skip to main content

Coping Strategies of Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study

*Susilo Harianto  -  Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Nursalam Nursalam  -  Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Dewi Maryam  -  Dr. Sutomo Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia
Abd Nasir  -  Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Cucuk Rahmadi Purwanto  -  Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Hafna Ilmy Muhalla  -  Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Emuliana Sulpat  -  Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Amellia Mardhika  -  Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Domingos Soares  -  Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministerio da Saúde Timor-Leste, Timor-Leste
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 by the Authors, Published by Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: Chemotherapy is the primary treatment for breast cancer to prevent cancer progression, but health protocols, such as social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic, hinder timely treatment. Although many qualitative studies have investigated the experiences of breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, few have explored the coping strategies of women undergoing chemotherapy during this time.

Purpose: This study explored the coping strategies of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: A qualitative phenomenological design was employed to explore the experiences of women living with breast cancer and their coping mechanisms. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants who met the following criteria: (1) women diagnosed with breast cancer who had chosen to undergo chemotherapy and (2) women attending chemotherapy sessions at the treatment center. Patients with a history of severe chemotherapy side effects were excluded from the study. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 25 participants, and transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results: Four key themes emerged from the data analysis, including (1) feeling the uncertainty of life, (2) emotional turbulence, (3) surviving under pressure, and (4) accepting the situation. Participants demonstrated positive adaptive coping strategies to manage the challenges of breast cancer and chemotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion: Surviving and accepting conditions were identified as vital coping mechanisms that help women with breast cancer maintain their quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. These strategies play a crucial role in maintaining mental well-being amid uncertain and stressful circumstances.
Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Breast cancer; chemotherapy; coping strategies; COVID-19

Article Metrics:

  1. Abu-helalah, M., Al-hanaqta, M., Alshraideh, H., & Hijazeen, J. (2014). Quality of life and psychological well-being of breast cancer survivors in Jordan. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15, 5927–5936. https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.14.5927
  2. bener, S. R., Coulter, Y. Z., Stone, K., & Glaser, J. (2019). End-of-life concerns and experiences of living with advanced breast cancer among medically underserved women. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 58(6), 959–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.08.006
  3. Afrashteh, M. Y., & Masoumi, S. (2021). Psychological well-being and death anxiety among breast cancer survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of self-compassion. BMC Women’s Health, 21, 387. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01533-9
  4. Ahmed, M., Wheeler, C., Franklin, B. D., Begum, R., & Garfield, S. (2021). Resilience of medication adherence practices in response to life changes: Learning from qualitative data obtained during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare, 9(8), 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081048
  5. Alkouri, O., Khader, Y., Hweidi, I. M., Gharaibeh, M. K., Jarrah, M., Hamdan, K. M., Marzouqi, A. Al, & Khamaiseh, K. (2022). COVID-19 fear and anxiety among patients with chronic heart failure: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(21), 6586. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216586
  6. Amirav, D. R., Besor, O., & Amirav, I. (2021). Hope during COVID-19 lockdown. Cureus, 13(5), e15097. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15097
  7. Ardhiani, L. N., Hyoscyamina, D. E., Hikam, C., & Karim, A. (2021). Online positive attitude training: Increasing resilience amidst pandemic. Journal of Nonformal Education, 7(2), 157–165. https://doi.org/10.15294/jne.v7i2.30278
  8. Bartmann, C., Fischer, L. M., Hübner, T., Reiter, M. M., Wöckel, A., Mcneill, R. V, Schlaiss, T., Schneider, S. K., Kämmerer, U., & Diessner, J. (2021). The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological stress in breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer, 21, 1356. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-09012-y
  9. Bener, A., Alsulaiman, R., Doodson, L., & Agathangelou, T. (2017). Depression, hopelessness, and social support among breast cancer patients in a highly endogamous population. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 18(7), 1889–1896. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.7.1889
  10. Biparva, A. J., Raoofi, S., Rafiei, S., Kan, F. P., Kazerooni, M., Bagheribayati, F., Masoumi, M., Doustmehraban, M., Sanaei, M., Zarabi, F., Raoofi, N., Chomalu, Z. B., Ahmadi, B., Talab, F. S., Hoseini, B. S., Asadollahi, E., Mir, M., Deylami, S., Zareei, M., Hadis Sanaei, H., ... Nasiri, M. (2022). Global quality of life in breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 13, e528–e536. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2022-003642
  11. Bonenkamp, A. A., Druiventak, T. A., Sluijs, A. van E. van der, Ittersum, F. J. van, Jaarsveld, B. C. van, & Abrahams, A. C. (2021). The impact of COVID‑19 on the mental health of dialysis patients. Journal of Nephrology, 34, 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-021-01005-1
  12. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2017). Applied qualitative research in psychology. Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-35913-1
  13. Brivio, E., Guiddi, P., Scotto, L., Giudice, A. V, Pettini, G., Busacchio, D., Didier, F., Mazzocco, K., & Pravettoni, G. (2021). Patients living with breast cancer during the Coronavirus pandemic: The role of family resilience, coping flexibility, and locus of control on affective responses. Frontier in Psychology, 11, 56723011. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567230
  14. Brock, C. M., & Clippard, L. (2019). When breast cancer gets complicated. A case report of synchronous bilateral breast cancers with discordant tumor markers from the primary to nodes with findings of a sentinel internal mammary subpectoral lymph node. Journal of Surgical Case Reports, 2019(2), rjz015. https://doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjz0151–2
  15. Budiarta, M. S., & Brennan, M. E. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on breast cancer treatment: A systematic review. Archives of Breast Cancer Breast Cancer, 9(4), 421–438. https://doi.org/10.32768/abc.202294421-438
  16. Cerda, A. A., & García, L. Y. (2021). Factors explaining the fear of being infected with COVID-19. Health Expectations, 25(2), 506-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13274
  17. Chan, J. J., Chan, J. J., Sim, Y., Guan, S., Ow, W., Si, J., Lim, J., & Kusumawidjaja, G. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on and recommendations for breast cancer care: The Singapore experience. Endocrine-Related Cancer, 27(9), R307-R327. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-20-0157
  18. Charos, D., Andriopoulou, M., & Vivilaki, V. (2022). Breast cancer and COVID-19: The need for enhanced psychological support for women with breast cancer during the pandemic. European Journal of Midwifery, 6(December), 629. https://doi.org/10.18332/ejm/156899
  19. Chavez-Macgregor, M., Clarke, C. A., Lichtensztajn, D. Y., & Giordano, S. H. (2015). Delayed initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy among patients with breast cancer. JAMA Oncology, 2(3), 322-329. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.3856
  20. Chen, L., Chou, H., Wang, S., & Shih, W. (2022). Unmet care needs and uncertainty in patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Healthcare, 10(11), 2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10112148
  21. Chiesi, F., Vizza, D., Valente, M., Bruno, R., Lau, C., Campagna, M. R., Iacono, M. Lo, Bruno, F., & Bruno, F. (2022). Positive personal resources and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: Resilience, optimism, hope, courage, trait mindfulness, and self-efficacy in breast cancer patients and survivors. Supportive Care in Cancer, 30, 7005–7014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07123-1
  22. Claessens, A. K. M., Ibragimova, K. I. E., Geurts, S. M. E., Bos, M. E. M. M., Erdkamp, F. L. G., & Tjan-heijnen, V. C. G. (2020). The role of chemotherapy in treatment of advanced breast cancer: An overview for clinical practice. Critical Reviews in Oncology / Hematology, 153, 102988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102988
  23. Clements, A. D., & Ermakova, A. V. (2012). Surrender to God and stress: A possible link between religiosity surrender and Health. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(2), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025109
  24. Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In R. S. Valle & M. King (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological alternatives for psychology (pp. 48–71). Oxford University Press
  25. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc
  26. Dewi, T. K., Massar, K., Ardi, R., Ruiter, R. A. C., Kesuma, T., Massar, K., Ardi, R., & Ruiter, R. A. C. (2020). Determinants of early breast cancer presentation: A qualitative exploration among female survivors in Indonesia. Psychology & Health, 36(12), 1427–1440. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2020.1841765
  27. Dymecka, J., Gerymski, R., Machnik-czerwik, A., & Rogowska, A. M. (2023). Does positive thinking help during difficult pandemic times ? The role of positive orientation in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and perceived stress. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(1), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13010011
  28. ElGohary, G. M., Hashmi, S., Styczynski, J., Kharfan-Dabaja, M. A., Alblooshi, R. M., Camara, R. de la, Mohmed, S., Alshaibani, A., Cesaro, S., El-Aziz, N. A., Almaghrabi, R., Gergis, U., Majhail, N. S., EL-Gohary, Y., Chemaly, R. F., Aljurf, M., & Fakih, R. El. (2022). The risk and prognosis of COVID-19 infection in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy, 15(2), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hemonc.2020.07.005
  29. Faizah, I., Kartini, Y., Sari, R. Y., Rohmawati, R., & Afiyah, R. K. (2021). Social support and acceptance and commitment therapy on subjective well-being and mental health of COVID-19 patients. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(July 2020), 238–243
  30. Fikrie, A., Amaje, E., & Golicha, W. (2021). Social distancing practice and associated factors in response to COVID-19 pandemic at West Guji Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2021 : A community-based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 16(12), e0261065. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261065
  31. Fives, H., & Barnes, N. (2018). The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506326139.n685
  32. Folmer, C. P. R., Brownlee, M. A., Fine, A. D., Kooistra, E. B., Kuiper, M. E., Olthuis, E. H., Bruijn, A. L. de, & Rooij, B. van. (2021). Social distancing in America: Understanding long-term adherence to COVID-19 mitigation recommendations. PLoS ONE, 16(9), e0257945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257945
  33. Fond, G., Pauly, V., Duba, A., Salas, S., Viprey, M., Baumstarck, K., Orleans, V., Llorca, P. M., Lancon, C., Auquier, P., & Boyer, L. (2021). End-of-life breast cancer care in women with severe mental illnesses. Scientific Reports, 11, 10167. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89726-y
  34. Freire, C., Del, M., Ferradás, M., Valle, A., Núñez, J. C., & Vallejo, G. (2016). Profiles of psychological well-being and coping strategies among university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1554. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01554
  35. Friedman, L. C., & Barber, C. R. (2010). Self-blame, self-forgiveness, and spirituality in breast cancer survivors in a public sector setting. Journal of Cancer Education, 25, 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-010-0048-3
  36. Gebretsadik, D., Ahmed, N., Kebede, E., Gebremicheal, S., Belete, A., & Adane, M. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, practice towards COVID-19 pandemic and its prevalence among hospital visitors at Ataye district hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 16(2), e0246154. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246154
  37. Glogowsky, U., Hansen, E., & Scha, S. (2021). How effective are social distancing policies ? Evidence on the fight against COVID-19. PLoS ONE, 16(9), e0257363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257363
  38. Hanna, K., & Mayden, K. (2021). Chemotherapy treatment considerations in metastatic breast cancer. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology, 12(Suppl 2), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.6004/jadpro.2021.12.2.116–12
  39. Hassen, A. M., Taye, G., Gizaw, M., & Hussien, F. M. (2019). Quality of life and associated factors among patients with breast cancer under chemotherapy at Tikur Anbessa specialized. PLoS ONE, 14(9), e0222629. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222629
  40. Hassen, F., Enquselassie, F., Ali, A., Addissie, A., Taye, G., Assefa, M., & Tsegaye, A. (2022). Adherence to chemotherapy among women with breast cancer treated at Tikur Anbessa specialized and teaching hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 23(9), 3035–3041. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2022.23.9.3035
  41. He, S., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Xu, F., Li, J., Huang, T., & Giordano, L. (2022). Factors influencing delayed treatment in patients with breast cancer during COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 808873. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.808873
  42. Hernandez-aya, L. F., & Ma, C. X. (2016). Chemotherapy principles of managing stage IV breast cancer in the United States. Chinese Clinical Oncology, 5(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.21037/cco.2016.04.01
  43. Hiramoto, S., Asano, H., Miyamoto, T., & Takegami, M. (2021). Risk factors and pharmacotherapy for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in paclitaxel-treated female cancer survivors : A retrospective study in Japan. PLoS ONE, 16(12), e0261473.. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261473
  44. Howie-esquivel, J., Do, H., Lewis, C., Travis, A., & Cavanagh, C. (2020). Quality of work-life among advanced practice nurses who manage care for patients with heart failure: The effect of resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic and information. Heart & Lung, 55, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.04.005
  45. Hsu, H., Juan, C., Chen, J., & Hsieh, H. (2021). Mediator roles of social support and hope in the relationship between body image distress and resilience in breast cancer patients undergoing treatment: A modeling analysis. Frontier in Psychology, 12, 695682 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695682
  46. Hu, R. Y., Wang, J. Y., Chen, W. L., Zhao, J., Shao, C. H., Wang, J. W., & Wei, X. M. (2021). Stress, coping strategies, and expectations among breast cancer survivors in China: A qualitative study. BMC Psychology, 9, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00515-8
  47. Jin-hee Park, Jung, Y. S., Kim, J. Y., Hyoung, S., & Id, B. (2021). Determinants of quality of life in women immediately following the completion of primary treatment of breast cancer: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 16(10), e0258447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258447
  48. Koca, S., Koca, E., Okten, I. N., Fc, F., Ozçelik, M., Oyman, A., Çil, I., & Gümüs, M. (2022). Psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer patients on active treatment. Heliyon, 8(8), e10142.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10142
  49. Koiwa, K., Wakashima, K., Ikuta, M., Asai, K.,& Takagi, G. (2022). Fear of COVID-19 infection and related factors in Japan: A comparison of college students, pregnant women, hospital nurses and the general public. PLoS ONE, 17(7), e0271176. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271176
  50. Kudjawu, S., & Agyeman-Yeboah, J. (2021). Experiences of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: A study at Ho Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Nursing Open, 8, 3161–3169. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1029
  51. Kumar, A., Sarkar, M., Davis, E., Morphet, J., Maloney, S., Ilic, D., & Palermo, C. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning in health professional education: A mixed methods study protocol. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 439. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02871-w
  52. Kvillemo, P., & Bra, R. (2014). Coping with breast cancer . PLoS ONE, 9(11), e112733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112733
  53. Lampraki, C., Hoffman, A., Roquet, A., & Jopp, D. S. (2022). Loneliness during COVID-19: Development and influencing factors. PLoS ONE, 17(3), e0265900. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265900
  54. Lee, S., & Heo, J. (2022). COVID‑19 pandemic: A new cause of unplanned interruption of radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. Medical Oncology, 39, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-021-01604-9
  55. Li, Y., Ni, N., Zhou, Z., Dong, J., Fu, Y., Li, J., Luan, Z., & Peng, X. (2021). Hope and symptom burden of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(15-16), 2293-2300. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15759
  56. Lissidini, G., Farante, G., Vila, J., Ahmed, A., & Toesca, A. (2022). Strategies for breast cancer surgery during & after COVID-19 pandemic. Archives of Breast Cancer, 9(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.32768/abc.20229110-19
  57. Listiawan, M. Y., Rosita, C., Prakoeswa, S., Alinda, M. D., Kusumaputra, B. H., Hartanto, F., Nasir, A., & Yusuf, A. (2022). The stress of leprosy as a mediator of the relationship between coping resources, coping strategies, and psychological well-being in persons affected by leprosy. The structural equation models through a correlation study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, September, 15, 2189-2202. https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s382723
  58. Liu, C., Zhao, Y., Okwan-duodu, D., Basho, R., & Cui, X. (2020). COVID-19 in cancer patients: Risk, clinical features, and management. Cancer Biology and Medicine, 17(3) 519–527. https://doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0289
  59. Makaremnia, S., Manshadi, M. D., & Khademian, Z. (2021). Effects of a positive thinking program on hope and sleep quality in Iranian patients with thalassemia: A randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychology, 9, 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00547-0
  60. Makhfudli, M., Machin, A., Nasir, A., Wahyudi, A. S., Harianto, S., Rindayati, R., Muhalla, H. I., Sulpat, E., Okviasanti, F., Susanto, J., Ilkafah, I., & Kartini, Y. (2022). Understanding patients with COVID in the isolation rooms from the perspective of care: A qualitative study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 15, 2539-2551. https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s386066
  61. Meira, S., Id, C., Abrah, C. De., Leite, M. B., Soriana, K., Souza, S. De., & Rossi, F. (2023). Women's perception about the discovery of breast cancer amid the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 18(4), 0282610. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282610
  62. Miller, L. M. S., Gee, P. M., Katz, R. A., & Miller, L. M. S. (2021). The importance of understanding COVID-19: The role of knowledge in promoting adherence to protective behaviors. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 581497. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.581497
  63. Mohammed, A., Zahrani, A., & Alalawi, Y. (2019). Quality of life of women with breast cancer undergoing treatment and follow-up at King Salman Armed Forces Hospital in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy, 11, 199-208. https://doi.org/10.2147/bctt.s200605
  64. Molina‐mula, J., & Gallo‐estrada, J. (2020). Impact of nurse‐patient relationship on quality of care and patient autonomy in decision‐making. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030835
  65. Morrow, R., Rodriguez, A., & King, N. (2015). Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. The Psychologist, 28(8), 643–644. https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26984/1/Morrow_et_al.pdf
  66. Morse, J. M. (2015). Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1213–1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315588501
  67. Mozes, M., DerVegt, I. van, & Kleinberg, B. (2021). A repeated‑measures study on emotional responses after a year in the pandemic. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 23114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02414-9
  68. Nyblade, L., Stockton, M., Travasso, S., & Krishnan, S. (2020). A qualitative exploration of cervical and breast cancer stigma in Karnataka, India. BMC Women’s Health, 17, 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0407-x
  69. Obispo, B., Patricia, P., Castellanos, C., Jiménez, P., & Jacobo, F. (2022). Anxiety and depression in patients with advanced cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Supportive Care in Cancer, 30, 3363–3370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06789-3
  70. Öztunç, G., Yeşil, P., Paydaş, S., & Erdoğan, S. (2013). Social support and hopelessness in patients with breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14, 571–578
  71. Özyer, Y. (2023). Experiences of patients in Turkey with breast cancer throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and their coping mechanisms: A qualitative study. Journal of Religion and Health, 62(1), 662–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01675-6
  72. Piwko, A. M. (2021). Islam and the COVID‑19 pandemic between religious practice and health protection. Journal of Religion and Health, 60, 3291–3308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01346-y
  73. Rachmawati, E., Umniyatun, Y., Rosyidi, M., & Iqbal, M. (2022). The roles of Islamic faith-based organizations on countermeasures against the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Heliyon, 8(2), e08928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08928
  74. Rentscher, K. E., Zhou, X., Small, B. J., Cohen, H. J., Dilawari, A. A., Patel, S. K., Bethea, T. N., Dyk, K. M. Van, Nakamura, Z. M., Ahn, J., Zhai, W., Ahles, T. A., Jim, H. S. L., McDonald, B. C., Saykin, A. J., Root, J. C., Graham, D. M. A., Carroll, J. E., & Mandelblatt, J. S. (2021). Loneliness and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in older breast cancer survivors and noncancer controls. Cancer, 127(19), 3671–3679. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33687
  75. Retnaningsih, D., Auliyak, R., Mariyati, M., & Nurnaningsih, E. (2021). Depression and fatigue of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy during the Covid-19. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 3(3), 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v3i3.510
  76. Richardson, C., Goodyear, T., Slemon, A., Gadermann, A., Thomson, K. C., Daly, Z., Mcauliffe, C., Pumarino, J., & Jenkins, E. K. (2022). Emotional response patterns, mental health, and structural vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada: A latent class analysis. BMC Public Health, 22, 2344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14798-y
  77. Saleh, A., Mosa, M., Hossain, A. M., Lavoie, B. J., & Yoo, I. (2020). Patient-related risk factors for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: A systematic review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 329. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00329
  78. Sangeetha, G. S., & Umadevi, G. (2022). Resilience, optimism & mindfulness: The tripod of well-being for chronically ill patients. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(6), 1058–1065
  79. Savard, J., Jobin-Théberge, A., Massicotte, V., & Banville, C. (2021). How did women with breast cancer experience the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic ? A qualitative study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 29(10), 5721–5727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06089-w
  80. Seven, M., Bagcivan, G., Pasalak, S. I., Oz, G., Aydin, Y., & Selcukbiricik, F. (2021). Experiences of breast cancer survivors during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Supportive Care in Cancer, 29, 6481–6493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06243-4
  81. Singer, S., Kreienberg, R., Wöckel, A., Kühn, T., Flock, F., & Ii, B. (2015). Breast cancer patients ’ fear of treatment: Results from the multicenter longitudinal study. Breast Care, 10(2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381933
  82. Soriano, E. C., Perndorfer, C., Otto, A. K., Fenech, A. L., Siegel, S. D., Dickson-witmer, D., & Clements, L. (2021). Psychosocial impact of cancer care disruptions in women with breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontier in Psychology, 12, 662339. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662339
  83. Spencer-laitt, D., Eustis, E. H., Barlow, D. H., & Farchione, T. J. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 related social distancing on mental health outcomes: A transdiagnostic account. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 6596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116596
  84. Stahl, K., Wong, W., Dodge, D., Brooks, A., Mclaughlin, C., Olecki, E., Lewcun, J., Newport, K., & Vasekar, M. (2021). Benefits of surgical treatment of stage IV breast cancer for patients with known hormone receptor and HER2 status. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 28(5), 2646–2658. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-09244-5
  85. Stanizzo, M. R., Castelli, L., Nardo, C. Di, Brunetti, M., Sanctis, C. De, & Ghiggia, A. (2022). Psychological distress in breast cancer patients during the Italian COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811433
  86. Sujarwoto, S., & Holipah, H. (2022). A cross-sectional study of knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning COVID-19 outbreaks in the general population in Malang district, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074287
  87. Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Ca-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
  88. Supriati, L., Sudiana, I. K., Nihayati, H. E., Rodli, M., & Kapti, R. E. (2022). Perspective of uncertainty and emotional responses in breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. SAGE Open Nursing, 8, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608221124294
  89. Swainston, J., Chapman, B., & Grunfeld, E. A. (2020). COVID-19 lockdown and its adverse impact on psychological health in breast cancer. Frontier in Psychology, 11, 2033. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02033
  90. Thomsen, D. K., Pedersen, A. F., Johansen, M. B., Anders, B., Zachariae, R., Thomsen, D. K., Pedersen, A. F., Johansen, M. B., Thomsen, D. K., Pedersen, A. F., & Johansen, M. B. (2009). Breast cancer patients’ narratives about positive and negative communication experiences. Acta Oncologica, 46(7), 900–908. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841860701261550
  91. Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
  92. Türkcü, S. G., Uludag, E., Serçekus, P., Ozkan, S., & Yaren, A. (2021). Experiences and coping strategies of women receiving treatment for breast and gynecological cancers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 54, 102045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2021.102045
  93. Unhjem, J. V., Vatne, S., & Hem, M. H. (2017). Transforming nurse-patient relationships – A qualitative study of nurse self-disclosure in mental health care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 38(1), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12426
  94. Vliet, L. M. Van, Francke, A. L., Meijers, M. C., Westendorp, J., Hoffstädt, H., Evers, A. W. M., Wall, E. Van Der, Jong, P. De, Peerdeman, K. J., Stouthard, J., & Dulmen, S. Van. (2019). The use of expectancy and empathy when communicating with patients with advanced breast cancer; An observational study of clinician – patient consultations. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00464
  95. Vo, H., Anh, H., Nguyen, S., Nguyen, K. N., Lan, H., & Nguyen, T. (2020). Adherence to social distancing measures for controlling COVID-19 pandemic: Successful lesson from Vietnam. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 589900. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.589900
  96. Vogel, B. A., Leonhart, R., & Helmes, A. W. (2009). Patient education and counseling communication matters: The impact of communication and participation in decision making on breast cancer patients’ depression and quality of life. Patient Education and Counseling, 77, 391–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.09.005
  97. Vohra, L. M., Jabeen, D., Asif, N., & Ahad, A. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and breast cancer management: A retrospective observational clinical study from Pakistan. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 63, 102151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.01.099
  98. Wangchinda, P., & Ithimakin, S. (2016). Factors that predict recurrence later than 5 years after initial treatment in operable breast cancer. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, 14, 223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-016-0988-0
  99. Westendorp, J., Stouthard, J., Meijers, M. C., Neyrinck, B. A. M., Jong, P. De, Dulmen, S. Van, & Vliet, L. M. Van. (2020). Patient education and counseling - The power of clinician-expressed empathy to increase information recall in advanced breast cancer care: An observational study in clinical care, exploring the mediating role of anxiety. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(5), 1109-1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.10.025
  100. WHO Global Report. (2022). Global cancer observatory (pp. 1–2). Internatioan Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/media/globocan/factsheets/populations/360-indonesia-fact-sheet.pdf
  101. Wu, D., Yang, T., Hall, D. L., Jiao, G., Huang, L., & Jiao, C. (2021). COVID-19 uncertainty and sleep: The roles of perceived stress and intolerance of uncertainty during the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 3061. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03310-2
  102. Yip, K. Y. Y., Angela, W. T. C., Graeme, Y. M., & Smith, D. (2024). Navigating changes: A qualitative study exploring the health-related quality of life of breast cancer survivors during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 80(4),1531-1544. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15909
  103. Younossi, Z. M., Yilmaz, Y., El-kassas, M., Kheong, W., Ashwani, C., Lam, B., Felix, S., Younossi, E., Verma, M., Price, J. K., Nader, F., Younossi, I., Racila, A., & Stepanova, M. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with chronic liver disease: Results from the global liver registry. Hepatology Communications, 6(10), 2860–2866. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.2048
  104. Yu, J. Y., Kim, J. S., Hong, C., Lee, K. Y., Cho, N., Park, S., Gil, H., Young, E., & Id, L. (2021). Psychological distress of patients with end-stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic: A cross-sectional study in a university hospital. PLoS ONE, 16(12), e0260929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260929
  105. Zahry, N. R., & Besley, J. C. (2021). Can scientists communicate interpersonal warmth ? Testing warmth messages in the context of science communication warmth messages in the context of science communication. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 49(4), 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2021.1880017

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-07-24 06:35:20

No citation recorded.