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Analisis Spasial Potensi Kekeringan di Daerah Aliran Sungai Kapuas, Kalimantan Barat

*Diah Auliyani  -  Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (KLHK) Surakarta, Indonesia
Muhammad Rekapermana  -  Balai Besar Taman Nasional Betung Kerihun dan Danau Sentarum (KLHK) Putussibau Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia

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Abstract

Kekeringan merupakan efek samping dari variabilitas iklim, yang dapat terjadi di daerah dengan curah hujan tinggi maupun rendah. Kekeringan dapat menjadi suatu bencana apabila terjadi secara terus menerus. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) memudahkan pemantauan kejadian kekeringan dengan memanfaatkan standar deviasi dari curah hujan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi kekeringan di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Kapuas. Lokasi penelitian merupakan DAS terbesar di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Dalam tulisan ini akan digunakan SPI periode kumulatif 1 bulan, 3 bulan, 6 bulan, dan 12 bulan untuk menentukan tingkat kekeringannya. Dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Arc GIS, nilai rata-rata SPI setiap periode kumulatif kemudian diinterpolasikan untuk mendapatkan sebaran spasial potensi kekeringan di seluruh wilayah DAS Kapuas. Seri data curah hujan harian tahun 1995-2017 dari 5 stasiun hujan yang kelola oleh Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG) Provinsi Kalimantan Barat digunakan dalam analisisnya. Kelima stasiun pengamatan hujan tersebut terletak di (1) Bandara Supadio Pontianak, (2) Pelabuhan Maritim Pontianak, (3) Bandara Susilo Sintang Kabupaten Sintang, (4) Bandara Nanga Pinoh Kabupaten Melawi, dan (5) Bandara Pangsuma Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap lokasi pengamatan hujan mengalami kekeringan untuk setiap periode kumulatif dengan frekuensi 1 hingga 4 kali.Kekeringan tersebut memiliki durasi paling lama 2 bulan secara berturut-turut. Distribusi spasial SPI di DAS Kapuas memiliki nilai antara -0,1 hingga -0,07 yang termasuk dalam kategori normal. Secara keseluruhan, DAS Kapuas merupakan wilayah yang tidak berpotensi mengalami bencana kekeringan. 

Drought is a side effect of climate variability, which can occur in areas with high or low rainfall.  Drought will become a disaster if it happens continuously. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) facilitates the drought monitoring by utilizing standard deviation of its rainfall. This study aims to analyze the potential for drought in the Kapuas Watershed. Kapuas Watershed is the widest watershed located in West Kalimantan Province. In this paper, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months cumulative periods of SPI will be used to determine the level of drought.  Using Arc GIS software, the average SPI value for each cumulative period is then interpolated to obtain the spatial distribution of potential drought in the entire Kapuas Watershed area.The 1995-2017 daily rainfall data series from 5 rainfall stations managed by The West Kalimantan Province Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) were used in this analysis. The five rainfall stations are located at (1) Supadio Airport, Pontianak, (2) Pontianak Maritime Port, (3) Susilo Airport, Sintang Regency, (4) Nanga Pinoh Airport, Melawi Regency, and (5) Pangsuma Airport, Kapuas Hulu Regency.  The results showed that each rainfall station experienced drought for each cumulative period with a frequency of 1 to 4 times. Its duration was 2 months or less. The spatial distribution of SPI in Kapuas Watershed has a value between -0.1 to -0.07 which categorized as normal. Overall, Kapuas Watershed is an area that has no potential for drought.

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Keywords: drought; rainfall; SPI; Kapuas

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