DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jis.24.1.2025.29-52

MAINTAINING AL-MAUN’S SPIRIT AMID THE NEOLIBERALIZATION OF EDUCATION: A BOURDIEUSIAN ANALYSIS OF THE MUHAMMADIYAH MODERN ISLAMIC SCHOOL IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

*Mochamad Iqbal Jatmiko orcid publons  -  Department of Sociology, University of Indonesia, Building C, 3rd Floor, Pondok Cina, Beji District, Depok City, West Java 16424, Indonesia
Hilman Haris Wicaksono  -  Department of Sociology, University of Indonesia, Building C, 3rd Floor, Pondok Cina, Beji District, Depok City, West Java 16424, Indonesia
Yesi Mekarsari orcid  -  Department of Sociology, Gadjah Mada University, Sosio Yustisia Street No.2 Bulaksumur, Karang Malang, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region 55281, Indonesia
Muh. Syukron  -  Department of Sociology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Middlebush Hall, 312, 900 University Ave, Columbia, MO 65201, United States, United States

Citation Format:
Abstract

This article critically investigates the dual roles of charitable businesses in Muhammadiyah education in Yogyakarta, which reproduce sociocultural, capital, and prestige distinctions among high schools. Beyond prior works focusing on internal dynamics, this study revives the class-based approach to analyze how Muhammadiyah’s education system simultaneously resists and internalizes capitalism’s principles to reconstruct a new field with its logic. Using a qualitative case study with in-depth interviews, we confirm that reproduction models enabling disparity among Muhammadiyah schools are deliberately conducted to sustain philanthropy movements, Al-Maun’s spirit, and program independence amid neoliberal education shifts. The results show that historical context, regulation, and collaborative negotiation legitimize stratified institution quality in which elite schools adopt economic schemes to subsidize non-privileged schools. This dialectic institutionalizes a habitus that rationalizes Muhammadiyah schools’ prestige as socially acceptable. Although causing dominant class concentration, this model becomes a strategy to maintain sovereignty from state/market domination while expanding modern Islamic schools across Indonesia.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Institutional Reproduction; Muhammadiyah; Education; Inequality; Indonesia

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Local Aset Analysis in the Cultural Tourism Development of the Sangiran Conservation Area, Central Jawa Promoting Transparency and Civil Engagement through the Impacts of ICT and Social Media: A Case Study of Pagadian City MEDIA ORIENTALISM: THAILAND QUEER GENDER DEPICTIONS THROUGH THE LENS OF CONTEMPORARY INDONESIAN POPULAR MEDIA More recent articles
Most cited articles
Peran Indonesia Dalam Memerangi Terorisme ECONOMIC RESILIENCE PADA INDUSTRI KREATIF GUNAMENGHADAPI GLOBALISASI DALAM RANGKA KETAHANAN NASIONAL More cited articles
  1. Achmad, W., & Iwantoro, I. (2021). Islamic boarding curriculum management innovation entrepreneurship Al-Maun Muhammadiyah school. Journal of Islamic Education, 6(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.52615/jie.v6i1.211
  2. Afandi, A., Purwanto, & Baidi. (2022). Fund management through Zakah institutions: An education financing solution. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 100(100), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2022.100.009
  3. Akib, M., Hartanti, R., & Suaib, H. (2020). Fostering religious tolerance in West Papua: A case study of Muhammadiyah’s higher-educational Institutions. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 28(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.28.1.5978
  4. Akkan, B., & Buğra, A. (2021). Education and “categorical inequalities’’: Manifestation of segregation in six country contexts in Europe. Social Inclusion, 9(3), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i3.4289
  5. Al Asy’ari, D. (2005). Pemberontakan kaum muda Muhammadiyah. Resist
  6. Aly, A., & Nurhakim, Moh. (2020). The role of transformation in the curriculum for sustainability of schools. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(1), 401–418
  7. Aly, A., & Sufahani, S. F. (2019). The development technological research model of quality Muhammadiyah schools through religious and “Kemuhammadiyahan” curriculum transformation. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 8(9), 1132–1139
  8. Araki, S. (2023). Beyond ‘imagined meritocracy’: Distinguishing the relative power of education and skills in intergenerational inequality. Sociology, 57(4), 975–992. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385231156093
  9. Ariadin, I., & Rambe, S. (2022). Modernization of Indonesian Islamic education: The Muhammadiyah experience. Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan, 6(2), 2805–2816. https://doi.org/10.33487/edumaspul.v6i2.5053
  10. Arifin, S., Mughni, S. A., & Nurhakim, M. (2022). The idea of progress: Meaning and implications of Islam berkemajuan in Muhammadiyah. Journal of Islamic Studies, 60(2), 547–584. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2022.602.547-584
  11. Azaola, M. C. (2012). Revisiting Bourdieu: Alternative educational systems in the light of the theory of social and cultural reproduction. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 22(2), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2012.700187
  12. Barrett, B. D., & Martina, C. A. (2012). Towards a non-deterministic reading of Pierre Bourdieu: Habitus and educational change in urban schools. Policy Futures in Education, 10(3), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2012.10.3.249
  13. Bates, V. (2023). Capital, class, status, and social reproduction in music education: A critical review. Action, Criticism, and Theory for Music Education, 22(1), 54–82 https://doi.org/10.22176/act22.1.54
  14. Bathmaker, A.-M. (2015). Thinking with Bourdieu: Thinking after Bourdieu. Using ‘field’ to consider in/equalities in the changing field of English higher education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 45(1), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2014.988683
  15. Bingham, A. J. (2023). From data management to actionable findings: A five-phase process of qualitative data analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231183620
  16. Booth, A., Noyes, J., Flemming, K., Moore, G., Tunçalp, Ö., & Shakibazadeh, E. (2019). Formulating questions to explore complex interventions within qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Global Health, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001107
  17. Boterman, W., Musterd, S., Pacchi, C., & Ranci, C. (2019). School segregation in contemporary cities: Socio-spatial dynamics, institutional context and urban outcomes. Urban Studies, 56(15), 3055–3073. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019868377
  18. Bourdieu, P. (1985). The social space and the genesis of groups. Theory and Society, 14(6), 723–744. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00174048
  19. Bourdieu, P. (1998). The State Nobility. Stanford University Press
  20. Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J.-C. (2000). Reproduction in education, society and culture. SAGE
  21. Bunn, M., Threadgold, S., & Burke, P. J. (2020). Class in Australian higher education: The university as a site of social reproduction. Journal of Sociology, 56(3), 422–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783319851188
  22. Burhani, A. N. (2018). Pluralism, liberalism, and Islamism: Religious outlook of Muhammadiyah. Studia Islamika, 25(3), 433–470. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v25i3.7765
  23. Busahdiar, Ummah Karimah, & Sudirman Tamin. (2023). Total quality management (TQM) and basic education: Its application to Islamic education in Muhammadiyah elementary schools. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 20(2), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.v20i2.8015
  24. Byrd, D. (2019). Uncovering hegemony in higher education: A critical appraisal of the use of “institutional habitus” in empirical scholarship. Review of Educational Research, 89(2), 171–210. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654318812915
  25. Campbell, J. L. (1998). Institutional analysis and the role of ideas in political economy. Theory and Society, 27(3), 377–409. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006871114987
  26. Campbell, J. L. (2010). Institutional reproduction and change. In G. Morgan, J. L. Campbell, C. Crouch, O. K. Pedersen, & R. Whitley (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of comparative institutional analysis (pp. 87–116). Oxford University Press
  27. Campbell, J. L., & Pedersen, O. K. (2007). The Varieties of capitalism and hybrid success: Denmark in the global economy. Comparative Political Studies, 40(3), 307–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414006286542
  28. Cardona, L. M. M., Pardo, M. D. V., & Dasí, À. C. (2019). The institutional isomorphism in the context of organizational changes in higher education institutions. International Journal of Research in Education, 6(1), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.v6i1.639
  29. Carstensen, M. B. (2017). Institutional bricolage in times of crisis. European Political Science Review, 9(1), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773915000338
  30. Cebula, M. (2022). Inequality in social capital: Assessing the importance of structural factors and cultural consumption for social advantage. A case from Poland. International Review of Sociology, 32(3), 501–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2022.2135190
  31. Çelik, Ç. (2021). Rethinking institutional habitus in education: A relational approach for studying its sources and impacts. Sociology, 55(3), 522–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520966565
  32. Chawa, A. F., Putra, M. H., & Susanti, A. (2024). Bonding, bridging and linking capital: How social capital was mobilized during the PPKM micro in Malang Raya. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, 22(2), 67–88. https://doi.org/10.14710/jis.22.2.2023.67-88
  33. Croizet, J., & Millet, M. (2024). How preschool education perpetuates social inequality: An ethnographic study of the practical conditions of symbolic violence. Journal of Social Issues, 80(4), 1345–1378. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12654
  34. De Moll, F., Grecu, A. L., & Hadjar, A. (2024). Students’ academic habitus and its relation to family capital: A latent class approach to inequalities among secondary school students. Sociological Inquiry, 94(1), 190–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12578
  35. Deeg, R., & Jackson, G. (2007). Towards a more dynamic theory of capitalist variety. Socio-Economic Review, 5(1), 149–179. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwl021
  36. Den Hond, F., Boersma, F. K., Heres, L., Kroes, E. H. J., & Van Oirschot, E. (2012). Giddens à la Carte? Appraising empirical applications of Structuration theory in management and organization studies. Journal of Political Power, 5(2), 239–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2012.698901
  37. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101
  38. Domina, T., Penner, A., & Penner, E. (2017). Categorical inequality: Schools as sorting machines. Annual Review of Sociology, 43(1), 311–330. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053354
  39. Forsberg, H. (2018). School competition and social stratification in the deregulated upper secondary school market in Stockholm. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 39(6), 891–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2018.1426441
  40. Giddens, A. (1983). Comments on the theory of Structuration. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 13(1), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1983.tb00463.x
  41. Grümme, B. (2021). Enlightened heterogeneity: Religious education facing the challenges of educational inequity. Religions, 12(10), 835–848. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12100835
  42. Hall, P. A., & Gingerich, D. W. (2009). Varieties of capitalism and institutional complementarities in the political economy: An empirical analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 39(3), 449–482. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123409000672
  43. Hamami, T., & Nuryana, Z. (2022). A holistic–integrative approach of the Muhammadiyah education system in Indonesia. HTS Theological Studies, 78(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i4.7607
  44. Han, X. (2019). Cross-field effect and institutional habitus formation: Self-reinforcing inequality in Chinese higher education system. Journal of Education Policy, 34(2), 267–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2018.1456676
  45. Haq, A. M. I., Muhtadi, A. S., Kahmad, D., & As, E. (2022). Al-Ma’un praxis movement in empowering destitute families by the students. Hanifiya: Jurnal Studi Agama, 5(2), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.15575/hanifiya.v5i2.18019
  46. Hart, C. S. (2019). Education, inequality and social justice: A critical analysis applying the Sen-Bourdieu analytical framework. Policy Futures in Education, 17(5), 582–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210318809758
  47. Hasnahwati, H., Romelah, R., & Hakim, Moh. N. (2023). Konsep keagamaan Muhammadiyah dalam Islam berkemajuan: Tinjauan Manhaj Tajdid, Tarjih dan pendidikan Muhammadiyah. Jurnal Panrita, 3(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.35906/panrita.v3i1.210
  48. Ho, E. S., Tse, T. K. C., & Sum, K. W. (2020). A different ‘feel’, a different will: Institutional habitus and the choice of higher educational institutions in Hong Kong. International Journal of Educational Research, 100, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.101521
  49. Jannah, M. (2023). Analysis of Muhammadiyah educational concepts: A historical and philosophical review. Attarbiyah: Journal of Islamic Culture and Education, 8(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.18326/attarbiyah.v8i1.31-46
  50. Julier, G., & Kimbell, L. (2019). Keeping the system going: Social design and the reproduction of inequalities in neoliberal times. Design Issues, 35(4), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00560
  51. Kalfa, S., & Taksa, L. (2017). Employability, managerialism, and performativity in higher education: A relational perspective. Higher Education, 74(4), 687–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0072-2
  52. Khoirudin, A., Baidhawy, Z., & Mohd Nor, M. R. (2020). Exploring Muhammadiyah’s historical civilizational dimension of education in Indonesia: Philosophy and ethos of humanitarian and cosmopolitan. Journal of Al-Tamaddun, 15(1), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.22452/JAT.vol15no1.13
  53. Klees, S. J. (2020). Beyond neoliberalism: Reflections on capitalism and education. Policy Futures in Education, 18(1), 9–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210317715814
  54. Kluttz, D. N. (2019). The path of the law review: How interfield ties contribute to institutional emergence and buffer against change. Law & Society Review, 53(1), 239–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12393
  55. Kozlowski, D., Monroe‐White, T., Larivière, V., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2024). The Howard‐Harvard effect: Institutional reproduction of intersectional inequalities. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 75(8), 869–882. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24931
  56. Leiter, J. (2005). Structural Isomorphism in Australian nonprofit Organizations. Voluntas, 16(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-005-3230-1
  57. Lendriyono, F., & Nulhaqim, S. A. (2016). Dilemmatic of Muhammadiyah orphanage as faith-based organization in Malang, Indonesia. Social Sciences, 11(23), 5791–5795. https://doi.org/10.3923/sscience.2016.5791.5795
  58. Lingard, B., Rawolle, S., & Taylor, S. (2005). Globalizing policy sociology in education: Working with Bourdieu. Journal of Education Policy, 20(6), 759–777. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680930500238945
  59. Lynch, K., & Baker, J. (2005). Equality in education: An equality of condition perspective. Theory and Research in Education, 3(2), 131–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878505053298
  60. Merry, M. S., & New, W. S. (2017). Is the liberal defense of public schools a fantasy? Critical Studies in Education, 58(3), 373–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2016.1154583
  61. Mills, C., Gale, T., Parker, S., Smith, C., & Cross, R. (2019). Activist dispositions for social justice in advantaged and disadvantaged contexts of schooling. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 40(5), 614–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2019.1582322
  62. Mu’ti, A., & Amirrachman, A. (2025). Local wisdom-based multicultural education: Muhammadiyah experience. Intellectual Discourse, 33(1), 183–200. https://doi.org/10.31436/id.v33i1.2241
  63. Mu’ti, A., & Ul-Haq, F. R. (2023). Kristen Muhammadiyah. Kompas
  64. Nashir, H., Jinan, M., & Setiaji, B. (2019). Muhammadiyah: The political behavior of modernist Muslim elite in Indonesia. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(4), 837–844. https://doi.org/1631181331
  65. Niam, K. (2020). Between unity and diversity: Resketching the Relation between Institutional-Affiliated Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals and the Government (1990-2001). Journal of Indonesian Islam, 14(2), 477–498. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2020.14.2.477-498
  66. Nikolaidis, A. C. (2024). Epistemic injustice in education: Exploring structural approaches, envisioning structural remedies. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 57(4), 842–861. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopedu/qhad074
  67. Noor, A. F., Sonedi, S., Azman, M. N. A., Khunaifi, A. R., Dwiningrum, S. I. A., & Haryanto, H. (2021). The multicultural education paradigm pattern: A case study in Muhammadiyah junior high school in Palangka Raya, Indonesia. Perspectives of Science and Education, 52(4), 297–310. https://doi.org/10.32744/pse.2021.4.19
  68. Noy, C. (2008). Sampling Knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570701401305
  69. Nugroho, H. (2002). McDonaldisasi pendidikan tinggi. Kanisius
  70. Nuryanto, N., & Pambuko, Z. B. (2019). A study on the effect of human resource empowerment on productivity: Evidence from Indonesian higher education. Management Science Letters, 9(12), 1977–1986. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.7.008
  71. Palier, B., & Thelen, K. (2010). Institutionalizing dualism: Complementarities and change in France and Germany. Politics & Society, 38(1), 119–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329209357888
  72. Pasha, M. K., & Darban, A. A. (2019). Muhammadiyah sebagai gerakan Islam: Perspektif Historis dan Ideologis. Surya Mediatama
  73. Purwati, E., Risdiana, A., Ramadhan, R. B., & Oktaviani, N. (2020). Educational management objectives in the liberal market: A case from Muhammadiyah boarding school. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(3), 325–343
  74. Qodir, Z., Jubba, H., Hidayati, M., Abdullah, I., & Long, A. S. (2020). A progressive Islamic movement and its response to the issues of the ummah. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 10(2), 323–352. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v10i2.323-352
  75. Saddhono, K., Testy Ariance Loren, F., & Latifah, L. (2017). Vision mission of Muhammadiyah university in Indonesia: Ideology analysis of Norman Fairclough. Journal of Government and Politics, 8(2), 254–276. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.2017.0050.254-276
  76. Saefudin, A., Wasino, W., Susanto, S., & Musadad, A. A. (2024). Curriculum control and lesson planning: History teacher autonomy in different school contexts. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 45(2), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2024.45.2.05
  77. Saravi, G. A. (2015). Unequal inclusion: Experiences and meanings of school segmentation in Mexico. International Journal of Educational Development, 45, 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.09.013
  78. Sari, R., & Saleh, M. N. I. (2020). Readiness to implement inclusive education in Muhammadiyah elementary schools of Yogyakarta. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies, 20(2), 263–287. https://doi.org/10.18196/AIIJIS.2020.0124.263-287
  79. Schoville, M. Ç., Schoville, R. G., Çöğmen, S., & Özelçi, S. Y. (2024). Habitus in elite public high schools. International Journal of Educational Development, 109, 103107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2024.103107
  80. Sciortino, R., Ridarineni, N., & Marjadi, B. (2010). Caught between social and market considerations: A case study of Muhammadiyah charitable health services. Reproductive Health Matters, 18(36), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(10)36528-1
  81. Seawright, J., & Gerring, J. (2008). Case selection techniques in case study research: A menu of qualitative and quantitative options. Political Research Quarterly, 61(2), 294–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907313077
  82. Setiadi, O. (2021). Muhammadiyah and civil society: Critical network, patterns of criticism, and challenges. Walisongo, 29(2), 277–296. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.29.2.11557
  83. Setiawan, F. (2008). Pendidikan Muhammadiyah: Antara cita dan fakta. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Pendidikan Islam, 1(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.47736/tajdidukasi.v1i1.9
  84. Shodiq, S. F., Syamsudin, Madjid, Abd., & Rijalul Alam, N. A. (2019). Towards better management of private education in Indonesia: Lessons learned from Muhammadiyah schools. Humanities & Social Sciences, 7(2), 146–155. https://doi.org/1631450242
  85. Skinner, R. (2020). Contesting forms of capital: Using Bourdieu to theorise why obstacles to peace education exist in Colombia. Journal of Peace Education, 17(3), 346–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/17400201.2020.1801400
  86. Skogstad, G. (2005). The dynamics of institutional transformation: The case of the Canadian wheat board. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 38(3), 529–548. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423905040588
  87. Solehudin, R. H., Gunawan, R., Darmawan, A., Husein, A. A., & Sumarni. (2024). Problematic development of Muhammadiyah education charity business in Depok city. AMCA Journal of Religion and Society, 4(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.51773/ajrs.v4i1.379
  88. Subarkah, M. (2023, July 9). Bulan sabit terbit di Langgar Kidul Kauman. Republika. https://republika.id/posts/42916/bulan-sabit-terbit-di-langgar-kidul-kauman
  89. Susilo, M. J., Kartowagiran, B., & Vehachart, R. (2018). Modeling of cultural effect on school autonomy at religion-based school in Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 7(3), 364–375. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v7i3.12445
  90. Suyatno, S., Wantini, W., Sukiman, S., & Rachmawati, Y. (2022). Progressive Islamic education: Bridging the gap of Islam, Indonesianness, and modernity. The Qualitative Report, 27(1), 226–242. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.4782
  91. Tambulasi, R., & Chasukwa, M. (2022). Institutional reproduction, contradiction and legitimacy crisis: The politics of policy design and practice in Malawi’s ministry of health. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(3), e2522. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2522
  92. Taofik, I., & Basit, A. (2022). Konsep Pendidikan multikultural di lembaga pendidikan Muhammadiyah. Misykat Al-Anwar, 5(1), 53–77. https://doi.org/10.24853/ma.5.1.53-78
  93. Tarabini, A., Curran, M., & Fontdevila, C. (2017). Institutional habitus in context: Implementation, development and impacts in two compulsory secondary schools in Barcelona. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(8), 1177–1189. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2016.1251306
  94. Wicaksono, H. H. (2024). Social reproduction in schools of excellence from the perspective of Pierre Bourdieu. Didaktika, 13(1), 1019–1027. https://doi.org/10.58230/27454312.528
  95. Widodo, H., Sutrisno, S., & Hanum, F. (2019). The urgency of holistic education in Muhammadiyah schools. Al-Ta’lim Journal, 26(2), 160–174. https://doi.org/10.15548/jt.v26i2.549
  96. Wiltshire, G., Lee, J., & Williams, O. (2019). Understanding the reproduction of health inequalities: Physical activity, social class and Bourdieu’s habitus. Sport, Education and Society, 24(3), 226–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2017.1367657
  97. Windeler, A., & Jungmann, R. (2024). Reflexive organization and radicalized modernity: Revisiting the organization–society nexus. Critical Sociology, 50(7–8), 1457–1476. https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205231217963
  98. Zamroni. (2016). Kultur sekolah. Gavin Kalam Utama

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-08-19 04:27:46

No citation recorded.