DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v22i1.73197

Balancing International Legal Obligations, Human Rights, and National Interests: Indonesia’s Response to Rohingya Refugees in Aceh

1Department of Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Indonesia

2Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Indonesia

3Department of Statistics, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Indonesia

4 Department of Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Mataram, Indonesia

5 Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Khairun, Indonesia

6 Department of English Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia

7 Department of Public Finance, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science, Erciyes University, Turkey

View all affiliations
Open Access Copyright 2026 LAW REFORM under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract

The principle of non-refoulement in international law obliges states to refrain from returning refugees to places where they face persecution. Indonesia, as a state that upholds human rights, has applied this principle in receiving Rohingya refugees who are displaced from their country of origin. Nevertheless, its implementation encounters tensions between international obligations, national interests, and human rights considerations. This study aims to examine how international law influences Indonesia’s response to the Rohingya refugee situation and to analyze the government’s stance in balancing these competing interests. A mixed-method approach is employed, combining empirical research through focus group discussions and interviews with normative analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that, despite not ratifying the 1951 Refugee Convention, Indonesia continues to adhere to the non-refoulement principle. However, regulatory improvements are necessary, particularly regarding Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016, to ensure fulfillment of refugees’ basic rights and adequate financial support, especially in Aceh. In conclusion, Indonesia must adopt prudent legal reforms to strengthen legal certainty, protect refugee rights, and balance international, national, and humanitarian interests effectively. Such measures will also enhance coordination among institutions, improve policy implementation, and promote sustainable humanitarian governance in addressing future refugee challenges comprehensively nationwide.

Fulltext View|Download Email colleagues
Keywords: Rohingya Refugees; International Legal Obligation; Humanitarian Values; National Interest; Non-Refoulement

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : EN
Most cited articles
GLOBALISASI LESBIAN, GAY, BISEKSUAL, DAN TRANSGENDER (LGBT): PERSPEKTIF HAM DAN AGAMA DALAM LINGKUP HUKUM DI INDONESIA PRIVATISASI BADAN USAHA MILIK NEGARA PENDIDIKAN HUKUM SEBAGAI PENDIDIKAN MANUSIA KEBIJAKAN FORMULASI HUKUM PIDANA DALAM MELINDUNGI TRANSAKSI E - COMMERCE DI INDONESIA PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KONSUMEN DALAM TRANSAKSI E-COMMERCE More cited articles
  1. Adiputera, Y., & Missbach, A. (2021). Indonesia’s Foreign Policy Regarding the Forced Displacement of Rohingya Refugees. Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law,22(1),69–95. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718158-2201000 2
  2. Adwani, A., Rosmawati, R., & Kadir, M. Y. A. (2021). the Responsibility in Protecting the Rohingya Refugees in Aceh Province, Indonesia: an International Refugees Law Perspective. IIUM Law Journal, 29(S2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i(s2).677
  3. Al Imran, H. (2022). Rohingya Boat Refugees at Bay of Bengal and Obligations of the South East Asian States Under Soft Law. Liverpool Law Review,43(1),1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09286-z
  4. Alam, J. (2021). The Status and Rights of the Rohingya as Refugees under International Refugee Law: Challenges for a Durable Solution. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies,19(2),128–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2020.1746872
  5. Ansar, A., & Khaled, A. F. M. (2023). In search of a Rohingya digital diaspora: virtual togetherness, collective identities and political mobilisation. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023015 53-w
  6. Ayu, S. M., Shaluhiyah, Z., Widjanarko, B., & Purwanti, A. (2026). Rasch Analysis of the General Life Skills Scale for Dating Violence Prevention in Indonesian Adolescents. Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 9(2), 262-273. https://doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v9i2.8555
  7. Baker, R. B. (2010). Customary International Law in the 21st Century: Old Challenges and New Debates. European Journal of International Law, 21(1), 173–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chq015
  8. Benhabib, S. (2020). The End of the 1951 Refugee Convention? Dilemmas of Sovereignty, Territoriality, and Human Rights. Jus Cogens,2(1),75–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42439-020-00022-1
  9. Bhatia, A., Mahmud, A., Fuller, A., Shin, R., Rahman, A., Shatil, T., Sultana, M., Morshed, K. A. M., Leaning, J., & Balsari, S. (2018). The Rohingya in cox’s bazar: When the stateless seek refuge. Health and Human Rights, 20(2), 105–122. https://doi.org/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568406/
  10. Carciotto, S., & Ferraro, F. (2020). Building blocks and challenges for the implementation of the global compact on refugees in Africa. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 8(1),83–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/23315024209082
  11. Chan, E. Y. Y., Chiu, C. P., & Chan, G. K. W. (2018). Medical and health risks associated with communicable diseases of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh 2017. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 68, 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.01.001
  12. Chan, P. C. W. (2006). The protection of refugees and internally displaced persons: Non-Refoulement under customary international law? The International Journal of Human Rights,10(3),231–239. https://doi.org/10. 1080/13642980600828552
  13. Cheong, A. R. (2025). Racial exclusion by bureaucratic omission: Non-enumeration, documentary dispossession, and the Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar. Social Problems,72(2),341-357. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spae003
  14. Coppens, J., & Somers, E. (2010). Towards new rules on disembarkation of persons rescued at sea? The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 25(3), 377–403. https://doi.org/10.1163/157180810X571006
  15. Danial, D., Jaya, B. P. M., Aulia, A., Taufiqurrohman, A., Suryani, S., & Bawono, I. R. (2024). Standardisation of Work Agreement between Indonesian Fisheries Crew and Foreign Companies. Transactions on Maritime Science. Split, Croatia, 13(2),1-26. https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v13.n02.w09
  16. D’Amato, A. (2009). Softness in International Law: A Self-Serving Quest for New Legal Materials: A Reply to Jean d’Aspremont. European Journal of International Law, 20(3),897–910. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp067
  17. Dill, J. (2023). Threats to state survival as emergencies in international law. International Theory,15(2),155–183. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971923000015
  18. Duffy, A. (2008). Expulsion to Face Torture? Non-refoulement in International Law. International Journal of Refugee Law, 20(3),373–390. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/een022
  19. Goodwin-Gill, G. S. (2013). The Dynamic of International Refugee Law. International Journal of Refugee Law, 25(4), 651–666. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeu003023
  20. Handayani, E., & Hardiyanti, M. (2025). Forging a legal culture: criminal law enforcement in environmental protection amidst the sustainable development era. Clio. Revista de Historia, Ciencias Humanas y Pensamiento Critico., 5(10), 249-281. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14975866
  21. Hariansah, S., & Qhistina, L. (2026). Toward Algorithmic Due Process: Constitutional Challenges and Human Rights Risks in Indonesia’s Digital State. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 8(1), 25-45. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v8i1.25-25
  22. Havez, M., Ernawati, N., Pitaloka, D., Rosidi, A., & Jumadi, J. (2024). Balancing Local Community Interest and International Responsibilities in the Context of the Expulsion of Rohingya Refugees in Aceh. Indonesian Journal of International Law, 21(4),655–684. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol21.4.1823
  23. Hossain, A. N. M. Z. (2022). Geopolitics of Rohingya Refugee Crisis and Regional Security. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 12(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.120204
  24. Ilma, A., Wulandari, I., & Razan, M. R. (2024). Penolakan Kedatangan Gelombang Pengungsi Rohingya Di Aceh Dalam Perspektif Etika Dan Moral. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 10(14), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13342961
  25. Ismayawati, A., Ngazizah, I. F., & Abd Aziz, S. N. (2025). Rohingya in Aceh: Human Rights Vs Security Justice Islamic Law Perspective. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia,7(3),428-444. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v7i3.428-444
  26. Irawan, B., Firdaus, F., Jaya, B. P. M., Taufiqurrohman, A. A., Sari, S. W., & Furqoni, S. (2025). State responsibility and strategy in preventing and protecting Indonesian fisheries crews working on foreign fishing vessels from modern slavery. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs,17(2),186-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2024.2333107
  27. Jaya, B. P. M., Sidiq, A. P. P., Fasyehhudin, M., & Solapari, N. (2024). Republic of Indonesia Sovereign Right in North Natuna Sea according to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs, 16(1),127–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/183 66503.2023.2206261
  28. Jaya, B. P. M., Ridwan, Mucharom, R. S., Wibowo, D. E., Aisah, S. N., Sulastri, & Alifvia, N. B. (2023). Criticising the Implementation of the ACTIP in Southeast Asia. Sriwijaya Law Review, 7(2), 350–367. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol7.Iss2.2542.pp350-367
  29. Junaiding, J. (2021). Soft Law Sebagai Sumber Hukum Kontrak Dalam Perdagangan Internasional. "Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI, 1(3), 15. https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/dharmasisya/vol1/iss3/15
  30. Justinar, J. (2019). Perlindungan Pengungsi Di Wilayah Konflik Bersenjata Dan Penentuan Status Prima Facie. TerAs Law Review: Jurnal Hukum Humaniter Dan HAM, 1(1), 54–84. https://doi.org/10.25105/teras-lrev. v1i1.5793
  31. Kaharuddin, K., Moechthar, O., Sekarmadji, A., Karunia, D., Kristianti, D. R., Widianti, E. P., Katherina, A. M. F., & Hidayat, Y. (2025). Fast Track Legislation Without A Legal Track: A Comparative Critique Of Accelerated Law-making In Indonesia And Other Jurisdictions. Diponegoro Law Review,10(2),199-216. https://doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.10.2.2025.199-216
  32. Kamalludin, I., Purwanti, A., Sularto, R. B., Berezniak, V., & Liudvik, V. (2025). Designing a Digital Trust Fund for the Justice for Sexual Violence Victims Based on Islamic Criminal Law. Jurnal Hukum Islam,23(2),459-500. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v23i2.04
  33. Kartiko, A. Y., Telaumbanua, J. C., & Putri, T. S. (2019). Implementation of Immigration Supervision Refugees at Community House In Under Control Supervision of Immigration Detention House Jakarta. Journal of Law and Border Protection, 1(1), 13–33. https://doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v1i1.154
  34. Klug, A. (2014). Strengthening the Protection of Migrants and Refugees in Distress at Sea through International Cooperation and Burden-Sharing. International Journal of Refugee Law, 26(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeu008
  35. Komarudin, U., & Ayuningtyas, D. (2024). Indonesia’s Responses Towards Rohingya Refugees: Political Perspective. JWP (Jurnal Wacana Politik), 9(2), 112-120. https://doi.org/10.24198/jwp.v9i2.54009
  36. Latifiani, D., Yusriadi, Y., Sarono, A., Al Fikry, A. H., & Cholis, M. N. (2022). Reconstruction Of E-court Legal Culture In Civil Law Enforcement. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies,7(2),4441-448. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i2.59993
  37. Macklin, A. (1995). Refugee women and the imperative of categories. Human Rights Quarterly,17(2),213–277. https://www.jstor.org/stable/762517
  38. Mahfud, M. A., Siregar, D. M. A., & Malik, M. F. (2026). Nussbaum’s Justice Theory Lens: the Digital Divide and Unfulfillment of the Right to Public Service in Traditional Society. Media Iuris, 9(1), 97-128. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v9i1.77214
  39. Maureen, D., Aling, R., & Senewe, E. V. T. (2024). Analisis Yuridis Krisis Pengungsi Rohingya Di Aceh Dan Peran Unhcr Di Indonesia Berdasarkan Hukum Organisasi Internasional. Lex_Privatum, 14(3),1-12. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/lexprivatum/article/view/58369
  40. Missbach, A., & Stange, G. (2021). Muslim Solidarity and the Lack of Effective Protection for Rohingya Refugees in Southeast Asia. Social Sciences, 10(5), 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10050166
  41. Mohajan, H. K. (2018). History of Rakhine State and the Origin of the Rohingya Muslims. IKAT : The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 2(1), 19-46. https://doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v2i1.37391
  42. Mucharom, R. S., Suriaamadja, T. T., Januarita, R., Jaya, B. P. M., Maharani, D. G., Taufiqurrohman, A. (2024). WTO Subsidies Agreement on Fisheries (2022- 2024): Agreed Terms and Implications for Indonesia. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan,12(2),286-299. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v12i2.1394
  43. Muchsin, M. A., & Armi, F. (2024). Rohingya Muslim Ethnicity: History and Future Dilemma Islam in Myanmar. Hikmah, 21(1), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.53802/hikmah.v21i1.398
  44. Natalis, A. (2026). Capitalism, Beauty Standards, and the Law: a feminist-foucauldian critique of body regulation. Journal of Philosophical Investigations,20(54),343-362. https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2025.69150.4193
  45. Nursabrina, M. (2020). Maritime Interception on Foreign Vessels Carrying Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Violation of UNCLOS and Non-Refoulement Principle? Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 4(1),114-131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v4i1
  46. Nadig, A. (2002). Human Smuggling, National Security, and Refugee Protection. Journal of Refugee Studies, 15(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/15.1.1
  47. Nelwan, C. E. D. (2024). Penerapan Prinsip Non-Refoulement Terhadap Pengungsi Di Indonesia Menurut Hukum Internasional Dan Hukum Nasional. Lex Privatum, 14(3),1-13 https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/lexprivatum/article/view/58362
  48. Noussia, K. (2017). The Rescue of Migrants and Refugees at Sea: Legal Rights and Obligations. Ocean Yearbook Online, 31(1),155–170. https://doi.org/10.1163/221 16001-03101008
  49. Olivier, M. L. (2002). The relevance of'soft law'as a source of international human rights. Comparative and International. Law Journal of Southern Africa, 35(2), 289-307. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00104051_164
  50. Paul, S., & Butola, B. S. (2024). Rohingya women as refugees: Examining displacement, refugeehood and ‘bare life’. Journal of Refugee Studies, 37(3), 680-696. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feae039
  51. Pentury, Z. I., Waas, R. M., & Daties, D. R. A. (2024). Peran Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) dalam Mengatasi Transnational Human Trafficking di Asia Tenggara. TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 4(9),715. https://doi.org/10.47268/tatohi.v4i9.2491
  52. Putra, M. R. S., Malkan, D. B., Rohma, I. A., & Yandika, N. P. (2024). Tanggung Jawab Negara Indonesia terhadap Pengungsi Rohingya. Journal Of Law Education And Business,2(2),2988-1242. https://doi.org/10.57235/jleb.v2i2.3085
  53. Rahman, U. (2010). The Rohingya Refugee: A Security Dilemma for Bangladesh. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 8(2), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562941003792135
  54. Ridwan, R., Jaya, B. P. M., & Imani, S. H. (2022). The Implementation of General Principles of Convention on The Rights of The Child During Covid-19 Pandemic in The City of Serang. Law Reform, 18(1), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v18i1.44643
  55. Riyanto, S. (2010). The Refoulement Principle and its Relevance in the International Law System. Indonesian Journal of International Law,7(4),695-715. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol7.4.243
  56. Shabrina, S., & Putrijanti, A. (2022). Online Legal Counselling As Business Strategy: Exploring The Mediating Role Of Notarial Code Of Ethics. Corporate Law and Governance Review, 4(2), 68-76. https://doi.org/10.22495/clgrv4i2p8
  57. Sherstyuk, V., Mitskaya, E., & Mahfud, M. A. (2026). Social Problems and Threats of Digital Technologies Based on Artificial Intelligence. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia,8(1),46-68. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v8i1.46-68
  58. Shohel, M. M. C. (2023). Lives of the Rohingya children in limbo: Childhood, education, and children’s rights in refugee camps in Bangladesh. Prospects, 53(1), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-022-09631-8
  59. Siahaya, T., Wattimena, J. A. Y., & Peilouw, J. S. F. (2022). Urgensi Diratifikasinya Konvensi 1951 Tentang Pengungsi Perspektif Hukum Keimigrasian. TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum,1(11),1069-1079. https://doi.org/10.47268/tatohi.v1i11.865
  60. Sudrajat, T., Jati, B. K. H., & Gupta, C. M. (2024). Questioning Indonesia’s Role in Addressing Rohingya Refugees: A Legal, Humanitarian, and State Responsibility Perspective. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 7(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/ 10.24090/volksgeist.v7i1.10506
  61. Sulistianingsih, D., Adhi, Y. P., Lestari, D. P., & Yusoff, R. B. M. (2025). Dealing with A State of Emergency: A Comparative Study Between Indonesia and Malaysia in Government Use for Pharmaceutical Products. International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia,4(2),79-112. https://doi.org/ 10.15294/ildisea.v5i2.29671
  62. Sulistyawan, A. Y., & Ilham, H. (2026). Violence in schools as a social construct: a legal-philosophical inquiry into the Indonesian educational context. Clio. Revista de Historia, Ciencias Humanas y Pensamiento Critico.,2026(11),1963-1995. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17491911
  63. Suteki, S., Jalil, A., Natalis, A., & Rembulan, D. (2025). Community Engagement in Eradicating Corruption: Evaluating the Effectiveness and Reward Models for Whistleblowers As a Regional Strategy. Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia, 8(1), 23-92. https://doi.org/10.15294/jphi. v8i1.20440
  64. Sztucki, J. (1989). The conclusions on the international protection of refugees adopted by the executive committee of the UNHCR programme. International Journal of Refugee Law, 1(3), 285–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/1.3.285
  65. Türk, V. (2018). The promise and potential of the global compact on refugees. International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(4), 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey068
  66. Ullah, A. A. (2011). Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9(2), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2011.567149
  67. Utami, P. N. (2019). Implementasi Peraturan Presiden Nomor 125 Tahun 2016 Tentang Penanganan Pengungsi Dari Luar Negeri Di Provinsi Kepulauan Riau. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 16(3), 299–312. https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v16i3.509
  68. Zarni, M., & Cowley, A. (2014). The slow-burning genocide of Myanmar’s Rohingya. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 23(3), 683–754. https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol23/iss3/8
  69. Zieck, M (2015). Guidelines on International Protection No. 11: Prima Facie Recognition of Refugee Status (UNHCR). International Legal Materials,54(6),1115. https://doi.org/ 10.5305/intelegamate.54.6.1115
  70. McDonald-Gibson, C. (2016). Cast Away: Stories of Survival from Europe’s Refugee Crisis. New York: The New Press
  71. Malanczuk, P. (1997). Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law. London & New York: Taylor & Francis Group
  72. Bhuiyan, J. H. (2013). Protection of refugees through the principle of non-refoulement. In S. Juss (Ed.), An Introduction to International Refugee Law (pp. 109-130). Leiden: Brill Nijhoff
  73. Dumberry, P. (2024). Article 38 ICJ Statute: Sources (and Select General Principles of Law). In A. Kulick & M. Waibel (Eds.), General International Law in International Investment Law: A Commentary (pp. 464-488). Oxford: Oxford University Press
  74. Noll, G. (2024). Refugees unlawfully in the country of refuge / Réfugiés en situation irrégulière dans le pays d’accueil. In The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol (pp. 1399-1434). Oxford: Oxford University Press
  75. Saunders, I. (2014). International disaster relief law and Article 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice: The forgotten source of international law. In D. D. Caron, M. J. Kelly, & A. Telesetsky (Eds.), The International Law of Disaster Relief (pp. 29-45). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  76. Whyte, A. V. (2001). Environmental security. In R. E. Dunlap & W. Michelson (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 4663-4667). Oxford: Elsevier
  77. Fakultas Hukum Universitas Syiah Kuala (FH USK). (2026). FGD Kolaboratif Fakultas Hukum USK, Universitas Indonesia (UI), dan Deakin University Soroti Masa Depan Pengungsi Rohingya di Aceh. Retrieved from https://law.usk.ac.id/?p=8470
  78. BBC. (2023). Polisi tetapkan dua tersangka baru penyelundupan pengungsi Rohingya ke Aceh, Indonesia ‘dilema’ antara masalah kemanusiaan dan keamanan. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/ articles/ckrpr53zg7zo.amp
  79. BBC. (2024). Rohingya di Sidoarjo, Rohingya Minta Tanah, Menlu Retno Usir Rohingya – Bagaimana Narasi Kebencian dan Hoax Bekerja Menyudutkan Etnis Rohingya. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles /c03y7n3k12lo
  80. Cambridge. (2024). Danger. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/danger
  81. CNN Indonesia. (2023). Update jumlah total pengungsi Rohingya dan sebaran penampungan di Aceh. Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20231213141254-20-1036757/update-jumlah-total-pengungsi-rohingya-dan-sebaran-penampungan-di-aceh
  82. Detik News. (2023). Mengapa pengungsi Rohingya ditolak warga Aceh? Ini penjelasannya. Retrieved from https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7048044/mengapa-pengungsi-rohingya-ditolak-warga-aceh-ini-penjelasannya⁠
  83. Sumitro, F. (2023). 4 Kelakuan Buruk Pengungsi Rohingya Aceh, Buang Bantuan-Kabur dari Camp. Retrieved from https://www.detik.com/sumut/berita/d-7074619/4-kelakuan-buruk-pengungsi-rohingya-aceh-buang-bantuan-kabur-dari-kamp
  84. Google Map. (2025). The Distance Between Cox’s Bazar and Aceh
  85. Hukumonline. (2022). Kenali 3 Prinsip Perlindungan Pengungsi dalam Hukum Internasional. Retrieved from https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/perlu-pengaturan-komprehensif-untuk-atasi-masalah-penanganan-pengungsi-lt61f819630a204/
  86. Humas Kemenko Polkam RI. (2023). Kemenko Polkam: Lonjakan Pengungsi Rohingya Bukan Masalah Daerah, Tapi Nasional. Retrieved from https://polkam.go.id/kemenko-polkam-lonjakan-pengungsi-rohingya-bukan-masalah-daerah-tapi-nasional/
  87. UNHCR. (1997). UNHCR Note on the Principle of Non-Refoulement. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/policy/legalguidance/unhcr/1997/en/36258
  88. UNHCR. (2011). Rescue at Sea, Stowaways and Maritime Interception: Selected Reference Materials. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/4ee1d32b9.pdf
  89. UNHCR. (2015). Guidelines on international protection No. 11: Prima facie recognition of refugee status. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/555c335a4.html
  90. UNHCR. (2017). Conclusions on international protection adopted by the Executive Committee of the UNHCR Programme 1975–2017 (Conclusions No. 1–114). Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/ docid/5a2ead6b4.html⁠
  91. UNHCR. (2023a). 14 facts on Rohingya refugees. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/id/en/ news/14-facts-rohingya-refugees
  92. UNHCR. (2023b). What is a refugee?. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/us/what-refugee
  93. UNHCR. (2024a). Rohingya refugee crisis explained. Retrieved from https://www.unrefugees.org/news/rohingya-refugee-crisis-explained/
  94. UNHCR. (2024b). Who are the Rohingya?. Retrieved from https://www.unrefugees.org/ news/who-are-the-rohingya/
  95. Convention and 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees
  96. Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning Handling of Refugees from Abroad
  97. Rohingya Refugees (2025a). Minaraya Camp, Aceh: August 22, 2025
  98. Rohingya Refugees (2025b). Aceh: August 22, 2025
  99. Secretary of Kulee Village. (2025). Aceh: August 23, 2025
  100. Civil Society Organization (CSO). (2025). Focus Grup Discussion. Aceh: August 22 2025
  101. Focus Group Disccusion (FGD). (2025). Aceh Regional Office. Aceh: August 22 2025
  102. Regional Police of Banda Aceh. (2025). Focus Grup Discussion. Aceh: August 22 2025
  103. The Aceh Regional Law Office. (2025). Aceh: August 22 2025
  104. Yayasan Kemanusiaan Madani (YKMI). (2025). Focus Grup Discussion. Aceh: August 22 2025

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-05-13 13:28:18

No citation recorded.