DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.35310

Energy Efficiency of a Vernacular Building Design and Materials in Hot Arid Climate: Experimental and Numerical Approach

Mohammed V University in Rabat, EST Salé, Materials, Energy and Acoustics Team (MEAT), Avenue Prince Héritier, B.P : 227 Salé, Morocco

Received: 20 Dec 2020; Revised: 25 Jan 2021; Accepted: 10 Feb 2021; Available online: 18 Feb 2021; Published: 1 Aug 2021.
Editor(s): H. Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Morocco faces tremendous climate constraints; the climate is hot and dry in most parts of the country, and when selecting an energy-saving approach, the architectural landscape becomes essential.Designer and building professionals seem to have neglected this large-scale integration. Sustainable development programs in terms of sustainable architecture are ongoing in countries around the world. One part of this trend is the growing concern shown in the high environmental efficiency of vernacular architecture. It is within this prescriptive framework that this research study is being conducted, which reveals novel architectural style integrating thermal comfort, energy efficient characteristics, passive solar elements architecture, and construction techniques inspired from the vernacular Ksourian architectural configurations. The goal of the present research study is to identify features of energy efficient vernacular architecture and thermal performances that affect indoor thermal comfort conditions for adaptation to current lifestyles in modern architecture. The key characteristics developed are; built mass structure, building orientation, space planning, availability of sunspace, building techniques, and new coating materials for manufacturing and roofing. The suggested methodology enables to analyze the thermal performance analysis, applying an experimental research using experimental testing measurement and comparative optimization processes for thermal efficiency and comfort evaluation of a traditional vernacular earthen house.Series of experimental thermophysical characterization measurements have been carried out in order to quantify on a real scale the thermophysical properties that characterize the Rissani earth. Thusthermophysical characterization results are operated as input data for the thermal dynamic simulation for the purpose to evaluate thermal performances and comfort under the weather conditions and control natural comfort in both summer and winter, without using heating or cooling systems. Ultimately, the simulations carried out make it possible to identify the optimal orientation, revealing an effective decrease in interior temperatures during summer and providing good thermal comfort in winter.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: earthen building; thermophysical characterization; building material sciences; energy efficiency; thermal dynamic simulation; thermal comfort

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Coal Consumption and Environmental Sustainability in South Africa: The role of Financial Development and Globalization Water/Heavy Fuel Oil Emulsion Production, Characterization and Combustion Effect of Organic Waste Addition into Animal Manure on Biogas Production Using Anaerobic Digestion Method More recent articles
Most cited articles
The Determinants Factors of Biogas Technology Adoption in Cattle Farming: Evidences from Pati, Indonesia First Aspect of Conventional Power System Assessment for High Wind Power Plants Penetration Analysing the Possibility of Extracting Energy from Ocean Waves in Cabo-Verde to Produce Clean Electricity - Case-Study: the Leeward Islands Determining the Optimum Tilt Angles to Maximize the Incident Solar Radiation - Case of Study Pristina Energy Efficient Dryer with Rice Husk Fuel for Agriculture Drying More cited articles
  1. Abdelsalam, T., & Rihan, G. M. (2013). The impact of sustainability trends on housing design identity of Arab cities. HBRC Journal, 9(2), 159-172
  2. Degiovanni, A., Laurent, M., & Prost, R. (1979). Mesure automatique de la diffusivité thermique. Revue de Physique Appliquée, 14(11), 927-932
  3. Alexandroff, G. & Alexandroff, J-M., Architectures and Climates Sun and Natural Energies in the habitat, Paris, France: Berger-Levrault, 1982
  4. Al-Mukhtar, M., Khattab, S., & Alcover, J. F. (2012). Microstructure and geotechnical properties of lime-treated expansive clayey soil. Engineering geology, 139, 17-27
  5. Architecture and Energy Efficiency: Ten Cases of Good Practice in Morocco, National School of Architecture, Edition November 2016
  6. ASHRAE, 2010. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 – Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, Atlanta
  7. Standard, A. S. T. M. (2013). E1461–13. Standard Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash Method, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
  8. Azhary, K. El, M. Lamrani, S. Raefat, N. Laaroussi, M. Garoum, M. Mansour, and M. Khalfaoui. 2017. “The Improving Energy Efficiency Using Unfired Clay Envelope of Housing Construction in the South Morocco.” Journal of Materials and Environmental Science 8 (10)
  9. Azhary, K.E., Y. Chihab, M. Mansour, N. Laaroussi, and M. Garoum. 2017. “Energy Efficiency and Thermal Properties of the Composite Material Clay-Straw.” Energy Procedia 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.030
  10. Azhary, Karima El, Saad Raefat, Najma Laaroussi, and Mohammed Garoum. 2018. “Energy Performance and Thermal Proprieties of Three Types of Unfired Clay Bricks.” In Energy Procedia, 147:495–502. ElsevierLtd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.059
  11. Azhary, K. E., Ouakarrouch, M., Laaroussi, N., Garoum, M., & Mansour, M. (2020). Impact of Traditional Architecture on the Thermal Performances of Building in South Morocco. In Green Buildings and Renewable Energy (pp. 339-347). Springer, Cham
  12. Barros, R., Rodrigues, H., Varum, H., Costa, A., & Correia, M. (2017). Seismic Analysis of a Portuguese Vernacular Building. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 24(1), 05017010.” n.d
  13. Bayoumi, O. A. M. (2018). Nubian Vernacular architecture & contemporary Aswan buildings’ enhancement. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(2), 875-883
  14. Borong, L., Gang, T., Peng, W., Ling, S., Yingxin, Z., & Guangkui, Z. (2004). Study on the thermal performance of the Chinese traditional vernacular dwellings in Summer. Energy and Buildings, 36(1), 73-79
  15. Delaigue, Marie-Christine; El Hraiki, Rahma (2015), Mujeres y Casas En El Medio Rural Del Norte de Marruecos. Una Aproximación Etnografica. In Diez Jorge, M. Elena;Navarro Palazón, Julio (Ed.), ”El Espacio Doméstico En La Península Ibérica Medieval. Socie
  16. Dietel, J., Warr, L. N., Bertmer, M., Steudel, A., Grathoff, G. H., & Emmerich, K. (2017). The importance of specific surface area in the geopolymerization of heated illitic clay. Applied Clay Science, 139, 99-107
  17. Djeradi M. A. (2012), Ksourian Architecture (Algeria) Between Signs and Significance Vernacular Architecture, Tome 36-37
  18. E.N. ISO, 8302 (1991) Thermal Insulation-Determination of Steady-State Thermal Resistance and Related Properties-Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus, Int. Organ. Stand. Geneva, Switz. (1991)
  19. Fernandes, J. E. P., Debaieh, M., Mateus, R., Silva, S. M., Bragança, L., & Gervásio, H. M. S. (2018). Thermal Performance and Comfort of Vernacular Earthen Buildings in Egypt and Portugal
  20. Givoni, B. Man, Architecture and the Climate, Paris, France: Moniteur Editions 1978
  21. Global Weather Database, Meteonorm Software, Version 7, 1991-2010, CSTB Edition
  22. Guno, C. S., Agaton, C. B., Villanueva, R. O., & Villanueva, R. O. Optimal Investment Strategy for Solar PV Integration in Residential Buildings: A Case Study in The Philippines. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 10(1), 79-89
  23. Hall, M., & Allinson, D. (2009). Analysis of the hygrothermal functional properties of stabilised rammed earth materials. Building and Environment, 44(9), 1935-1942
  24. Herrero, S., Mayor, P., Hernández-Olivares, F. (2013). Influence of proportion and particle size gradation of rubber from end-of-life tires on mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties of plaster-rubber mortars. Materials and Design, 47, 633-642,
  25. Hyde R, 2008. Bioclimatic Housing: Innovative Designs for Warm Climates. London : Earthscan. Imesch T, Thomann HU, 1991. Timimoun, Habitat Du Sahara. Paris : Institut of Arabic world
  26. Nelder, J. A., & Mead, R. (1965). A simplex method for function minimization. The computer journal, 7(4), 308-313
  27. Laaroussi, N., El Azhary, K., Garoum, M., Raefat, S., & Feiz, A. (2016, July). Semi-empirical models for the estimation of global solar irradiance measurements in Morocco. In 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE
  28. Liébard A., Ménard J.-P. et Piro P. (2007), Le Grand Livre De L'Habitat Solaire: 110 Achievements In France Sustainable Development Within Everybody's Reach, Observ'ER, LE MONITEUR, Gaz de France, Paris,
  29. Mecca S., (2006), Architecture in the Drâa Valley, Morocco, First International Congress on Oasis and Sustainable Tourism, University of Alicante, Elche
  30. Mecca S., Tonietti U., Rovero L, (2007), Knowledge in Construction and Cultural Diversity of Earthen Architecture in Tamnougalt (Zagora, Maroc), RIPAM2, University Cadi-Ayyad, Marrakech Morocco
  31. Mecca S. and Biondi B. Eds, (2005), Architectural Heritage and Sustainable Development of Small and Medium Cities in South Mediterranean Regions, Proceedings of First International Research Seminar, Forum UNESCO – University and Heritage, Florence, 27th-2
  32. Mohsen H.Aboul Naga, Yasser H.El Sheshtawy, Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Buildings in Hot Climates: The Case of the UAE, Renewable Energy, Volume 24, Issues 3–4, November 2001, Pages 553-563
  33. "NF P 75 101: 'Norme Française: Isolants Thermiques Destinés au Bâtiment', October 1983
  34. Ouakarrouch, M., El Azhary, K., Mansour, M., Laaroussi, N., & Garoum, M. (2020). Thermal study of clay bricks reinforced by sisal-fibers used in construction in South of Morocco. Energy Reports, 6, 81-88
  35. Ouakarrouch, M., Garoum, M., & Laaroussi, N. (2019, November). Experimental Study of Thermophysical Proprieties of Wooden Materials used in Building Construction. In 2019 7th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE,
  36. Ouakarrouch, M., El Azhary, K., Laaroussi, N., Garoum, M., & Kifani-Sahban, F. (2020). Thermal performances and environmental analysis of a new composite building material based on gypsum plaster and chicken feathers waste. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 19, 100642
  37. Ouakarrouch, M., Kifani-Sahban, F., Laaroussi, N., Garoum, M., & Layakhaf, S. M. (2018, December). Thermal Insulation and Operation by Photovoltaic Solar Energy of a Bioreactor. In 2018 6th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE
  38. Raefat, S., Garoum, M., Laaroussi, N., Thiam, M., & Amarray, K. (2017, July). Thermal diffusivity and adiabatic limit temperature characterization of consolidate granular expanded perlite using the flash method. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 222, No. 1, p. 012004). IOP Publishing
  39. Ravéreau, A., From Local to l’universal, Paris, France: Linteau Edition 2007
  40. RPCT 2011: Paraseismic Regulation of Earthen Buildings (MAROC)
  41. Sayigh, A. (2013). Sustainability, energy and architecture: Case studies in realizing green buildings. Academic Press
  42. Schatz, J. F., & Simmons, G. (1972). Thermal conductivity of earth materials at high temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research, 77(35), 6966-6983
  43. Terrasse H., Berber Kasbahs of the Atlas and Oasis, Editions of Horizons France, Paris, 1938
  44. Thermal Regulation of Construction in Morocco, RTCM, The Moroccan Agency for Energy Efficiency – AMEE, 2012, Moroccan Agency for Energy Efficiency (AMEE)
  45. Vares, S., Savolainen, P., Häkkinen, T., Shemeikka, J., Huttunen, M., & Zubillaga, L. (2020, November). Concepts and type building for carbon neutral construction in arctic Finland based on tradition. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 588, No. 2, p. 022032). IOP Publishing
  46. W.J. Parker, R.J. Jenkins, C.P. Butler, G.L. Abbott, Flash Method of Determining Thermal Diffusivity, Heat Capacity, and Thermal Conductivity, J. Appl. Phys. 32 (1961) 1679–1684
  47. Jannot, Y., Degiovanni, A., Félix, V., & Bal, H. (2011). Measurement of the thermal conductivity of thin insulating anisotropic material with a stationary hot strip method. Measurement Science and Technology, 22(3), 035705
  48. Zune, M., Pantua, C. A. J., Rodrigues, L., & Gillott, M. (2020). A review of traditional multistage roofs design and performance in vernacular buildings in Myanmar. Sustainable Cities and Society, 60, 102240

Last update:

  1. Numerical Analysis of the Thermal Properties of Ecological Materials Based on Plaster and Clay

    A. Lkouen, M. Lamrani, A. Meskini, A. Khabbazi. Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, 19 (8), 2023. doi: 10.32604/fdmp.2023.026929

  2. Hygrothermal Optimization for Excavated Soil Reuse in Various Climate Buildings: A Global Literature Meta-Analysis

    Yannick Igor Fogue Djombou, Melvyn Gorra, Bruno Malet-Damour. Recycling, 9 (1), 2024. doi: 10.3390/recycling9010007

  3. Climate-responsive building façade design: Inspirations from historic buildings in semi-cold climate zone

    E.T. Yalaz, G. Dişli. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 69 , 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.103914

  4. An architectural taxonomic proposal for passive design strategies used in traditional architecture of areas with hot and dry climates

    Ruşen Ergün, Ayhan Bekleyen. Journal of Engineering Research, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.jer.2024.05.019

  5. Advances in Research in Geosciences, Geotechnical Engineering, and Environmental Science

    Sana El Malhi, Latifa Ouadif, Driss El Hachmi. Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2023. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-49345-4_37

Last update: 2024-12-25 19:12:56

No citation recorded.