DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.14.2.173-183

Association of vitamin D receptor and group-specific component gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus among Javanese in Jakarta

1Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia- Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia

2Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia- Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia

Received: 6 Aug 2025; Revised: 11 Apr 2026; Accepted: 15 Apr 2026; Available online: 30 Jun 2026; Published: 30 Jun 2026.

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Abstract

ABSTRACT

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health problem with increasing prevalence globally and in Indonesia, particularly in Jakarta, which has one of the highest prevalence rates, with the Javanese as the predominant ethnic group. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in this population and has been associated with an increased risk of T2DM.  Vitamin D plays an important role in glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin secretion and improving insulin sensitivity. Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) and Group-Specific Component (GC) genes, which are involved in vitamin D metabolism and function, are hypothesized to influence T2DM risk.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the association between VDR rs2228570 and GC rs7041 gene polymorphisms and T2DM among the Javanese population in Jakarta.

Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 101 Javanese adults (50 T2DM and 51 non-diabetic subjects). Gene polymorphisms were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Associations were assessed using Chi-square tests.

Results: No significant association was found between VDR rs2228570 and GC rs7041 gene polymorphisms and T2DM.

Conclusion: No evidence of association was observed between VDR rs2228570 and GC rs7041 gene polymorphisms and T2DM in this population. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of T2DM, suggesting that genetic factors related to vitamin D may play a limited role, while environmental and lifestyle factors remain important. Further studies with larger and multi-ethnic populations are needed to better understand the role of vitamin D-related genetic factors in T2DM.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; gene polymorphism; Vitamin D Receptor; group-specific component; javanese ethnicity

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Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; gene polymorphism; Vitamin D Receptor; group-specific component; javanese ethnicity

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