Flood Early Warning Systems: A Literature Review of Concepts, Evolution, and Implementation in Indonesia

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and intensifying climate change significantly escalate flood risks in Indonesia, yet the effectiveness of current early warning systems is often hampered by technological fragmentation and regional implementation disparities. This study evaluates the evolving landscape of Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS) through a comprehensive review of its five fundamental components. A systematic literature review was conducted by analyzing academic research and technological prototypes implemented across the archipelago between 2015 and 2026. The findings indicate substantial technical progress in localized monitoring and predictive modeling; however, implementation remains geographically uneven and predominantly concentrated in metropolitan regions. Furthermore, a persistent silo effect prevents the cohesive integration of monitoring, forecasting, and risk assessment into a unified operational framework. This study concludes that achieving a truly resilient FEWS requires bridging the functional gap through multi-agency synergy and the integration of technical precision with local social capital. Such an integrated approach is vital for ensuring that technological alerts translate into effective community protective actions within a diverse geographical context.