DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33942

Development of Hot Equal Channel Angular Processing (ECAP) Consolidation Technique in the Production of Boron Carbide(B4C)-Reinforced Aluminium Chip (AA6061)-Based Composite

1Sustainable Manufacturing and Recycling Technology, Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Center (SMART-AMMC), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

2College of Engineering, Wasit University, Kut, Iraq

3Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Received: 3 Nov 2020; Revised: 15 Jan 2021; Accepted: 20 Mar 2021; Available online: 1 Apr 2021; Published: 1 Aug 2021.
Editor(s): Rock Keey Liew
Open Access Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

The production of metal matrix composites (MMCs) through recycled materials is a cost-saving process. However, the improvement of the mechanical and physical properties is another challenge to be concerned. In this study, recycled aluminium 6061 (AA6061) chips reinforced with different volumetric fractions of boron carbide (B4C) were produced through hot equal channel angular processing (ECAP). Response surface methodology (RSM) was carried out to investigate the dependent response (compressive strength) with independent parameters such as different volumetric fractions (5-15%) of added contents of B4C and  preheating temperature (450 – 550°C). Also, the number of passes were examined to check the effect on the mechanical and physical properties of the developed recycled AA6061/B4C composite. The results show that maximum compressive strength and hardness of recycled AA6061/B4C were 59.2 MPa and 69 HV respectively at 5% of B4C contents. Likewise, the density and number of pores increased, which were confirmed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopes (AFM) analysis. However, the number of passes enhanced the mechanical and physical properties of the recycled AA6061/B4C composite. Therefore, the maximum compressive strength and hardness achieved were 158 MPa and 74.95 HV for the 4th pass. Moreover, the physical properties of recycled AA6061/B4C composite become denser of 2.62 g/cm3 at the 1st pass and 2.67 g/cm3 for the 4th pass. Thus, it can be concluded that the B4C volumetric fraction and number of passes have a significant effect on recycled AA6061 chips.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Aluminium Chips; Hot ECAP; Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD); Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs); Solid-state Recycling

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Tidal Current Energy Resources Assessment in the Patinti Strait, Indonesia Energy Efficiency of a Vernacular Building Design and Materials in Hot Arid Climate: Experimental and Numerical Approach High Performance MPPT Approach for Off-Line PV System Equipped With Storage Batteries and Electrolyzer More recent articles
Most cited articles
Automatic and Online Detection of Rotor Fault State Microgrids for rural schools: An energy-education accord to curb societal challenges for sustainable rural developments Adaptation of VSC-HVDC Connected DFIG Based Offshore Wind Farm to Grid Codes: A Comparative Analysis The Effects of Different Roughness Configurations on Aerodynamic Performance of Wind Turbine Airfoil and Blade Modeling and Experimental Validation of a Transient Direct Expansion Heat Pump More cited articles
  1. Arab, S.M. and Akbarzadeh, A. (2013) The effect of Equal Channel Angular Pressing process on the microstructure of AZ31 Mg alloy strip shaped specimens. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 1(2), 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2013.07.001
  2. Bony, A. (2016). AFM characterization of the shape of surface structures with localization factor. Micron, 87,1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2016.05.002
  3. Borblik, V., Korchevoi, A., Nikolenko, A., Strelchuk, V. and Fonkich, A. (2016) Fabrication of Nanostructured Objects by Thermal Vacuum Deposition of Ge Fabrication of Nanostructured Objects by Thermal Vacuum Deposition of Ge Films onto (100) GaAs Substrates. Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 4(1), 22 - 30. https://doi.org/10.13189/nn.2016.040103
  4. Ceschini, L., Minak, G. and Morri, A. (2009) Forging of the AA2618/20vol.% Al2O3p composite: Effects on microstructure and tensile properties. Composites Science and Technology, 69(11-12), 1783-1789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.08.027
  5. Derakhshandeh-Haghighi, R. and Jenabali Jahromi, S.A. (2016) The Effect of Multi-pass Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) for Consolidation of Aluminum-Nano Alumina Composite Powder on Wear Resistance. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 25(2), 687-696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-1888-8
  6. Djavanroodi, F. and Ebrahimi, M. (2010) Effect of die channel angle, friction and back pressure in the equal channel angular pressing using 3D finite element simulation. Materials Science and Engineering A, 527(4-5), 1230-1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.09.052
  7. Fang, D.R., Zhang, Z.F., Wu, S.D., Huang, C.X., Zhang, H., Zhao, N.Q. and Li, J.J. (2006) Effect of equal channel angular pressing on tensile properties and fracture modes of casting Al-Cu alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A, 426(1-2), 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.04.044
  8. Haghighi, R.D., Jahromi, S.A.J., Moresedgh, A. and Khorshid, M.T. (2012) A comparison between ECAP and conventional extrusion for consolidation of aluminum metal matrix composite. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 21(9), 1885-1892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0108-9
  9. Harichandran, R. and Selvakumar, N. (2015) ScienceDirect Effect of nano / micro B 4 C particles on the mechanical properties of aluminium metal matrix composites fabricated by ultrasonic cavitation-assisted solidification process. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 6(1), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2015.07.001
  10. Karoutsos, V. (2014) Scanning Probe Microscopy : Instrumentation and Applications on Thin Films and Magnetic Multilayers Scanning Probe Microscopy : Instrumentation and Applications on Thin Films and Magnetic Multilayers. J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 9(12), 6783-98. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2009.1474
  11. Luce, A. (2007). Atomic Force Microscopy Grain Structure Characterization of Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Media. 2007 REU Research Accomplishment, National Nanotechnology Indratsructure Network, 134-135
  12. Qarni, M.J., Sivaswamy, G., Rosochowski, A. and Boczkal, S. (2017) Effect of incremental equal channel angular pressing (I-ECAP) on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical behaviour of commercially pure titanium. Materials & Design, 122, 385-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.015
  13. Ramu, G. and Bauri, R. (2009) Effect of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on microstructure and properties of Al-SiCp composites. Materials and Design, 30(9), 3554-3559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.03.001
  14. Rebhi, A., Makhlouf, T. and Njah, N. (2009) X-Ray diffraction analysis of 99.1% recycled aluminium subjected to equal channel angular extrusion. Physics Procedia, 2(3), 1263-1270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2009.11.090
  15. Rifai, Muhammad, Miyamoto, H., Fujiwara, H. and Rifai, M (2014) The Effect of ECAP Deformation Route on Microstructure, Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Low CN Fe-20%Cr Alloy. Materials Sciences and Applications, 5(June), 568-578. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2014.58059
  16. Sanusi, K.O., Makinde, O.D. and Oliver, G.J. (2012) Equal channel angular pressing technique for the formation of ultra-fine grained structures. South African Journal of Science, 108(9-10), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajs.v108i9/10.212
  17. Selmy, A.I., Aal, M.I.A. El and Taha, M.A. (2016) Solid-State Recycling of Aluminum Alloy (AA-6061) Chips via Hot Extrusion Followed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing ( ECAP). The Egyptian International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Technology, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.21608/eijest.2016.97183
  18. Zhao, N., Nash, P. and Yang, X. (2005) The effect of mechanical alloying on SiC distribution and the properties of 6061 aluminum composite. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 170(3), 586-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.06.037

Last update:

  1. Recent Advancements in Material Waste Recycling: Conventional, Direct Conversion, and Additive Manufacturing Techniques

    Mandar Golvaskar, Sammy A. Ojo, Manigandan Kannan. Recycling, 9 (3), 2024. doi: 10.3390/recycling9030043

  2. Recycling aluminium for sustainable development: A review of different processing technologies in green manufacturing

    Sami Al-Alimi, Nur Kamilah Yusuf, Atef M. Ghaleb, Mohd Amri Lajis, Shazarel Shamsudin, Wenbin Zhou, Yahya M. Altharan, Hamza Salah Abdulwahab, Yazid Saif, Djamal Hissein Didane, Ikhwan S T T, Anbia Adam. Results in Engineering, 23 , 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102566

  3. Influence of Equal Channel Angular Pressing Processing on the Microstructure, Hardness and Corrosion Resistance of Al-Si Alloy

    Mohamed Abdelgawad Gebril. Advanced Materials Research, 1180 , 2024. doi: 10.4028/p-pFLW0s

  4. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP

    Alhassan Mohammed Hassan, Jabbar Gattmah, Suha K. Shihab. Open Engineering, 14 (1), 2024. doi: 10.1515/eng-2024-0041

  5. Effect of Direct Recycling Hot Press Forging Parameters on Mechanical Properties and Surface Integrity of AA7075 Aluminum Alloys

    Nasha Emieza Ruhaizat, Nur Kamilah Yusuf, Mohd Amri Lajis, Sami Al-Alimi, Shazarel Shamsudin, Ikhwan Shah Tisadi Tukiat, Wenbin Zhou. Metals, 12 (10), 2022. doi: 10.3390/met12101555

  6. Response surface methodology and machine learning optimisations comparisons of recycled AA6061-B4C–ZrO2 hybrid metal matrix composites via hot forging forming process

    Sami Al-Alimi, Nur Kamilah Yusuf, Atef M. Ghaleb, Anbia Adam, Mohd Amri Lajis, Shazarel Shamsudin, Wenbin Zhou, Yahya M. Altharan, yazid saif, Djamal Hissein Didane, Ikhwan S T T, Mohammed Al-fakih, Shehab Abdulhabib Alzaeemi, Abdelghani Bouras, Abdulhafid M A Elfaghi, Haetham G. Mohammed. Heliyon, 10 (12), 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33138

  7. Effects of Preheating Temperature on Deformed AA6061 Aluminium Properties of Hot Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) by Using Deform-3D Software

    Sami. Al-Alimi, Mohd. Amri. Lajis, Shazarel Shamsudin, Nur Kamilah Yusuf, Yahya Altharan, Djamal Hissein Didane, Yazid Saif, Safwan Sadeq, Huda M. Sabbar, Muntadher S. Msebawi. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48 (3), 2023. doi: 10.1007/s13369-022-07149-x

  8. Recycling Aluminium AA6061 Chips with Reinforced Boron Carbide (B4C) and Zirconia (ZrO2) Particles via Hot Extrusion

    Sami Al-Alimi, Shazarel Shamsudin, Nur Kamilah Yusuf, Mohd Amri Lajis, Wenbin Zhou, Djamal Hissein Didane, Safwan Sadeq, Yazid Saif, Ahmed Wahib, Zawati Harun. Metals, 12 (8), 2022. doi: 10.3390/met12081329

Last update: 2024-11-21 06:23:49

No citation recorded.