15. Hu, M. (2024). Critical Data Theory. William & Mary Law Review, 839(09)
  16. Ibric, S. (2023). Ronald Dworkin: Seeking Truth and Justice through Responsibility. Laws, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12030041
  17. Juliansyah, F. M. (2022). Kepastian Hukum Terhadap Mobil Berteknologi Auto Pilot Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Hukum Lalu Lintas Jalan Di Indonesia. Bureaucracy Journal : Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance, 2(2), 794–805. https://doi.org/10.53363/bureau.v2i2.108
  18. Khasri, M. R. K. (2020). Hermeneutic Circle in Digital Literation and its Relevance as an Antidote to Hoax. Informasi, 49(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v49i2.27981
  19. Lovasz, A. (2024). Bruno Latour, Graham Harman, and Nonmodernism. Journal of Posthuman Studies, 8(1), 112–132. https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.8.1.0112
  20. Mahfud, M. A., & Djohan, N. H. (2024). The Expansion of Investor Access to Cultivation Rights: A Socio-Legal Analysis on Agrarian Injustice in Indonesia. Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 24(2), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v24i2.1500
  21. Nurliyana, C., Lestari, Y. D., Prasetio, E. A., & Belgiawan, P. F. (2023). Exploring drivers’ interest in different levels of autonomous vehicles: Insights from Java Island, Indonesia. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 19(May 2022), 100820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100820
  22. Olayode, I. O., Du, B., Severino, A., Campisi, T., & Alex, F. J. (2023). Systematic literature review on the applications, impacts, and public perceptions of autonomous vehicles in road transportation system. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 10(6), 1037–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2023.07.006
  23. Othman, K. (2021). Public Acceptance and Perception of Autonomous Vehicles: a Comprehensive Review. In AI and Ethics (Vol. 1, Nomor 3). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00041-8
  24. Placek, M. (2024). Size of the global autonomous car market in 2024, with a forecast through 2029. www.statista.com. https://www.statista.com/statistics/428692/projected-size-of-global-autonomous-vehicle-market-by-vehicle-type/
  25. Romero, L. (2024). Number of vehicle sales in Indonesia in 2023, by brand. www.statista.com. https://www.statista.com/statistics/981088/indonesia-new-vehicle-sale/
  26. Sandry, E. (2018). Automation and human relations with the private vehicle: from automobiles to autonomous cars. Media International Australia, 166(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X17737644
  27. Skuczyński, P. (2021). Judicial integrity in adjudication and behaviour. Krytyka Prawa, 13(3), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.7206/KP.2080-1084.472
  28. Smiley, L. (2023). The Legal Saga of Uber’s Fatal Self-Driving Car Crash Is Over. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/ubers-fatal-self-driving-car-crash-saga-over-operator-avoids-prison/
  29. Takacs, A., & Haidegger, T. (2024). A Method for Mapping V2X Communication Requirements to Highly Automated and Autonomous Vehicle Functions. Future Internet, 16(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16040108
  30. Tanenblatt, E., Malterer, M., & Stockburger, P. (2023). Global Guide to Autonomous Vehicles 2023. Dentons
  31. Tjahja, N., Meyer, T., & Shahin, J. (2022). Who do you think you are? Individual stakeholder identification and mobility at the Internet Governance Forum. Telecommunications Policy, 46(10), 102410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102410
  32. Tran, D. V., & Le, C. T. Q. (2022). Developing a Regulatory Framework for Autonomous Vehicles: A Proximal Analysis of European Approach and Its Application to ASEAN Countries. TalTech Journal of European Studies, 12(2), 165–188. https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0016
  33. Val Rodrigues, G. C. (2024). Human Rights, Interpretivism, and the Semantic Sting. Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 37(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2023.10
  34. Van Brummelen, J., O’Brien, M., Gruyer, D., & Najjaran, H. (2018). Autonomous vehicle perception: The technology of today and tomorrow. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 89(January), 384–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.02.012
  35. Viale, R. (2023). Introduction: Artificial Intelligence Should Meet Natural Stupidity. But it cannot! Artificial Intelligence and Financial Behaviour, 1(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803923154.00006

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-07-06 06:36:21

No citation recorded.