DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.54.3.2025.328-352

SYMBOLS, EVIDENCE, AND POLICY: INTEGRATING LEGAL SEMIOTICS FOR SUSTAINABLE CRIME PREVENTION

*Debby Ekowati  -  Doctor of Law Program, Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Retno Saraswati  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Nabitatus Sa'adah  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 Masalah-Masalah Hukum under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract

This study explores crime prevention using legal semiotics, applying a doctrinal approach grounded in an extensive literature review and critical text analysis. The discussion is initiated by delineating the core principles of legal semiotics and examining legal norms and practices as sign systems that communicate cultural meanings and influence behaviour. The study examines forensic semiotics, emphasising the role of sign analysis in enhancing investigative procedures and expert linguistic testimony within criminal and civil frameworks, including authorship attribution, identification of falsified texts, and the interpretation of linguistic evidence. Additionally, courtroom discourse and decision-making are also examined, illustrating various semiotic resources (such as text design, layout, and language) influencing the authority and legitimacy of judicial outcomes. Police interactions, interpreting interview dynamics and power negotiations through semiotic frameworks are examined to enhance understanding of witness communication and investigative effectiveness. Furthermore, it examines the framing of crime narratives in the media, highlighting the impact of mediated signs on public perception and the possibility of judicial biases. The research advocates for comprehensive crime prevention policies combining penal and non-penal strategies, emphasizing the importance of symbols and meanings that underpin criminal behaviour to promote collaborative, culturally informed, and sustainable responses.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Legal Semiotics; Forensic Semiotics; Courtroom Discourse; Police Interactions; Integrated Crime Policy

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
RETHINKING WALI ADHAL PROCEEDINGS: THE ROLE OF AUDI ET ALTERAM PARTEM IN ADVANCING PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS STRENGTHENING SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS: ADDRESSING GAPS AND CHALLENGES IN THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM SYMBOLS, EVIDENCE, AND POLICY: INTEGRATING LEGAL SEMIOTICS FOR SUSTAINABLE CRIME PREVENTION More recent articles
Most cited articles
PERLINDUNGAN EKSPRESI BUDAYA TRADISIONAL DALAM SISTEM HUKUM KEKAYAAN INTELEKTUAL MIGRASI PENDUDUK DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP HANKAM DI WILAYAH PERBATASAN KALBAR-SERAWAK, MALAYSIA UPAYA PERLINDUNGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA DALAM PEMBINAAN NARAPIDANA ANAK (STUDI DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN KLAS II B ANAK PONTIANAK) PERAN STRATEGIS PERGURUAN TINGGI DALAM PERCEPATAN PEMBERANTASAN KORUPSI URGENSI HUKUM PERIZINAN DAN PENEGAKANNYA SEBAGAI SARANA PENCEGAHAN PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP More cited articles
  1. Aarnio, A. (2011). Two Types of Norms. In A. Aarnio (Ed.), Essays on the Doctrinal Study of Law (pp. 119–124). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1655-1_15
  2. Abrahamsen, D. (1944). Crime and the Human Mind. Columbia University Press
  3. Alexy, R. (2000). On the Structure of Legal Principles. Ratio Juris, 13(3), 294–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9337.00157
  4. Ancel, M. (1998). Social Defence: A Modern Approach to Criminal Problems. Routledge
  5. Anowu, A. E., Ope-Davies, T., & Shodipe, M. (2024). Strategies for Legitimising and Delegitimising Power in Nigerian Courtroom Discourse. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10052-9
  6. Apel, R. (2022). Sanctions, Perceptions, and Crime. Annual Review of Criminology, 5(1), 205–227. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-112932
  7. Apel, R., & Nagin, D. S. (2011). General Deterrence: A Review of Recent Evidence. Crime and Public Policy, 4, 411–436
  8. Arief, B. N. (1996). Bunga Rampai Kebijakan Hukum Pidana. Citra Aditya Bakti
  9. Arief, B. N. (2007). Masalah Penegakan Hukum dan Kebijakan Hukum Pidana Dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan. Kencana Prenada Media Group
  10. Arief, B. N. (2008). Mediasi Penal: Penyelesaian Perkara Pidana di Luar Pengadilan. Penerbit Pustaka Magister
  11. Arief, B. N. (2011). Beberapa Aspek Pengembangan Ilmu Hukum Pidana (Menyonsong Generasi Baru hukum Pidana Indonesia) (Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Ilmu Hukum Pidana Fakultas Hukum Universitas Diponegoro). Penerbit Pustaka Magister
  12. Asmara, T., & Natalis, A. (2024). Rethinking Diversion Programs in Indonesia: A Critical Analysis Through the Lens of Social and Cultural Context. Revista Brasileira de Alternative Dispute Resolution-Brazilian Journal of Alternative Dispute Resolution-RBADR, 6(12), 223–249. https://doi.org/10.52028/rbadr.v6.i12.art11.en
  13. Barthes, R. (1977). Elements of Semiology. Farrar, Straus and Giroux
  14. Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., McGreevy, M., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Reducing Incarceration Rates in Australia Through Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Crime Prevention. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 32(6), 618–645. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403420979178
  15. Bawengan, G. W. (1977). Masalah Kejahatan Dengan Sebab Dan Akibat. Pradnya Paramita
  16. Baysal, D. (2023). Criminal Behavior and Toxic Environment. In S. Güney (Ed.), Criminal Behavior—The Underlyings, and Contemporary Applications. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002061
  17. Bazemore, G. (2001). Young People, Trouble, and Crime: Restorative Justice as a Normative Theory of Informal Social Control and Social Support. Youth & Society, 33(2), 199–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X01033002004
  18. Bazemore, G., & Erbe, C. (2013). Reintegration and Restorative Justice: Towards a Theory and Practice of Informal Social Control and Support. In After crime and punishment (pp. 27–56). Willan
  19. Bazemore, G., Hudson, J., & Schiff, M. (2013). Juvenile Justice Reform and Restorative Justice. Willan
  20. Blackburn, R. (1998). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct: Theory, Research and Practice. John Wiley & Sons
  21. Borg, M. B. (2014). Criminal Behavior in Adults. In T. P. Gullotta & M. Bloom (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention and Health Promotion (pp. 1625–1635). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5999-6_7
  22. Braithwaite, J. (1999). Restorative Justice: Assessing Optimistic and Pessimistic Accounts. Crime and Justice, 25, 1–127. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1147608
  23. Braithwaite, J. (2003). Principles of restorative justice. Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice: Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms, 1, 5–6
  24. Brogren, C.-H. (2024). Louis Pasteur—The life of a controversial scientist with a prepared mind, driven by curiosity, motivation, and competition. APMIS, 132(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.13325
  25. Cáceres, M. B. A. (2022). Normas Regulativas Y Normas Constitutivas En El Derecho. Ontología, Interpretación Y Cultura Jurídica. DOXA. Cuadernos de Filosofía Del Derecho, 45(45), 13–13. https://doi.org/10.14198/DOXA2022.45.13
  26. Cavaillon, J.-M., & Legout, S. (2022). Louis Pasteur: Between Myth and Reality. Biomolecules, 12(4), 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12040596
  27. Chazawi, A. (2002). Pelajaran Hukum Pidana Bagian 1. RajaGrafindo Persada
  28. Chen, Y., & May, A. (2024). Other-Repetition to Convey and Conceal the Stance of Institutional Participants in Chinese Criminal Trials. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 399–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10063-6
  29. Cornford, A. (2024). The Aims and Functions of Criminal Law. The Modern Law Review, 87(2), 398–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12846
  30. Cornwell, D. J. (2006). Criminal Punishment and Restorative Justice: Past, Present and Future Perspectives. Waterside Press
  31. Curiel, R. P., & Bishop, S. R. (2018). Fear of Crime: The Impact of Different Distributions of Victimisation. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0094-8
  32. Danesi, M. (2013). Signs of Crime: Introducing Forensic Semiotics. Walter de Gruyter
  33. Danesi, M. (2019). Forensic Semiotics: A Note on Applying Semiotics to the Study of Crime. Language and Semiotic Studies, 5(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1515/lass-2019-050101
  34. Danesi, M. (2021). The Law and Emojis: Emoji Forensics. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 34(4), 1117–1139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-021-09854-6
  35. Danesi, M. (2023). Introducing forensic semiotics in criminal investigations. In Research Handbook on Legal Semiotics (pp. 237–253). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802207262.00026
  36. de Saussure, F. (2011). Course in General Linguistics. Columbia University Press
  37. Dirdjosisworo, S. (1969). Doktrin-Doktrin Kriminologi: Teori Teori Tentang Sebab Musabab Kedjahatan Dan Mashab Mashbanja. Alumni
  38. Einstadter, W. J., & Henry, S. (2006). Criminological Theory: An Analysis of Its Underlying Assumptions. Bloomsbury Academic
  39. Eskola, T. (2021). Peirce and Saussure: Two Ways or a Common Path? In New Testament Semiotics: Linguistic Signs, the Process of Signification, and the Hermeneutics of Discursive Resistance (pp. 145–188). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004465763_006
  40. Faisal, Yanto, A., Rahayu, D. P., Haryadi, D., Darmawan, A., & Manik, J. D. N. (2024). Genuine Paradigm of Criminal Justice: Rethinking Penal Reform Within Indonesia New Criminal Code. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2301634. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2301634
  41. Fakalou, C. (2024). The Sociolinguistics of Asylum Decision-Writing in the Context of the Greek Appeals Authority. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 305–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10039-6
  42. Farrall, S. D., Jackson, J., & Gray, E. (2009). Social Order and the Fear of Crime in Contemporary Times. Oxford University Press, USA
  43. Gadamer, H.-G. (1977). Philosophical Hermeneutics. University of California Press
  44. Garland, D. (1991). Sociological Perspectives on Punishment. Crime and Justice, 14, 115–165. https://doi.org/10.1086/449185
  45. Garland, D. (2017). Punishment and Welfare: Social Problems and Social Structures. In The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford University Press
  46. Garland, D. (2020). Penal Controls and Social Controls: Toward a Theory of American Penal Exceptionalism. Punishment & Society, 22(3), 321–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474519881992
  47. Green, P. A., & Allen, H. D. (1981). Severity of Societal Response to Crime: A Synthesis of Models. Law & Society Review, 16(2), 181–205. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053356
  48. Harahap, M. Y. (2002). Pembahasan Permasalahan dan Penerapan KUHAP Penyidikan dan Penuntutan (Second edition, Ed.). Sinar Grafika
  49. Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. Andrew Crooke. https://historyofeconomicthought.mcmaster.ca/hobbes/Leviathan.pdf
  50. Hoefnagels, G. P. (1973a). Criminology: Its Definition, Nature and Subfields. In G. P. Hoefnagels (Ed.), The Other Side of Criminology: An Inversion of the Concept of Crime (pp. 43–70). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4495-9_3
  51. Hoefnagels, G. P. (1973b). The Other Side of Criminology: An Inversion of the Concept of Crime. Springer Netherlands
  52. Jacobs, B., & Piquero, A. R. (2013). Boundary-Crossing in Perceptual Deterrence: Investigating the Linkages Between Sanction Severity, Sanction Certainty, and Offending. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(7), 792–812. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12443944
  53. Janderová, J. (2019). Impact of the Rule of Law as a Fundamental Public Governance Principle on Administrative Law Interpretation in the Czech Republic. Central European Public Administration Review, 17(2), 117–139. https://doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2019.2.06
  54. Jerca, A.-M. (2024). Avoiding Discomfort, Implying Consent: The Role of Euphemism in Establishing Evidence of Sexual Violence at the International Criminal Court. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 429–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10028-9
  55. Khan, H. (1973). Prevention of Crime-It is Society Which Needs the Treatment and Not the Criminal. 6
  56. Kubrin, C. E., & Tublitz, R. (2022). How to Think about Criminal Justice Reform: Conceptual and Practical Considerations. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 47(6), 1050–1070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-022-09712-6
  57. Liani, G., Waru, D. S. U., & Hasyim, M. (2024). Semiotic Analysis of Chinese Cultural Elements in the Film “Over the Moon.” Bambuti, 6(1), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.53744/bambuti.v6i1.111
  58. Loughran, T. A., Paternoster, R., & Weiss, D. B. (2015). Deterrence. In The Handbook of Criminological Theory (pp. 50–74). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118512449.ch4
  59. Luzzati, C. (2016). Il Superamento Pragmatico Dell’opposizione Tra Regole E Princìpi. Materiali Per Una Storia Della Cultura Giuridica, Rivista Fondata Da Giovanni Tarello, 1/2016, 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1436/82981
  60. Madrunio, Ma. K. J. R., & Lintao, R. B. (2024). Power, Control, and Resistance in Philippine and American Police Interview Discourse. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 449–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10045-8
  61. Malmberg, B. (2012). Structural Linguistics and Human Communication: An Introduction into the Mechanism of Language and the Methodology of Linguistics (Vol. 2). Springer Science & Business Media
  62. Masdiana, Mhd Syahminan, & Abdul Rasyid. (2022). Semiotic Analysis Of The Message Of Tolerance In The Film “Ajari Aku Islam” Charles Sanders Pierce Method. International Journal of Cultural and Social Science, 3(2), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.53806/ijcss.v3i2.409
  63. Materna, G. (2023). Criminal Liability of Managers in the Polish Competition Law – Development and the Perspective of Procedural Guarantees. Studia Iuridica, 100, 229–250. https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2024-100.15
  64. Meggle, G. (2011). Actions, Norms, Values: Discussions with Georg Henrik von Wright. De Gruyter
  65. Mora, M. N. (2015). Expressing Norms: On Norm-Formulations and Other Entities in Legal Theory. Revus: Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law, 25, 43–70. https://doi.org/10.4000/revus.3191
  66. Muladi, & Arief, B. N. (1998). Teori-Teori dan Kebijakan Pidana. Alumni
  67. Muliadi, S. (2015). Aspek Kriminologis Dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan. Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v6no1.346
  68. Niglia, L. (2010). Of Harmonization and Fragmentation: The Problem of Legal Transplants in the Europeanization of Private Law. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 17(2), 116–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X1001700202
  69. Niu, M. (2023). The Origin and Development of Pragmatics as a Study of Meaning: Semiotic Perspective. Language and Semiotic Studies, 9(1), 54–78. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1515/lass-2023-0002
  70. Nöth, W. (2023). Semiotics. In L. R. Waugh, M. Monville-Burston, & J. E. Joseph (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Linguistics (pp. 859–884). Cambridge University Press; Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/9780511842788.041
  71. Nyroos, L. (2024). “I don’t Remember that”: Negotiating Memories and Epistemic Claims in Swedish High-Stake Police Interviews. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 485–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10044-9
  72. Octora, R. (2023). Renewal of Criminal Law: Draft of Indonesian Criminal Code, Spirit of Codification and Its Effects on Law Harmonization. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 46(3), 214–232. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol46.no3.96
  73. Packer, H. (1968). The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford university press
  74. Parsons, T. (1951). The Social System. Free Press. https://voidnetwork.gr/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/The-Social-System-by-Talcott-Parsons.pdf
  75. Pateda, M. (1990). Linguistik (Sebuah Pengantar). Angkasa
  76. Paternoster, R. (1987). The Deterrent Effect of the Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment: A Review of the Evidence and Issues. Justice Quarterly, 4(2), 173–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418828700089271
  77. Pavčnik, M. (2023). The Issue of Interpretation Priority. Law as System of Principles and Rules. Rechtsphilosophie, 9(1), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.5771/2364-1355-2023-1-88
  78. Pavlenko, A. (2024). Language Proficiency as a Matter of Law: Judicial Reasoning on Miranda Waivers by Speakers with Limited English Proficiency (LEP). International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 329–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10037-8
  79. Peirce, C. S. (1991). Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotic. University of North Carolina Press
  80. Peno, M., & Bogucki, O. (2021). Principles of Criminal Liability from the Semiotic Point of View. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 34(2), 561–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-020-09691-z
  81. Pereira, T. (2024). Establishing Common Ground Using Low Technology Communication Aids in Intermediary Mediated Police Investigative Interviews of Witnesses with an Intellectual Disability. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 517–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10035-w
  82. Picornell, I., Perkins, R., & Coulthard, M. (2022). Methodologies and Challenges in Forensic Linguistic Casework. John Wiley & Sons
  83. Pilát, M. (2017). The Program of Crime Prevention and Social Pathology in the Czech Republic – Chosen Historical Aspects. Social Pathology and Prevention, 3(2), 53–75. https://doi.org/10.25142/spp.2017.008
  84. Reckless, W. C. (1955). The Crime Problem. Appleton-Century-Crofts
  85. Reckless, W. C. (2015). A New Theory of Delinquency and Crime. In Criminology Theory: Selected Classic Readings (p. 283). Routledge
  86. Rijpkema, P. (2013). The Rule of Law Beyond Thick and Thin. Law and Philosophy, 32(6), 793–816. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24572426
  87. Ristroph, A. (2008). State Intentions and the Law of Punishment. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 98(4), 1353–1406. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/state-intentions-and-law-punishment
  88. Ristroph, A. (2018). The Thin Blue Line from Crime to Punishment. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 108(2), 305–334. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol108/iss2/3/
  89. Samekto, F. X. A., & Natalis, A. (2024). Exploring the Grundnorm Dilemma: Can Pancasila be Considered the Grundnorm in the Context of ‘The Pure Theory of Law’? Journal of Philosophical Investigations. https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2024.62978.3843
  90. Sasson, T. (1995). Crime Talk: How Citizens Construct a Social Problem. Transaction Publishers
  91. Semmelmann, C. (2013). General Principles in EU Law between a Compensatory Role and an Intrinsic Value. European Law Journal, 19(4), 457–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12044
  92. Soekanto, S. (1983). Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penegakan Hukum. Rajawali
  93. Soekanto, S. (1989). Pokok-Pokok Sosiologi Hukum. Rajawali Pers
  94. Soesilo, R. (1985). Kriminologi: Pengetahuan Tentang Sebab-Sebab Kejahatan. Politeia
  95. Stam, R. (2005). New Vocabularies in Film Semiotics: Structuralism, Post-Structuralism and Beyond. Routledge
  96. Stanchi, K. (2024). The Rhetoric of Rape Through the Lens of Commonwealth V. Berkowitz. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 359–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10033-y
  97. Steel, K. (2024). “Can I Have a Look?”: The Discursive Management of Victims’ Personal Space During Police First Response Call-Outs to Domestic Abuse Incidents. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 547–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10050-x
  98. Sudarto. (1981). Kapita selekta hukum pidana. Alumni
  99. Sudarto. (1983). Hukum Pidana Dan Perkembangan Masyarakat (Kajian Terhadap Pembaharauan Hukum Pidana). Sinar Baru
  100. Tiefenbrun, S. (2010). Decoding International Law: Semiotics and the Humanities. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385779.001.0001
  101. Tincani, P. (2020). On Legal Principles. Rivista di filosofia del diritto, Journal of Legal Philosophy, 2/2020, 375–382. https://doi.org/10.4477/98959
  102. United Nations. (1971). Fourth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Kyoto, Japan, 17-26 August 1970. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000004267
  103. Ward, T., & Durrant, R. (2021). Practice Frameworks in Correctional Psychology: Translating Causal Theories and Normative Assumptions into Practice. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 101612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101612
  104. Watson, B., Siskind, V., Fleiter, J. J., Watson, A., & Soole, D. (2015). Assessing Specific Deterrence Effects of Increased Speeding Penalties Using Four Measures of Recidivism. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 84, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.08.006
  105. Wikström, P.-O. H., & Treiber, K. (2016). Social Disadvantage and Crime: A Criminological Puzzle. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(10), 1232–1259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216643134
  106. Williams, G. (2014). French Discourse Analysis: The Method of Post-Structuralism. Routledge
  107. Wright, D., & Picornell, I. (2024). Semiotic Perspectives on Forensic and Legal Linguistics: Unifying Approaches in the Language of the Legal Process and Language in Evidence. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 37(2), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10094-z
  108. Zhao, Y. (2023). Redefining ‘Sign’/‘Symbol’ and Semiotics. Signs and Media, 2(1–2), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1163/25900323-12340022

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-12-05 15:15:39

No citation recorded.