DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.12.2.80-87

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) reduces cholesterol and triglyceride in dyslipidemic male rats sprague–dawley model

1Department of Clinical Nutrition, Postgraduate Program, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

2Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

3Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

Received: 26 Oct 2023; Revised: 21 Feb 2024; Accepted: 2 Apr 2024; Available online: 28 Jun 2024; Published: 28 Jun 2024.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: High-fat diets habit can lead to metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia which a significant contributor for cardiovascular diseases. Dyslipidemia occurs as a result of metabolically interrelated abnormalities of plasma lipids and lipoproteins, including low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increasing of low density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride. In order to enhance anti-lipid treatment, nutritional therapy containing bioactive compounds are investigated extensively, including those found in beetroot which shown potential in preventing and treating metabolic disorders.

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of beetroot extract and beetroot juice on cholesterol and triglyceride levels as a dyslipidemia treatment, in comparison to simvastatin. Ethanol extract can attract flavonoids and betalain, but the extraction process can degrade fiber. Meanwhile, juice still contains quite a lot of fiber.

Materials and Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into seven groups and fed different diets for 56 days. The groups were: normal control (K0), negative control-HFD (KN), positive control-HFD + simvastatin (KP), single-dose treatment with BE (P1) or BJ (P2), and combination treatment with BE or BJ + simvastatin (P3 and P4), each intervention was given for 28 days. After blood drawn, cholesterol total and triglyceride serum were examined and analyzed.

Results: Administration of beetroot extract and juice in single dose or combination with simvastatin gave a significant decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to before the intervention. The average reduction levels of cholesterol in P1, P2, P3, and P4 were 54.81, 56.31, 94.19 and 69.11 respectively. Whereas the average decreasing level of triglyceride were 43.28, 30.78, 54.28 and 46.37 in P1, P2, P3 and P4 groups. Combination treatment with simvastatin gave more reduction level compared with single dose beetroot extract or beetroot juice. The most effective reduction was in the beet extract combination with simvastatin group were -94.19±4.08 mg/dL (cholesterol) and -54.28±6.93 mg/dL (triglyceride).

Conclusion: Both beetroot extract and juice, as single or combined with simvastatin, were able to decrease cholesterol and triglyceride levels, these indicated their potential for prevention and therapeutic in dyslipidemia. Further research is needed to investigate its mechanisms and establish optimal dosages for human consumption.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Dyslipidemia; Beetroot; High Fat Diet; Cholesterol; Triglyceride

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Evaluation of the implementation stimulation, detection, and early intervention for toddlers growth and development in Nanggalo Health Center The effect of flexitarian diets on high-densit- lipoprotein (HDL) serum in obese female students Anthropometric markers for fat obesity in Indonesian children aged 7 to 12 years in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia More recent articles
Most cited articles
Tepung ulat sagu (Rhyinchophorus ferrugineus) imunomodulator Nitric Oxide (NO) sirkulasi mencit terapi antimalaria standar Front Matter Pola makan dan indikator lemak tubuh pada remaja Pengaruh pendidikan gizi terhadap pengetahuan, praktik gizi seimbang dan status gizi pada anak sekolah dasar Front-Matter More cited articles
  1. Yao YS, Li T Di, Zeng ZH. Mechanisms Underlying Direct Actions of Hyperlipidemia on Myocardium: An Update Review. Lipid Heal Dis. 2020;19(23):1–6
  2. Zhukova NV, Novgorodtseva TP, Denisenko YK. Effect of The Prolonged High-Fat Diet on The Fatty Acid Metabolism in Rat Blood and Liver. Lipid Heal Dis. 2014;13(49):1–8
  3. Koontanatechanon A, Wongphatcharachai M, Nonthabenjawan N, Jariyahatthakij P, Leksrisompong P, Srichana P, et al. The Effects of Increasing Dietary Fat on Serum Lipid Profile and Modification of Gut Microbiome in C57BL / 6N Mice. J Oleo Sci. 2022;71(7):1039–49
  4. Bereda G. Pathophysiology and Management of Dyslipidaemia. BioMedical. 2022;43(2):34369–75
  5. Clifford T, Howatson G, West D, Stevenson E. The Potential Benefits of Red Beetroot Supplementation in Health and Disease. Nutrients. 2015 Apr 14;7(4):2801–22
  6. Wruss J, Waldenberger G, Huemer S, Uygun P, Lanzerstorfer P, Müller U, et al. Compositional Characteristics of Commercial Beetroot Products and Beetroot Juice Prepared from Seven Beetroot Varieties Grown in Upper Austria. J Food Compos Anal. 2015 Sep;42(3):46–55
  7. Agency CFI. The Biology of Beta vulgaris L. (Sugar Beet) [Internet]. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2023
  8. Ninfali P, Antonini E, Frati A, Scarpa ES. C-Glycosyl Flavonoids from Beta vulgaris Cicla and Betalains from Beta vulgaris rubra: Antioxidant, Anticancer and Antiinflammatory Activities—A Review. Phyther Res. 2017;31(6):871–84
  9. Płatosz N, Sawicki T, Wiczkowski W. Profile of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids of Red Beet and Its Fermentation Products. Does Long-Term Consumption of Fermented Beetroot Juice Affect Phenolics Profile in Human Blood Plasma and Urine? Polish J Food Nutr Sci. 2020 Feb 12;70(1):55–65
  10. Khan MI. Plant Betalains: Safety, Antioxidant Activity, Clinical Efficacy, and Bioavailability. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2016;15(2):316–30
  11. Pezzali JG, Shoveller AK, Ellis J. Examining the Effects of Diet Composition, Soluble Fiber, and Species on Total Fecal Excretion of Bile Acids: A Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8(October):1–14
  12. Zeka K, Ruparelia K, Arroo R, Budriesi R, Micucci M. Flavonoids and Their Metabolites: Prevention in Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes. Diseases. 2017 Sep 5;5(3):19
  13. Kwon EY, Jung UJ, Park T, Yun JW, Choi MS. Luteolin Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance Through the Interplay Between the Liver and Adipose Tissue in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity. Diabetes. 2015 May 1;64(5):1658–69
  14. Nekohashi M, Ogawa M, Ogihara T, Nakazawa K, Kato H, Misaka T, et al. Luteolin And Quercetin Affect The Cholesterol Absorption Mediated By Epithelial Cholesterol Transporter Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 in Caco-2 cells and rats. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):1–9
  15. Mahato N, Sinha M, Sharma K, Koteswararao R, Cho MH. Modern Extraction and Purification Techniques for Obtaining High Purity Food-Grade Bioactive Compounds and Value-Added Co-Products from Citrus Wastes. Foods. 2019;8(11):1–81
  16. Najib A. Ekstraksi Senyawa Bahan Alam. Yogyakarta: Deepublish Publisher; 2018
  17. Ronis MJJ, Pedersen KB, Watt J. Adverse Effects of Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;58(24)
  18. Rajauria G, Tiwari BK. Fruit Juices. Chennai: Academic Press; 2018
  19. Cahyaningrum A, Winarsih S, Wani YA. Lama Waktu Tunggu Konsumsi Menurunkan Kandungan Vitamin C pada Jus Campuran Pepino-Belimbing. J Gizi. 2017;6(1):12–20
  20. Al-Harbi LN, Alshammari GM, Al-Dossari AM, Subash-Babu P, Binobead MA, Alhussain MH, et al. Beta vulgaris L. (Beetroot) Methanolic Extract Prevents Hepatic Steatosis and Liver Damage in T2DM Rats by Hypoglycemic, Insulin-Sensitizing, Antioxidant Effects, and Upregulation of PPAR$α$. Biology (Basel). 2021 Dec;10(12)
  21. Lotfi M, Azizi M, Tahmasebi W, Bashiri P. Efficacy of Beetroot Juice Consumption on The Lipid Profile of Female Soccer Players. Med Lab Technol J. 2020;14(2):26–30
  22. Syafrida M, Darmanti S, Izzati M. Pengaruh Suhu Pengeringan Terhadap Kadar Air, Kadar Flavonoid dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Daun dan Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.). Bioma Berk Ilm Biol. 2018;20(1):44
  23. Ramadhani MA, Hati AK, Lukitasari NF, Jusman AH. Skrining Fitokimia Dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Serta Fenolik Total Ekstrak Daun Insulin (Tithonia diversifolia) Dengan Maserasi Menggunakan Pelarut Etanol 96 %. Indones J Pharm Nat Prod. 2020;3(1):8–18
  24. Olumese FE, Oboh HA. Antioxidant and Antioxidant Capacity of Raw and Processed Nigerian Beetroot (Beta vulgaris). Niger J Basic Appl Sci. 2016;24(1):35
  25. Wulandari DD, Putro A, Santoso R, Diah D. The Effect of Beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L.) Juice on Cholinesterase Activity In Farmers Exposed to Organophosphate Pesticides. Indones J Med Lab Sci Technol. 2019;1(12):80–7
  26. Giknis MLA, Charles B, Clifford DVM. Clinical Laboratory Parameters for Crl:CD(SD) Rats [Internet]. United States of America: Charles River Laboratories; 2006. 1–18 p
  27. Yan S, Zhou H, Liu S, Wang J, Zeng Y, Matias FB, et al. Differential Effects of Chinese High-Fat Dietary Habits on Lipid Metabolism : Mechanisms and Health Implications. Lipid Heal Dis. 2020;19(30):1–9
  28. Murru E, Manca C, Carta G, Banni S. Impact of Dietary Palmitic Acid on Lipid Metabolism. Front Nutr. 2022 Mar 23;9:1–9
  29. De Aguiar VTQ, Tarling EJ, Edwards PA. Pleiotropic Roles of Bile Acids in Metabolism. Cell Metab. 2013;17(5):657–69
  30. Maegawa K, Koyama H, Fukiya S, Yokota A, Ueda K, Ishizuka S. Dietary Raffinose Ameliorates Hepatic Lipid Accumulation Induced by Cholic Acid via Modulation of Enterohepatic Bile Acid Circulation in Rats. Br J Nutr. 2022 Jun 14;127(11):1621–30
  31. Zhu W, Xu Y, Liu J, Chen D, Zhang H, Yang Z, et al. Effects of Dietary Pork Fat Cooked Using Different Methods on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, Liver Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in Rats. Food. 2021;10:1–20
  32. Muniz LB, Alves-Santos AM, Camargo F, Martins DB, Celes MRN, Naves MM V. High-Lard and High-Cholesterol Diet, but Not High-Lard Diet, Leads to Metabolic Disorders in A Modified Dyslipidemia Model. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;113(5):896–902
  33. Kubant R, Poon AN, Sánchez-Hernández D, Domenichiello AF, Huot PSP, Pannia E, et al. A Comparison of Effects of Lard and Hydrogenated Vegetable Shortening on The Development of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats. Nutr Diabetes. 2015;5(November):1–6
  34. Yuniarti CA, Sri R, Rahayu R, Yuniastuti A. Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Beet Root Extract (beta vulgaris) in Rats. Public Heal Perspect J. 2019;4(3):214–23
  35. Siow LF, Wong YM. Effect of Juice Concentration on Storage Stability, Betacyanin Degradation Kinetics, and Sensory Acceptance of Red-Fleshed Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) Juice. Int J Food Prop. 2017;20(3):623–32

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-11-14 20:19:13

No citation recorded.