DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v15i1.59361

The Role of Parents and Environmental Conditions on the Incidence of Malaria in School-Age Children in East Sumba Regency, Indonesia

*Maria Kareri Hara  -  Waingapu Nursing Study Program, Department of Nursing, Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health in Kupang, Indonesia
Leni Landudjama  -  Waingapu Nursing Study Program, Department of Nursing, Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health in Kupang, Indonesia
Servasius To’o Jala Mulu  -  Waingapu Nursing Study Program, Department of Nursing, Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health in Kupang, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 by the Authors, Published by Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: Malaria remains a major public health concern in eastern Indonesia, with East Nusa Tenggara Province ranking second in national malaria endemicity. East Sumba Regency is one of the highest-burden districts, where school-age children (5–14 years) account for 42.9% of cases, with 2–3 new infections reported daily. Despite this high burden, limited studies have explored how parental roles and environmental conditions contribute to malaria incidence among this vulnerable age group.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the relationship between parental roles and environmental conditions and the incidence of malaria among school-age children in East Sumba Regency.

Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted using total sampling of 120 school-age children in grades 5 and 6 in a village in East Sumba Regency. Data were collected through a validated, modified questionnaire assessing parental involvement and environmental conditions. Univariate and bivariate data analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s Chi-square test, respectively.

Results: A total of 43 children (35.8%) reported having had malaria, while 77 (64.2%) had never experienced it. Poor parental roles were reported by 42.5% of respondents, and 57.5% lived in poor environmental conditions. Significant associations were found between both parental roles (p = 0.020) and environmental conditions (p = 0.018) and malaria incidence.

Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between parental roles and environmental conditions and the incidence of malaria among school-age children. Targeted interventions to strengthen parental involvement and improve environmental health may help reduce malaria transmission in endemic communities.

Fulltext
Keywords: Environmental conditions; malaria; role of parents; school-age children

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : ID
Recent articles
The Impact of Hypertension and Obesity on the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus among Indonesian Urban Workers Knowledge and Practices on Deworming in Mothers of Children Aged 2 to 5 Years Coping Strategies of Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study More recent articles
Most cited articles
Predicting Factors of Interpersonal and Situational Influences for Performing Stretching Exercises Based on Pender’s Model Emergency Training, Education And Perceived Clinical Skills For Tsunami Care Among Nurses In Banda Aceh, Indonesia STUDI FENOMENOLOGI: PENGALAMAN MENYUSUI EKSKLUSIF IBU BEKERJA DI WILAYAH KENDAL JAWA TENGAH The Lived Experiences of the Lombok Earthquake Survivors Attitudes, Belief, and Barriers of Indonesian Oncology Nurses on Providing Assistance to Overcome Sexuality Problem More cited articles
  1. Abamecha, F., Midaksa, G., Sudhakar, M., Abebe, L., Kebede, Y., Mamo, A., Alemayehu, G., & Birhanu, Z. (2021). Acceptability and feasibility of the school-engaged social and behavior change communication approach on malaria prevention in Ethiopia: implications for engagement, empowerment, and retention (EER) of education sectors in malaria elimination efforts. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11995-z
  2. Afni, N., & Jumahir. (2020). THE ROLE OF PARENTS IN IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT. Musawa, 12(1), 108–139
  3. Al-Awadhi, M., Ahmad, S., & Iqbal, J. (2021). Current status and the epidemiology of malaria in the middle east region and beyond. Microorganisms, 9(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020338
  4. Antari, G. Y., & Jannah, R. (2021). The Effect of Health Education Using Booklet Media on Malaria Prevention Behavior in Earthquake Victims. Journal of Ners Community, 12, 86–94
  5. Aryani, L. D., & Riyandry, M. A. (2019). Factors Associated with the Incidence of Vivax Malaria. Journal of Professional Nursing Research, 1(1), 61–70. http://jurnal.globalhealthsciencegroup.com/index.php/JPPP/article/download/83/65
  6. Aspiah, A., & Mulyono, S. (2020). The Role of School Nurses in Providing Health Education Regarding Clean and Healthy Living Behavior in School-Age Children: Literature Review. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan “SUARA FORIKES” (Journal of Health Research “Forikes Voice”), 11(April), 26. https://doi.org/10.33846/sf11nk204
  7. Atikoh, I. N. (2015). Factors Related to Malaria Incidents in Selakambang Village, Kaligondang District, Purbalingga Regency in 2014
  8. Bah, M. S. (2020). The Relationship Between Malaria Status in Under-five Children and Some Household Demographic , Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors Associated with the Disease in Sierra Leone
  9. Bassett-Gunter, R., Tanna, S., Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K., Rhodes, R. E., & Leo, J. (2020a). Understanding Parent Support for Physical Activity among Parents of Children and Youth with Disabilities: A Behaviour Change Theory Perspective. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.5507/EUJ.2020.008
  10. Bassett-Gunter, R., Tanna, S., Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K., Rhodes, R. E., & Leo, J. (2020b). Understanding Parent Support for Physical Activity among Parents of Children and Youth with Disabilities: A Behaviour Change Theory Perspective. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.5507/EUJ.2020.008
  11. Br.Sitepu, A. (2020). The Relationship between the Role of Parents on the Learning Achievement of Class III Students at SDN 044833 Nari Gunung in the 2020/2021 Academic Year. 36–62
  12. Burkot, T. R., Farlow, R., Min, M., Espino, E., Mnzava, A., & Russell, T. L. (2019). A global analysis of National Malaria Control Programme vector surveillance by elimination and control status in 2018. Malaria Journal, 18(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3041-2
  13. Carter, R., & Karunaweera, N. D. (2020). The role of improved housing and living environments in malaria control and elimination. Malaria Journal, 19(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03450-y
  14. Chilanga, E., Collin-Vézina, D., MacIntosh, H., Mitchell, C., & Cherney, K. (2020). Prevalence and determinants of malaria infection among children of local farmers in Central Malawi. Malaria Journal, 19(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03382-7
  15. Chrisnawati, Y., & Suryani, D. (2020). Relationship between Attitude, Parenting Pattern, Role of Parents, Teachers, Facilities with Clean and Healthy Living Behavior. 9, 1101–1110. https://doi.org/10.35816/jiskh.v10i2.484
  16. Coldiron, M. E., Assao, B., Guindo, O., Sayinzoga-Makombe, N., Koscalova, A., Sterk, E., Quere, M., Ciglenecki, I., Mumina, A., Atti, S., Langendorf, C., & Grais, R. F. (2021). Prevalence of malaria in an area receiving seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Niger. Malaria Journal, 20(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03953-2
  17. Danjin, M., Adewoye, S. O., & Sawyerr, H. O. (2020). The Burden and Socio-demographic Differentials of Malaria Infection among Asymptomatic School Children in Gombe State, Nigeria. International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 41(June 2019), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2020/v41i430268
  18. Edgar, D. (2022). Faktor Kondisi Fisik Rumah Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Malaria. Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional, 4(1), 149–156. http://jurnal.globalhealthsciencegroup.com/index.php/JPPP
  19. Elmardi, K. A., Adam, I., Malik, E. M., Kafy, H. T., Abdin, M. S., Kleinschmidt, I., & Kremers, S. (2021). Impact of malaria control interventions on malaria infection and anaemia in areas with irrigated schemes: a cross-sectional population-based study in Sudan. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06929-4
  20. Endah Setyaningrum. (2020). Getting to Know Malaria and Its Vectors. In Bandarlampung, Maret 2020 (Vol. 53, Issue 9)
  21. Fajrin, N. P., & Purwastuti, L. A. (2022a). Parental Involvement in Child Care in Dual Earner Families: A Literature Study. Journal of Obsession: Journal of Early Childhood Education, 6(4), 2725–2734. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i4.1044
  22. Fajrin, N. P., & Purwastuti, L. A. (2022b). Parental Involvement in Child Care in Dual Earner Families: A Literature Study. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(4), 2725–2734. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i4.1044
  23. Fauziah, N., Fauzan, R. L., Nugraha, N. F., Faridah, L., & Hutagalung, J. (2022). Mosquito Nets Use in South Central Timor District is Significantly Liked to Incidence of Malaria. 54(1), 44–50
  24. Geng, J., Malla, P., Zhang, J., Xu, S., Li, C., Zhao, Y., Wang, Q., Kyaw, M. P., Cao, Y., Yang, Z., & Cui, L. (2019). Increasing trends of malaria in a border area of the Greater Mekong Subregion. Malaria Journal, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2924-6
  25. Guntur, R. D., Kingsley, J., Hons, B., Hed, G., Islam, F. M. A., Science, M., & Hed, G. (2021). Epidemiology of Malaria in East Nusa Tenggara Province in Indonesia : Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study Corresponding Author : JMIR Research Protocols, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2196/23545
  26. Gupta, A., & Bhat, A. (2019). Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding malaria among residents of rural Mangalore, India. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 7(1), 231. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20185386
  27. Hamdani, N., & Lestin, D. (2019). Factors Related to Malaria Incidence in the Working Area of Loce Health Center, Reo Barat District, MANGGARAI Regency, EAST NUSA TENGGARA. JURNAL Promotif Preventif, 2(1), 36–43
  28. Hayati, F., Efendy, I., & Asriwati, A. (2022). Factors Influencing Community Behavior Towards Malaria Eradication. Jurnal Kesmas Prima Indonesia, 2(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.34012/jkpi.v2i1.889
  29. Humaira, S., Nurjazuli, N., & Raharjo, M. (2024). Relationship Between Environment and Behavior to Malaria Incidence in Aceh Province. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, 23(2), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkli.23.2.241-248
  30. Inthavong, N., Nonaka, D., Kounnavong, S., Iwagami, M., Phommala, S., Kobayashi, J., Hongvanthong, B., Pongvongsa, T., Brey, P. T., & Kano, S. (2017). Individual and household factors associated with incidences of village malaria in Xepon district, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR. Tropical Medicine and Health, 45(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-017-0077-2
  31. Ipa, M., Widawati, M., Laksono, A. D., Kusrini, I., & Dhewantara, P. W. (2020). Variation of preventive practices and its association with malaria infection in eastern Indonesia: Findings from community-based survey. PLoS ONE, 15(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232909
  32. Isnaeni, L., Dian, S. L., Arie, W. M., & Udiyono, A. (2019). Behavioral Factors and Environmental Factors Related to Malaria Incidence in the Gebang Health Center Work Area, Purworejo Regency. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat UNDIP, 7(2), 31–38. http://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkm
  33. Kazwaini, M., & Wahyuni, C. U. (2020). DETERMINANT OF MALARIA INCIDENCE IN THE COASTAL AREA OF The 7th International Conference on Public Health Solo , Indonesia , November 18-19 , 2020 | 157 The 7th International Conference on Public Health Solo , Indonesia , November 18-19 , 2020 | 158. 157–165
  34. Kemenkes RI. (2020). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2019. In Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://kemkes.go.id/id/profil-kesehatan-indonesia-2019
  35. Kemenkes RI. (2022). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2021. In Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://kemkes.go.id/id/profil-kesehatan-indonesia-2022
  36. Kinansi, R. R., Mayasari, R., & Sitorus, H. (2021a). Malaria in Women of Childbearing Age and Children in Indonesia: Analysis of Riskesdas 2013 Data. Jurnal Vektor Penyakit, 15(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.22435/vektorp.v15i1.3170
  37. Kinansi, R. R., Mayasari, R., & Sitorus, H. (2021b). Malaria in Women of Childbearing Age and Children in Indonesia: Analysis of Riskesdas 2013 Data. Jurnal Vektor Penyakit, 15(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.22435/vektorp.v15i1.3170
  38. Kumalasari, R., & Isnaeni, S. (2020). Effectiveness of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) in Schools as an Effort to Improve Health in School Children at Sd Negeri 4 Pliken, Kembaran District, Banyumas Regency. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Cahaya Mandalika, 1(1), 105–115
  39. Kurniati, E., Kusumanita, D., Alfaeni, N., & Andriani, F. (2021). Analysis of the Role of Parents in Accompanying Children During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Din, 5(1), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.541
  40. Laiya, S. W. (2021). Analysis of the Role of Parents in the Implementation of 3M in Early Childhood During the Pandemic. Jurnal Ilmiah Potensia, 6(2), 151–157
  41. Lawpoolsri, S., Sattabongkot, J., Sirichaisinthop, J., Cui, L., Kiattibutr, K., Rachaphaew, N., Suk-Uam, K., Khamsiriwatchara, A., & Kaewkungwal, J. (2019). Epidemiological profiles of recurrent malaria episodes in an endemic area along the Thailand-Myanmar border: A prospective cohort study. Malaria Journal, 18(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2763-5
  42. Lelan Takaeb, A. E., Ndun, H. N. J., & Ndoen, E. M. (2019). Integration Efforts to Prevent Infectious Diseases in Early Childhood. GEMASSIKA : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.30787/gemassika.v3i2.417
  43. Lewinsca, M. Y., & Raharjo, M. (2021). Risk Factors Affecting the Incidence of Malaria in Indonesia : A Literature Review. 11(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.47718/jkl.v10i2.1168
  44. Makenga, G., Seth, M. D., Baraka, V., Mmbando, B. P., Challe, D. P., Francis, F., Mhina, A., Minja, D. T. R., Chiduo, M., Mandara, C., Liheluka, E., Gesase, S., Segeja, M., Mtove, G., Kamugisha, M., Lusasi, A., Chacky, F., David, A., Thawer, S., … Lusingu, J. P. A. (2023). Implementation research of a cluster randomized trial evaluating the implementation and effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria using dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine on reducing malaria burden in school-aged children in Tanzania: met. Malaria Journal, 22(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04428-8
  45. Mardiani, D. P. (2021). The Influence of Parental Roles on Learning Motivation. Jurnal Paradigma, 11(April), 109–144
  46. Marina, R., Ariati, J., Shinta, S., Veridona, G., Lasut, D., Hermawan, A., Siahaan, H., RES, R. N., Harianto, H., Hananto, M., Dasuki, D., Yunianto, A., Perwitasari, D., & Dhewantara, P. W. (2021). Mosquito Net Ownership and Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Mosquito Net Use in Malaria Endemic Areas Post-Distribution in 2017-2018. Jurnal Ekologi Kesehatan, 20(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.22435/jek.v20i2.4963
  47. Mau, F., Tallan, M. M., & Bullu, A. K. (2020). Climate fluctuations and malaria incidences prior to elimination in East Sumba Regency , East Nusa Tenggara Province. Journal of Health Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, 6(2), 42–48
  48. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. (2019). Malaria Management Pocket Book. Buku Saku Tatalaksana Malaria, 1–44
  49. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia (MoHRI). (2017). Malaria Case Management Pocket Book. http://www.pdpersi.co.id/kanalpersi/data/elibrary/bukusaku_malaria.pdf
  50. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia (MoHRI). (2022). Indonesia Health Profile 2021. In Pusdatin.Kemenkes.Go.Id
  51. Muhammad, V. I. M., Sahdan, M., & Setyobudi, A. (2022). The Influence of Climate on Mosquito Vector-Based Diseases in Kupang City. 0982(3), 2018–2023. https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpid.2022.v04i03.001
  52. N, N. H., Kartini, & Mira, M. (2020). Factors Related to Malaria Incidence in the Wandai Health Center Work Area, Wandai District, Intan Jaya Regency, Papua. Jurnal Promotif Preventif, 2, 1–7
  53. Nieminen, J. H., Atjonen, P., & Remesal, A. (2021). Parents’ beliefs about assessment: A conceptual framework and findings from Finnish basic education. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2021.101097
  54. Novrinda, H., Misnaniarti, M., Flora, R., Zulkarnain, H., Samwilson, S., & Tanjung, R. (2020). Partnership between Health Centers and Schools in Preventing Malaria in School-Age Children in Seluma Bengkulu. Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 15(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.14710/jpki.15.1.9-15
  55. Nurjana, M. A., Samarang, S., Ningsi, N., & Octaviani, O. (2022). Malaria in Vulnerable Groups in Indonesia: (Riskesdas Data Analysis 2018). Jurnal Vektor Penyakit, 16(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.22435/vektorp.v16i1.6007
  56. Omonijo, A. O., Omonijo, A., Okoh, H. I., & Ibrahim, A. O. (2021). Relationship between the usage of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLITNs) and malaria prevalence among school-age children in southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8821397
  57. Paschalia, Y. P. M., Doondori, A. K., Irfan, I., & Kambuno, N. T. (2021). Behavior of the Use of Mosquito Net as a Prevention of Malaria in Ondorea Village , Nanga Panda Sub-district. 9, 620–623
  58. Perdana, A. A. (2021a). Characteristics of Environmental Conditions of Malaria Sufferers to Malaria Incidence. Jurnal Medika Hutama, 3(1), 1696–1703. http://jurnalmedikahutama.com
  59. Perdana, A. A. (2021b). Characteristics of Environmental Conditions of Malaria Sufferers to Malaria Incidence. Jurnal Medika Hutama, 3(1), 1696–1703
  60. Rahmani, A. A., Susanna, D., & Febrian, T. (2022). The relationship between climate change and malaria in South-East Asia : A systematic review of the evidence [ version 1 ; peer review : awaiting peer review ]. 1–19
  61. Ramdzan, A. R., Ismail, A., & Mohd Zanib, Z. S. (2020). Prevalence of malaria and its risk factors in Sabah, Malaysia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 91, 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2019.11.026
  62. Rehan, M., Saddique, S., Ahmad, S., Nargus, S., & Yousaf, R. (2023). Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Malaria among mothers of patients from 5 to 15 years of age in the District Bahawalnagar, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 17(1), 185–189. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023171185
  63. Rokhayati, D. A., Putri, R. C., Said, N. A., & Rejeki, D. S. S. (2022). Malaria Risk Factor Analysis in Southeast Asia. Balaba: Jurnal Litbang Pengendalian Penyakit Bersumber Binatang Banjarnegara, 79–86. https://doi.org/10.22435/blb.v18i1.5002
  64. Rozi, I. E., Syahrani, L., Permana, D. H., Asih, P. B. S., Hidayati, A. P. N., Kosasih, S., Dewayanti, F. K., Risandi, R., Zubaidah, S., Michael Bangs, J., Bøgh, C., Grieco, J. P., Baus, J. E., Eugenio, E., Monroe, A., Liu, F., Achee, N. L., Syafruddin, D., & Lobo, N. F. (2022). Human behavior determinants of exposure to Anopheles vectors of malaria in Sumba , Indonesia. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276783
  65. Sacko, A., Sagara, I., Berthé, I., Diarra, M., Cissoko, M., Diarra, S. S., Coulibaly, D., Sanogo, M., & Dicko, A. (2021). Evolution of malaria incidence in five health districts, in the context of the scaling up of seasonal malaria chemoprevention, 2016 to 2018, in mali. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020840
  66. Selasa, P., Nugroho, H. S. W., Teli, M., Israfil, Rauf, S., & Poddar, S. (2022). Trends of Malaria Cases From 2018 to 2019 in East-Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 18, 21–25
  67. Sepriyani, Andoko, & Perdana, A. A. (2019). Analysis of Malaria Risk Factors in the Work Area of Biha Health Center, Pesisir Barat Regency. Jurnal Kesmas (Kesehatan Masyarakat) Khatulistiwa, 5(3), 77. https://doi.org/10.29406/jkmk.v5i3.1572
  68. Setiyaningsih, R., Yanti, A. O., Prihatin, M. T., Prasetyo, A. S., Setyo, S., Anggraeni, Y. M., Trapsilowati, W., & Garjito, A. (2019). Bioecological Study of Malaria Vectors in the Regions (Which Received Certificates) of Malaria Elimination in Jembrana, Bengkalis and Bulukumba Regencies. 283–294
  69. Sharma, R. K., Rajvanshi, H., Bharti, P. K., Nisar, S., Jayswar, H., Mishra, A. K., Saha, K. B., Shukla, M. M., Das, A., Kaur, H., Wattal, S. L., & Lal, A. A. (2021). Socio-economic determinants of malaria in tribal dominated Mandla district enrolled in Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project in Madhya Pradesh. Malaria Journal, 20(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03540-x
  70. Siswanto, & Thamrin, S. A. (2020). DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INCIDENCE OF MALARIA IN PAPUA PROVINCE USING SPATIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY. 498–509
  71. Sugiyono. (2019). Quantitative, Qualitative, and R&D Research Methods. Alphabet
  72. Sumarno, Y. A., & Tjiang, N. (2022). Profile of Malaria Pediatric Patient ’ s Waikabubak Hospital , East Nusa Tenggara period of January-December 2021. 13(December 2021), 209–214
  73. Supranelfy, Y., & Oktarina, R. (2021). Overview of Malaria Prevention Behavior in South Sumatra (Further Analysis of Riskesdas 2018). Balaba: Jurnal Litbang Pengendalian Penyakit Bersumber Binatang Banjarnegara, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.22435/blb.v17i1.3556
  74. Tandilagan, A., Tasik, J. R., & Iksan, R. R. (2022). Health Education on Changes in Knowledge and Attitudes of RT 3 Community Regarding Malaria in the Ayuka Health Center Work Area. Malahayati Nursing Journal, 4(4), 1042–1056. https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v4i4.6189
  75. Tarekegn, M., Tekie, H., Dugassa, S., & Wolde-Hawariat, Y. (2021). Malaria prevalence and associated risk factors in Dembiya district, North-western Ethiopia. Malaria Journal, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03906-9
  76. Titin Sutini. (2018). Pediatric Nursing Concept Teaching Module. Asosiasi Institusi Pendidikan Vokasi Keperawatan Indonesia (AIPViKI)
  77. UNICEF. (2022). The Role of Village Malaria Cadres and Consultants in Controlling and Eliminating Malaria in Eastern Indonesia. March, 1–32
  78. World Health Organization. (2021). World malaria report 2021
  79. World Health Organization. (2022). World malaria report 2022
  80. Xiang, J., Hansen, A., Liu, Q., Tong, M. X., Liu, X., Sun, Y., Cameron, S., Hanson-Easey, S., Han, G. S., Williams, C., Weinstein, P., & Bi, P. (2018). Association between malaria incidence and meteorological factors: A multi-location study in China, 2005-2012. Epidemiology and Infection, 146(1), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268817002254
  81. Yos, L., Ngaga, S., Rahayu, S. R., & Sudana, I. (2018). The Influence of Socio-Cultural Environment and Behavior on The Incidence of Malaria in The Village of Kori Ntt. 3(2), 68–74
  82. Zeleke, Z. Z. (2023). Perceptions and impact of malaria health education in school children ; Challenges in malaria control & elimination in Arba Minch , SNNPR , Ethiopia. University of Antwerp Global Health Institute, January
  83. Zerdo, Z., Van Geertruyden, J. P., Massebo, F., Biresaw, G., Shewangizawu, M., Tunje, A., Chisha, Y., Yohanes, T., Bastiaens, H., & Anthierens, S. (2020a). Parents’ perception on cause of malaria and their malaria prevention experience among school-aged children in Kutcha district, Southern Ethiopia; qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 15(10 October), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239728
  84. Zerdo, Z., Van Geertruyden, J. P., Massebo, F., Biresaw, G., Shewangizawu, M., Tunje, A., Chisha, Y., Yohanes, T., Bastiaens, H., & Anthierens, S. (2020b). Parents’ perception on cause of malaria and their malaria prevention experience among school-aged children in Kutcha district, Southern Ethiopia; qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 15(10 October), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239728
  85. Zohra, A. F., Anwar, S., Fitri, A., & Nasution, M. H. (2019). Classification of Aceh Province Regions Based on Malaria Case Vulnerability Levels in 2015 – 2018. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, 18(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkli.18.1.25-33

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-05-03 08:08:21

No citation recorded.