DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.88132

Comparative Thermal-Oxidative Kinetic Analysis of Epoxidized Trimethylolpropane Ester, TMP Ester, and Cooking Oil Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall Method

*Ferra Naidir  -  Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya, Jl. Raya Perjuangan No. 81 Marga Mulya, Bekasi Utara Jawa Barat, 17142, Indonesia
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Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by Dept. of Chemical Engineering Universitas Diponegoro
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Abstract

The development of renewable lubricant base stocks requires simultaneous consideration of lubricity and resistance to thermo-oxidative degradation. In this study, epoxidized trimethylolpropane ester (Ep-TMP ester) derived from palm-oil-based feedstock was compared with unmodified trimethylolpropane ester (TMP ester) and cooking oil. Structural modification was evaluated using iodine value (IV), oxirane oxygen content (OOC), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while non-isothermal oxidation was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC measurements were conducted in air at heating rates of 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, and 20 °C min−1. Oxidation onset temperature (Ton) and peak oxidation temperature (Tpeak) increased with increasing heating rate. At 5 °C min−1, Ton values were 187.14 °C for Ep-TMP ester, 171.52 °C for TMP ester, and 172.80 °C for cooking oil. While, the Ton values at heating rate 20 oC min-1 were 206.32, 196.74, and 199.81 °C for Ep-TMP ester, TMP ester, and cooking oil respectively. Application of the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW) method gave activation energies from Ton of 112.89, 78.28, and 75.45 kJ mol−1 for Ep-TMP ester, TMP ester, and cooking oil, respectively. The corresponding values from Tpeak were 183.12, 125.77, and 135.48 kJ mol−1. The higher Ton and Ea of Ep-TMP ester demonstrate that conversion of carbon–carbon double bonds into oxirane groups substantially increases the energy barrier associated with the initial oxidation stage. Furthermore, Ton-based rate constants were 0.125 min−1 for Ep-TMP ester, 0.403 min−1 for TMP ester, and 0.306 min−1 for cooking oil at 170 °C. The equivalent values at 200 °C were 0.876, 1.554, and 1.135 min−1. Rate-constant analysis further indicated the lowest oxidation rate for Ep-TMP ester over the investigated temperature range. These findings support epoxidized TMP ester as a promising palm-oil-derived bio-lubricant base stock for applications requiring improved thermal-oxidative resistance.

 

Keywords: activation energy; bio-lubricant; differential scanning calorimetry; epoxidized TMP ester; oxidative stability; oxirane oxygen; Ozawa–Flynn–Wall

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Section: Research Article
Language : EN
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